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Costa T, Fernandez-Villalba E, Izura V, Lucas-Ochoa AM, Menezes-Filho NJ, Santana RC, de Oliveira MD, Araújo FM, Estrada C, Silva V, Costa SL, Herrero MT. Combined 1-Deoxynojirimycin and Ibuprofen Treatment Decreases Microglial Activation, Phagocytosis and Dopaminergic Degeneration in MPTP-Treated Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 16:390-402. [PMID: 32564332 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a predominant aspect of neurodegenerative diseases and experimental studies performed in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) suggesting that a sustained neuroinflammation exacerbates the nigrostriatal degeneration pathway. The central role of microglia in neuroinflammation has been studied as a target for potential neuroprotective drugs for PD, for example nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) inhibitors that regulates microglial activation and migration. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective response of the iminosugar 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ) and compare its effect with a combined treatment with ibuprofen. MPTP-treated mice were orally dosed with ibuprofen and/or 1-DNJ 1. Open-field test was used to evaluate behavioral changes. Immunohistochemistry for dopaminergic neurons marker (TH+) and microglia markers (Iba-1+; CD68+) were used to investigate neuronal integrity and microglial activation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were analysed by qPCR. Treatments with either 1-DNJ or Ibuprofen alone did not reduce the damage induced by MPTP intoxication. However, combined treatment with 1-DNJ and ibuprofen prevents loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, decreases the number of CD68+/ Iba-1+ cells, the microglia/neurons interactions, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improves behavioral changes when compared with MPTP-treated animals. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the combined treatment with a MMPs inhibitor (1-DNJ) plus an anti-inflammatory drug (ibuprofen) has neuroprotective effects open for future therapeutic interventions. Graphical Abstract MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is a protoxicant that, after crossing the Blood Brain Barrier, is metabolized by astrocytic MAO-B to MPDP+, a pyridinium intermediate, which undergoes further two-electron oxidation to yield the toxic metabolite MPP+ (methyl-phenyltetrahydropyridinium) that is then selectively transported into nigral neurons via the mesencephalic dopamine transporter. In this study, we demonstrated that MPTP induced death of dopaminergic neurons, microgliosis, increase of gliapses, motor impairment and neuroinflammation in mice, which were inhibited by combined 1-deoxynojirimycin and ibuprofen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tcs Costa
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - E Fernandez-Villalba
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - V Izura
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - A M Lucas-Ochoa
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - N J Menezes-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - R C Santana
- Department of Bioregulation, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - M D de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil.,Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia - UnB, Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
| | - F M Araújo
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - C Estrada
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vda Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - S L Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil.
| | - M T Herrero
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE). Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE). School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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2
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Chong PS, Poon CH, Fung ML, Guan L, Steinbusch HWM, Chan YS, Lim WL, Lim LW. Distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in adult male Sprague-Dawley rat brain. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:151437. [PMID: 31492421 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal NOS (nNOS) accounts for most of the NO production in the nervous system that modulates synaptic transmission and neuroplasticity. Although previous studies have selectively described the localisation of nNOS in specific brain regions, a comprehensive distribution profile of nNOS in the brain is lacking. Here we provided a detailed morphological characterization on the rostro-caudal distribution of neurons and fibres exhibiting positive nNOS-immunoreactivity in adult Sprague-Dawley rat brain. Our results demonstrated that neurons and fibres in the brain regions that exhibited high nNOS immunoreactivity include the olfactory-related areas, intermediate endopiriform nucleus, Islands of Calleja, subfornical organ, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, parafascicular thalamic nucleus, superior colliculus, lateral terminal nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe nucleus, supragenual nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, and the cerebellum. Moderate nNOS immunoreactivity was detected in the cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and the spinal cord. Finally, low NOS immunoreactivity were found in the corpus callosum, fornix, globus pallidus, anterior commissure, and the dorsal hippocampal commissure. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive view of the morphology and localisation of nNOS immunoreactivity in the brain that would contribute to a better understanding of the role played by nNOS in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pit Shan Chong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Chi Him Poon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Man Lung Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Li Guan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience and European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia.
