1
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Formulation strategies for bacteriophages to target intracellular bacterial pathogens. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113864. [PMID: 34271022 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (Phages) are antibacterial viruses that are unaffected by antibiotic drug resistance. Many Phase I and Phase II phage therapy clinical trials have shown acceptable safety profiles. However, none of the completed trials could yield data supporting the promising observations noted in the experimental phage therapy. These trials have mainly focused on phage suspensions without enough attention paid to the stability of phage during processing, storage, and administration. This is important because in vivo studies have shown that the effectiveness of phage therapy greatly depends on the ratio of phage to bacterial concentrations (multiplicity of infection) at the infection site. Additionally, bacteria can evade phages through the development of phage-resistance and intracellular residence. This review focuses on the use of phage therapy against bacteria that survive within the intracellular niches. Recent research on phage behavior reveals that some phage can directly interact with, get internalized into, and get transcytosed across mammalian cells, prompting further research on the governing mechanisms of these interactions and the feasibility of harnessing therapeutic phage to target intracellular bacteria. Advances to improve the capability of phage attacking intracellular bacteria using formulation approaches such as encapsulating/conjugating phages into/with vector carriers via liposomes, polymeric particles, inorganic nanoparticles, and cell penetrating peptides, are summarized. While promising progress has been achieved, research in this area is still in its infancy and warrants further attention.
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2
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Tzani-Tzanopoulou P, Skliros D, Megremis S, Xepapadaki P, Andreakos E, Chanishvili N, Flemetakis E, Kaltsas G, Taka S, Lebessi E, Doudoulakakis A, Papadopoulos NG. Interactions of Bacteriophages and Bacteria at the Airway Mucosa: New Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Asthma. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 1:617240. [PMID: 35386933 PMCID: PMC8974763 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2020.617240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is the primary site where inhaled and resident microbiota interacts between themselves and the host, potentially playing an important role on allergic asthma development and pathophysiology. With the advent of culture independent molecular techniques and high throughput technologies, the complex composition and diversity of bacterial communities of the airways has been well-documented and the notion of the lungs' sterility definitively rejected. Recent studies indicate that the microbial composition of the asthmatic airways across the spectrum of disease severity, differ significantly compared with healthy individuals. In parallel, a growing body of evidence suggests that bacterial viruses (bacteriophages or simply phages), regulating bacterial populations, are present in almost every niche of the human body and can also interact directly with the eukaryotic cells. The triptych of airway epithelial cells, bacterial symbionts and resident phages should be considered as a functional and interdependent unit with direct implications on the respiratory and overall homeostasis. While the role of epithelial cells in asthma pathophysiology is well-established, the tripartite interactions between epithelial cells, bacteria and phages should be scrutinized, both to better understand asthma as a system disorder and to explore potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Tzani-Tzanopoulou
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Skliros
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Megremis
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paraskevi Xepapadaki
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research of the Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nina Chanishvili
- Laboratory for Genetics of Microorganisms and Bacteriophages, Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology & Virology, Tbilisi, GA, United States
| | - Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Grigoris Kaltsas
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Styliani Taka
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Lebessi
- Department of Microbiology, P. & A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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3
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Glycoproteomic measurement of site-specific polysialylation. Anal Biochem 2020; 596:113625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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4
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Janesch B, Baumann L, Mark A, Thompson N, Rahmani S, Sim L, Withers SG, Wakarchuk WW. Directed evolution of bacterial polysialyltransferases. Glycobiology 2020; 29:588-598. [PMID: 30976781 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialyltransferases (polySTs) are glycosyltransferases that synthesize polymers of sialic acid found in vertebrates and some bacterial pathogens. Bacterial polySTs have utility in the modification of therapeutic proteins to improve serum half-life, and the potential for tissue engineering. PolySTs are membrane-associated proteins and as recombinant proteins suffer from inherently low solubility, low expression levels and poor thermal stability. To improve their physicochemical and biochemical properties, we applied a directed evolution approach using a FACS-based ultrahigh-throughput assay as a simple, robust and reliable screening method. We were able to enrich a large mutant library and, in combination with plate-based high-throughput secondary screening, we discovered mutants with increased enzymatic activity and improved stability compared to the wildtype enzyme. This work presents a powerful strategy for the screening of directed evolution libraries of bacterial polySTs to identify better catalysts for in vitro polysialylation of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Janesch
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lars Baumann
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alison Mark
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sadia Rahmani
