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Millar MA, Coates DJ, Byrne M, Krauss SL, Williams MR, Jonson J, Hopper SD. Pollen dispersal, pollen immigration, mating and genetic diversity in restoration of the southern plains Banksia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEvaluation of patterns of pollen dispersal, mating systems, population fitness, genetic diversity and differentiation in restoration and remnant plant populations can be useful in determining how well restoration activities have achieved their objectives. We used molecular tools to assess how well restoration objectives have been met for populations of Banksia media in the biodiversity hotspot of south-west Western Australia. We characterized patterns of pollen dispersal within, and pollen immigration into, two restoration populations. We compared mating system parameters, population fitness via seed weight, genetic diversity and genetic differentiation for restoration and associated reference remnant populations. Different patterns of pollen dispersal were revealed for two restoration sites that differed in floral display, spatial aggregation of founders and co-planted species. Proximity to remnant native vegetation was associated with enhanced immigration and more short-range pollen dispersal when other population variables were constant. Greater seed weights at remnant compared to restoration populations were not related to outcrossing rate. Equivalent mating system and genetic diversity parameters and low to moderate levels of genetic differentiation between restoration and remnant populations suggest pollinator services have been restored in genetically diverse restoration populations of local provenance B. media as early as four years from planting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Millar
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - David J Coates
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Siegfried L Krauss
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kattidj Close, WA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Williams
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Justin Jonson
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Albany, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen D Hopper
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Albany, WA, Australia
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DeSoto L, Torices R, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Nabais C. Variation in seed packaging of a fleshy-fruited conifer provides insights into the ecology and evolution of multi-seeded fruits. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:533-541. [PMID: 28303636 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of intraspecific seed packaging (i.e. seed size/number strategy) variation across different populations may allow better understanding of the ecological forces that drive seed evolution in plants. Juniperus thurifera (Cupressaceae) provides a good model to study this due to the existence of two subspecies differentiated by phenotypic traits, such as seed size and cone seediness (number of seeds inside a cone), across its range. The aim of this study was to analyse seed packaging (seed mass and cone seediness) variation at different scales (subspecies, populations and individuals) and the relationship between cone and seed traits in European and African J. thurifera populations. After opening more than 5300 cones and measuring 3600 seeds, we found that seed packaging traits followed different patterns of variation. Large-scale effects (region and population) significantly contributed to cone seediness variance, while most of the seed mass variance occurred within individuals. Seed packaging differed between the two sides of the Mediterranean Sea, with African cones bearing fewer but larger seeds than the European ones. However, no differences in seed mass were found between populations when taking into account cone seediness. Larger cones contained more pulp and seeds and displayed a larger variation in individual seed mass. We validated previous reports on the intraspecific differences in J. thurifera seed packaging, although both subspecies followed the same seed size/number trade-off. The higher seediness and variation in seed mass found in larger cones reveals that the positive relationship between seed and cone sizes may not be straightforward.We hypothesise that the large variation of seed size found within cones and individuals in J. thurifera, but also in other fleshy-fruited species, could represent a bet-hedging strategy for dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- L DeSoto
- Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R Torices
- Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain
| | | | - C Nabais
- Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Quantitative Genetics Identifies Cryptic Genetic Variation Involved in the Paternal Regulation of Seed Development. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005806. [PMID: 26811909 PMCID: PMC4727937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development requires a correct balancing of maternal and paternal genetic information. This balance is mediated by genomic imprinting, an epigenetic mechanism that leads to parent-of-origin-dependent gene expression. The parental conflict (or kinship) theory proposes that imprinting can evolve due to a conflict between maternal and paternal alleles over resource allocation during seed development. One assumption of this theory is that paternal alleles can regulate seed growth; however, paternal effects on seed size are often very low or non-existent. We demonstrate that there is a pool of cryptic genetic variation in the paternal control of Arabidopsis thaliana seed development. Such cryptic variation can be exposed in seeds that maternally inherit a medea mutation, suggesting that MEA acts as a maternal buffer of paternal effects. Genetic mapping using recombinant inbred lines, and a novel method for the mapping of parent-of-origin effects using whole-genome sequencing of segregant bulks, indicate that there are at least six loci with small, paternal effects on seed development. Together, our analyses reveal the existence of a pool of hidden genetic variation on the paternal control of seed development that is likely shaped by parental conflict.
