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Gülave B, Budda D, Saleh MAA, van Hasselt JGC, de Lange ECM. Does nonlinear blood-brain barrier transport matter for (lower) morphine dosing strategies? Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 187:106482. [PMID: 37247795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Morphine blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport is governed by passive diffusion, active efflux and saturable active influx. This may result in nonlinear plasma concentration-dependent brain extracellular fluid (brainECF) pharmacokinetics of morphine. In this study, we aim to evaluate the impact of nonlinear BBB transport on brainECF pharmacokinetics of morphine and its metabolites for different dosing strategies using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic simulation study. We extended the human physiologically based pharmacokinetic LeiCNS-PK3.0, model with equations for nonlinear BBB transport of morphine. Simulations for brainECF pharmacokinetics were performed for various dosing strategies: intravenous (IV), oral immediate (IR) and extended release (ER) with dose range of 0.25-150 mg and dosing frequencies of 1-6 times daily. The impact of nonlinear BBB transport on morphine CNS pharmacokinetics was evaluated by quantifying (i) the relative brainECF to plasma exposure (AUCu,brainECF/AUCu,plasma) and (ii) the impact on the peak-to-trough ratio (PTR) of concentration-time profiles in brainECF and plasma. We found that the relative morphine exposure and PTRs are dose dependent for the evaluated dose range. The highest relative morphine exposure value of 1.4 was found for once daily 0.25 mg ER and lowest of 0.1 for 6-daily 150 mg IV dosing. At lower doses the PTRs were smaller and increased with increasing dose and stabilized at higher doses independent of dosing frequency. Relative peak concentrations of morphine in relation to its metabolites changed with increasing dose. We conclude that nonlinearity of morphine BBB transport affects the relative brainECF exposure and the fluctuation of morphine and its metabolites mainly at lower dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berfin Gülave
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Divakar Budda
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - M A A Saleh
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - J G C van Hasselt
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - E C M de Lange
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, the Netherlands.
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2
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García-Rodríguez C, Mujica P, Illanes-González J, López A, Vargas C, Sáez JC, González-Jamett A, Ardiles ÁO. Probenecid, an Old Drug with Potential New Uses for Central Nervous System Disorders and Neuroinflammation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1516. [PMID: 37371611 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Probenecid is an old uricosuric agent used in clinics to treat gout and reduce the renal excretion of antibiotics. In recent years, probenecid has gained attention due to its ability to interact with membrane proteins such as TRPV2 channels, organic anion transporters, and pannexin 1 hemichannels, which suggests new potential therapeutic utilities in medicine. Some current functions of probenecid include their use as an adjuvant to increase the bioavailability of several drugs in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Numerous studies also suggest that this drug has important neuroprotective, antiepileptic, and anti-inflammatory properties, as evidenced by their effect against neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. In these studies, the use of probenecid as a Panx1 hemichannel blocker to reduce neuroinflammation is highlighted since neuroinflammation is a major trigger for diverse CNS alterations. Although the clinical use of probenecid has declined over the years, advances in its use in preclinical research indicate that it may be useful to improve conventional therapies in the psychiatric field where the drugs used have a low bioavailability, either because of a deficient passage through the blood-brain barrier or a high efflux from the CNS or also a high urinary clearance. This review summarizes the history, pharmacological properties, and recent research uses of probenecid and discusses its future projections as a potential pharmacological strategy to intervene in neurodegeneration as an outcome of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia García-Rodríguez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Paula Mujica
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Javiera Illanes-González
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Araceli López
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Camilo Vargas
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Arlek González-Jamett
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Álvaro O Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2341386, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar 2540064, Chile
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3
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Modeling Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability to Solutes and Drugs In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081696. [PMID: 36015323 PMCID: PMC9414534 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the pharmacokinetic principles governing the uptake of endogenous substances, xenobiotics, and biologicals across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) has advanced significantly over the past few decades. There is now a spectrum of experimental techniques available in experimental animals and humans which, together with pharmacokinetic models of low to high complexity, can be applied to describe the transport processes at the BBB of low molecular weight agents and macromolecules. This review provides an overview of the models in current use, from initial rate uptake studies over compartmental models to physiologically based models and points out the advantages and shortcomings associated with the different methods. A comprehensive pharmacokinetic profile of a compound with respect to brain exposure requires the knowledge of BBB uptake clearance, intra-brain distribution, and extent of equilibration across the BBB. The application of proper pharmacokinetic analysis and suitable models is a requirement not only in the drug development process, but in all of the studies where the brain uptake of drugs or markers is used to make statements about the function or integrity of the BBB.
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4
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de Lange ECM, Hammarlund Udenaes M. Understanding the Blood-Brain Barrier and Beyond: Challenges and Opportunities for Novel CNS Therapeutics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 111:758-773. [PMID: 35220577 PMCID: PMC9305478 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses questions on how to accomplish successful central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery (i.e., having the right concentration at the right CNS site, at the right time), by understanding the rate and extent of blood‐brain barrier (BBB) transport and intra‐CNS distribution in relation to CNS target site(s) exposure. To this end, we need to obtain and integrate quantitative and connected data on BBB using the Combinatory Mapping Approach that includes in vivo and ex vivo animal measurements, and the physiologically based comprehensive LEICNSPK3.0 mathematical model that can translate from animals to humans. For small molecules, slow diffusional BBB transport and active influx and efflux BBB transport determine the differences between plasma and CNS pharmacokinetics. Obviously, active efflux is important for limiting CNS drug delivery. Furthermore, liposomal formulations of small molecules may to a certain extent circumvent active influx and efflux at the BBB. Interestingly, for CNS pathologies, despite all reported disease associated BBB and CNS functional changes in animals and humans, integrative studies typically show a lack of changes on CNS drug delivery for the small molecules. In contrast, the understanding of the complex vesicle‐based BBB transport modes that are important for CNS delivery of large molecules is in progress, and their BBB transport seems to be significantly affected by CNS diseases. In conclusion, today, CNS drug delivery of small drugs can be well assessed and understood by integrative approaches, although there is still quite a long way to go to understand CNS drug delivery of large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Predictive Pharmacology Group, Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Sprowls SA, Saralkar P, Arsiwala T, Adkins CE, Blethen KE, Pizzuti VJ, Shah N, Fladeland R, Lockman PR. A Review of Mathematics Determining Solute Uptake at the Blood-Brain Barrier in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050756. [PMID: 34069733 PMCID: PMC8160855 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits movement of solutes from the lumen of the brain microvascular capillary system into the parenchyma. The unidirectional transfer constant, Kin, is the rate at which transport across the BBB occurs for individual molecules. Single and multiple uptake experiments are available for the determination of Kin for new drug candidates using both intravenous and in situ protocols. Additionally, the single uptake method can be used to determine Kin in heterogeneous pathophysiological conditions such as stroke, brain cancers, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we briefly cover the anatomy and physiology of the BBB, discuss the impact of efflux transporters on solute uptake, and provide an overview of the single-timepoint method for determination of Kin values. Lastly, we compare preclinical Kin experimental results with human parallels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Sprowls