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lyann Sim
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Warren W Wakarchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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5
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Żaczek M, Górski A, Skaradzińska A, Łusiak-Szelachowska M, Weber-Dąbrowska B. Phage penetration of eukaryotic cells: practical implications. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The inability to infect eukaryotic cells has been considered as the most undeniable feature of all bacterial viruses. Such specificity, limited only for bacterial hosts, raises questions about the paths and challenges phages should overcome when circulating through the human body. Recently, it has been shown that phages are able to continually penetrate human organs and tissues. Latest reports revealed that phages can cross eukaryotic cell barriers both para- and transcellularly and even reach the nucleus. Further, phages are capable of internalizing within cells through different endocytic mechanisms. Such phenomenon indicates that phages could shape human microbiome composition and affect all aspects of human health. Thus, herein, we summarize the current state of knowledge and describe this phenomenon with a particular emphasis on endocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Żaczek
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Górski
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
- Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aneta Skaradzińska
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology & Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental & Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marzanna Łusiak-Szelachowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Beata Weber-Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
- Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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6
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Abstract
Sialic acid (Sia) is involved in many biological activities and commonly occurs as a monosialyl residue at the nonreducing terminal end of glycoconjugates. The loss of activity of UDP-GlcNAc2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase, which is a key enzyme in Sia biosynthesis, is lethal to the embryo, which clearly indicates the importance of Sia in embryogenesis. Occasionally, oligo/polymeric Sia structures such as disialic acid (diSia), oligosialic acid (oligoSia), and polysialic acid (polySia) occur in glycoconjugates. In particular, polySia, a well-known epitope that commonly occurs in neuroinvasive bacteria and vertebrate brains, is one of the most well-known and biologically/neurologically important glycotopes in vertebrates. The biological effects of polySia, especially on neural cell-adhesion molecules, have been well studied, and in-depth knowledge regarding polySia has been accumulated. In addition, the importance of diSia and oligoSia epitopes has been reported. In this chapter, the recent advances in the study of diSia, oligoSia, and polySia residues in glycoproteins in neurology, and their history, definition, occurrence, analytical methods, biosynthesis, and biological functions evaluated by phenotypes of gene-targeted mice, biochemical features, and related diseases are described.
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7
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Møller-Olsen C, Ho SFS, Shukla RD, Feher T, Sagona AP. Engineered K1F bacteriophages kill intracellular Escherichia coli K1 in human epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17559. [PMID: 30510202 PMCID: PMC6277420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections can be treated with bacteriophages that show great specificity towards their bacterial host and can be genetically modified for different applications. However, whether and how bacteriophages can kill intracellular bacteria in human cells remains elusive. Here, using CRISPR/Cas selection, we have engineered a fluorescent bacteriophage specific for E. coli K1, a nosocomial pathogen responsible for urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis and sepsis. By confocal and live microscopy, we show that engineered bacteriophages K1F-GFP and E. coli EV36-RFP bacteria displaying the K1 capsule, enter human cells via phagocytosis. Importantly, we show that bacteriophage K1F-GFP efficiently kills intracellular E. coli EV36-RFP in T24 human urinary bladder epithelial cells. Finally, we provide evidence that bacteria and bacteriophages are degraded by LC3-associated phagocytosis and xenophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siu Fung Stanley Ho
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Ranti Dev Shukla
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamas Feher
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antonia P Sagona
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.
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8
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Internalization of a polysialic acid-binding Escherichia coli bacteriophage into eukaryotic neuroblastoma cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1915. [PMID: 29203765 PMCID: PMC5715158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms are continuously exposed to bacteriophages, which are efficient gene transfer agents in bacteria. However, bacteriophages are considered not to pass the eukaryotic cell membrane and enter nonphagocytic cells. Here we report the binding and penetration of Escherichia coli PK1A2 bacteriophage into live eukaryotic neuroblastoma cells in vitro. The phage interacts with cell surface polysialic acid, which shares structural similarity with the bacterial phage receptor. Using fluorescence and electron microscopy, we show that phages are internalized via the endolysosomal route and persist inside the human cells up to one day without affecting cell viability. Phage capsid integrity is lost in lysosomes, and the phage DNA is eventually degraded. We did not detect the entry of phage DNA into the nucleus; however, we speculate that this might occur as a rare event, and propose that this potential mechanism could explain prokaryote–eukaryote gene flow. Eukaryotic organisms are continuously exposed to bacteriophages, but these are not thought to enter non-phagocytic cells. Here, Lehti et al. show that a bacteriophage can bind to a specific receptor on the surface of human neuroblastoma cells in vitro, and be internalized via the endolysosomal route.
