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Yang Q, Liu C, Qi K, Xiong Y, Pan Y, Tian C. Imaging and quantification of neuropeptides in mouse pituitary tissue by atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9755. [PMID: 38600731 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-MALDI) mass spectrometry has enabled the untargeted analysis and imaging of neuropeptides and proteins in biological tissues under ambient conditions. Sensitivity in AP-MALDI can be improved by using sample-specific preparation methods. METHODS A comprehensive and detailed optimization strategy including instrument parameters, matrix spraying and sample tissue washing pretreatment was implemented to enhance the sensitivity and coverage of neuropeptides in mouse pituitary tissues by commercial AP-MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). RESULTS The sensitivity of a commercial AP-MALDI system for endogenous neuropeptides in mouse pituitary was enhanced by up to 15.2-fold by shortening the transmission gap from the sample plate to the inlet, attaching copper adhesive tape to an indium tin oxide-coated glass slide, optimizing the matrix spray solvent and using sample tissue washing pretreatment. Following careful optimization, the distributions of nine endogenous neuropeptides were successfully visualized in the pituitary. Furthermore, the quantitative capability of AP-MALDI for neuropeptides was evaluated and the concentrations of neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin in the pituitary posterior lobe were increased approximately twofold under hypertonic saline stress. CONCLUSION Mouse pituitary neuropeptides have emerged as important signaling molecules due to their role in stress response. This work indicates the potential of modified AP-MALDI as a promising AP MSI method for in situ visualization and quantification of neuropeptides in complex biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Keke Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Changlin Tian
- Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Arjune S, Oehm S, Todorova P, Gansevoort RT, Bakker SJL, Erger F, Benzing T, Burst V, Grundmann F, Antczak P, Müller RU. Copeptin in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: real-world experiences from a large prospective cohort study. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:2194-2204. [PMID: 37915893 PMCID: PMC10616446 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The identification of new biomarkers in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is crucial to improve and simplify prognostic assessment as a basis for patient selection for targeted therapies. Post hoc analyses of the TEMPO 3:4 study indicated that copeptin could be one of those biomarkers. Methods Copeptin was tested in serum samples from patients of the AD(H)PKD study. Serum copeptin levels were measured using a time-resolved amplified cryptate emission (TRACE)-based assay. In total, we collected 711 values from 389 patients without tolvaptan treatment and a total of 243 values (of which 64 were pre-tolvaptan) from 94 patients on tolvaptan. These were associated with rapid progression and disease-causing gene variants and their predictive capacity tested and compared with the Mayo Classification. Results As expected, copeptin levels showed a significant negative correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Measurements on tolvaptan showed significantly higher copeptin levels (9.871 pmol/L vs 23.90 pmol/L at 90/30 mg; P < .0001) in all chronic kidney disease stages. Linear regression models (n = 133) show that copeptin is an independent predictor of eGFR slope. A clinical model (including eGFR, age, gender, copeptin) was nearly as good (R2 = 0.1196) as our optimal model (including height-adjusted total kidney volume, eGFR, copeptin, R2 = 0.1256). Adding copeptin to the Mayo model improved future eGFR estimation. Conclusion Copeptin levels are associated with kidney function and independently explained future eGFR slopes. As expected, treatment with tolvaptan strongly increases copeptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Arjune
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Simon Oehm
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Polina Todorova
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Erger
- Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Volker Burst
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Emergency Department, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Franziska Grundmann
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Antczak
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
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Bárez-López S, Scanlon L, Murphy D, Greenwood MP. Imaging the Hypothalamo-Neurohypophysial System. Neuroendocrinology 2023; 113:168-178. [PMID: 34438401 DOI: 10.1159/000519233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) is a brain peptidergic neurosecretory apparatus which is composed of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) magnocellular neurones and their neuronal processes in the posterior pituitary (PP). In response to specific stimuli, AVP and OXT are secreted into the systemic circulation at the neurovascular interface of the PP, where they act as hormones, but they can also behave as neurotransmitters when released at the somatodendritic compartment or by axon collaterals to other brain regions. Because these peptides are crucial for several physiological processes, including fluid homoeostasis and reproduction, it is of great importance to map the HNS connectome in its entirety in order to understand its functions. In recent years, advances in imaging technologies have provided considerable new information about the HNS. These approaches include the use of reporter proteins under the control of specific promoters, viral tracers, brain-clearing methods, genetically encoded indicators, sniffer cells, mass spectrometry imaging, and spatially resolved transcriptomics. In this review, we illustrate how these latest approaches have enhanced our understanding of the structure and function of the HNS and how they might contribute further in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Bárez-López
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Liam Scanlon
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David Murphy
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael Paul Greenwood
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Săcărescu A, Turliuc MD, Brănișteanu DD. Role of copeptin in the diagnosis of traumatic neuroendocrine dysfunction. Neuropeptides 2021; 89:102167. [PMID: 34175655 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic neuroendocrine dysfunction may present with diabetes insipidus (DI) or with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Both these pathologies involve a disturbance in the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, causing dysnatremias. Diagnosis of posttraumatic ADH dysfunction is hampered by technical difficulties in ADH assessment, and relies mostly on non-specific serum sodium, serum and urine osmolality and diuresis, often leading to misdiagnosis in the acute care setting. Research now focuses on the diagnostic role of copeptin, a peptide secreted together with ADH in an equimolar fashion, and which can be accurately evaluated. Recent studies identified cut-off values of 2.6 pmol/L for baseline copeptin and of 4.9 and 3.8 pmol/L for hypertonic saline infusion and arginine infusion stimulated copeptin, respectively, for the diagnosis of DI in patients with polyuria-polydipsia syndrome. Although SIADH is more difficult to be explored due to its heterogeneity, a ratio of copeptin to urinary sodium below 30 pmol/mmol identifies euvolemic hyponatremia. Exploring the role of copeptin assessment in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the acute phase may improve their diagnosis accuracy, management and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Săcărescu
- Department of Medical Specialties II, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii, Iasi 700115, Romania; Department of Neurology, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 14 Pantelimon Halipa, Iasi 700661, Romania.
| | - Mihaela-Dana Turliuc
- Department of Surgery II, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii, Iasi 700115, Romania; Department of Neurosurgery II, "Prof. Dr. N. Oblu" Clinical Emergency Hospital, 2 Ateneului, Iasi 700309, Romania
| | - Dumitru D Brănișteanu
- Department of Medical Specialties II, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii, Iasi 700115, Romania; Department of Endocrinology, "Sf. Spiridon" Clinical County Emergency Hospital", 1 Independentei, Iasi 700111, Romania
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Karakioulaki M, Grendelmeier P, Strobel W, Schmid T, Jahn K, Grize L, Tamm M, Stolz D. Copeptin, pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and pro-adrenomedullin as markers of hypoxic stress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-a prospective intervention study. Respir Res 2021; 22:114. [PMID: 33879148 PMCID: PMC8059312 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) might lead to oxidative stress, inflammation and elevated circulating copeptin, proANP and proADM levels. We aimed to evaluate whether the levels of these prohormones are higher in patients with OSA and whether they might change under continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, serving as potential proxies for the diagnosis and therapy-response in OSA. Methods A total of 310 patients with suspicion of OSA were recruited. Screening for OSA was performed using overnight pulse oximetry followed by polygraphy and a venous puncture in the morning. All patients diagnosed with OSA underwent CPAP adaptation. A venous puncture was conducted in the night before CPAP and in the following morning. At 1 and 6 months of treatment, polygraphy was performed, followed by a venous puncture in the morning. In the acquired blood, copeptin, proANP and proADM levels were measured. Results We analyzed 232 patients with OSA and 30 patients without OSA. Our results indicated that only copeptin levels differed significantly among patients with and without OSA at baseline. In OSA patients, the levels of proADM significantly changed after 1 and 6 months on CPAP therapy, when compared to baseline (p < 0.001 and p = 0.020). Additionally, proANP levels significantly decreased after 12 h on CPAP therapy, as compared to baseline levels (p < 0.001). Conclusions Copeptin is significantly associated with the presence of OSA. ProANP levels might serve as a potential proxy for the acute response to non-invasive ventilation (12 h), while proADM reflects the long-term response (1 and 6 months). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-021-01704-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meropi Karakioulaki
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary Cell Research, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Grendelmeier
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary Cell Research, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Werner Strobel
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary Cell Research, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Kathleen Jahn
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary Cell Research, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leticia Grize
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary Cell Research, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary Cell Research, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daiana Stolz
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary Cell Research, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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de Vries F, Lobatto DJ, Verstegen MJT, van Furth WR, Pereira AM, Biermasz NR. Postoperative diabetes insipidus: how to define and grade this complication? Pituitary 2021; 24:284-291. [PMID: 32990908 PMCID: PMC7966184 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although transient diabetes insipidus (DI) is the most common complication of pituitary surgery, there is no consensus on its definition. Polyuria is the most overt symptoms of DI, but can also reflect several physiological adaptive mechanisms in the postoperative phase. These may be difficult to distinguish from and might coincide with DI. The difficulty to distinguish DI from other causes of postoperative polyuria might explain the high variation in incidence rates. This limits interpretation of outcomes, in particular complication rates between centers, and may lead to unnecessary treatment. Aim of this review is to determine a pathophysiologically sound and practical definition of DI for uniform outcome evaluations and treatment recommendations. METHODS This study incorporates actual data and the experience of our center and combines this with a review of literature on pathophysiological mechanisms and definitions used in clinical studies reporting of postoperative DI. RESULTS The occurrence of excessive thirst and/or hyperosmolality or hypernatremia are the best indicators to discriminate between pathophysiological symptoms and signs of DI and other causes. Urine osmolality distinguishes DI from osmotic diuresis. CONCLUSIONS To improve reliability and comparability we propose the following definition for postoperative DI: polyuria (urine production > 300 ml/hour for 3 h) accompanied by a urine specific gravity (USG) < 1.005, and at least one of the following symptoms: excessive thirst, serum osmolality > 300 mosmol/kg, or serum sodium > 145 mmol/L. To prevent unnecessary treatment with desmopressin, we present an algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of postoperative DI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friso de Vries
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, Postbox 9600, 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Postbox 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniel J Lobatto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Postbox 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Postbox 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J T Verstegen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Postbox 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Postbox 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter R van Furth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Postbox 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Postbox 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto M Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, Postbox 9600, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- Centre for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Postbox 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, Postbox 9600, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- Centre for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Postbox 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
In the majority of cases, hereditary neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (DI) is a monogenic disorder caused by mutations in the AVP gene. Dominant transmission is by far the most common form. In these patients, symptoms develop gradually at various ages during childhood, progressing with complete penetrance to polyuria and polydipsia that is usually severe. In autosomal dominant neurohypophyseal DI (ADNDI), the mutant prohormone is folding deficient and consequently retained in the ER, where it forms amyloid-like fibrillar aggregates. Degradation by proteasomes occurs, but their clearance capacity appears to be insufficient. Postmortem studies in affected individuals suggest a neurodegenerative process confined to vasopressinergic neurons. Other forms of genetic neurohypophyseal DI include the very rare autosomal recessive type, also caused by mutations in the AVP gene, and complex multiorgan disorders, such as Wolfram syndrome. In all individuals where a congenital form of DI is suspected, including nephrogenic types, genetic analysis should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Spiess
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicole Beuret
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jonas Rutishauser
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; Kantonsspital Baden, Clinical Trial Unit, Im Ergel 1, CH-5405 Baden, Switzerland.