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3
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Yu Z, Li Z, Liu N, Jizhang Y, McCarthy TJ, Tedford CE, Lo EH, Wang X. Near infrared radiation protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neurotoxicity by down-regulating neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity in vitro. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:829-37. [PMID: 25796222 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Near infrared radiation (NIR) has been shown to be neuroprotective against neurological diseases including stroke and brain trauma, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the current study we aimed to investigate the hypothesis that NIR may protect neurons by attenuating oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and modulating cell survival/death signaling. Primary mouse cortical neurons were subjected to 4 h OGD and NIR was applied at 2 h reoxygenation. OGD significantly increased NO level in primary neurons compared to normal control, which was significantly ameliorated by NIR at 5 and 30 min post-NIR. Neither OGD nor NIR significantly changed neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA or total protein levels compared to control groups. However, OGD significantly increased nNOS activity compared to normal control, and this effect was significantly diminished by NIR. Moreover, NIR significantly ameliorated the neuronal death induced by S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP), a NO donor. Finally, NIR significantly rescued OGD-induced suppression of p-Akt and Bcl-2 expression, and attenuated OGD-induced upregulation of Bax, BAD and caspase-3 activation. These results suggest NIR may protect against OGD at least partially through reducing NO production by down-regulating nNOS activity, and modulating cell survival/death signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyang Yu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA,
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Inhibition of i-NOS but not n-NOS protects rat primary cell cultures against MPP+-induced neuronal toxicity. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:779-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The effect of cannabis on oxidative stress and neurodegeneration induced by intrastriatal rotenone injection in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-1907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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The effect of nNOS inhibitors on toxin-induced cell death in dopaminergic cell lines depends on the extent of enzyme expression. Brain Res 2011; 1404:21-30. [PMID: 21737065 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is linked with neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) through the involvement of both inducible (iNOS) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). While non-selective NOS inhibitors are neuroprotective, the role of nNOS has not been determined using selective NOS inhibitors. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effect of selective iNOS and nNOS inhibitors on MPP(+)- and MG-132-induced cell death in cell lines with differing levels of nNOS expression. Inhibition of endogenously expressed nNOS by 7-NI and ARR17477 enhanced the toxicity of MPP(+) and MG-132 in N1E-115 cells, whereas in transfected SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing nNOS, ARR17477 and 7-NI protected against MPP(+)- and MG-132-induced cell death. In contrast, inhibition of iNOS by 1400W was ineffective in preventing MPP(+) and MG-132 toxicity in these cell lines. These results suggest a dual role for NOS in dopaminergic cell viability. nNOS is protective against toxic insult when produced endogenously. When nNOS is overexpressed, it becomes neurotoxic to cells suggesting that inhibition of nNOS may be a promising strategy to prevent cell death in PD.
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7
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O'Hare E, Elliott JJ, Hobson P, O'Mara SM, Spanswick D, Kim EM. Bilateral intrahippocampal NAC61-95 effects on behavior and moderation with L-NAME treatment. Neurosci Res 2009; 66:213-8. [PMID: 19913060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Residues 61-95 of the non-amyloid component (NAC(61-95)) domain of alpha-synuclein are responsible for the aggregation and neurotoxicity of this protein. This study evaluated the effect of N((omega))-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on the behavior of rats bilaterally injected into the CA3 area of the dorsal hippocampus with aggregated NAC(61-95). Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to respond under an alternating-lever cyclic-ratio (ALCR) operant schedule. When responding was stable, 12 rats were injected bilaterally into the CA3 area of the hippocampus with aggregated NAC(61-95) (5muicro per side; concentration 10(-4)M), the remaining 12 rats were similarly injected with sterile water (SW), six of the NAC(61-95) injected rats and six of the SW injected rats were treated for 90 days post-injections with 0.05mg/ml l-NAME in drinking water available ad libitum. Treatment with l-NAME alleviated NAC(61-95)-induced behavioral deficits, indicated through the measurement of lever switching errors and incorrect lever perseverations under the ALCR schedule, and reduced the number of activated astrocytes proximal to the injection sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene O'Hare
- School of Psychology, Queen's University, University Road, Belfast BT71NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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8