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
| | - Pushkar Saralkar
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
| | - Tasneem Arsiwala
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
| | | | - Kathryn E. Blethen
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
| | - Vincenzo J. Pizzuti
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
| | - Neal Shah
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ross Fladeland
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
| | - Paul R. Lockman
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-304-293-0944
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6
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Uenoyama R, Miyazaki T, Hurst JL, Beynon RJ, Adachi M, Murooka T, Onoda I, Miyazawa Y, Katayama R, Yamashita T, Kaneko S, Nishikawa T, Miyazaki M. The characteristic response of domestic cats to plant iridoids allows them to gain chemical defense against mosquitoes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/4/eabd9135. [PMID: 33523929 PMCID: PMC7817105 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Domestic cats and other felids rub their faces and heads against catnip (Nepeta cataria) and silver vine (Actinidia polygama) and roll on the ground as a characteristic response. While this response is well known, its biological function and underlying mechanism remain undetermined. Here, we uncover the neurophysiological mechanism and functional outcome of this feline response. We found that the iridoid nepetalactol is the major component of silver vine that elicits this potent response in cats and other felids. Nepetalactol increased plasma β-endorphin levels in cats, while pharmacological inhibition of μ-opioid receptors suppressed the classic rubbing response. Rubbing behavior transfers nepetalactol onto the faces and heads of respondents where it repels the mosquito, Aedes albopictus Thus, self-anointing behavior helps to protect cats against mosquito bites. The characteristic response of cats to nepetalactol via the μ-opioid system provides an important example of chemical pest defense using plant metabolites in nonhuman mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Uenoyama
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Tamako Miyazaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Jane L Hurst
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Masaatsu Adachi
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takanobu Murooka
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ibuki Onoda
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yu Miyazawa
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rieko Katayama
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masao Miyazaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
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7
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Opioid-Mediated HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:628-642. [PMID: 33029670 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ability of combination antiretroviral therapy to dramatically suppress viremia, the brain continues to be a reservoir of HIV-1 low-level replication. Adding further complexity to this is the comorbidity of drug abuse with HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders and neuroHIV. Among several abused drugs, the use of opiates is highly prevalent in HIV-1 infected individuals, both as an abused drug as well as for pain management. Opioids and their receptors have attained notable attention owing to their ability to modulate immune functions, in turn, impacting disease progression. Various cell culture, animal and human studies have implicated the role of opioids and their receptors in modulating viral replication and virus-mediated pathology both positively and negatively. Further, the combinatorial effects of HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins and morphine have demonstrated activation of inflammatory signaling in the host system. Herein, we summarized the current knowledge on the role of opioids on peripheral immunopathogenesis, viral immunopathogenesis, epigenetic profiles of the host and viral genome, neuropathogenesis of SIV/SHIV-infected non-human primates, blood-brain-barrier, HIV-1 viral latency, and viral rebound. Overall, this review provides recent insights into the role of opioids in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis. Graphical abstract.
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Chen C, Zhou H, Guan C, Zhang H, Li Y, Jiang X, Dong Z, Tao Y, Du J, Wang S, Zhang T, Du N, Guo J, Wu Y, Song Z, Luan H, Wang Y, Du H, Zhang S, Li C, Chang H, Wang T. Applicability of free drug hypothesis to drugs with good membrane permeability that are not efflux transporter substrates: A microdialysis study in rats. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00575. [PMID: 32266794 PMCID: PMC7138916 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical pharmacology, the free drug hypothesis has been widely applied in the interpretation of the relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD). The free drug hypothesis assumes that the unbound drug concentration in blood is the same as that in the site of action at steady state. The objective of this study is to demonstrate whether the free drug hypothesis is universally applicable for all drugs. The unbound concentrations of the 18 compounds in blood and in brain interstitial fluids (ISF) at steady state following constant intravenous infusion were simultaneously monitored up to 6 hours via in vivo microdialysis technique. Based on the permeability and efflux ratio (ER), the test compounds can be divided into two classes. Class I includes the compounds with good membrane permeability that are not substrates of efflux transporters (eg, P-gp, BCRP, and MRPs), whereas Class II includes the compounds that are substrates of efflux transporters. The steady-state unbound drug concentrations in blood, brain, and CSF are quantitatively very similar for Class I compounds, whereas the steady-state unbound concentrations in the brain and CSF are significantly lower than those in blood for Class II compounds. These results strongly suggest that the free drug hypothesis is not universal for all drugs but is only applicable for drugs with good permeability that are not substrates of efflux transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Chi Guan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Yingying Li
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Xue Jiang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Zheng Dong
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Yuanyuan Tao
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Juan Du
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Shuyao Wang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Teng Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Na Du
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Junyang Guo
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Zehai Song
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Haofei Luan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Yu Wang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Hongwen Du
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Shaofeng Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Chen Li
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Hang Chang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
| | - Tao Wang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) DepartmentPharmaronBeijingChina
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9
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Gupta M, Bogdanowicz T, Reed MA, Barden CJ, Weaver DF. The Brain Exposure Efficiency (BEE) Score. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:205-224. [PMID: 31815431 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), composed of microvascular tight junctions and glial cell sheathing, selectively controls drug permeation into the central nervous system (CNS) by either passive diffusion or active transport. Computational techniques capable of predicting molecular brain penetration are important to neurological drug design. A novel prediction algorithm, termed the Brain Exposure Efficiency Score (BEE), is presented. BEE addresses the need to incorporate the role of trans-BBB influx and efflux active transporters by considering key brain penetrance parameters, namely, steady state unbound brain to plasma ratio of drug (Kp,uu) and dose normalized unbound concentration of drug in brain (Cu,b). BEE was devised using quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) and molecular modeling studies on known transporter proteins and their ligands. The developed algorithms are provided as a user-friendly open source calculator to assist in optimizing a brain penetrance strategy during the early phases of small molecule molecular therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Gupta