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Odekunle EA, Elphick MR. Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology of Vasopressin/ Oxytocin-Type Neuropeptide Signaling in Invertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:225. [PMID: 32362874 PMCID: PMC7181382 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of structurally related hypothalamic hormones that regulate blood pressure and diuresis (vasopressin, VP; CYFQNCPRG-NH2) or lactation and uterine contraction (oxytocin, OT; CYIQNCPLG-NH2) was a major advance in neuroendocrinology, recognized in the award of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1955. Furthermore, the discovery of central actions of VP and OT as regulators of reproductive and social behavior in humans and other mammals has broadened interest in these neuropeptides beyond physiology into psychology. VP/OT-type neuropeptides and their G-protein coupled receptors originated in a common ancestor of the Bilateria (Urbilateria), with invertebrates typically having a single VP/OT-type neuropeptide and cognate receptor. Gene/genome duplications followed by gene loss gave rise to variety in the number of VP/OT-type neuropeptides and receptors in different vertebrate lineages. Recent advances in comparative transcriptomics/genomics have enabled discovery of VP/OT-type neuropeptides in an ever-growing diversity of invertebrate taxa, providing new opportunities to gain insights into the evolution of VP/OT-type neuropeptide function in the Bilateria. Here we review the comparative physiology of VP/OT-type neuropeptides in invertebrates, with roles in regulation of reproduction, feeding, and water/salt homeostasis emerging as common themes. For example, we highlight recent reports of roles in regulation of oocyte maturation in the sea-squirt Ciona intestinalis, extraoral feeding behavior in the starfish Asterias rubens and energy status and dessication resistance in ants. Thus, VP/OT-type neuropeptides are pleiotropic regulators of physiological processes, with evolutionarily conserved roles that can be traced back to Urbilateria. To gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of VP/OT-type neuropeptide function it may be necessary to not only determine the actions of the peptides but also to characterize the transcriptomic/proteomic/metabolomic profiles of cells expressing VP/OT-type precursors and/or VP/OT-type receptors within the framework of anatomically and functionally identified neuronal networks. Furthermore, investigation of VP/OT-type neuropeptide function in a wider range of invertebrate species is now needed if we are to determine how and when this ancient signaling system was recruited to regulate diverse physiological and behavioral processes in different branches of animal phylogeny and in contrasting environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurice R. Elphick
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Amyloid-like aggregation of provasopressin. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2020. [PMID: 32138954 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The antidiuretic hormone vasopressin is synthesized as a longer precursor protein. After folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), provasopressin is transported through the secretory pathway, forms secretory granules in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), is processed, and finally secreted into the circulation. Mutations in provasopressin cause autosomal dominant diabetes insipidus. They prevent native protein folding and cause fibrillar, amyloid-like aggregation in the ER, which eventually results in cell death. Secretory granules of peptide hormones were proposed to constitute functional amyloids and thus might be the cause of amyloid formation of misfolded mutant protein in the ER. Indeed, the same two segments in the precursor-vasopressin and a C-terminal glycopeptide-were found to be responsible for pathological aggregation in the ER and physiological aggregation in granule formation in the TGN. Furthermore, even wild-type provasopressin tends to aggregate in the ER, but is controlled by ER-associated degradation. When essential components thereof, Sel1L or Hrd1, were inactivated, wild-type provasopressin accumulated as fibrillar aggregates in vasopressinergic neurons in mice, causing diabetes insipidus. Evolution of amyloidogenic sequences for granule formation thus made provasopressin dependent on ER quality control mechanisms. These principles may similarly apply to other peptide hormones.
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Abstract
Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) and copeptin derive from the same precursor molecule. Due to the equimolar secretion, copeptin responds as rapidly as AVP to osmotic, hemodynamic and unspecific stress-related stimuli and both peptides show a very strong correlation. The physiological functions of AVP are homeostasis of fluid balance, vascular tonus and regulation of the endocrine stress response. In contrast, the exact function of copeptin remains unknown. Since copeptin, in contrast to AVP, can easily be measured with a sandwich immunoassay, its main function so far that it indirectly indicates the amount of AVP in the circulation. Copeptin has emerged as a useful measure in different diseases. On one hand, through its characteristics as a marker of stress, it provides a unique measure of the individual stress burden. As such, it is a prognostic marker in different acute diseases such as ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. On the other side, it has emerged as a promising marker in the diagnosis of AVP-dependent fluid disorders. Copeptin reliably differentiates various entities of the polyuria polydipsia syndrome; baseline levels >20 pmol/L without prior fluid deprivation identify patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, whereas levels measured upon osmotic stimulation with hypertonic saline or upon non-osmotic stimulation with arginine differentiate primary polydipsia from central diabetes insipidus. In patients with hyponatremia, low levels of copeptin together with low urine osmolality identify patients with primary polydipsia, but copeptin levels overlap in all other causes of hyponatremia, limiting its diagnostic use in hyponatremia. Copeptin has also been put forward as predictive marker for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and for diabetes mellitus, but more studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Department of Endocrinology, University hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Ranieri M, Di Mise A, Tamma G, Valenti G. Vasopressin-aquaporin-2 pathway: recent advances in understanding water balance disorders. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 30800291 PMCID: PMC6364380 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16654.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The alteration of water balance and related disorders has emerged as being strictly linked to the state of activation of the vasopressin–aquaporin-2
(vasopressin–AQP2) pathway. The lack of responsiveness of the kidney to the vasopressin action impairs its ability to concentrate the urine, resulting in polyuria, polydipsia, and risk of severe dehydration for patients. Conversely, non-osmotic release of vasopressin is associated with an increase in water permeability in the renal collecting duct, producing water retention and increasing the circulatory blood volume. This review highlights some of the new insights and recent advances in therapeutic intervention targeting the dysfunctions in the vasopressin–AQP2 pathway causing diseases characterized by water balance disorders such as congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The recent clinical data suggest that targeting the vasopressin–AQP2 axis can provide therapeutic benefits in patients with water balance disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Ranieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, 70125, Italy
| | - Annarita Di Mise
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, 70125, Italy
| | - Grazia Tamma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, 70125, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Roma, Italy, 00136, Italy
| | - Giovanna Valenti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, 70125, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Roma, Italy, 00136, Italy.,Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics (CEGBA), University of Bari, Bari, Italy, 70125, Italy
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Comparison between men and women of volume regulating hormones and aquaporin-2 excretion following graded central hypovolemia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:633-643. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Árnadóttir Á, Schoos M, Lønborg J, Ahtarovski K, Kelbæk H, Helqvist S, Høfsten D, Clemmensen P, Engstrøm T, Nepper-Christensen L, Vejlstrup N, Køber L, Iversen K. Can copeptin and troponin T ratio predict final infarct size and myocardial salvage index in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A sub-study of the DANAMI-3 trial. Clin Biochem 2018; 59:37-42. [PMID: 29932892 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) is recommended in patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) within <12 h of symptom onset. However, patients-reported symptom duration is not always reliable. Cardiac specific troponin T (cTnT) and the endogenous stress marker copeptin have different temporal release patterns for myocardial infarction MI. We hypothesized that copeptin/troponin-ratio is associated to the duration of coronary occlusion and therefore inversely proportional to myocardial salvage. METHOD Patients older than 18 years with first time STEMI referred to pPCI were eligible. cTnT and copeptin values were measured at admission. A cardiac magnetic resonance scanning (CMR) was done during the index admission for assessment of area at risk (AAR), and later 3 months to assess final infarct size (FIS). Myocardial salvage index (MSI) was calculated based on these measurements. RESULTS A total of 468 patients were included. The median time from patient-reported onset of symptoms to pPCI was 192 min (IQR 150 min - 290 min). At presentation 416 (89%) patients had hs-cTnT values above the 99th percentile, median hs-cTnT was 53 ng/l (IQR 24 ng/l-146 ng/l) and 318 (68%) patients had copeptin values above the 99th percentile (18.9 pmol/l), median copeptin was 50 pmol/l (IQR 14 pmol/l-131 pmol/l). Symptom duration showed a weak but significant association with AAR (R2 = 0.02, p = .04), FIS (R2 = 0.03, p < .01) and MSI (R2 = 0.04, p < .01). Copeptin/troponin-ratio was significantly associated with symptom duration (R2 = 0.19, p < .01), but not AAR (R2 = 0.02, p = .19), FIS (R2 = 0.02, p = .12), or MSI (R2 = 0.01, p = .25). CONCLUSION Copeptin/troponin-ratio is associated with patient-reported symptom duration, but there was no association with area at risk, final infarct size or myocardial salvage index.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikkel Schoos