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9
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Gerardy-Schahn R, Delannoy P, von Itzstein M. Advanced Technologies in Sialic Acid and Sialoglycoconjugate Analysis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 367:75-103. [PMID: 26017094 PMCID: PMC7122537 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the structural diversity of sialic acid (Sia) is rapidly expanding, understanding of its biological significance has lagged behind. Advanced technologies to detect and probe diverse structures of Sia are absolutely necessary not only to understand further biological significance but also to pursue medicinal and industrial applications. Here we describe analytical methods for detection of Sia that have recently been developed or improved, with a special focus on 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), deaminoneuraminic acid (Kdn), O-sulfated Sia (SiaS), and di-, oligo-, and polysialic acid (diSia/oligoSia/polySia) in glycoproteins and glycolipids. Much more attention has been paid to these Sia and sialoglycoconjugates during the last decade, in terms of regulation of the immune system, neural development and function, tumorigenesis, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Delannoy
- Lille University of Science and Technology, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland Australia
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10
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Fujinami Y, Hirai Y, Sakai I, Yoshino M, Yasuda J. Sensitive Detection ofBacillus anthracisUsing a Binding Protein Originating from γ-Phage. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:163-9. [PMID: 17310083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of biological weapons is a primary concern in force protection, treaty verification, and safeguarding civilian populations against domestic terrorism. One great concern is the detection of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop novel methods for rapid, simple, and precise detection of B. anthracis. Here, we report that the C-terminal region of gamma-phage lysin protein (PlyG) binds specifically to the cell wall of B. anthracis and the recombinant protein corresponding to this region (positions, 156-233), PlyGB, is available as a bioprobe for detection of B. anthracis. Our detection method, based on a membrane direct blot assay using recombinant PlyGB, was more rapid and sensitive than the gamma-phage test and was simpler and more inexpensive than genetic methods such as PCR, or immunological methods using specific antibodies. Furthermore, its specificity was comparable to the gamma-phage test. PlyGB is applicable in conventional methods instead of antibodies and could be a potent tool for detection of B. anthracis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Fujinami
- Department of First Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiva, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Yu CC, Hill T, Kwan DH, Chen HM, Lin CC, Wakarchuk W, Withers SG. A plate-based high-throughput activity assay for polysialyltransferase from Neisseria meningitidis. Anal Biochem 2013; 444:67-74. [PMID: 24121013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polysialyltransferases (PSTs) assemble polysialic acid (PSA) and have been implicated in many biological processes. For example, certain bacteria such as neuroinvasive Neisseria meningitidis decorate themselves in a PSA capsule to evade the innate immune system. Identifying inhibitors of PSTs therefore represents an attractive therapeutic goal and herein we describe a high-throughput, robust, and sensitive microtiter-plate-based activity assay for PST from N. meningitidis. A trisialyl lactoside (GT3) serving as the acceptor substrate was immobilized on a 384-well plate by click chemistry. Incubation with PST and CMP-sialic acid for 30min resulted in polysialylation. The immobilized PSA was then directly detected using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused PSA-binding protein consisting of the catalytically inactive double mutant of an endosialidase (GFP-EndoNF DM). We report very good agreement between kinetic and inhibition parameters obtained with our on-plate assay versus our in-solution validation assay. In addition we prove our assay is robust and reliable with a Z' score of 0.79. All aspects of our assay are easily scalable owing to optimization trials that allowed immobilization of acceptor substrates prepared from crude reaction mixtures and the use of cell lysates. This assay methodology enables large-scale PST inhibitor screens and can be harnessed for directed evolution screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ching Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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12
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Sato C, Kitajima K. Disialic, oligosialic and polysialic acids: distribution, functions and related disease. J Biochem 2013; 154:115-36. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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13