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Thomas Bogdanowicz
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mark A. Reed
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Barden
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Donald F. Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
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10
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Yusof SR, Mohd Uzid M, Teh EH, Hanapi NA, Mohideen M, Mohamad Arshad AS, Mordi MN, Loryan I, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Rate and extent of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine blood-brain barrier transport and their intra-brain distribution: the missing link in pharmacodynamic studies. Addict Biol 2019; 24:935-945. [PMID: 30088322 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitragyna speciosa is reported to be beneficial for the management of chronic pain and opioid withdrawal in the evolving opioid epidemic. Data on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, the active compounds of the plant, are still lacking and inconclusive. Here, we present for the first time the rate and the extent of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine transport across the BBB, with an investigation of their post-BBB intra-brain distribution. We utilized an in vitro BBB model to study the rate of BBB permeation of the compounds and their interaction with efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Mitragynine showed higher apical-to-basolateral (A-B, i.e. blood-to-brain side) permeability than 7-hydroxymitragynine. 7-Hydroxymitragynine showed a tendency to efflux, with efflux ratio (B-A/A-B) of 1.39. Both were found to inhibit the P-gp and are also subject to efflux by the P-gp. Assessment of the extent of BBB transport in vivo in rats from unbound brain to plasma concentration ratios (Kp,uu,brain ) revealed extensive efflux of both compounds, with less than 10 percent of unbound mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in plasma crossing the BBB. By contrast, the extent of intra-brain distribution was significantly different, with mitragynine having 18-fold higher brain tissue uptake in brain slice assay compared with 7-hydroxymitragynine. Mitragynine showed a moderate capacity to accumulate inside brain parenchymal cells, while 7-hydroxymitragynine showed restricted cellular barrier transport. The presented findings from this systematic investigation of brain pharmacokinetics of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are essential for design and interpretation of in vivo experiments aiming to establish exposure-response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti R. Yusof
- HICoE Centre for Drug Research; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Malaysia
| | | | - Eng-Huat Teh
- Centre for Herbal Standardization; Sains@USM; Malaysia
| | - Nur Aziah Hanapi
- HICoE Centre for Drug Research; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Malaysia
| | - Mazlin Mohideen
- HICoE Centre for Drug Research; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Nizam Mordi
- HICoE Centre for Drug Research; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Malaysia
| | - Irena Loryan
- Translational PKPD Group, Associate Member of SciLife Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; Uppsala University; Sweden
| | - Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Translational PKPD Group, Associate Member of SciLife Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; Uppsala University; Sweden
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11
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Chaves C, Remiao F, Cisternino S, Decleves X. Opioids and the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Dynamic Interaction with Consequences on Drug Disposition in Brain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:1156-1173. [PMID: 28474563 PMCID: PMC5725546 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170504095823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Opioids are widely used in pain management, acting via opioid receptors and/or Toll-like receptors (TLR) present at the central nervous system (CNS). At the blood-brain barrier (BBB), several influx and efflux transporters, such as the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1), Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, ABCG2) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP, ABCC) transporters, and solute carrier transporters (SLC), are responsible for the transport of xenobiotics from the brain into the bloodstream or vice versa. Objective: ABC transporters export several clinically employed opioids, altering their neuro- pharmacokinetics and CNS effects. In this review, we explore the interactions between opioids and ABC transporters, and decipher the molecular mechanisms by which opioids can modify their expression at the BBB. Results: P-gp is largely implicated in the brain-to-blood efflux of opioids, namely morphine and oxycodone. Long-term ex-posure to morphine and oxycodone has proven to up-regulate the expression of ABC transporters, such as P-gp, BCRP and MRPs, at the BBB, which may lead to increased tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of such drugs. Recent studies uncov-er two mechanisms by which morphine may up-regulate P-gp and BCRP at the BBB: 1) via a glutamate, NMDA-receptor and COX-2 signaling cascade, and 2) via TLR4 activation, subsequent development of neuro- inflammation, and activation of NF-κB, presumably via glial cells. Conclusion: The BBB-opioid interaction can culminate in bilateral consequences, since ABC transporters condition the brain disposition of opioids, while opioids also affect the expression of ABC transporters at the BBB, which may result in increased CNS drug pharmacoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Chaves
- Variabilite de Reponse Aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, 75006 Paris, France.,Universite Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France.,Universite Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France.,REQUIMTE, Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remiao
- REQUIMTE, Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Variabilite de Reponse Aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, 75006 Paris, France.,Universite Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France.,Universite Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France.,Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Decleves
- Variabilite de Reponse Aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, 75006 Paris, France.,Universite Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France.,Universite Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France.,Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Paris, France
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12
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Taccola C, Cartot-Cotton S, Valente D, Barneoud P, Aubert C, Boutet V, Gallen F, Lochus M, Nicolic S, Dodacki A, Smirnova M, Cisternino S, Declèves X, Bourasset F. High brain distribution of a new central nervous system drug candidate despite its P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux at the mouse blood-brain barrier. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 117:68-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Kervezee L, Hartman R, van den Berg DJ, Meijer JH, de Lange EC. Diurnal variation in the pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of morphine and its major metabolite. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109S:S132-S139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Lindqvist A, Jönsson S, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Exploring Factors Causing Low Brain Penetration of the Opioid Peptide DAMGO through Experimental Methods and Modeling. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1258-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lindqvist
- Translational
PKPD Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member
of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Siv Jönsson
- Pharmacometrics
Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Translational
PKPD Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member
of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
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15