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Lønborg
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Dan Høfsten
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Clemmensen
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Nykoebing F Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Engstrøm
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Vejlstrup
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Summanen M, Bäck S, Voipio J, Kaila K. Surge of Peripheral Arginine Vasopressin in a Rat Model of Birth Asphyxia. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:2. [PMID: 29403357 PMCID: PMC5780440 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian birth is accompanied by a period of obligatory asphyxia, which consists of hypoxia (drop in blood O2 levels) and hypercapnia (elevation of blood CO2 levels). Prolonged, complicated birth can extend the asphyxic period, leading to a pathophysiological situation, and in humans, to the diagnosis of clinical birth asphyxia, the main cause of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The neuroendocrine component of birth asphyxia, in particular the increase in circulating levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP), has been extensively studied in humans. Here we show for the first time that normal rat birth is also accompanied by an AVP surge, and that the fetal AVP surge is further enhanced in a model of birth asphyxia, based on exposing 6-day old rat pups to a gas mixture containing 4% O2 and 20% CO2 for 45 min. Instead of AVP, which is highly unstable with a short plasma half-life, we measured the levels of copeptin, the C-terminal part of prepro-AVP that is biochemically much more stable. In our animal model, the bulk of AVP/copeptin release occurred at the beginning of asphyxia (mean 7.8 nM after 15 min of asphyxia), but some release was still ongoing even 90 min after the end of the 45 min experimental asphyxia (mean 1.2 nM). Notably, the highest copeptin levels were measured after hypoxia alone (mean 14.1 nM at 45 min), whereas copeptin levels were low during hypercapnia alone (mean 2.7 nM at 45 min), indicating that the hypoxia component of asphyxia is responsible for the increase in AVP/copeptin release. Alternating the O2 level between 5 and 9% (CO2 at 20%) with 5 min intervals to mimic intermittent asphyxia during prolonged labor resulted in a slower but quantitatively similar rise in copeptin (peak of 8.3 nM at 30 min). Finally, we demonstrate that our rat model satisfies the standard acid-base criteria for birth asphyxia diagnosis, namely a drop in blood pH below 7.0 and the formation of a negative base excess exceeding -11.2 mmol/l. The mechanistic insights from our work validate the use of the present rodent model in preclinical work on birth asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla Summanen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanne Bäck
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Voipio
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Kaila
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center and HiLife, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Tinoco AB, Semmens DC, Patching EC, Gunner EF, Egertová M, Elphick MR. Characterization of NGFFYamide Signaling in Starfish Reveals Roles in Regulation of Feeding Behavior and Locomotory Systems. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:507. [PMID: 30283399 PMCID: PMC6156427 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides in deuterostomian invertebrates that have an Asn-Gly motif (NG peptides) have been identified as orthologs of vertebrate neuropeptide-S (NPS)-type peptides and protostomian crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP)-type neuropeptides. To obtain new insights into the physiological roles of NG peptides in deuterostomian invertebrates, here we have characterized the NG peptide signaling system in an echinoderm-the starfish Asterias rubens. The neuropeptide NGFFYamide was identified as the ligand for an A. rubens NPS/CCAP-type receptor, providing further confirmation that NG peptides are orthologs of NPS/CCAP-type neuropeptides. Using mRNA in situ hybridization, cells expressing the NGFFYamide precursor transcript were revealed in the radial nerve cords, circumoral nerve ring, coelomic epithelium, apical muscle, body wall, stomach, and tube feet of A. rubens, indicating that NGFFYamide may have a variety of physiological roles in starfish. One of the most remarkable aspects of starfish biology is their feeding behavior, where the stomach is everted out of the mouth over the soft tissue of prey. Previously, we reported that NGFFYamide triggers retraction of the everted stomach in A. rubens and here we show that in vivo injection of NGFFYamide causes a significant delay in the onset of feeding on prey. To investigate roles in regulating other aspects of starfish physiology, we examined the in vitro effects of NGFFYamide and found that it causes relaxation of acetylcholine-contracted apical muscle preparations and induction of tonic and phasic contraction of tube feet. Furthermore, analysis of the effects of in vivo injection of NGFFYamide on starfish locomotor activity revealed that it causes a significant reduction in mean velocity and distance traveled. Interestingly, experimental studies on mammals have revealed that NPS is an anxiolytic that suppresses appetite and induces hyperactivity in mammals. Our characterization of the actions of NGFFYamide in starfish indicates that NPS/NG peptide/CCAP-type signaling is an evolutionarily ancient regulator of feeding and locomotion.
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Abstract
Diabetes insipidus is a disease characterized by polyuria and polydipsia due to inadequate release of arginine vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus) or due to arginine vasopressin insensitivity by the renal distal tubule, leading to a deficiency in tubular water reabsorption (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus). This article reviews the genetics of diabetes insipidus in the context of its diagnosis, clinical presentation, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Helene Schernthaner-Reiter
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria; Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anton Luger
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
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Patel S. Pathogenicity-associated protein domains: The fiercely-conserved evolutionary signatures. GENE REPORTS 2017; 7:127-141. [PMID: 32363241 PMCID: PMC7185390 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteins have highly conserved domains that determine their functionality. Out of the thousands of domains discovered so far across all living forms, some of the predominant clinically-relevant domains include IENR1, HNHc, HELICc, Pro-kuma_activ, Tryp_SPc, Lactamase_B, PbH1, ChtBD3, CBM49, acidPPc, G3P_acyltransf, RPOL8c, KbaA, HAMP, HisKA, Hr1, Dak2, APC2, Citrate_ly_lig, DALR, VKc, YARHG, WR1, PWI, ZnF_BED, TUDOR, MHC_II_beta, Integrin_B_tail, Excalibur, DISIN, Cadherin, ACTIN, PROF, Robl_LC7, MIT, Kelch, GAS2, B41, Cyclin_C, Connexin_CCC, OmpH, Bac_rhodopsin, AAA, Knot1, NH, Galanin, IB, Elicitin, ACTH, Cache_2, CHASE, AgrB, PRP, IGR, and Antimicrobial21. These domains are distributed in nucleases/helicases, proteases, esterases, lipases, glycosylase, GTPases, phosphatases, methyltransferases, acyltransferase, acetyltransferase, polymerase, kinase, ligase, synthetase, oxidoreductase, protease inhibitors, nucleic acid binding proteins, adhesion and immunity-related proteins, cytoskeletal component-manipulating proteins, lipid biosynthesis and metabolism proteins, membrane-associated proteins, hormone-like and signaling proteins, etc. These domains are ubiquitous stretches or folds of the proteins in pathogens and allergens. Pathogenesis alleviation efforts can benefit enormously if the characteristics of these domains are known. Hence, this review catalogs and discusses the role of such pivotal domains, suggesting hypotheses for better understanding of pathogenesis at molecular level. Proteins have highly conserved regions or domains across pathogens and allergens. Knowledge on these critical domains can facilitate our understanding of pathogenesis mechanisms. Such immune manipulation-related domains include IENR1, HNHc, HELICc, ACTIN, PROF, Robl_LC7, OmpH etc. These domains are presnt in enzyme, transcription regulators, adhesion proteins, and hormones. This review discusses and hypothesizes on these domains.