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Pélabon C, Albertsen E, Falahati-Anbaran M, Wright J, Armbruster W. Does multiple paternity affect seed mass in angiosperms? An experimental test in Dalechampia scandens. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1719-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Pélabon
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - E. Albertsen
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - M. Falahati-Anbaran
- School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - J. Wright
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - W.S. Armbruster
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- School of Biological Sciences; King Henry Building; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska; Fairbanks AK USA
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Heritability of seed weight in Maritime pine, a relevant trait in the transmission of environmental maternal effects. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 114:116-24. [PMID: 25160045 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative seed provisioning is an important life-history trait with strong effects on offspring phenotype and fitness. As for any other trait, heritability estimates are vital for understanding its evolutionary dynamics. However, being a trait in between two generations, estimating additive genetic variation of seed provisioning requires complex quantitative genetic approaches for distinguishing between true genetic and environmental maternal effects. Here, using Maritime pine as a long-lived plant model, we quantified additive genetic variation of cone and seed weight (SW) mean and SW within-individual variation. We used a powerful approach combining both half-sib analysis and parent-offspring regression using several common garden tests established in contrasting environments to separate G, E and G × E effects. Both cone weight and SW mean showed significant genetic variation but were also influenced by the maternal environment. Most of the large variation in SW mean was attributable to additive genetic effects (h(2)=0.55-0.74). SW showed no apparent G × E interaction, particularly when accounting for cone weight covariation, suggesting that the maternal genotypes actively control the SW mean irrespective of the amount of resources allocated to cones. Within-individual variation in SW was low (12%) relative to between-individual variation (88%), and showed no genetic variation but was largely affected by the maternal environment, with greater variation in the less favourable sites for pine growth. In summary, results were very consistent between the parental and the offspring common garden tests, and clearly indicated heritable genetic variation for SW mean but not for within-individual variation in SW.
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Selective pressure along a latitudinal gradient affects subindividual variation in plants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74356. [PMID: 24069297 PMCID: PMC3778006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual plants produce repeated structures such as leaves, flowers or fruits, which, although belonging to the same genotype, are not phenotypically identical. Such subindividual variation reflects the potential of individual genotypes to vary with micro-environmental conditions. Furthermore, variation in organ traits imposes costs to foraging animals such as time, energy and increased predation risk. Therefore, animals that interact with plants may respond to this variation and affect plant fitness. Thus, phenotypic variation within an individual plant could be, in part, an adaptive trait. Here we investigated this idea and we found that subindividual variation of fruit size of Crataegus monogyna, in different populations throughout the latitudinal gradient in Europe, was explained at some extent by the selective pressures exerted by seed-dispersing birds. These findings support the hypothesis that within-individual variation in plants is an adaptive trait selected by interacting animals which may have important implications for plant evolution.
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Arathi HS. Selective embryo abortion in a perennial tree-legume: a case for maternal advantage of reduced seed number per fruit. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2011; 124:675-681. [PMID: 21249418 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-010-0400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, I analyzed time-course of embryo abortion, positional bias in seed maturation and maternal costs of seed packaging in Cercis canadensis. While basal embryos experience similar rates of abortion as those in other positions during the first week of development, abortion rates peak during the second week. Head start in resource sequestration by stigmatic embryos may explain high rates of basal embryo abortion. Similar seed packaging costs and seed mass for single and multi-seeded pods suggests that maternal parent regulates pod size in accordance with seed numbers per pod investing equally in the surviving offspring. Competition during early developmental period results in the abortion of less competitive embryos allowing for optimal resource investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Arathi
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Lankinen Å, Madjidian JA. Enhancing pollen competition by delaying stigma receptivity: pollen deposition schedules affect siring ability, paternal diversity, and seed production in Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:1191-200. [PMID: 21730339 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Even though pollen deposition schedules may have profound effects on the evolutionary outcome of pollen competition, few studies have investigated such effects in relation to pistil traits such as delayed stigma receptivity that enhance pollen competition. In Collinsia heterophylla, a largely outcrossing species with delayed stigma receptivity, we performed a series of controlled crosses involving several donors to understand how timing of pollen deposition influences siring ability, paternal diversity, and offspring fitness. METHODS Pollen was applied to fully receptive stigmas either as mixtures or consecutively with or without a time lag to mimic cases with early or delayed stigma receptivity. We used a genetic marker to assess offspring paternity. KEY RESULTS As expected, siring ability was affected by application order in crosses without a time lag, providing a first-donor advantage for pollen arriving on unreceptive stigmas. However, because pollen donor identity influenced siring ability, delaying stigma receptivity may still favor pollen of high competitive ability. In crosses on fully receptive pistils with a time lag of 24 h, a surprisingly high proportion of seeds (12-47%) were sired by pollen applied last. A novel finding was that pollen applied only once (as a mixture), mimicking delayed stigma receptivity, led to higher paternal diversity within progeny families, which was associated with increased seed production. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest fitness advantages of enhancing pollen competition by delaying stigma receptivity in C. heterophylla, particularly in relation to increased paternal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Lankinen
- Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Lin G, Fang F, Yu XJ, Yu L. Meta-analysis of the relationship between p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2011; 10:2449-56. [DOI: 10.4238/2011.october.13.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kamel SJ, Grosberg RK, Marshall DJ. Family conflicts in the sea. Trends Ecol Evol 2010; 25:442-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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House C, Roth C, Hunt J, Kover PX. Paternal effects in Arabidopsis indicate that offspring can influence their own size. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:2885-93. [PMID: 20444721 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of genetic variation in offspring size in plants and animals is puzzling because offspring size is often strongly associated with fitness and expected to be under stabilizing selection. An explanation for variation in seed size is conflict between parents and between parents and offspring. However, for this hypothesis to be true, it must be shown that the offspring genotype can affect its own size. The existence of paternal effects would support this hypothesis, but these have rarely been shown. Using a diallel cross among four natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana we show that maternal, paternal and positional effects jointly influence seed size, number and the frequency of seed abortion. We found that seed abortion (%) depends on the combination of maternal and paternal genotypes, suggesting the existence of mate choice or epistatic incompatibility among accessions of A. thaliana. In addition, since paternal genotype explains approximately 10 per cent of the variation in seed size, we propose that A. thaliana's offspring must influence the amount of resources allocated to themselves. Identification of paternal effects in Arabidopsis should facilitate dissection of the genetic mechanisms involved in paternal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa House
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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Sobral M, Larrinaga AR, Guitián J. Do seed-dispersing birds exert selection on optimal plant trait combinations? Correlated phenotypic selection on the fruit and seed size of hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna). Evol Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-010-9380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Collin CL, Penet L, Shykoff JA. Early inbreeding depression in the sexually polymorphic plant Dianthus sylvestris (Caryophyllaceae): Effects of selfing and biparental inbreeding among sex morphs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:2279-2287. [PMID: 21622343 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Predominantly outcrossing plant species are expected to accumulate recessive deleterious mutations, which can be purged when in a homozygous state following selfing. Individuals may vary in their genetic load because of different selfing histories, which could lead to differences in inbreeding depression among families. Lineage-dependent inbreeding depression can appear in gynodioecious species if obligatory outcrossed females are more likely to produce female offspring and if partially selfing hermaphrodites are more likely to produce hermaphrodites. We investigated inbreeding depression at the zygote, seed, and germination stages in the gynomonoecious-gynodioecious Dianthus sylvestris, including pure-sexed plants and a mixed morph. We performed hand-pollinations on 56 plants, belonging to the three morphs, each receiving 2-3 cross treatments (out-, sib- and self-pollination) on multiple flowers. Effects of cross treatments varied among stages and influenced seed provisioning, with sibling competition mainly occurring within outcrossed fruits. We found significant inbreeding depression for seed mass and germination and cumulative early inbreeding depression varied greatly among families. Among sex morphs, we found that females and hermaphrodites differed in biparental inbreeding depression, whereas uniparental was similar for all. Significant inbreeding depression levels may play a role in female maintenance in this species, and individual variation in association with sex-lineages proclivity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine L Collin
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, F-91405, France; CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, F-91405, France
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Burkhardt A, Internicola A, Bernasconi G. Effects of pollination timing on seed paternity and seed mass in Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:767-73. [PMID: 19567418 PMCID: PMC2729624 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Competition among genetically different pollen donors within one recipient flower may play an important role in plant populations, increasing offspring genetic diversity and vigour. However, under field conditions stochastic pollen arrival times may result in disproportionate fertilization success of the first-arriving pollen, even to the detriment of the recipient plant's and offspring fitness. It is therefore critical to evaluate the relative importance of arrival times of pollen from different donors in determining siring success. METHODS Hand pollinations and genetic markers were used to investigate experimentally the effect of pollination timing on seed paternity, seed mass and stigmatic wilting in the the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. In this species, high prevalence of multiply-sired fruits in natural populations suggests that competition among different donors may often take place (at fertilization or during seed development); however, the role of variation due to pollen arrival times is not known. KEY RESULTS First-arriving pollen sired significantly more seeds than later-arriving pollen. This advantage was expressed already before the first pollen tubes could reach the ovary. Simultaneously with pollen tube growth, the stigmatic papillae wilted visibly. Individual seeds were heavier in fruits where one donor sired most seeds than in fruits where both donors had more even paternity shares. CONCLUSIONS In field populations of S. latifolia, fruits are often multiply-sired. Because later-arriving pollen had decreased chances of fertilizing the ovules, this implies that open-pollinated flowers often benefit from pollen carry-over or pollinator visits within short time intervals, which may contribute to increase offspring genetic diversity and fitness.