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A review of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide’s pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationships in experimental and clinical pain. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 74:45-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Gharavi R, Hedrich W, Wang H, Hassan HE. Transporter-Mediated Disposition of Opioids: Implications for Clinical Drug Interactions. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2477-502. [PMID: 25972096 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Opioid-related deaths, abuse, and drug interactions are growing epidemic problems that have medical, social, and economic implications. Drug transporters play a major role in the disposition of many drugs, including opioids; hence they can modulate their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and their associated drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Our understanding of the interaction of transporters with many therapeutic agents is improving; however, investigating such interactions with opioids is progressing relatively slowly despite the alarming number of opioids-mediated DDIs that may be related to transporters. This review presents a comprehensive report of the current literature relating to opioids and their drug transporter interactions. Additionally, it highlights the emergence of transporters that are yet to be fully identified but may play prominent roles in the disposition of opioids, the growing interest in transporter genomics for opioids, and the potential implications of opioid-drug transporter interactions for cancer treatments. A better understanding of drug transporters interactions with opioids will provide greater insight into potential clinical DDIs and could help improve opioids safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gharavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Rooms: N525 (Office), Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
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17
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Ochiai W, Sugiyama K. [Altered expression of transporter and analgesic of morphine in neuropathic pain mice]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:703-8. [PMID: 25948305 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is known that morphine is less effective for patients with neuropathic pain, accounting for approximately 70% of cancer patients with severe pain. One of the causes of the decline is reported as a decreased function of the μ-opioid receptor, which binds to the active metabolites of morphine in the mesencephalic ventral tegmental area. However, the details of this mechanism are not understood. We hypothesized that a decrease in the concentration of morphine in the brain reduces its analgesic effect on neuropathic pain, and found that the analgesic effect of morphine was correlated with its concentration in the brain. We examined the reason for the decreased concentration of morphine in the brain in case of neuropathic pain. We discovered increased P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in the small intestine, increased expression and activity of UGT2B in the liver, and increased P-gp expression in the brain under conditions of neuropathic pain. In this symposium, we argue that low brain morphine concentration is considered one of the causes of lower sensitivity to morphine in neuropathic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ochiai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
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18
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Okura T, Higuchi K, Deguchi Y. The Blood-Brain Barrier Transport Mechanism Controlling Analgesic Effects of Opioid Drugs in CNS. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:697-702. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okura
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
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19
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Role of 6-monoacetylmorphine in the acute release of striatal dopamine induced by intravenous heroin. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1357-65. [PMID: 24576415 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
After injection, heroin is rapidly metabolized to 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and further to morphine. As morphine has been shown to increase striatal dopamine, whereas 6-MAM has not been studied in this respect, we gave i.v. injections of 3 μmol 6-MAM, morphine or heroin to rats. Opioids were measured in blood, and dopamine and opioids in microdialysate from brain striatal extracellular fluid (ECF), by UPLC-MS/MS. After 6-MAM injection, 6-MAM ECF concentrations increased rapidly, and reached Cmax of 4.4 μM after 8 min. After heroin injection, 6-MAM increased rapidly in blood and reached Cmax of 6.4 μM in ECF after 8 min, while ECF Cmax for heroin was 1.2 μM after 2 min. T max for morphine in ECF was 29 and 24 min following 6-MAM and heroin administration, respectively, with corresponding Cmax levels of 1 and 2 μM. Dopamine levels peaked after 8 and 14 min following 6-MAM and heroin administration, respectively. The dopamine responses were equal, indicating no dopamine release by heroin per se. Furthermore, 6-MAM, and not morphine, appeared to mediate the early dopamine response, whereas morphine administration, giving rise to morphine ECF concentrations similar to those observed shortly after 6-MAM injection, did not increase ECF dopamine. 6-MAM appeared accordingly to be the substance responsible for the early increase in dopamine observed after heroin injection. As 6-MAM was formed rapidly from heroin in blood, and was the major substance reaching the brain after heroin administration, this also indicates that factors influencing blood 6-MAM concentrations might change the behavioural effects of heroin.
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20
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Nakamura A, Fujita M, Ono H, Hongo Y, Kanbara T, Ogawa K, Morioka Y, Nishiyori A, Shibasaki M, Mori T, Suzuki T, Sakaguchi G, Kato A, Hasegawa M. G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (KIR3) channels play a primary role in the antinociceptive effect of oxycodone, but not morphine, at supraspinal sites. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:253-64. [PMID: 24117458 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oxycodone and morphine are μ-opioid receptor agonists prescribed to control moderate-to-severe pain. Previous studies suggested that these opioids exhibit different analgesic profiles. We hypothesized that distinct mechanisms mediate the differential effects of these two opioids and investigated the role of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (K(IR)3 also known as GIRK) channels in their antinociceptive effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Opioid-induced antinociceptive effects were assessed in mice, using the tail-flick test, by i.c.v. and intrathecal (i.t.) administration of morphine and oxycodone, alone and following inhibition of K(IR)3.1 channels with tertiapin-Q (30 pmol per mouse, i.c.v. and i.t.) and K(IR)3.1-specific siRNA. The antinociceptive effects of oxycodone and morphine were also examined after tertiapin-Q administration in the mouse femur bone cancer and neuropathic pain models. KEY RESULTS The antinociceptive effects of oxycodone, after both i.c.v. and i.t. administrations, were markedly attenuated by K(IR)3.1 channel inhibition. In contrast, the antinociceptive effects of i.c.v. morphine were unaffected, whereas those induced by i.t. morphine were attenuated, by K(IR)3.1 channel inhibition. In the two chronic pain models, the antinociceptive effects of s.c. oxycodone, but not morphine, were inhibited by supraspinal administration of tertiapin-Q. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate that K(IR)3.1 channels play a primary role in the antinociceptive effects of oxycodone, but not those of morphine, at supraspinal sites and suggest that supraspinal K(IR)3.1 channels are responsible for the unique analgesic profile of oxycodone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakamura
- Pain & Neurology, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Shionogi Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Kurogi K, Chepak A, Hanrahan MT, Liu MY, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulfation of opioid drugs by human cytosolic sulfotransferases: metabolic labeling study and enzymatic analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:40-8. [PMID: 24832963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to examine the sulfation of eight opioid drugs, morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, butorphanol, nalbuphine, levorphanol, nalorphine, and naltrexone, in HepG2 human hepatoma cells and human organ samples (lung, liver, kidney, and small intestine) and to identify the human SULT(s) responsible for their sulfation. Analysis of the spent media of HepG2 cells, metabolically labeled with [35S]sulfate in the presence of each of the eight opioid drugs, showed the generation and release of corresponding [35S]sulfated derivatives. Five of the eight opioid drugs, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, butorphanol, nalorphine, and naltrexone, appeared to be more strongly sulfated in HepG2 cells than were the other three, morphine, nalbuphine, and levorphanol. Differential sulfating activities toward the opioid drugs were detected in cytosol or S9 fractions of human lung, liver, small intestine, and kidney, with the highest activities being found for the liver sample. A systematic analysis using eleven known human SULTs and kinetic experiment revealed SULT1A1 as the major responsible SULTs for the sulfation of oxymorphone, nalbuphine, nalorphine, and naltrexone, SULT1A3 for the sulfation of morphine and hydromorphone, and SULT2A1 for the sulfation of butorphanol and levorphanol. Collectively, the results obtained imply that sulfation may play a significant role in the metabolism of the tested opioid drugs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Andriy Chepak