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Key Words
- CARDs, caspase activation and recruitment domains
- CBM, carbohydrate binding module
- CTD, C-terminal domain
- ChtBD, chitin-binding domain
- Diversification
- HNHc, homing endonucleases
- HTH, helix-turn-helix
- IENR1, intron-encoded endonuclease repeat
- Immune manipulation
- PAMPs, pathogen associated molecular patterns
- Pathogenesis
- Phylogenetic conservation
- Protein domains
- SMART, Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool
- Shuffling
- UDG, uracil DNA glycosylase
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego 92182, USA
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18
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Beuret N, Hasler F, Prescianotto-Baschong C, Birk J, Rutishauser J, Spiess M. Amyloid-like aggregation of provasopressin in diabetes insipidus and secretory granule sorting. BMC Biol 2017; 15:5. [PMID: 28122547 PMCID: PMC5267430 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregation of peptide hormone precursors in the trans-Golgi network is an essential process in the biogenesis of secretory granules in endocrine cells. It has recently been proposed that this aggregation corresponds to the formation of functional amyloids. Our previous finding that dominant mutations in provasopressin, which cause cell degeneration and diabetes insipidus, prevent native folding and produce fibrillar aggregates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) might thus reflect mislocalized amyloid formation by sequences that evolved to mediate granule sorting. RESULTS Here we identified two sequences responsible for fibrillar aggregation of mutant precursors in the ER: the N-terminal vasopressin nonapeptide and the C-terminal glycopeptide. To test their role in granule sorting, the glycopeptide was deleted and/or vasopressin mutated to inactivate ER aggregation while still permitting precursor folding and ER exit. These mutations strongly reduced sorting into granules and regulated secretion in endocrine AtT20 cells. CONCLUSION The same sequences - vasopressin and the glycopeptide - mediate physiological aggregation of the wild-type hormone precursor into secretory granules and the pathological fibrillar aggregation of disease mutants in the ER. These findings support the amyloid hypothesis for secretory granule biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Beuret
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Hasler
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Birk
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Rutishauser
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Spiess
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Krychtiuk KA, Honeder MC, Lenz M, Maurer G, Wojta J, Heinz G, Huber K, Speidl WS. Copeptin Predicts Mortality in Critically Ill Patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170436. [PMID: 28118414 PMCID: PMC5261612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Critically ill patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit exhibit a high mortality rate irrespective of the cause of admission. Besides its role in fluid and electrolyte balance, vasopressin has been described as a stress hormone. Copeptin, the C-terminal portion of provasopressin mirrors vasopressin levels and has been described as a reliable biomarker for the individual’s stress level and was associated with outcome in various disease entities. The aim of this study was to analyze whether circulating levels of copeptin at ICU admission are associated with 30-day mortality. Methods In this single-center prospective observational study including 225 consecutive patients admitted to a tertiary medical ICU at a university hospital, blood was taken at ICU admission and copeptin levels were measured using a commercially available automated sandwich immunofluorescent assay. Results Median acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score was 20 and 30-day mortality was 25%. Median copeptin admission levels were significantly higher in non-survivors as compared with survivors (77.6 IQR 30.7–179.3 pmol/L versus 45.6 IQR 19.6–109.6 pmol/L; p = 0.025). Patients with serum levels of copeptin in the third tertile at admission had a 2.4-fold (95% CI 1.2–4.6; p = 0.01) increased mortality risk as compared to patients in the first tertile. When analyzing patients according to cause of admission, copeptin was only predictive of 30-day mortality in patients admitted due to medical causes as opposed to those admitted after cardiac surgery, as medical patients with levels of copeptin in the highest tertile had a 3.3-fold (95% CI 1.66.8, p = 0.002) risk of dying independent from APACHE II score, primary diagnosis, vasopressor use and need for mechanical ventilation. Conclusion Circulating levels of copeptin at ICU admission independently predict 30-day mortality in patients admitted to a medical ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A. Krychtiuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria C. Honeder
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max Lenz
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Maurer
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Heinz
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Huber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
- 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminenhospital Vienna, Austria
- Sigmund Freud Private University. Medical School, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter S. Speidl
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Banerjee P, Joy KP, Chaube R. Structural and functional diversity of nonapeptide hormones from an evolutionary perspective: A review. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 241:4-23. [PMID: 27133544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The article presents an overview of the comparative distribution, structure and functions of the nonapeptide hormones in chordates and non chordates. The review begins with a historical preview of the advent of the concept of neurosecretion and birth of neuroendocrine science, pioneered by the works of E. Scharrer and W. Bargmann. The sections which follow discuss different vertebrate nonapeptides, their distribution, comparison, precursor gene structures and processing, highlighting the major differences in these aspects amidst the conserved features across vertebrates. The vast literature on the anatomical characteristics of the nonapeptide secreting nuclei in the brain and their projections was briefly reviewed in a comparative framework. Recent knowledge on the nonapeptide hormone receptors and their intracellular signaling pathways is discussed and few grey areas which require deeper studies are identified. The sections on the functions and regulation of nonapeptides summarize the huge and ever increasing literature that is available in these areas. The nonapeptides emerge as key homeostatic molecules with complex regulation and several synergistic partners. Lastly, an update of the nonapeptides in non chordates with respect to distribution, site of synthesis, functions and receptors, dealt separately for each phylum, is presented. The non chordate nonapeptides share many similarities with their counterparts in vertebrates, pointing the system to have an ancient origin and to be an important substrate for changes during adaptive evolution. The article concludes projecting the nonapeptides as one of the very first common molecules of the primitive nervous and endocrine systems, which have been retained to maintain homeostatic functions in metazoans; some of which are conserved across the animal kingdom and some are specialized in a group/lineage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Banerjee
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - K P Joy
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, India.
| | - R Chaube
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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21
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Patel S. In silico analysis of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) polyprotein domains and their comparison with other pathogens and allergens to gain insight on pathogenicity mechanisms. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 65:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Schwerg M, Slagman A, Stangl K, Stangl V. Copeptin, resistant hypertension and renal sympathetic denervation. Biomarkers 2016; 22:311-314. [PMID: 27775435 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1252968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal denervation is used as a treatment option for patients with resistant hypertension. But only a subgroup of patients benefits from renal sympathetic denervation (RDN). Biomarkers might be helpful to identify patients who respond to RDN. Copeptin as a surrogate for vasopressin levels is increased in hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to evaluate the effect of RDN on Copeptin and its prognostic value for response to RDN. METHOD AND RESULTS A total of 40 patients have been included in the study. The responder rate was 47.5% on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure measurements. The mean systolic 24 h blood pressure dropped from 152 ± 10 mmHg to 147 ± 17 mmHg (p = .044) in the six month follow up. The mean baseline level of Copeptin was 7.4 pmol/l (interquartile range 3.7-11.6) for responders and 8.4 pmol/l (interquartile range 5.7-11-8) for non-responders (p = .53). The Copeptin levels did not change over time after renal denervation. CONCLUSION Baseline measurements of Copeptin in patients undergoing RDN for resistant hypertension have no predictive value for response to RDN. Despite lowering the blood pressure RDN has no influence on Copeptin levels in this short time follow up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Schwerg
- a Department of Cardiology and Angiology , Charité - Universitätsmedizin , Campus Mitte , Berlin , Germany
| | - Anna Slagman
- b Department of Emergency Medicine , Charité - Universitätsmedizin , Campus Virchow and Campus Mitte , Berlin , Germany
| | - Karl Stangl
- a Department of Cardiology and Angiology , Charité - Universitätsmedizin , Campus Mitte , Berlin , Germany
| | - Verena Stangl
- a Department of Cardiology and Angiology , Charité - Universitätsmedizin , Campus Mitte , Berlin , Germany
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Semmens DC, Mirabeau O, Moghul I, Pancholi MR, Wurm Y, Elphick MR. Transcriptomic identification of starfish neuropeptide precursors yields new insights into neuropeptide evolution. Open Biol 2016; 6:150224. [PMID: 26865025 PMCID: PMC4772807 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are evolutionarily ancient mediators of neuronal signalling in nervous systems. With recent advances in genomics/transcriptomics, an increasingly wide range of species has become accessible for molecular analysis. The deuterostomian invertebrates are of particular interest in this regard because they occupy an ‘intermediate' position in animal phylogeny, bridging the gap between the well-studied model protostomian invertebrates (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans) and the vertebrates. Here we have identified 40 neuropeptide precursors in the starfish Asterias rubens, a deuterostomian invertebrate from the phylum Echinodermata. Importantly, these include kisspeptin-type and melanin-concentrating hormone-type precursors, which are the first to be discovered in a non-chordate species. Starfish tachykinin-type, somatostatin-type, pigment-dispersing factor-type and corticotropin-releasing hormone-type precursors are the first to be discovered in the echinoderm/ambulacrarian clade of the animal kingdom. Other precursors identified include vasopressin/oxytocin-type, gonadotropin-releasing hormone-type, thyrotropin-releasing hormone-type, calcitonin-type, cholecystokinin/gastrin-type, orexin-type, luqin-type, pedal peptide/orcokinin-type, glycoprotein hormone-type, bursicon-type, relaxin-type and insulin-like growth factor-type precursors. This is the most comprehensive identification of neuropeptide precursor proteins in an echinoderm to date, yielding new insights into the evolution of neuropeptide signalling systems. Furthermore, these data provide a basis for experimental analysis of neuropeptide function in the unique context of the decentralized, pentaradial echinoderm bauplan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean C Semmens
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Olivier Mirabeau
- Institut Curie, Genetics and Biology of Cancers Unit, INSERM U830, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ismail Moghul
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Mahesh R Pancholi
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Yannick Wurm
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Maurice R Elphick