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Ramos-Ordoñez MF, Márquez-Guzmán J, Del Coro Arizmendi M. Parthenocarpy and seed predation by insects in Bursera morelensis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2008; 102:713-22. [PMID: 18755701 PMCID: PMC2712376 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While parthenocarpy (meaning the production of fruits without seeds) may limit fecundity in many plants, its function is not clear; it has been proposed, however, that it might be associated with a strategy to avoid seed predation. Bursera morelensis is a dioecious endemic plant that produces fruits with and without seeds, and its fruits are parasitized by insects. Its reproductive system is not well described and no published evidence of parthenocarpy exists for the species. The purpose of this work was to describe the breeding system of B. morelensis and its relationship to seed predation by insects. METHODS The breeding system was described using pollination experiments, verifying the presence of parthenocarpic fruits and apomictic seeds. Reproductive structures from flower buds to mature fruits were quantified. For fruits, an anatomical and histological characterization was made. The number of fruits in which seeds had been predated by insects was correlated with parthenocarpic fruit production. KEY RESULTS The major abortion of reproductive structures occurred during fruit set. The results discard the formation of apomictic seeds. Flowers that were not pollinated formed parthenocarpic fruits and these could be distinguished during early developmental stages. In parthenocarpic fruits in the first stages of development, an unusual spread of internal walls of the ovary occurred invading the locule and preventing ovule development. Unlike fruits with seeds, parthenocarpic fruits do not have calcium oxalate crystals in the ovary wall. Both fruit types can be separated in the field at fruit maturity by the presence of dehiscence, complete in seeded and partial in parthenocarpic fruits. Trees with more parthenocarpic fruits had more parasitized fruits. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time the anatomy of parthenocarpic fruits in Burseraceae has been described. Parthenocarpic fruits in B. morelensis might function as a deceit strategy for insect seed predators as they are unprotected both chemically and mechanically by the absence of calcium oxalate crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F. Ramos-Ordoñez
- FES Iztacala UNAM, Laboratorio de Ecología UBIPRO, Av. De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. México, CP 54090, México
| | - Judith Márquez-Guzmán
- Facultad de Ciencias UNAM, Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad 3000, CP 04510, México
| | - Ma. Del Coro Arizmendi
- FES Iztacala UNAM, Laboratorio de Ecología UBIPRO, Av. De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. México, CP 54090, México
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Lemos Filho JPD, Goulart MF, Lovato MB. Populational approach in ecophysiological studies: the case of Plathymenia reticulata, a tree from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202008000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The variability of ecophysiological traits among populations can be a result of selection in response to environmental pressure and/or due to random factors, like the genetic drift. The analysis of both genetic and phenotypic variation within populations can lead to better understanding of adaptation in order to colonize different habitats. In the last years we have developed several studies with an widely ecogeographic distributed legume tree species, Plathymenia reticulata, which were focused on identifying specific morphological and physiological traits related to adaptation to the habitats of origin of each studied population. We studied populations from Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and ecotonal sites in relation to phenology, seed morphological traits and their relation with seed dispersion, seed dormancy and germination, and growth traits in a common garden experiment. In several analyzed traits we found high diversity in this species that can explain its occurrence in a broad geographical range. The existence of genetically based differences of traits in an adaptive way among savanna and forest populations suggests a degree of divergence that characterizes the existence of ecotypes from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. We also pointed future perspectives in studies at population level in evolutionary ecophysiology and implications of these studies for flora conservation and habitat restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maíra Figueiredo Goulart
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brasil; Instituto Biotrópicos de Pesquisa em Vida Silvestre, Brasil