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Michael T Hanrahan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ming-Yih Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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23
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PKPD Aspects of Brain Drug Delivery in a Translational Perspective. DRUG DELIVERY TO THE BRAIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9105-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Tissue-to-blood distribution coefficients in the rat: Utility for estimation of the volume of distribution in man. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:526-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Wong AD, Ye M, Levy AF, Rothstein JD, Bergles DE, Searson PC. The blood-brain barrier: an engineering perspective. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2013; 6:7. [PMID: 24009582 PMCID: PMC3757302 DOI: 10.3389/fneng.2013.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than 100 years since Paul Ehrlich reported that various water-soluble dyes injected into the circulation did not enter the brain. Since Ehrlich's first experiments, only a small number of molecules, such as alcohol and caffeine have been found to cross the blood-brain barrier, and this selective permeability remains the major roadblock to treatment of many central nervous system diseases. At the same time, many central nervous system diseases are associated with disruption of the blood-brain barrier that can lead to changes in permeability, modulation of immune cell transport, and trafficking of pathogens into the brain. Therefore, advances in our understanding of the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier are key to developing effective treatments for a wide range of central nervous system diseases. Over the past 10 years it has become recognized that the blood-brain barrier is a complex, dynamic system that involves biomechanical and biochemical signaling between the vascular system and the brain. Here we reconstruct the structure, function, and transport properties of the blood-brain barrier from an engineering perspective. New insight into the physics of the blood-brain barrier could ultimately lead to clinical advances in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Wong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mao Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda F. Levy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Rothstein
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
- Brain Sciences Institute, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dwight E. Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C. Searson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
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26
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Sadiq MW, Boström E, Keizer R, Björkman S, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Oxymorphone active uptake at the blood-brain barrier and population modeling of its pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3320-31. [PMID: 23463542 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport and pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PKPD) relationship of oxymorphone and to further elucidate its possible contribution to oxycodone analgesia. The BBB transport of oxymorphone was studied using microdialysis in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Samples from microdialysis blood and brain probes, brain tissue, and plasma were analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The effect was measured as tail-flick latency. The study consisted of a PKPD experiment with combined microdialysis and antinociceptive measurements (n = 8), and another antinociceptive effect experiment (n = 9) using a 10 times lower dose. The combined data were analyzed with an integrated PKPD model in nonlinear mixed effect modeling utilizing a specific method (M3) for handling missing PD observations. The concentration of unbound oxymorphone was higher in brain than in blood, with a ratio of 1.9 (RSE, 9.7%), indicating active uptake at the BBB. The integrated PKPD model described the oxymorphone BBB transport and PKPD relationship successfully, with an EC50 in the brain of 63 ng/mL, and the M3 method was able to address the issue of censored observations. Oxymorphone has active uptake transport at the BBB in rats, with moderate uptake clearance to the brain. Its contribution to analgesia after oxycodone administration is not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas Sadiq
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden.
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27
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Hammarlund-Udenaes M. In Vivo Approaches to Assessing the Blood–Brain Barrier. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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28
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Microdialysis in CNS PKPD Research: Unraveling Unbound Concentrations. MICRODIALYSIS IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4815-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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29
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Translational Approaches for Predicting CNS Drug Effects Using Microdialysis. MICRODIALYSIS IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4815-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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30
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Ball K, Bouzom F, Scherrmann JM, Walther B, Declèves X. Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for the Rat Central Nervous System and Determination of an In Vitro–In Vivo Scaling Methodology for the Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability of Two Transporter Substrates, Morphine and Oxycodone. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:4277-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Krekels EHJ, Johnson TN, den Hoedt SM, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Danhof M, Tibboel D, Knibbe CAJ. From Pediatric Covariate Model to Semiphysiological Function for Maturation: Part II-Sensitivity to Physiological and Physicochemical Properties. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2012; 1:e10. [PMID: 23887362 PMCID: PMC3603432 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop a maturation function for drug glucuronidation in children, that can be used in population and physiologically based modeling approaches, the physiological and physicochemical basis of a semiphysiological glucuronidation function for children was untangled using Simcyp. The results show that using the currently available in vitro data, in vivo morphine and zidovudine clearances were under predicted by the physiologically based model in Simcyp. The maturation profile was similar to the clinically observed profile except for the first 2 weeks of life, and liver size and UGT2B7 ontogeny are the physiological drivers of the maturation of glucuronidation. Physicochemical drug parameters did not affect this maturation profile, although log P and pKa influenced the absolute value of clearance. The results suggest that the semiphysiological glucuronidation function for young children can be used to predict the developmental clearance profile of other UGT2B7 substrates, though scenarios with nonlinear kinetics and high-extraction ratios require further investigation.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e10; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.12; advance online publication 10 October 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H J Krekels
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T N Johnson
- Simcyp Limited, Blades Enterprize Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - S M den Hoedt
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Rostami-Hodjegan
- Simcyp Limited, Blades Enterprize Centre, Sheffield, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Danhof
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C A J Knibbe
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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Brainpeps: the blood-brain barrier peptide database. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 217:687-718. [PMID: 22205159 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through various mechanisms, opening new diagnostic and therapeutic avenues. However, their BBB transport data are scattered in the literature over different disciplines, using different methodologies reporting different influx or efflux aspects. Therefore, a comprehensive BBB peptide database (Brainpeps) was constructed to collect the BBB data available in the literature. Brainpeps currently contains BBB transport information with positive as well as negative results. The database is a useful tool to prioritize peptide choices for evaluating different BBB responses or studying quantitative structure-property (BBB behaviour) relationships of peptides. Because a multitude of methods have been used to assess the BBB behaviour of compounds, we classified these methods and their responses. Moreover, the relationships between the different BBB transport methods have been clarified and visualized.