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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Tian D, Cen J, Nie M, Gu F. Identification of five novel arginine vasopressin gene mutations in patients with familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1243-9. [PMID: 27513365 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (FNDI) is a genetic disorder presenting with polyuria and polydipsia and is caused by mutations in the arginine vasopressin-neurophysin II (AVP-NPII) gene. The clinical manifestations of this disorder vary greatly depending on different mutations. The present study reports the genetic, clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with FNDI caused by five novel mutations. Ten patients encompassing two pedigrees and four individual cases diagnosed with FNDI were included. Biochemical markers and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were evaluated and genomic DNA was sequenced. The results revealed that age at onset ranged from 1.0 to 11.0 years. Daily urine volumes ranged from 2.0 to 12.0 liters. One patient had mental retardation and three patients had puberty retardation; one patient had nausea, vomiting and mental retardation; and two patients had fever. Treatments, if given, included desmopressin and vasopressin tannate. Posterior pituitary T1-weighted MRI high-intensity signals were absent in two cases and present in four cases. Sequencing revealed five novel mutations in the AVP-NPII gene. On the whole, the findings of the present study indicate that FNDI exhibits different clinical manifestations and a diverse age at onset. Posterior pituitary MRI does not provide a definite diagnosis of FNDI. We also identified five novel AVP-NPII mutations. Thus, an enhanced understanding of FNDI pathogenesis may provide a basis for the development of presymptomatic FNDI diagnotic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cen
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Christ-Crain M, Fenske W. Copeptin in the diagnosis of vasopressin-dependent disorders of fluid homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:168-76. [PMID: 26794439 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Copeptin and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are derived from a common precursor molecule and have equimolar secretion and response to osmotic, haemodynamic and stress-related stimuli. Plasma concentrations of copeptin and AVP in relation to serum osmolality are highly correlated. The physiological functions of AVP with respect to homeostasis of fluid balance, vascular tonus and regulation of the endocrine stress response are well known, but the exact function of copeptin is undetermined. Quantification of AVP can be difficult, but copeptin is stable in plasma and can be easily measured with a sandwich immunoassay. For this reason, copeptin has emerged as a promising marker for the diagnosis of AVP-dependent fluid disorders. Copeptin measurements can enable differentiation between various conditions within the polyuria-polydipsia syndrome. In the absence of prior fluid deprivation, baseline copeptin levels >20 pmol/l identify patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Conversely, copeptin levels measured upon osmotic stimulation differentiate primary polydipsia from partial central diabetes insipidus. In patients with hyponatraemia, low levels of copeptin together with low urine osmolality identify patients with primary polydipsia, and the ratio of copeptin to urinary sodium can distinguish the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion from other AVP-dependent forms of hyponatraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel CH-4031, Switzerland
| | - Wiebke Fenske
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Adiposity Diseases, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Semmens DC, Beets I, Rowe ML, Blowes LM, Oliveri P, Elphick MR. Discovery of sea urchin NGFFFamide receptor unites a bilaterian neuropeptide family. Open Biol 2016; 5:150030. [PMID: 25904544 PMCID: PMC4422128 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are ancient regulators of physiology and behaviour, but reconstruction of neuropeptide evolution is often difficult owing to lack of sequence conservation. Here, we report that the receptor for the neuropeptide NGFFFamide in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (phylum Echinodermata) is an orthologue of vertebrate neuropeptide-S (NPS) receptors and crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) receptors. Importantly, this has facilitated reconstruction of the evolution of two bilaterian neuropeptide signalling systems. Genes encoding the precursor of a vasopressin/oxytocin-type neuropeptide and its receptor duplicated in a common ancestor of the Bilateria. One copy of the precursor retained ancestral features, as seen in highly conserved vasopressin/oxytocin–neurophysin-type precursors. The other copy diverged, but this took different courses in protostomes and deuterostomes. In protostomes, the occurrence of a disulfide bridge in neuropeptide product(s) of the precursor was retained, as in CCAP, but with loss of the neurophysin domain. In deuterostomes, we see the opposite scenario—the neuropeptides lost the disulfide bridge, and neurophysin was retained (as in the NGFFFamide precursor) but was subsequently lost in vertebrate NPS precursors. Thus, the sea urchin NGFFFamide precursor and receptor are ‘missing links’ in the evolutionary history of neuropeptides that control ecdysis in arthropods (CCAP) and regulate anxiety in humans (NPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean C Semmens
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Isabel Beets
- Department of Biology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew L Rowe
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Liisa M Blowes
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Paola Oliveri
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maurice R Elphick
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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Łukaszyk E, Małyszko J. Copeptin: Pathophysiology and potential clinical impact. Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:335-41. [PMID: 26233637 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Copeptin, a C-terminal part of the precursor pre-provasopressin is a novel biomarker of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) system. Measurements of AVP concentration are not used in clinical practice because of technical difficulties. Copeptin is synthesized in stoichiometric ratio with AVP, hence it reflects vasopressin concentration in human plasma and serum. This review outlines current research concerning the role of copeptin as a prognostic marker in different diseases and its potential clinical value.
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Banerjee P, Chaube R, Joy KP. Molecular cloning, sequencing and tissue expression of vasotocin and isotocin precursor genes from Ostariophysian catfishes: phylogeny and evolutionary considerations in teleosts. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:166. [PMID: 26029040 PMCID: PMC4432659 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic and neutral neurohypophyseal (NH) nonapeptides have evolved from vasotocin (VT) by a gene duplication at the base of the gnathostome lineage. In teleosts, VT and IT are the basic and neutral peptides, respectively. In the present study, VT and IT precursor genes of Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus (Siluriformes, Ostariophysi) were cloned and sequenced. The channel catfish Icatalurus punctatus NH precursor sequences were obtained from EST database. The catfish NH sequences were used along with the available Acanthopterygii and other vertebrate NH precursor sequences to draw phylogenetic inference on the evolutionary history of the teleost NH peptides. Synteny analysis of the NH gene loci in various teleost species was done to complement the phylogenetic analysis. In H. fossilis, the NH transcripts were also sequenced from the ovary. The cloned genes and the deduced precursor proteins showed conserved characteristics of the NH nonapeptide precursors. The genes are expressed in brain and ovary (follicular envelope) of H. fossilis with higher transcript abundance in the brain. The addition of the catfish sequences in the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the VT and IT precursors of the species-rich superorders of teleosts have a distinct phylogenetic history with the Acanthopterygii VT and IT precursors sharing a less evolutionary distance and the Ostariophysi VT and IT having a greater evolutionary distance. The genomic location of VT and IT precursors, and synteny analysis of the NH loci lend support to the phylogenetic inference and suggest a footprint of fish- specific whole genome duplication (3R) and subsequent diploidization in the NH loci. The VT and IT precursor genes are most likely lineage-specific paralogs resulting from differential losses of the 3R NH paralogs in the two superorders. The independent yet consistent retention of VT and IT in the two superorders might be directed by a stringent ligand-receptor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putul Banerjee
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | - Radha Chaube
- Zoology Department, Mahila Mahavidhylaya, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | - Keerikkattil P. Joy
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
- *Correspondence: Keerikkattil P. Joy, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Nakajima A, Lu Y, Kawano H, Horie S, Muto S. Association of arginine vasopressin surrogate marker urinary copeptin with severity of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Clin Exp Nephrol 2015; 19:1199-205. [PMID: 25715868 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-015-1101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies suggest a detrimental role for cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and vasopressin in the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). It is unknown, however, whether urinary cAMP and copeptin concentration are associated with disease severity in patients with ADPKD. METHODS Urinary cAMP (u-cAMP) and copeptin concentration (u-copeptin) were measured by immunoassay in ADPKD patients with CKD stage ≤4. We compared our measurements with clinical parameters including estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), total kidney volume (TKV), and height-adjusted TKV (htTKV). Logarithmic transformation of all variables was performed to fulfill the requirement of equal distribution of the residuals. RESULTS We included 50 patients in this study (24 females and 26 males; mean age: 49.3 years). The median eGFR and TKV were 53.2 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (interquartile range: IQR; 29.4-68.45) and 1138.1 ml (IQR; 814.7-2065.0), respectively. The median u-copeptin level was 12.19 (IQR; 6.91-22.32) ng/ml. Although u-cAMP/u-Cr was not significantly correlated with TKV (R = -0.006, p = 0.967) and eGFR (R = 0.077, p = 0.602), urinary copeptin/u-Cr was statistically associated with the various markers of disease severity in ADPKD [positively with TKV (R = 0.351, p = 0.014), htTKV (R = 0.383, p = 0.008) and negatively with eGFR (R = -0.304, p = 0.036)]. CONCLUSIONS In ADPKD subjects, a higher u-copeptin is associated with disease progression, suggesting that u-copeptin may be a new surrogate marker to predict renal prognosis in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakajima
- Department of Urology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Urology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Haruna Kawano
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Horie
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Muto
- Department of Urology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
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Valsalan R, Manoj N. Evolutionary history of the neuropeptide S receptor/neuropeptide S system. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 209:11-20. [PMID: 24859256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR) belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily and is activated by the neuropeptide S (NPS). Although recently discovered, the vertebrate NPSR-NPS system has been established as an important signaling system in the central nervous system and is involved in physiological processes such as locomotor activity, wakefulness, asthma pathogenesis, anxiety and food intake. The availability of a large number of genome sequences from multiple bilaterian lineages has provided an opportunity to establish the evolutionary history of the system. This review describes the origin and the molecular evolution of the NPSR-NPS system using data derived primarily from comparative genomic analyses. These analyses indicate that the NPSR-NPS system and the vasopressin-like receptor-vasopressin/oxytocin peptide (VPR-VP/OT) system originated from a single system in an ancestral bilaterian. Multiple duplications of this ancestral system gave rise to the bilaterian VPR-VP/OT system and to the protostomian cardioacceleratory peptide receptor-cardioacceleratory peptide (CCAPR-CCAP) system and to the NPSR-NPS system in the deuterostomes. Gene structure features of the receptors were consistent with the orthology annotations derived from phylogenetic analyses. The orthology of the peptide precursors closely paralleled that of the receptors suggesting an ancient coevolution of the receptor-peptide pair. An important challenge for the coevolution hypothesis will be to establish the molecular and structural basis of the divergence between orthologous receptor-ligand pairs in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravisankar Valsalan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Narayanan Manoj