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Willis LM, Stupak J, Richards MR, Lowary TL, Li J, Whitfield C. Conserved glycolipid termini in capsular polysaccharides synthesized by ATP-binding cassette transporter-dependent pathways in Gram-negative pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7868-73. [PMID: 23610430 PMCID: PMC3651472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222317110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial capsules are surface layers made of long-chain polysaccharides. They are anchored to the outer membrane of many Gram-negative bacteria, including pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Pasteurella multocida. Capsules protect pathogens from host defenses including complement-mediated killing and phagocytosis and therefore represent a major virulence factor. Capsular polysaccharides are synthesized by enzymes located in the inner (cytoplasmic) membrane and are then translocated to the cell surface. Whereas the enzymes that synthesize the polysaccharides have been studied in detail, the structure and biosynthesis of the anchoring elements have not been definitively resolved. Here we determine the structure of the glycolipid attached to the reducing terminus of the polysialic acid capsular polysaccharides from E. coli K1 and N. meningitidis group B and the heparosan-like capsular polysaccharide from E. coli K5. All possess the same unique glycolipid terminus consisting of a lyso-phosphatidylglycerol moiety with a β-linked poly-(3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid) (poly-Kdo) linker attached to the reducing terminus of the capsular polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Willis
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Jacek Stupak
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0Z3; and
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0Z3; and
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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14
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Arnaud J, Audfray A, Imberty A. Binding sugars: from natural lectins to synthetic receptors and engineered neolectins. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4798-813. [PMID: 23353569 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35435g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The large diversity and complexity of glycan structures together with their crucial role in many biological or pathological processes require the development of new high-throughput techniques for analyses. Lectins are classically used for characterising, imaging or targeting glycoconjugates and, when printed on microarrays, they are very useful tools for profiling glycomes. Development of recombinant lectins gives access to reliable and reproducible material, while engineering of new binding sites on existing scaffolds allows tuning of specificity. From the accumulated knowledge on protein-carbohydrate interactions, it is now possible to use nucleotide and peptide (bio)synthesis for producing new carbohydrate-binding molecules. Such a biomimetic approach can also be addressed by boron chemistry and supra-molecular chemistry for the design of fully artificial glycosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Arnaud
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated to Grenoble-Université and ICMG, Grenoble, France
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15
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Jakobsson E, Schwarzer D, Jokilammi A, Finne J. Endosialidases: Versatile Tools for the Study of Polysialic Acid. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 367:29-73. [PMID: 22851159 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid is an α2,8-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid polymer found on the surface of both bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Endosialidases are bacteriophage-borne glycosyl hydrolases that specifically cleave polysialic acid. The crystal structure of an endosialidase reveals a trimeric mushroom-shaped molecule which, in addition to the active site, harbors two additional polysialic acid binding sites. Folding of the protein crucially depends on an intramolecular C-terminal chaperone domain that is proteolytically released in an intramolecular reaction. Based on structural data and previous considerations, an updated catalytic mechanism is discussed. Endosialidases degrade polysialic acid in a processive mode of action, and a model for its mechanism is suggested. The review summarizes the structural and biochemical elucidations of the last decade and the importance of endosialidases in biochemical and medical applications. Active endosialidases are important tools in studies on the biological roles of polysialic acid, such as the pathogenesis of septicemia and meningitis by polysialic acid-encapsulated bacteria, or its role as a modulator of the adhesion and interactions of neural and other cells. Endosialidase mutants that have lost their polysialic acid cleaving activity while retaining their polysialic acid binding capability have been fused to green fluorescent protein to provide an efficient tool for the specific detection of polysialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Jakobsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
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16
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Hays J. Mobile genetic elements in Moraxella catarrhalis. Mob Genet Elements 2011; 1:155-158. [PMID: 22016866 DOI: 10.4161/mge.1.2.17632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative diplococcus that is a strict human pathogen, which for a long period of time was regarded as a simple commensal. Research now shows that this organism is a pathogen its own right and is associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Further, there appears to be a dichotomy in the pathogenic potential of M. catarrhalis with upper respiratory tract infections mainly occurring in children, and lower respiratory tract infections mainly occurring in adults with predisposing pulmonary complications e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hays