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Study on the activation of the opioid receptors by a set of morphine derivatives in a well-defined assay system. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:410-6. [PMID: 22002663 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
As a first step in our search for new opiates, we have established cellular assays to monitor opioid receptor activation and study the activities of a set of morphine derivatives. Intracellular calcium changes were monitored in human embryonic kidney-293 T cells expressing individual opioid receptors upon cotransfection with a chimeric G protein. This assay was validated by comparing the potencies of the endogenous peptides to reported values. All of the opiates were found to interact with the three opioid receptor subtypes but with a range of differences in efficacies and potencies. Most of the opiates preferentially acted at the μ receptor. None of the opiates showed a preference for the δ receptor. Only oripavine and its precursor thebaine showed a preference for the κ over the μ receptor. The results indicate that the opiates with a C-3 hydroxyl group or C-6 ketone group but in the presence of a 7, 8-single bond exhibit higher activity. It is noteworthy that the 6-O-methyl group seems to improve the selectivity for κ receptor. This is the first comparative and comprehensive report on the activation of the three different opioid receptors by a set of morphine derivatives in a well-defined assay system. These data can serve as a basis for the characterization of novel opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyofumi SUZUKI
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University
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Johnson M, Kozielska M, Pilla Reddy V, Vermeulen A, Li C, Grimwood S, de Greef R, Groothuis GMM, Danhof M, Proost JH. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the dopamine D2 receptor occupancy of olanzapine in rats. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2490-504. [PMID: 21647790 PMCID: PMC3170473 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose A mechanism-based PK-PD model was developed to predict the time course of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy (D2RO) in rat striatum following administration of olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug. Methods A population approach was utilized to quantify both the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of olanzapine in rats using the exposure (plasma and brain concentration) and D2RO profile obtained experimentally at various doses (0.01–40 mg/kg) administered by different routes. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was used to describe the plasma pharmacokinetic profile. A hybrid physiology- and mechanism-based model was developed to characterize the D2 receptor binding in the striatum and was fitted sequentially to the data. The parameters were estimated using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling . Results Plasma, brain concentration profiles and time course of D2RO were well described by the model; validity of the proposed model is supported by good agreement between estimated association and dissociation rate constants and in vitro values from literature. Conclusion This model includes both receptor binding kinetics and pharmacokinetics as the basis for the prediction of the D2RO in rats. Moreover, this modeling framework can be applied to scale the in vitro and preclinical information to clinical receptor occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Johnson
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Suzuki T, Miyata M, Zaima C, Furuishi T, Fukami T, Kugawa F, Tomono K. Blood-brain barrier transport of naloxone does not involve P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:413-21. [PMID: 19530072 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of naloxone, a potent and specific opioid antagonist, was investigated in rats using the brain uptake index method and the brain efflux index method. The apparent influx clearance of [(3)H]naloxone across the BBB was 0.305 mL/min/g brain. [(3)H]naloxone was eliminated from the brain with an apparent elimination half-life of 15.1 min after microinjection into the parietal cortex area 2 regions of the rat brain. The apparent efflux clearance of [(3)H]naloxone across the BBB was 0.152 mL/min/g brain, which was calculated from the elimination rate constant (4.79 x 10(-2) min(-1)) and the distribution volume in the brain (3.18 mL/g brain). The influx clearance across the BBB was two times greater than the efflux clearance. The elimination of [(3)H]naloxone from the brain was not inhibited in the presence of the typical P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors such as quinidine, verapamil, vinblastine, and vincristine, indicating that naloxone is not a P-gp substrate in the rat. In vitro experiments by using human multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1)/P-gp overexpressing HeLa cells showed that the uptake of naloxone by the cells did not change in the presence of the P-gp inhibitors. In conclusion, the present results obtained from in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that P-gp is not involved in the BBB transport of naloxone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyofumi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan.
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37
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Sadiq MW, Salehpour M, Forsgard N, Possnert G, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Morphine Brain Pharmacokinetics at Very Low Concentrations Studied with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:174-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.036434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hassan HE, Myers AL, Coop A, Eddington ND. Differential involvement of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) in permeability, tissue distribution, and antinociceptive activity of methadone, buprenorphine, and diprenorphine: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:4928-40. [PMID: 19370547 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Conclusions based on either in vitro or in vivo approach to evaluate the P-gp affinity status of opioids may be misleading. For example, in vitro studies indicated that fentanyl is a P-gp inhibitor while in vivo studies indicated that it is a P-gp substrate. Quite the opposite was evident for meperidine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the P-gp affinity status of methadone, buprenorphine and diprenorphine to predict P-gp-mediated drug-drug interactions and to determine a better candidate for management of opioid dependence. Two in vitro (P-gp ATPase and monolayer efflux) assays and two in vivo (tissue distribution and antinociceptive evaluation in mdr1a/b (-/-) mice) assays were used. Methadone stimulated the P-gp ATPase activity only at higher concentrations, while verapamil and GF120918 inhibited its efflux (p < 0.05). The brain distribution and antinociceptive activity of methadone were enhanced (p < 0.05) in P-gp knockout mice. Conversely, buprenorphine and diprenorphine were negative in all assays. P-gp can affect the PK/PD of methadone, but not buprenorphine or diprenorphine. Our report is in favor of buprenorphine over methadone for management of opioid dependence. Buprenorphine most likely is not a P-gp substrate and concerns regarding P-gp-mediated drug-drug interaction are not expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem E Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Nakazawa Y, Okura T, Shimomura K, Terasaki T, Deguchi Y. Drug–drug interaction between oxycodone and adjuvant analgesics in blood–brain barrier transport and antinociceptive effect. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:467-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Active-site concentrations of chemicals - are they a better predictor of effect than plasma/organ/tissue concentrations? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 106:215-20. [PMID: 20050843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Active-site concentrations can be defined as the concentrations of unbound, pharmacologically active substances at the site of action. In contrast, the total concentrations of the drug in plasma/organ/tissue also include the protein- or tissue-bound molecules that are pharmacologically inactive. Plasma and whole tissue concentrations are used as predictors of effects and side effects because of their ease of sampling, while the concentrations of unbound drug in tissue are more difficult to measure. However, with the introduction of microdialysis and subsequently developed techniques, it has become possible to test the free drug hypothesis. The brain is an interesting organ in this regard because of the presence of the blood-brain barrier with its tight junctions and active efflux and influx transporters. We have proposed that research into brain drug delivery be divided into three main areas: the rate of delivery (PS, CL(in)), the extent of delivery (K(p,uu)) and the non-specific affinity of the drug to brain tissue, described by the volume of distribution of unbound drug in the brain (V(u,brain)). In this way, the concentration of unbound drug at the target site can be estimated from the total brain concentration and the plasma concentration after measuring the fraction of unbound drug. Results so far fully support the theory that active site concentrations are the best predictors when active transport is present. However, there is an urgent need to collect more relevant data for predicting active site concentrations in tissues with active transporters in their plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Bengtsson J, Ederoth P, Ley D, Hansson S, Amer-Wåhlin I, Hellström-Westas L, Marsál K, Nordström CH, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. The influence of age on the distribution of morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide across the blood-brain barrier in sheep. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1085-96. [PMID: 19438510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The effect of age on the distribution of morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was studied in a sheep model utilizing intracerebral microdialysis. The effect of neonatal asphyxia on brain drug distribution was also studied. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Microdialysis probes were inserted into the cortex, striatum and blood of 11 lambs (127 gestation days) and six ewes. Morphine, 1 mg x kg(-1), was intravenously administered as a 10 min constant infusion. Microdialysis and blood samples were collected for up to 360 min and analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The half-life, clearance, volume of distribution, unbound drug brain : blood distribution ratio (K(p,uu)) and unbound drug volume of distribution in brain (V(u,brain)) were estimated. KEY RESULTS Morphine K(p,uu) was 1.19 and 1.89 for the sheep and premature lambs, respectively, indicating that active influx into the brain decreases with age. Induced asphyxia did not affect transport of morphine or M3G across the BBB. Morphine V(u,brain) measurements were higher in sheep than in premature lambs. The M3G K(p,uu) values were 0.27 and 0.17 in sheep and premature lambs, indicating a net efflux from the brain in both groups. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The morphine K(p,uu) was above unity, indicating active transport into the brain; influx was significantly higher in premature lambs than in adult sheep. These results in sheep differ from those in humans, rats, mice and pigs where a net efflux of morphine from the brain is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bengtsson
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 24, Sweden
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Eyal S, Hsiao P, Unadkat JD. Drug interactions at the blood-brain barrier: fact or fantasy? Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123:80-104. [PMID: 19393264 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the therapeutic and adverse outcomes of drug interactions at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). These include altered efficacy of drugs used in the treatment of CNS disorders, such as AIDS dementia and malignant tumors, and enhanced neurotoxicity of drugs that normally penetrate poorly into the brain. BBB- and BCSFB-mediated interactions are possible because these interfaces are not only passive anatomical barriers, but are also dynamic in that they express a variety of influx and efflux transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes. Based on studies in rodents, it has been widely postulated that efflux transporters play an important role at the human BBB in terms of drug delivery. Furthermore, it is assumed that chemical inhibition of transporters or their genetic ablation in rodents is predictive of the magnitude of interaction to be expected at the human BBB. However, studies in humans challenge this well-established paradigm and claim that such drug interactions will be lesser in magnitude but yet may be clinically significant. This review focuses on current known mechanisms of drug interactions at the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers and the potential impact of such interactions in humans. We also explore whether such drug interactions can be predicted from preclinical studies. Defining the mechanisms and the impact of drug-drug interactions at the BBB is important for improving efficacy of drugs used in the treatment of CNS disorders while minimizing their toxicity as well as minimizing neurotoxicity of non-CNS drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Eyal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Bengtsson J, Boström E, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. The use of a deuterated calibrator for in vivo recovery estimations in microdialysis studies. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3433-41. [PMID: 17990306 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the crucial issues in quantitative microdialysis is the reliability of recovery estimates to correctly estimate unbound drug tissue concentrations. If a deuterated calibrator is used for retrodialysis, the calibrator has the same properties as the study drug. However, recovery of the calibrator may be affected by the presence of the drug in the tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the recovery of deuterated morphine with time in the absence and presence of morphine in rat tissues. Microdialysis probes were placed in the brain and blood of eight rats. Ringer's solution containing D3-morphine was perfused throughout the study and recovery was estimated. After a stabilization period of 3 h, an exponential infusion of morphine was administered over 4 h. The presence of morphine did not affect the recovery of D3-morphine from brain or blood. The average recovery values (SD) were 0.145 (0.039) and 0.131 (0.048) during the stabilization and infusion periods, respectively, for the brain probe and 0.792 (0.055) and 0.790 (0.084), respectively, for the blood probe. The recovery of deuterated morphine was stable over time in the brain and in blood, and was not affected by the presence of pharmacologically concentrations of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen Bengtsson
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Moriki Y, Suzuki T, Furuishi T, Fukami T, Tomono K, Watanabe J. In vivoevidence for the efflux transport of pentazocine from the brain across the blood–brain barrier using the brain efflux index method. J Drug Target 2008; 13:53-9. [PMID: 15848954 DOI: 10.1080/10611860400024110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The efflux transport of pentazocine (PTZ) from the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was investigated using the Brain Efflux Index method. PTZ was eliminated with the apparent elimination half-life of 13.0 min after microinjection into the parietal cortex area 2 region of the rat brain. The apparent efflux clearance of PTZ across the BBB was 137 microl/min/g brain, which was calculated from the elimination rate constant (5.35 x 10(-2) min(-1) and the distribution volume in the brain (2.56 ml/g brain). The efflux transport of PTZ was decreased in the presence of unlabeled PTZ, suggesting that PTZ is eliminated by a carrier-mediated transport system across the BBB. To characterize the efflux transport of PTZ from the brain in vivo, the effects of several compounds on the efflux transport of PTZ were investigated. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors (verapamil and quinidine) reduced the PTZ efflux transport. In addition, the efflux transport of PTZ was inhibited by organic cations such as l-carnitine and tetraethylammonium (TEA), whereas organic anions such as p-aminohippuric acid, probenecid and taurocholate did not affect the PTZ efflux transport. The present results suggest that PTZ is transported from the brain across the BBB via l-carnitine/TEA-sensitive carrier-mediated efflux transport system(s) in addition to P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Moriki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narasinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
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Okura T, Hattori A, Takano Y, Sato T, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Terasaki T, Deguchi Y. Involvement of the pyrilamine transporter, a putative organic cation transporter, in blood-brain barrier transport of oxycodone. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2005-13. [PMID: 18606742 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.022087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of oxycodone, a cationic opioid agonist, via the pyrilamine transporter, a putative organic cation transporter, using conditionally immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cells (TR-BBB13). Oxycodone and [3H]pyrilamine were both transported into TR-BBB13 cells in a temperature- and concentration-dependent manner with Km values of 89 and 28 microM, respectively. The initial uptake of oxycodone was significantly enhanced by preloading with pyrilamine and vice versa. Furthermore, mutual uptake inhibition by oxycodone and pyrilamine suggests that a common mechanism is involved in their transport. Transport of both substrates was inhibited by type II cations (quinidine, verapamil, and amantadine), but not by classic organic cation transporter (OCT) substrates and/or inhibitors (tetraethylammonium, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, and corticosterone), substrates of OCTN1 (ergothioneine) and OCTN2 (L-carnitine), or organic anions. The transport was inhibited by metabolic inhibitors (rotenone and sodium azide) but was insensitive to extracellular sodium and membrane potential for both substrates. Furthermore, the transport of both substrates was increased at alkaline extracellular pH and decreased in the presence of a protonophore (carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone). Intracellular acidification induced with ammonium chloride enhanced the uptakes, suggesting that the transport is driven by an oppositely directed proton gradient. The brain uptake of oxycodone measured by in situ rat brain perfusion was increased in alkaline perfusate and was significantly inhibited by pyrilamine. These results suggest that blood-brain barrier transport of oxycodone is at least partly mediated by a common transporter with pyrilamine, and this transporter is an energy-dependent, proton-coupled antiporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okura