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Herraiz T, Arán VJ, Guillén H. Nitroindazole compounds inhibit the oxidative activation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxin to neurotoxic pyridinium cations by human monoamine oxidase (MAO). Free Radic Res 2009; 43:975-84. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760903159170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Bueters TJ, Hoogstraate J, Visser SA. Correct assessment of new compounds using in vivo screening models can reduce false positives. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Bostanci MÖ, Bagirici F, Bas O. Role of Nitric Oxide Synthesis Inhibitors in Iron-Induced Nigral Neurotoxicity: A Mechanistic Exploration. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 18:379-84. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510801891369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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A nitric oxide synthase inhibitor decreases 6-hydroxydopamine effects on tyrosine hydroxylase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat nigrostriatal pathway. Brain Res 2008; 1203:160-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Watanabe Y, Kato H, Araki T. Protective action of neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2008; 23:51-69. [PMID: 18030609 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-007-9080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of 7-nitroindazole on the dopaminergic system in mice after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment. The mice received four intraperitoneal injections of MPTP (20 mg/kg) at 2 h-intervals. Administration of 7-nitroindazole showed dose-dependent neuroprotective effects against striatal dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) depletion 7 days after MPTP treatment. Behavioral testing showed that MPTP-treated mice exhibited motor deficits in the catalepsy test after 7 days, but 7-nitroindazole prevented the appearance of motor abnormalities in this test. The MPTP-treated mice exhibited the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing dopaminergic neurons in mice after 1, 3 and 7 days, but 7-nitroindazole-treated mice showed a protective effect. GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)-positive astrocytes were accumulated in the striatum 3 and 7 days and in the substantia nigra 1, 3 and 7 days after MPTP treatment. In contrast, 7-nitroindazole prevented a significant increase in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the striatum and substantia nigra after MPTP treatment. The reactive astrocytes in the striatum and substantia nigra after MPTP treatment increased the production of S100beta protein, which is thought to promote neuronal damage, but 7-nitoindazole suppressed the expression of S100 beta protein. Activation of microglia, with an increase in staining intensity and morphological changes, was observed in the striatum and substantia nigra 1 and 3 days after MPTP treatment, but 7-nitroindazole prevented a significant increase in the number of isolectin B(4) positive microglia in the striatum and substantia nigra. On the other hand, nestin-immunoreactive cells were increased significantly in the striatum 3 and 7 days after MPTP treatment. 7-Nitroindazole treatment facilitated nestin expression in the striatum 7 days after MPTP treatment. Thus, nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole protected dopaminergic neurons against MPTP neurotoxicity in mice and ameliorated neurological deficits. The results suggest that the neuroprotection is mediated though the modulation of glial activation, including the inhibition of S100beta synthesis and the prevention of microglial activation. These results suggest the therapeutic strategy targeted to glial modulation with 7-nitoindazole offers a great potential for the development of new neuroprotective therapies for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Watanabe
- Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78 Sho-machi, Tokushima, Japan
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13
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Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition attenuates iron-induced neurotoxicity: A stereological study. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:130-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Bostanci MÖ, Bağirici F. Neuroprotection by 7-Nitroindazole Against Iron-Induced Hippocampal Neurotoxicity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 27:933-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Liu B. Modulation of microglial pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic activity for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E606-21. [PMID: 17025278 PMCID: PMC2668934 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating movement disorder resulting from a progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and depletion of neurotransmitter dopamine in the striatum. Molecular cloning studies have identified nearly a dozen genes or loci that are associated with small clusters of mostly early onset and genetic forms of PD. The etiology of the vast majority of PD cases remains unknown, and the precise molecular and biochemical processes governing the selective and progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway are poorly understood. Current drug therapies for PD are symptomatic and appear to bear little effect on the progressive neurodegenerative process. Studies of postmortem PD brains and various cellular and animal models of PD in the last 2 decades strongly suggest that the generation of pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic factors by the resident brain immune cells, microglia, plays a prominent role in mediating the progressive neurodegenerative process. This review discusses literature supporting the possibility of modulating the activity of microglia as a neuroprotective strategy for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, the McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Himeda T, Tounai H, Hayakawa N, Araki T. Postischemic Alterations of BDNF, NGF, HSP 70 and Ubiquitin Immunoreactivity in the Gerbil Hippocampus: Pharmacological Approach. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2006; 27:229-50. [PMID: 16810563 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-006-9104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. We investigated the immunohistochemical alterations of BDNF, NGF, HSP 70 and ubiquitin in the hippocampus 1 h to 14 days after transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils. We also examined the effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor pitavastatin against the changes of BDNF, NGF, HSP 70 and ubiquitin in the hippocampus after cerebral ischemia in the hippocampus after ischemia. 2. The transient cerebral ischemia was carried out by clamping the carotid arteries with aneurismal clips for 5 min. 3. In the present study, the alteration of HSP 70 and ubiquitin immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA1 sector was more pronounced than that of BDNF and NGF immunoreactivity after transient cerebral ischemia. In double-labeled immunostainings, BDNF, NGF and ubiquitin immunostaining was observed both in GFAP-positive astrocytes and MRF-1-positive microglia in the hippocampal CA1 sector after ischemia. Furthermore, prophylactic treatment with pitavastatin prevented the damage of neurons with neurotrophic factor and stress proteins in the hippocampal CA1 sector after ischemia. 4. These findings suggest that the expression of stress protein including HSP 70 and ubiquitin may play a key role in the protection against the hippocampal CA1 neuronal damage after transient cerebral ischemia in comparison with the expression of neurotrophic factor such as BDNF and NGF. The present findings also suggest that the glial BDNF, NGF and ubiquitin may play some role for helping surviving neurons after ischemia. Furthermore, our present study indicates that prophylactic treatment with pitavastatin can prevent the damage of neurons with neurotrophic factor and stress proteins in the hippocampal CA1 sector after transient cerebral ischemia. Thus our study provides further valuable information for the pathogenesis after transient cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Himeda
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Therapeutics, Graduate school and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Chalimoniuk M, Lukacova N, Marsala J, Langfort J. Alterations of the expression and activity of midbrain nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinsonism in mice. Neuroscience 2006; 141:1033-1046. [PMID: 16716528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The study was aimed at investigating the expression and the activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and of soluble guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase activities that regulate guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate level in the midbrain, in a mouse model of PD using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine injections. Adult male mice of the C57/BL strain were given three i.p. injections of physiological saline or three i.p. injections of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine solution in physiological saline at 2 h intervals (summary 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine dose: 40 mg/kg), and were killed 3, 7, or 14 days later. mRNA, protein level, and/or activities of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, soluble guanylyl cyclase, phosphodiesterase and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate were determined. Immunohistochemistry showed about 75% decrease in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine showed increased midbrain guanylyl cyclase and total nitric oxide synthase activities at 3, 7, and 14 days post-treatment. The specific neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (10 microM) and the specific inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 1400W (10 microM) inhibited the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced excess in nitric oxide synthase activity by 63-70 and 13-25%, respectively. The increases in total midbrain nitric oxide synthase activity were accompanied by elevated guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, enhanced expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and of the beta1 subunit of guanylyl cyclase at both mRNA and protein levels that persisted up to the end of the observation period, and by enhanced neuronal nitric oxide synthase and guanylyl cyclase beta1 immunoreactivities in substantia nigra pars compacta 7 and 14 days after the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment. The increases in guanylyl cyclase activity were found to occur exclusively due to increased maximal enzyme activity. No 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced change in phosphodiesterase activity has been detected in any brain region studied. 7-Nitroindazole prevented a significant increase in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced midbrain guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate level and neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons. These results raise the possibility that the nitric oxide/guanylyl cyclase/guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate signaling pathway may play a role in maintaining dopaminergic neurons function in substantia nigra pars compacta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chalimoniuk
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawínskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - N Lukacova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 4 Soltesovej St., 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - J Marsala
- Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 4 Soltesovej St., 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - J Langfort
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawínskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Lehmensiek V, Tan EM, Liebau S, Lenk T, Zettlmeisl H, Schwarz J, Storch A. Dopamine transporter-mediated cytotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine in vitro depends on expression of mutant alpha-synucleins related to Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2006; 48:329-40. [PMID: 16406146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is widely used to produce animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) by selectively destroying the nigro-striatal dopaminergic systems, but selective toxicity of 6-OHDA towards dopaminergic cells in vitro remains controversial. Mutant (A30P and A53T) alpha-synuclein isoforms cause increased vulnerability of cells towards various toxic insults and enhance dopamine transporter (DAT)-mediated toxicity of the selective dopaminergic neurotoxin and mitochondrial complex I inhibitor MPP(+) in vitro. Here we extend our recent studies on DAT-mediated toxicity to elucidate the mechanisms involved in selective dopaminergic toxicity of 6-OHDA. We studied the cytotoxicity as well as the toxic mechanisms of 6-OHDA in human embryonic kidney HEK-293 cells ectopically co-expressing mutant alpha-synucleins and the human DAT protein. 6-OHDA showed half-maximal toxic concentration (TC(50)) of 88 microM in HEK-hDAT cells without alpha-synuclein expression after 24 h, whereas the TC(50) values significantly decreased to 58 and 39 microM by expression of A30P and A53T alpha-synuclein, respectively. alpha-Synuclein expression did not affect 6-OHDA toxicity in HEK-293 cells not expressing the DAT. Analysis of intracellular parameters of cellular energy metabolism revealed that the co-expression of mutant alpha-synucleins in HEK-hDAT cells accelerates the reduction of intracellular net ATP levels and ATP/ADP ratios induced by 6-OHDA. Uptake function of the DAT was not altered by expression of alpha-synuclein isoforms. Our data suggest a mechanism of 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic toxicity involving an interaction of mutant alpha-synucleins with the DAT molecule and subsequent acceleration of cellular energy depletion that might be relevant for the pathogenesis of PD.
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Himeda T, Hayakawa N, Tounai H, Sakuma M, Kato H, Araki T. Alterations of interneurons of the gerbil hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia: effect of pitavastatin. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:2014-25. [PMID: 15970948 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the immunohistochemical alterations of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons in the hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils in comparison with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-expressing interneurons. We also examined the effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pitavastatin against the damage of neurons and interneurons in the hippocampus after cerebral ischemia. Severe neuronal damage was observed in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons 5 and 14 days after ischemia. The PV immunoreactivity was unchanged up to 2 days after ischemia. At 5 and 14 days after ischemia, in contrast, a conspicuous reduction of PV immunoreactivity was observed in interneurons of the hippocampal CA1 sector. Furthermore, a significant decrease of PV immunoreactivity was found in interneurons of the hippocampal CA3 sector. No damage of nNOS-immunopositive interneurons was detected in the gerbil hippocampus up to 1 day after ischemia. Thereafter, a decrease of nNOS immunoreactive interneurons was found in the hippocampal CA1 sector up to 14 days after ischemia. Pitavastatin significantly prevented the neuronal cell loss in the hippocampal CA1 sector 5 days after ischemia. Our immunohistochemical study also showed that pitavastatin prevented significant decrease of PV- and nNOS-positive interneurons in the hippocampus after ischemia. Double-labeled immunostainings showed that PV immunoreactivity was not found in nNOS-immunopositive interneurons of the brain. The present study demonstrates that cerebral ischemia can cause a loss of both PV- and nNOS-immunoreactive interneurons in the hippocampal CA1 sector. Our findings also show that the damage to nNOS-immunopositive interneurons may precede the neuronal cell loss in the hippocampal CA1 sector after ischemia and nNOS-positive interneurons may play some role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic diseases. Furthermore, our present study indicates that pitavastatin can prevent the damage of interneurons in the hippocampus after cerebral ischemia. Thus, our study provides valuable information for the pathogenesis after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Himeda
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Therapeutics, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Neurotoxins and Drugs for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Part I: Neurotoxins, Levodopa, and Agents Influencing Dopamine Metabolism (A Review). Pharm Chem J 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-006-0001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kurosaki R, Muramatsu Y, Imai Y, Kato H, Araki T. Neuroprotective effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril in MPTP-treated mice. Neurol Res 2005; 26:644-57. [PMID: 15327754 DOI: 10.1179/016164104225015949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin -converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor perindopril has been shown to exert beneficial effects on the dopaminergic system. Here, we investigated the effects of perindopril on the dopaminergic system