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Does the spatial variation in selective pressures explain among-site differences in seed mass? A test with Buxus balearica. Evol Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-008-9275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sakai S. A NEW HYPOTHESIS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF OVERPRODUCTION OF OVULES: AN ADVANTAGE OF SELECTIVE ABORTION FOR FEMALES NOT ASSOCIATED WITH VARIATION IN GENETIC QUALITY OF THE RESULTING SEEDS. Evolution 2007; 61:984-93. [PMID: 17439626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new hypothesis for the evolution of overproduction of ovules within flowers is proposed: overproduction is a counter-strategy of female seed production in the conflict with males and/or offspring. It is advantageous for females to produce a uniform size of seeds, whereas it is advantageous for fertilized ovules to absorb more resources than this size. If there is a variance in resource absorption ability among fertilized ovules, nonuniform seeds are produced. Then, by overproducing ovules, females should select fertilized ovules with similar resource absorption rates, resulting in seeds of uniform size. A model analysis confirmed that this hypothesis works. In the model, the fertilized ovules of a plant consist of two genotypes that differ in resource absorption rate. I found that overproduction of ovules and selective abortion is advantageous if the difference in the resource absorption rates of the genotypes is large. The new hypothesis is different from the selective abortion hypothesis in that selecting ovules is advantageous even if there are no differences in the genetic quality of resulting seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoki Sakai
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Turnbull LA, Santamaria L, Martorell T, Rallo J, Hector A. Seed size variability: from carob to carats. Biol Lett 2007; 2:397-400. [PMID: 17148413 PMCID: PMC1686184 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The seeds of various plants were used as weights because their mass reputedly varies so little. Carob (Ceratonia siliqua), which has given its name to the carat, is particularly famous in this regard. But are carob seeds unusually constant in weight and, if not, how did the myth arise? The variability of seeds sampled from a collection of carob trees (CV=23%) was close to the average of 63 species reviewed from the literature (CV=25%). However, in a perception experiment observers could discriminate differences in carob seed weight of around 5% by eye demonstrating the potential for humans to greatly reduce natural variation. Interestingly, the variability of pre-metrication carat weight standards is also around 5% suggesting that human rather than natural selection gave rise to the carob myth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Turnbull
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Prasad
- Department of Biology, Queen's University at Kingston, Biosciences Complex, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Goulart MF, Pires Lemos Filho J, Lovato MB. Variability in fruit and seed morphology among and within populations of Plathymenia (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) in areas of the Cerrado, the Atlantic forest, and transitional sites. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2006; 8:112-9. [PMID: 16435275 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-865964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plathymenia reticulata is a tree species that occurs in two different Brazilian biomes, the Cerrado (a savannah environment), and the Atlantic Forest. In the present study, we evaluated morphological variation within and among five populations located in these vegetation types and in transitional sites in order to test the hypothesis that habitat selective pressures, being different in the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest, would cause adaptive differences in morphological traits in individuals occurring under these different circumstances. Thirteen morphological traits of fruits, seeds, and of the membranous endocarp were obtained from 30 fruits and 20 seeds from each of nine to 10 individuals per population. Significant variation was found for all traits while comparing individuals within populations, and most traits varied significantly among populations as well. Some traits differed significantly between forest and Cerrado populations, while transition sites showed intermediate patterns and higher within-population variation. Contrary to our hypothesis, variation in seed size and mass among populations from different habitats was not significant. However, as predicted, the membranous endocarp was shorter for the seeds from Cerrado populations than from the Atlantic Forest. These data suggest the existence of P. reticulata ecotypes from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest; the relevance to Plathymenia evolution and to its wide ecological distribution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Figueiredo Goulart
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Lehtilä K, Ehrlén J. Seed size as an indicator of seed quality: a case study of Primula veris. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Effects of Nutrient Level on Maternal Choice and Siring Success in Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitaceae). Evol Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-005-1669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Royle NJ, Hartley IR, Parker GA. Parental investment and family dynamics: interactions between theory and empirical tests. POPUL ECOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-004-0196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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