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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van Gastel MDA, Meijer E, Scheven LE, Struck J, Bakker SJL, Gansevoort RT. Modifiable factors associated with copeptin concentration: a general population cohort. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 65:719-27. [PMID: 25500109 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasopressin plays an important role in maintaining volume homeostasis. However, recent studies suggest that vasopressin also may play a detrimental role in the progression of chronic kidney disease. It therefore is of interest to identify factors that influence vasopressin concentration, particularly modifiable ones. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analyses. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Data used are from participants in a large general-population cohort study (Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease [PREVEND]). Patients with a missing copeptin value (n=888), nonfasting blood sample (n=495), missing or assumed incorrect 24-hour urine collection (n=388), or heart failure (n=20) were excluded, leaving 6,801 participants for analysis. FACTOR Identification of lifestyle- and diet-related factors that are associated with copeptin concentration. OUTCOMES Copeptin concentration as surrogate for vasopressin. MEASUREMENTS Copeptin was measured by an immunoluminometric assay as a surrogate for vasopressin. Associations were assessed in uni- and multivariable linear regression analyses. RESULTS Median copeptin concentration was 4.7 (IQR, 2.9-7.6) pmol/L. When copeptin was studied as a dependent variable, the final stepwise backward model revealed associations with higher copeptin concentrations for lower 24-hour urine volume (P < 0.001), higher sodium excretion (P < 0.001), higher systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), current smoking (P < 0.001), higher alcohol use (P < 0.001), higher urea excretion (P = 0.003), lower potassium excretion (P = 0.002), use of glucose-lowering drugs (P = 0.02), higher body mass index (P < 0.001), and higher plasma glucose level (P < 0.001). No associations with copeptin concentration were found for C-reactive protein or use of diuretics or nondiuretic antihypertensives. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional study design does not allow firm conclusions on cause-effect relationships. CONCLUSIONS Important lifestyle- and diet-related factors associated with copeptin concentration are current smoking, alcohol use, protein and potassium intake, and particularly fluid and sodium intake. These data form a rationale to investigate whether intervening on these factors results in a lower vasopressin concentration with concomitant beneficial renal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maatje D A van Gastel
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Meijer
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lieneke E Scheven
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Struck
- ThermoFisher Scientific, Clinical Diagnostics, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Zittema D, van den Berg E, Meijer E, Boertien WE, Muller Kobold AC, Franssen CFM, de Jong PE, Bakker SJL, Navis G, Gansevoort RT. Kidney function and plasma copeptin levels in healthy kidney donors and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9:1553-62. [PMID: 24993447 PMCID: PMC4152815 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.08690813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Plasma copeptin, a marker of arginine vasopressin, is elevated in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and predicts disease progression. It is unknown whether elevated copeptin levels result from decreased kidney clearance or as compensation for impaired concentrating capacity. Data from patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and healthy kidney donors before and after donation were used, because after donation, overall GFR decreases with a functionally normal kidney. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Data were obtained between October of 2008 and January of 2012 from healthy kidney donors who visited the institution for routine measurements predonation and postdonation and patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease who visited the institution for kidney function measurement. Plasma copeptin levels were measured using a sandwich immunoassay, GFR was measured as (125)I-iothalamate clearance, and urine concentrating capacity was measured as urine-to-plasma ratio of urea. In patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, total kidney volume was measured with magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (n=122, age=40 years, men=56%) had significantly higher copeptin levels (median=6.8 pmol/L; interquartile range=3.4-15.7 pmol/L) compared with donors (n=134, age=52 years, men=49%) both predonation and postdonation (median=3.8 pmol/L; interquartile range=2.8-6.3 pmol/L; P<0.001; median=4.4 pmol/L; interquartile range=3.6-6.1 pmol/L; P<0.001). In donors, copeptin levels did not change after donation, despite a significant fall in GFR (from 105 ± 17 to 66 ± 10; P<0.001). Copeptin and GFR were significantly associated in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (β=-0.45, P<0.001) but not in donors. In patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, GFR and total kidney volume were both associated significantly with urine-to-plasma ratio of urea (β=0.84, P<0.001; β=-0.51, P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the finding in donors that kidney clearance is not a main determinant of plasma copeptin levels, it was hypothesized that, in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, kidney damage and associated impaired urine concentration capacity determine copeptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anneke C Muller Kobold
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Lipinski MJ, Escárcega RO, D'Ascenzo F, Magalhães MA, Baker NC, Torguson R, Chen F, Epstein SE, Miró Ò, Llorens P, Giannitsis E, Lotze U, Lefebvre S, Sebbane M, Cristol JP, Chenevier-Gobeaux C, Meune C, Eggers KM, Charpentier S, Twerenbold R, Mueller C, Biondi-Zoccai G, Waksman R. A systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis to determine the incremental value of copeptin for rapid rule-out of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113:1581-91. [PMID: 24731654 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.01.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies have evaluated copeptin, a surrogate for arginine vasopressin, in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with mixed results. A systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis were performed for diagnosis of AMI and assessment of prognosis in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain. MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and EMBASE were searched for studies assessing copeptin in such patients. Study investigators were contacted, and many provided previously unpublished data. Random-effects methods were used to compare the data for copeptin, troponin, and their combination. There were a total of 9,244 patients from the 14 included studies. Mean age was 62 years; 64% were men; and 18.4% were ultimately diagnosed with AMI. Patients with AMI had a higher presentation copeptin level than those without AMI (22.8 vs 8.3 pmol/L, respectively, p <0.001). Although troponin had better diagnostic accuracy than copeptin for AMI, the combination of copeptin and troponin significantly improved the sensitivity (0.905 [0.888 to 0.921] vs 0.686 [0.661 to 0.710], respectively, p <0.001) and negative predictive value (0.97 [0.964 to 0.975] vs 0.93 [0.924 to 0.936], respectively, p <0.001) compared with troponin alone. Elevation in copeptin carried a similar risk of all-cause mortality to an elevation in troponin (odds ratio 5.84 vs 6.74, respectively, p = 0.67). In conclusion, copeptin not only identifies patients at risk of all-cause mortality, but its addition to troponin improved the sensitivity and negative likelihood ratio for diagnosis of AMI compared with troponin alone. Thus, copeptin may help identify patients who may be safely discharged early from the emergency department.
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Lippi G, Schena F, Salvagno GL, Sanchis-Gomar F, Guidi GC. Serum copeptin and midregion proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) after an ultramarathon. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 29:15-20. [PMID: 24659530 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is widely acknowledged that physical activity confers several health benefits, it remains uncertain whether strenuous and physically demanding exercise might determine biological effects that might turn to be ultimately unfavorable for health. Copeptin and midregion proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) are emerging cardiovascular and stress biomarkers, but little is known about the influence of strenuous physical exercise on their concentrations. METHODS The present study was performed to investigate the variation of copeptin and MRproADM, along with that of serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate before and after a 60 km ultramarathon in 16 healthy Caucasian males. RESULTS The serum concentrations of both copeptin and MR-proADM remarkably increased after the 60 km run, by 6.4 times (interquartile range (IQR), 2.710.4) and 2.3 times (IQR, 1.8-2.6), respectively. A highly significant correlation was observed between the increase of creatinine and MR-proADM, but not between serum creatinine and copeptin. The percentage of subjects exhibiting values above the upper limit of the reference range in male was 0% for both copeptin and MR-proADM before the ultramarathon, but increased to respectively 81 and 63% postexercise. CONCLUSION The evidence that an ultramarathon causes a substantial increase of copeptin and MR-proADM raises doubts as to whether exhaustive exercise might be considered globally beneficial or even safe, especially in unfit or/and untrained population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- U.O. di Diagnostica Ematochimica, Dipartimento di Patologia e Medicina di Laboratorio, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Fernandez JF, Sibila O, Restrepo MI. Predicting ICU admission in community-acquired pneumonia: clinical scores and biomarkers. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 5:445-58. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.12.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sanchis-Gomar F, Bonaguri C, Aloe R, Pareja-Galeano H, Martinez-Bello V, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Candel J, Viña J, Lippi G. Effects of acute exercise and xanthine oxidase inhibition on novel cardiovascular biomarkers. Transl Res 2013; 162:102-9. [PMID: 23507375 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several sports have been associated with a postexercise increase of cardiac, liver, and skeletal muscle biomarkers of injury. Exhaustive or acute physical exercise causes an increased generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in cellular injury. Thus, exercise and training may trigger pathophysiological changes in serum concentrations of a variety of biomarkers. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the variation of novel biomarkers of stress and cardiovascular disease such as copeptin, midregional part of proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and placental growth factor along with uric acid before and after acute high-intensity exercise and allopurinol administration. We also assessed whether allopurinol administration may affect the circulating levels of these biomarkers by inhibition of XO activity. This is a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which 12 professional football players were divided into 2 experimental groups. An oral dose of 300 mg of allopurinol was administered to one group of six participants 4 hours before a match of the Spanish Football League, whereas the other 6 participants received placebo (cellulose). Venous blood samples were obtained before the match (baseline) and twelve hours afterwards (post-match). Serum MR-proADM levels increased significantly in the placebo group, whereas serum GDF15 levels increased significantly in both the placebo and allopurinol group after the match. No differences in the other parameters tested were found after the match in any experimental group. The trend toward postexercise increase of serum MR-proADM and GDF15 levels shows that the metabolism of these proteins is clearly imbalanced after exercise, which thereby represents a potential source of biological variability in their clinical assessment.