in mice after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment, in comparison with a Ca(2+) antagonist, amlodipine. Administration of perindopril showed dose-dependent neuroprotective effects against MPTP-induced striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) depletion. However, administration of amlodipine showed no significant effects on striatal dopamine depletion after MPTP treatment. In our immunohistochemical studies with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), microtubule-associated protein 2a, b (MAP2), dopamine transporter (DAT), parvalbumin (PV), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), the administration of perindopril significantly attenuated MPTP-induced substantia nigra and striatal damage. This drug also blocked the increases in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the striatum and substantia nigra after MPTP treatment. Furthermore, the administration of perindopril showed a protective effect against the intense Cu/Zn-SOD immunoreactivity in the neurons and glial cells in both the striatum and substantia nigra after MPTP treatment. These results indicated that the ACE inhibitor perindopril can protect against MPTP-induced striatal dopamine and DOPAC depletion in mice. The protective effect may be, at least in part, caused by the reduction of free radicals caused by MPTP. The present study also demonstrated that perindopril is effective against MPTP-induced neurodegeneration of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathway. Furthermore, our results provided further evidence that free radical scavengers may be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kurosaki
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Therapeutics, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Kurosaki R, Muramatsu Y, Kato H, Watanabe Y, Imai Y, Itoyama Y, Araki T. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril on interneurons in MPTP-treated mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 15:57-67. [PMID: 15572274 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of perindopril on the dopaminergic system in mice after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment. The mice received four intraperitoneal injections of MPTP at 1-h intervals. Administration of perindopril showed dose-dependent neuroprotective effects against striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) depletion 3 days after MPTP treatment. Our immunohistochemical study showed that MPTP can severe damage in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons after MPTP treatment. The administration of perindopril significantly attenuated MPTP-induced substantia nigra and striatal damage. The present study also showed that the immunoreactivity of parvalbumin (PV)- or neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-positive cells in the substantia nigra was decreased 7 days after MPTP treatment, whereas no significant changes were observed in these cells of the striatum throughout the experiments. The administration of perindopril significantly attenuated MPTP-induced decrease of the PV- or nNOS-immunoreactivity in the nigral cells. In double-labeled immunostaining with anti-PV and anti-nNOS antibody, PV-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers were not double-labeled for nNOS-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in both the striatum and substantia nigra after MPTP treatment. Furthermore, PV- or nNOS-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in both the striatum and substantia nigra were not double-labeled for TH-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers. These results demonstrate that the ACE inhibitor perindopril has a dose-dependent protective effect against MPTP-induced striatal dopamine, DOPAC and HVA depletion in mice. The present study also demonstrates that perindopril is effective against MPTP-induced degeneration of the nigral neurons and interneurons. Furthermore, our immunohistochemical study suggests that PV-immunoreactive cells and nNOS-immunoreactive cells are different interneurons in both the striatum and substantia nigra. Thus, our results provide further evidence that the ACE inhibitor perindopril may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiko Kurosaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Upregulation of guanylyl cyclase expression and activity in striatum of MPTP-induced parkinsonism in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:118-26. [PMID: 15464991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the expression and the activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase (GC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities that regulate cGMP level in the striatum, hippocampus, and brain cortex in an animal model of PD, induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We observed the increase of total activity and protein level of GC in striatum after MPTP injection. It was accompanied by an enhancement of both mRNA expression and protein level of GCbeta1 subunit. MPTP induces mRNA expression and elevates protein concentration of GCbeta1 in striatum up to 14 days after its injection, which in turn causes a marked enhancement of cGMP formation. Furthermore, the activation of GC occurs through change of maximal enzyme activity (V(max)). Simultaneously, no change in PDE activity has been detected in all investigated regions of the brain after MPTP. MPTP injection caused the elevation of GCbeta1 protein level in both the membrane and cytosol fractions being significantly higher in cytosol. Western blot analysis demonstrated about 45-67% decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase protein content in striatum. These data suggest that NO/cGMP signaling pathway may at least partially contribute to dopaminergic fiber degeneration in the striatum, the damage attributed to PD.