- Deptartment of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Yu H, Cheng J, Ding L, Khedri Z, Chen Y, Chin S, Lau K, Tiwari VK, Chen X. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of GD3 oligosaccharides and other disialyl glycans containing natural and non-natural sialic acids. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:18467-77. [PMID: 19947630 PMCID: PMC2811049 DOI: 10.1021/ja907750r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the biological importance of naturally occurring sialic acid variations on disialyl structures in nature, we developed an efficient two-step multienzyme approach for the synthesis of a series of GD3 ganglioside oligosaccharides and other disialyl glycans containing a terminal Siaalpha2-8Sia component with different natural and non-natural sialic acids. In the first step, alpha2-3- or alpha2-6-linked monosialylated oligosaccharides were obtained using a one-pot three-enzyme approach. These compounds were then used as acceptors for the alpha2-8-sialyltransferase activity of a recombinant truncated multifunctional Campylobacter jejuni sialyltransferase CstII mutant, CstIIDelta32(I53S), to produce disialyl oligosaccharides. The alpha2-8-sialyltransferase activity of CstIIDelta32(I53S) has promiscuous donor substrate specificity and can tolerate various substitutions at C-5 or C-9 of the sialic acid in CMP-sialic acid, while its acceptor substrate specificity is relatively restricted. The terminal sialic acid residues in the acceptable monosialylated oligosaccharide acceptors are restricted to Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, KDN, and some of their C-9-modified forms but not their C-5 derivatives. The disialyl oligosaccharides obtained are valuable probes for their biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Jakobsson E, Jokilammi A, Aalto J, Ollikka P, Lehtonen J, Hirvonen H, Finne J. Identification of amino acid residues at the active site of endosialidase that dissociate the polysialic acid binding and cleaving activities in Escherichia coli K1 bacteriophages. Biochem J 2007; 405:465-72. [PMID: 17394421 PMCID: PMC2267309 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endosialidase (endo-N-acetylneuraminidase) is a tailspike enzyme of bacteriophages specific for human pathogenic Escherichia coli K1, which specifically recognizes and degrades polySia (polysialic acid). polySia is also a polysaccharide of the capsules of other meningitis- and sepsis-causing bacteria, and a post-translational modification of the NCAM (neural cell-adhesion molecule). We have cloned and sequenced three spontaneously mutated endosialidases of the PK1A bacteriophage and one of the PK1E bacteriophage which display lost or residual enzyme activity but retain the binding activity to polySia. Single to triple amino acid substitutions were identified, and back-mutation constructs indicated that single substitutions accounted for only partial reduction of enzymic activity. A homology-based structural model of endosialidase revealed that all substituted amino acid residues localize to the active site of the enzyme. The results reveal the importance of non-catalytic amino acid residues for the enzymatic activity. The results reveal the molecular background for the dissociation of the polySia binding and cleaving activities of endosialidase and for the evolvement of 'host range' mutants of E. coli K1 bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Jakobsson
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Jokilammi
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Aalto
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pauli Ollikka
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Harri Hirvonen
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- ‡Department of Neurology, University Central Hospital of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Finne
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email .)
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Jokilammi A, Ollikka P, Korja M, Jakobsson E, Loimaranta V, Haataja S, Hirvonen H, Finne J. Construction of antibody mimics from a noncatalytic enzyme-detection of polysialic acid. J Immunol Methods 2004; 295:149-60. [PMID: 15627620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have used a conceptually novel way to construct antibody mimics based on the binding of a noncatalytic enzyme to its substrate. Bacteriophage-derived endosialidase cleaves polysialic acid (polySia), an important oncofetal and bacterial antigen, which is poorly immunogenic. We fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) a catalytically inactive endosialidase known to bind but not degrade polysialic acid. The fusion protein is a convenient single-step reagent in fluorescence microscopy, binding assays and immunoblots. It efficiently and specifically detected polysialic acid in developing brain, neuroblastoma cells and bacteria causing meningitis. Enzyme-substrate interactions represent an unexploited source of molecular recognition events. Some of these could be used in designing well-defined substitute antibodies for the study of target molecules which are difficult to purify, available in low quantities, are unstable or have poor immunogenity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jokilammi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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