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Semmens DC, Dane RE, Pancholi MR, Slade SE, Scrivens JH, Elphick MR. Discovery of a novel neurophysin-associated neuropeptide that triggers cardiac stomach contraction and retraction in starfish. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:4047-53. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.092171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Feeding in starfish is a remarkable process in which the cardiac stomach is everted over prey and then retracted when prey tissue has been resorbed. Previous studies have revealed that SALMFamide-type neuropeptides trigger cardiac stomach relaxation and eversion in the starfish Asterias rubens. We hypothesised, therefore, that a counteracting neuropeptide system controls cardiac stomach contraction and retraction. Members of the NG peptide family cause muscle contraction in other echinoderms (e.g. NGFFFamide in sea urchins and NGIWYamide in sea cucumbers), so we investigated NG peptides as candidate regulators of cardiac stomach retraction in starfish. Generation and analysis of neural transcriptome sequence data from Asterias rubens revealed a precursor protein comprising two copies of a novel NG peptide, NGFFYamide, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry. A noteworthy feature of the NGFFYamide precursor is a C-terminal neurophysin domain, indicative of a common ancestry with vasopressin/oxytocin-type neuropeptide precursors. Interestingly, in precursors of other NG peptides the neurophysin domain has been retained (e.g. NGFFFamide) or lost (e.g. NGIWYamide and human neuropeptide S) and its functional significance remains to be determined. Investigation of the pharmacological actions of NGFFYamide in starfish revealed that it is a potent stimulator of cardiac stomach contraction in vitro and that it triggers cardiac stomach retraction in vivo. Thus, discovery of NGFFYamide provides a novel insight on neural regulation of cardiac stomach retraction as well as a rationale for chemically based strategies to control starfish that feed on economically important shellfish (e.g. mussels) or protected marine fauna (e.g. coral).
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Seligman R, Ramos-Lima LF, Oliveira VDA, Sanvicente C, Pacheco EF, Dalla Rosa K. Biomarkers in community-acquired pneumonia: a state-of-the-art review. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67. [PMID: 23184211 PMCID: PMC3488993 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(11)17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) exhibits mortality rates, between 20% and 50% in severe cases. Biomarkers are useful tools for searching for antibiotic therapy modifications and for CAP diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up treatment. This non-systematic state-of-the-art review presents the biological and clinical features of biomarkers in CAP patients, including procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, copeptin, pro-ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide), adrenomedullin, cortisol and D-dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Seligman
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.
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Elphick MR. The protein precursors of peptides that affect the mechanics of connective tissue and/or muscle in the echinoderm Apostichopus japonicus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44492. [PMID: 22952987 PMCID: PMC3432112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides that cause muscle relaxation or contraction or that modulate electrically-induced muscle contraction have been discovered in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Phylum Echinodermata; Class Holothuroidea). By analysing transcriptome sequence data, here the protein precursors of six of these myoactive peptides (the SALMFamides Sticho-MFamide-1 and -2, NGIWYamide, stichopin, GN-19 and GLRFA) have been identified, providing novel insights on neuropeptide and endocrine-type signalling systems in echinoderms. The A. japonicus SALMFamide precursor comprises eight putative neuropeptides including both L-type and F-type SALMFamides, which contrasts with previous findings from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus where L-type and F-type SALMFamides are encoded by different genes. The NGIWYamide precursor contains five copies of NGIWYamide but, unlike other NG peptide-type neuropeptide precursors in deuterostomian invertebrates, the NGIWYamide precursor does not have a C-terminal neurophysin domain, indicating loss of this character in holothurians. NGIWYamide was originally discovered as a muscle contractant, but it also causes stiffening of mutable connective tissue in the body wall of A. japonicus, whilst holokinins (PLGYMFR and derivative peptides) cause softening of the body wall. However, the mechanisms by which these peptides affect the stiffness of body wall connective tissue are unknown. Interestingly, analysis of the A. japonicus transcriptome reveals that the only protein containing the holokinin sequence PLGYMFR is an alpha-5 type collagen. This suggests that proteolysis of collagen may generate peptides (holokinins) that affect body wall stiffness in sea cucumbers, providing a novel perspective on mechanisms of mutable connective tissue in echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice R Elphick
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, London, United Kingdom.
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Zhang X, Lu XM, Huang LF, Ye H. Copeptin is associated with one-year mortality and functional outcome in patients with acute spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage. Peptides 2012; 33:336-41. [PMID: 22286033 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
High plasma copeptin levels have been found to be associated with short-term poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We furthermore evaluate the relation of plasma copeptin levels to long-term outcome and early neurological deterioration after ICH. Fifty healthy controls and 89 patients with acute spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage were recruited in this study. Plasma copeptin concentrations on admission measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were considerably high in patients than healthy controls. A multivariate analysis identified plasma copeptin level as an independent predictor for 1-year mortality, 1-year unfavorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score>2) and early neurological deterioration. A receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the predictive value of plasma copeptin concentration was similar to that of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores for long-term poor outcome and early neurological deterioration. However, copeptin did not obviously improve the predictive values of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores. Thus, increased plasma copeptin level is an independent prognostic marker of 1-year mortality, 1-year unfavorable outcome and early neurological deterioration after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, the genetic and molecular basis of familial forms of diabetes insipidus has been elucidated. Diabetes insipidus is a clinical syndrome characterized by the excretion of abnormally large volumes of diluted urine (polyuria) and increased fluid intake (polydipsia). The most common type of diabetes insipidus is caused by lack of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (vasopressin), which is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the neurohypophysis. This type of diabetes insipidus is referred to here as neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus. The syndrome can also result from resistance to the antidiuretic effects of vasopressin on the kidney, either at the level of the vasopressin 2 receptor or the aquaporin 2 water channel (which mediates the re-absorption of water from urine), and is referred to as renal or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Differentiation between these two types of diabetes insipidus and primary polydipsia can be difficult owing to the existence of partial as well as complete forms of vasopressin deficiency or resistance. Seven different familial forms of diabetes insipidus are known to exist. The clinical presentation, genetic basis and cellular mechanisms responsible for them vary considerably. This information has led to improved methods of differential diagnosis and could provide the basis of new forms of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Babey
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Tarry 15, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Dong XQ, Huang M, Yu WH, Zhang ZY, Zhu Q, Che ZH, Du Q, Wang H. Change in plasma copeptin level after acute spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage. Peptides 2011; 32:253-7. [PMID: 21126545 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High plasma copeptin levels are associated with mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, there is a paucity of data available on whether copeptin is an independent prognostic marker of mortality. Thus, we sought to furthermore evaluate this relation. Thirty healthy controls and 86 patients with acute ICH were included. Plasma samples were obtained on admission and at days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 after ICH. Its concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After ICH, plasma copeptin level in patients increased during the 6-h period immediately, peaked in 24h, decreased gradually thereafter, and was substantially higher than that in healthy controls during the 7-day period. A multivariate analysis showed plasma copeptin level was an independent predictor for 1-week mortality (odds ratio, 1.013; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.003-1.023; P=0.009) and positively associated with hematoma volume (t=6.616, P<0.001). A receiver operating characteristic curve identified that a baseline plasma copeptin level >577.5pg/mL predicted 1-week mortality with 87.5% sensitivity and 72.2% specificity (area under curve (AUC), 0.873; 95% CI, 0.784-0.935). The AUC of the copeptin concentration was similar to those of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores and hematoma volumes (P=0.136 and 0.280). However, copeptin did not statistically significantly improve the AUCs of GCS scores and hematoma volumes (P=0.206 and 0.333). Hence, increased plasma copeptin level is associated with hematoma volume and an independent prognostic marker of mortality after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hangzhou Municipal People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Kawada T, Sekiguchi T, Sakai T, Aoyama M, Satake H. Neuropeptides, hormone peptides, and their receptors in Ciona intestinalis: an update. Zoolog Sci 2010; 27:134-53. [PMID: 20141419 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.27.