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Muramatsu Y, Kurosaki R, Kato H, Araki T. Effect of pitavastatin against expression of S100beta protein in the gerbil hippocampus after transient cerebral ischaemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 182:95-107. [PMID: 15329062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND METHODS We investigated the immunohistochemical alterations of S100beta-, S100-, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)- and isolectin B4-positive cells in the hippocampus after 5 min of transient cerebral ischaemia in gerbils. We also examined the effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor pitavastatin against neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 sector after ischaemia. RESULTS Severe neuronal damage was observed in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons from 5 days after ischaemia. GFAP-positive cells increased gradually in the hippocampus from 5 days after ischaemia. Five and 14 days after ischaemia, significant increases in the number of GFAP-positive cells and isolectin B4-positive cells were observed in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 sector. Mild increases in the number of S100 and S100beta-positive cells were observed in the hippocampal CA1 sector from 1 h to 2 days after ischaemia. Thereafter, S100beta-positive cells increased in the hippocampal CA1 sector after ischaemia, whereas S100-positive cells decreased in this region. In our double-labelled immunostainings, S100 and S100beta immunoreactivity was found in GFAP-positive astrocytes, but not in isolectin B4-positive microglia. Pharmacological study showed that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, pitavastatin, can protect against the hippocampal CA1 neuronal damage after ischaemia. This drug also prevented increases in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes, isolectin B4-positive microglia, S100-positive astrocytes and S100beta-positive astrocytes after ischaemia. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that pitavastatin can decrease the neuronal damage of hippocampal CA1 sector after ischaemia. This beneficial effect may be, at least in part, mediated by inhibiting the expression of astrocytic activation in the hippocampus at the acute phase after ischaemia. Thus the modulation of astrocytic activation may offer a novel therapeutic strategy of ischaemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Muramatsu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Therapeutics, Graduate school and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Kurosaki R, Muramatsu Y, Kato H, Araki T. Biochemical, behavioral and immunohistochemical alterations in MPTP-treated mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 78:143-53. [PMID: 15159144 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Revised: 02/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical, behavioral and immunohistochemical manifestations were investigated in mice subjected to four experimental schedules with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) hydrochloride treatment. The mice were treated intraperitoneally with MPTP (20 mg/kg in saline) four times a day at 2-h intervals showed severe and persistent depletions of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striatum and behavioral deficits, as compared with those (1) treated with MPTP (15 mg/kg in saline ip) once a day for 14 consecutive days; (2) MPTP (30 mg/kg in saline ip) twice a day for five consecutive days; and (3) MPTP (10 mg/kg in saline ip) four times a day at 1-h intervals for two consecutive days. The immunohistochemical study has shown that the acute treatment with MPTP caused severe loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and dopamine transporter (DAT)-immunoreactive dopaminergic neurons and marked increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrocytes in the striatum and the substantia nigra. Thus acute treatment of mice with MPTP was accompanied by sustained nigral degeneration and motor abnormalities. Furthermore, our results with Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) immunostainings suggest that altered capacity of free radicals quenching may play a key role in the development of the neurons and interneuron damage after MPTP neurotoxicity. Thus, our findings provide valuable information on age-related disease progression and mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiko Kurosaki
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Therapeutics, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 1-78, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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Shang T, Kotamraju S, Kalivendi SV, Hillard CJ, Kalyanaraman B. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons is mediated by transferrin receptor iron-dependent depletion of tetrahydrobiopterin and neuronal nitric-oxide synthase-derived superoxide. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:19099-112. [PMID: 14752097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), an ultimate toxic metabolite of a mitochondrial neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, that causes Parkinson-like symptoms in experimental animals and humans. We used rat cerebellar granule neurons as a model cell system for investigating MPP(+) toxicity. Results show that MPP(+) treatment resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen species from inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and inactivation of aconitase. This, in turn, stimulated transferrin receptor (TfR)-dependent iron signaling via activation of the iron-regulatory protein/iron-responsive element interaction. MPP(+) caused a time-dependent depletion of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) that was mediated by H(2)O(2) and transferrin iron. Depletion of BH(4) decreased the active, dimeric form of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS). MPP(+)-mediated "uncoupling" of nNOS decreased *NO and increased superoxide formation. Pretreatment of cells with sepiapterin to promote BH(4) biosynthesis or cell-permeable iron chelator and TfR antibody to prevent iron-catalyzed BH(4) decomposition inhibited MPP(+) cytotoxicity. Preincubation of cerebellar granule neurons with nNOS inhibitor exacerbated MPP(+)-induced iron uptake, BH(4) depletion, proteasomal inactivation, and apoptosis. We conclude that MPP(+)-dependent aconitase inactivation, Tf-iron uptake, and oxidant generation result in the depletion of intracellular BH(4), leading to the uncoupling of nNOS activity. This further exacerbates reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative damage and apoptosis. Implications of these results in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiesong Shang
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, USA
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Watanabe H, Muramatsu Y, Kurosaki R, Michimata M, Matsubara M, Imai Y, Araki T. Protective effects of neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in mouse brain against MPTP neurotoxicity: an immunohistological study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 14:93-104. [PMID: 15013024 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(03)00065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2003] [Revised: 04/15/2003] [Accepted: 05/06/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole, can protect against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxicity in mice. It protected against both dopamine depletions and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neuron decreases in the mouse brain. In the present study, we further examined whether 7-nitroindazole can also protect against the alterations of TH-, microtubule-associated protein 2a,b (MAP2)-, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-, parvalbumin (PV)-, dopamine transporter (DAT)-, nNOS- or endothelial NOS (eNOS)-positive cells, in comparison with pargyline as a relatively selective inhibitor of the monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B). The present study showed that nNOS inhibitor as well as MAO-B inhibitor has a dose-dependent protective effect against MPTP-induced striatal dopamine and DOPAC depletion in mice. Furthermore, the present study revealed that 7-nitroindazole and pargyline can protect the alterations of immunohistochemical changes in the striatum and substantia nigra after MPTP treatment. These protective effects may be, at least in part, produced by the reduction of neuronally derived NO and peroxynitrite caused by MPTP. Our results also demonstrate that MPTP can cause functional damage of interneurons in the substantia nigra. These results suggest the possibility that nNOS inhibitors as well as MAO-B inhibitors may be therapeutically useful in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Thus our present results provide valuable information for the pathogenesis of degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hijiri Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Medicine, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), in excess, behaves as a cytotoxic substance mediating the pathological processes that cause neurodegeneration. The NO-induced dopaminergic cell loss causing Parkinson's disease (PD) has been postulated to include the following: an inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, ribonucleotide reductase, mitochondrial complexes I, II, and IV in the respiratory chain, superoxide dismutase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; activation or initiation of DNA strand breakage, poly(ADP-ribose) synthase, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation; release of iron; and increased generation of toxic radicals such as hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite. NO is formed by the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline by NO synthase (NOS). At least three NOS isoforms have been identified by molecular cloning and biochemical studies: a neuronal NOS or type 1 NOS (nNOS), an immunologic NOS or type 2 NOS (iNOS), and an endothelial NOS or type 3 NOS (eNOS). The enzymatic activities of eNOS or nNOS are induced by phosphorylation triggered by Ca(2+) entering cells and binding to calmodulin. In contrast, the regulation of iNOS seems to depend on de novo synthesis of the enzyme in response to a variety of cytokines, such as interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide. The evidence that NO is associated with neurotoxic processes underlying PD comes from studies using experimental models of this disease NOS inhibitors can prevent 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Furthermore, NO fosters dopamine depletion, and the said neurotoxicity is averted by nNOS inhibitors such as 7-nitroindazole working on tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. Moreover, mutant mice lacking the nNOS gene are more resistant to MPTP neurotoxicity when compared with wild-type littermates. Selegiline, an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B, is used in PD as a dopaminergic function-enhancing substance. Selegiline and its metabolite, desmethylselegiline, reduce apoptosis by altering the expression of a number of genes, for instance, superoxide dismutase, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, NOS, c-Jun, and nicotinamide adenine nucleotide dehydrogenase. The selegiline-induced antiapoptotic activity is associated with prevention of a progressive reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential in preapoptotic neurons. As apoptosis is critical to the progression of neurodegenerative disease, including PD, selegiline or selegiline-like compounds to be discovered in the future may be efficacious in treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuchair Ebadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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