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The critical phylogenetic position of ascidians leads to the presumption that neuropeptides and hormones in vertebrates are highly likely to be evolutionarily conserved in ascidians, and the cosmopolitan species Ciona intestinalis is expected to be an excellent deuterostome Invertebrate model for studies on neuropeptides and hormones. Nevertheless, molecular and functional characterization of Ciona neuropeptides and hormone peptides was restricted to a few peptides such as a cholecystokinin (CCK)/gastrin peptide, cionin, and gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs). In the past few years, mass spectrometric analyses and database searches have detected Ciona orthologs or prototypes of vertebrate peptides and their receptors, including tachykinin, insulin/relaxin, calcitonin, and vasopressin. Furthermore, studies have shown that several Ciona peptides, including vasopressin and a novel GnRH-related peptide, have acquired ascidian-specific molecular forms and/or biological functions. These findings provided indisputable evidence that ascidians, unlike other invertebrates (including the traditional protostome model animals), possess neuropeptides and hormone peptides structurally and functionally related to vertebrate counterparts, and that several peptides have uniquely diverged in ascidian evolutionary lineages. Moreover, recent functional analyses of Ciona tachykinin in the ovary substantiated the novel tachykininergic protease-assoclated oocyte growth pathway, which could not have been revealed in studies on vertebrates. These findings confirm the outstanding advantages of ascidians in understanding the neuroscience, endocrinology, and evolution of vertebrate neuropeptides and hormone peptides. This article provides an overview of basic findings and reviews new knowledge on ascidian neuropeptides and hormone peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kawada
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
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NG peptides: a novel family of neurophysin-associated neuropeptides. Gene 2010; 458:20-6. [PMID: 20303398 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurophysins are prohormone-derived polypeptides that are required for biosynthesis of the neurohypophyseal hormones vasopressin and oxytocin. Accordingly, mutations in the neurophysin domain of the human vasopressin gene can cause diabetes insipidus. The association of neurophysins with vasopressin/oxytocin-type peptides dates back to the common ancestor of bilaterian animals and until recently it was thought to be unique. This textbook perspective on neurophysins changed with the discovery of a gene in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (phylum Echinodermata) encoding a precursor protein comprising a neurophysin domain in association with NGFFFamide, a myoactive neuropeptide that is structurally unrelated to vasopressin/oxytocin-type neuropeptides (Elphick, M.R., Rowe, M.L., 2009. NGFFFamide and echinotocin: structurally unrelated myoactive neuropeptides derived from neurophysin-containing precursors in sea urchins. J. Exp. Biol. 212, 1067-1077). What is not known, however, is when and how the association of neurophysin with NGFFFamide-like neuropeptides originated. Here I report the discovery of genes encoding proteins comprising a neurophysin domain in association with putative NGFFFamide-like peptides in the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii (NGFWNamide and NGFYNamide) and in the cephalochordate Branchiostoma floridae (SFRNGVamide). Together with NGFFFamide, these peptides constitute a novel family of neuropeptides in invertebrate deuterostomes that are derived from neurophysin-containing precursors and that have the sequence motif NG - "NG peptides". Genes encoding NG peptides in association with neurophysin were not found in protostomes, urochordates or vertebrates. Interestingly, however, SFRNGVamide is identical to the N-terminal region of neuropeptide S, a peptide that modulates arousal and anxiety in mammals, whilst NGFFFamide shares sequence similarity with SIFamide (AYRKPPFNGSIFamide), a neuropeptide that regulates sexual behaviour in Drosophila. Collectively, these data indicate that in an ancestor of extant deuterostomes a remarkable and unique event in the evolution of neuropeptide signalling systems occurred when a neurophysin-encoding exon(s) derived from a vasopressin/oxytocin-type neuropeptide gene became transcriptionally linked with another family of neuropeptides - NG peptides.
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Bolborea M, Ansel L, Weinert D, Steinlechner S, Pévet P, Klosen P. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): absence of vasopressin expression in standard and wild-derived hamsters and galanin regulation by seasonal changes in circulating sex steroids. Neuroscience 2009; 165:819-30. [PMID: 19909796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a nucleus of the forebrain highly sensitive to sex steroids and containing vasopressin neurons implicated in several social- and reproduction-related behaviours such as scent-marking, aggression, pair bonding and parental behaviour. Sexually dimorphic vasopressin expression in BNST neurons has been reported in almost all rodents, with the notable exception of the Syrian hamster. In this species, vasopressin expression is completely absent in the BNST. Because almost all Syrian hamsters used in research are derived from a very small breeding stock captured in 1930, we compared commercially available Syrian hamsters with a recently captured, wild-derived breeding stock. We checked for vasopressin expression using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Vasopressin expression in BNST neurons was completely absent in both breeding stocks, confirming the absence of BNST vasopressin expression in Mesocricetus auratus and ruling out a breeding artefact. Because vasopressin expression in BNST neurons appears to be strictly dependent on circulating sex steroids, the absence of vasopressin expression in Syrian hamster BNST neurons might be due to an insensitivity of these neurons to sex steroids. BNST vasopressin neurons also express galanin. Although galanin expression in the BNST is not sexually dimorphic in the Syrian hamster, it appears to be regulated by sex steroids. In the Djungarian hamster, photoperiodically driven seasonal variations of circulating sex steroids result in a seasonal rhythm of galanin expression in BNST neurons. We analysed the sex steroid dependence of galanin expression in the Syrian hamster. Castration and short photoperiod-induced sexual quiescence both resulted in downregulation of galanin mRNA in cell bodies (BNST) and immunoreactivity in the fibres (lateral septum). Testosterone supplementation of short photoperiod-adapted animals was able to restore galanin expression. Thus Syrian hamster BNST neurons respond to circulating sex steroids and their seasonal variations as observed in other rodent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bolborea
- Tierärztliche Hochschule, Institut für Zoologie, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Melo MED, Marui S, Brito VND, Mancini MC, Mendonca BB, Knoepfelmacher M. Autosomal dominant familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus caused by a novel mutation in arginine-vasopressin gene in a Brazilian family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:1272-6. [PMID: 19169480 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302008000800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (adFNDI) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by polyuria and polydipsia due to deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP). More than 50 mutations causing adFNDI have been already reported in the AVP gene. The aim of the present study is to analyze the AVP gene in four generations of one Brazilian kindred with adFNDI. The proband was a 31-year old female with huge hypotonic polyuria (10 L/day) dated from childhood. Molecular analysis included amplification of all exons and exon-intron regions of the AVP gene by PCR and direct sequencing. Sequencing analysis showed a novel point mutation in heterozygous: G88V (GGC>GTC). All affected patients presented the same mutation also in heterozygous, while it was absent in four normal members. We expand the repertoire of mutations in AVP describing the novel G88V mutation in one Brazilian kindred with adFNDI.
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Miller WL, Hartman KA, Hodge DO, Hartman S, Struck J, Morgenthaler NG, Bergmann A, Jaffe AS. Response of Novel Biomarkers to BNP Infusion in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure: A Multimarker Paradigm. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2009; 2:526-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-009-9121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Elphick MR, Rowe ML. NGFFFamide and echinotocin: structurally unrelated myoactive neuropeptides derived from neurophysin-containing precursors in sea urchins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:1067-77. [PMID: 19329739 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.027599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The myoactive neuropeptide NGIWYamide was originally isolated from the holothurian (sea cucumber) Apostichopus japonicus but there is evidence that NGIWYamide-like peptides also occur in other echinoderms. Here we report the discovery of a gene in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus that encodes two copies of an NGIWYamide-like peptide: Asn-Gly-Phe-Phe-Phe-(NH(2)) or NGFFFamide. Interestingly, the C-terminal region of the NGFFFamide precursor shares sequence similarity with neurophysins, carrier proteins hitherto uniquely associated with precursors of vasopressin/oxytocin-like neuropeptides. Thus, the NGFFFamide precursor is the first neurophysin-containing neuropeptide precursor to be discovered that does not contain a vasopressin/oxytocin-like peptide. However, it remains to be determined whether neurophysin acts as a carrier protein for NGFFFamide. The S. purpuratus genome also contains a gene encoding a precursor comprising a neurophysin polypeptide and 'echinotocin' (CFISNCPKGamide) - the first vasopressin/oxytocin-like peptide to be identified in an echinoderm. Therefore, in S. purpuratus there are two genes encoding precursors that have a neurophysin domain but which encode neuropeptides that are structurally unrelated. Furthermore, both NGFFFamide and echinotocin cause contraction of tube foot and oesophagus preparations from the sea urchin Echinus esculentus, consistent with the myoactivity of NGIWYamide in sea cucumbers and the myoactivity of vasopressin/oxytocin-like peptides in other animal phyla. Presumably the NGFFFamide precursor acquired its neurophysin domain following partial or complete duplication of a gene encoding a vasopressin/oxytocin-like peptide, but it remains to be determined when in evolutionary history this occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice R Elphick
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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Use of copeptin in the detection of myocardial ischemia. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 399:69-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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