- Department of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 1091-1 Suarashi, Sagamiko, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-0195, Japan
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Narita M, Nakamura A, Ozaki M, Imai S, Miyoshi K, Suzuki M, Suzuki T. Comparative pharmacological profiles of morphine and oxycodone under a neuropathic pain-like state in mice: evidence for less sensitivity to morphine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:1097-112. [PMID: 17593930 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate pharmacological actions induced by morphine and oxycodone under a neuropathic pain-like state. In the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) binding study and G-protein activation, we confirmed that both morphine and oxycodone showed MOR agonistic activities. Mice with sciatic nerve ligation exhibited the marked neuropathic pain-like behavior. Under these conditions, antinociception induced by subcutaneously (s.c.) injected morphine was significantly decreased by sciatic nerve ligation, whereas s.c. injection of oxycodone produced a profound antinociception in sciatic nerve-ligated mice. There were no significant differences in spinal or supraspinal antinociception of morphine and oxycodone between sham operation and nerve ligation. Moreover, either morphine- or oxycodone-induced increase in guanosine-5'-o-(3-thio) triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding in the spinal cord, periaqueductal gray matter and thalamus in sciatic nerve-ligated mice was similar to that in sham-operated mice. Antinociception induced by s.c., intrathecal, or intracerebroventricular injection of the morphine metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide (M-6-G) was significantly decreased by sciatic nerve ligation. Furthermore, the increase in the G-protein activation induced by M-6-G was eliminated in sciatic nerve ligation. In addition, either morphine- or oxycodone-induced rewarding effect was dramatically suppressed under a neuropathic pain-like state. The increased [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding by morphine or oxycodone was significantly lower in the lower midbrain of mice with sciatic nerve ligation compared with that in control mice. These findings provide further evidence that oxycodone shows a profound antinociceptive effect under a neuropathic pain-like state with less of a rewarding effect. Furthermore, the reduction in G-protein activation induced by M-6-G may, at least in part, contribute to the suppression of the antinociceptive effect produced by morphine under a neuropathic pain-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Narita
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
A class of endogenous opioids is upregulated in liver disease particular to cholestasis, which contributes to symptoms in liver disease such as pruritus, hypotension and encephalopathy. Symptoms associated with cholestasis are reversed or at least ameliorated by mu opioid receptor antagonists. Palliation of symptoms related to cholestatic liver disease also involves bile acid binding agents. Opioid receptor antagonists, unlike bile acid binding agents, have been reported to relieve multiple symptoms, except for pruritus, and improve liver function as demonstrated in experimental cholestasis. Exogenous opioid pharmacology is altered by liver disease. Dose reduction or prolongation of dose intervals is necessary depending on the severity of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellar Davis
- The Harry R Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Fridén M, Syvänen S, Gupta A. On the rate and extent of drug delivery to the brain. Pharm Res 2007; 25:1737-50. [PMID: 18058202 PMCID: PMC2469271 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To define and differentiate relevant aspects of blood–brain barrier transport and distribution in order to aid research methodology in brain drug delivery. Pharmacokinetic parameters relative to the rate and extent of brain drug delivery are described and illustrated with relevant data, with special emphasis on the unbound, pharmacologically active drug molecule. Drug delivery to the brain can be comprehensively described using three parameters: Kp,uu (concentration ratio of unbound drug in brain to blood), CLin (permeability clearance into the brain), and Vu,brain (intra-brain distribution). The permeability of the blood–brain barrier is less relevant to drug action within the CNS than the extent of drug delivery, as most drugs are administered on a continuous (repeated) basis. Kp,uu can differ between CNS-active drugs by a factor of up to 150-fold. This range is much smaller than that for log BB ratios (Kp), which can differ by up to at least 2,000-fold, or for BBB permeabilities, which span an even larger range (up to at least 20,000-fold difference). Methods that measure the three parameters Kp,uu, CLin, and Vu,brain can give clinically valuable estimates of brain drug delivery in early drug discovery programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Fridén M, Gupta A, Antonsson M, Bredberg U, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. In vitro methods for estimating unbound drug concentrations in the brain interstitial and intracellular fluids. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1711-9. [PMID: 17591680 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.015222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentrations of unbound drug in the interstitial fluid of the brain are not rapidly measured in vivo. Therefore, measurement of total drug levels, i.e., the amount of drug per gram of brain, has been a common but unhelpful practice in drug discovery programs relating to central drug effects. This study was designed to evaluate in vitro techniques for faster estimation of unbound drug concentrations. The parameter that relates the total drug level and the unbound interstitial fluid concentration is the unbound volume of distribution in the brain (V(u,brain)). It was measured in vitro for 15 drugs using brain slice uptake and brain homogenate binding methods. The results were validated in vivo by comparison with V(u,brain) microdialysis results. The slice method results were within a 3-fold range of the in vivo results for all but one compound, suggesting that this method could be used in combination with total drug levels to estimate unbound interstitial fluid concentrations within reasonable limits. Although successful in 10 of 15 cases, the brain homogenate binding method failed to estimate the V(u,brain) of drugs that reside predominantly in the interstitial space or compounds that are accumulated intracellularly. Use of the simple methods described in this article will 1) allow quantification of active transport at the blood-brain barrier in vivo, 2) facilitate the establishment of a relationship between in vitro potency and in vivo activity for compounds acting on central nervous system targets, and 3) provide information on intracellular concentrations of unbound drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fridén
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Groenendaal D, Freijer J, de Mik D, Bouw MR, Danhof M, de Lange ECM. Influence of biophase distribution and P-glycoprotein interaction on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the effects of morphine on the EEG. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:713-20. [PMID: 17471181 PMCID: PMC2013992 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim was to investigate the influence of biophase distribution including P-glycoprotein (Pgp) function on the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlations of morphine's actions in rat brain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male rats received a 10-min infusion of morphine as 4 mg kg(-1), combined with a continuous infusion of the Pgp inhibitor GF120918 or vehicle, 10 or 40 mg kg(-1). EEG signals were recorded continuously and blood samples were collected. KEY RESULTS Profound hysteresis was observed between morphine blood concentrations and effects on the EEG. Only the termination of the EEG effect was influenced by GF120918. Biophase distribution was best described with an extended catenary biophase distribution model, with a sequential transfer and effect compartment. The rate constant for transport through the transfer compartment (k(1e)) was 0.038 min(-1), being unaffected by GF120918. In contrast, the rate constant for the loss from the effect compartment (k(eo)) decreased 60% after GF120918. The EEG effect was directly related to concentrations in the effect compartment using the sigmoidal E(max) model. The values of the pharmacodynamic parameters E(0), E(max), EC(50) and Hill factor were 45.0 microV, 44.5 microV, 451 ng ml(-1) and 2.3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The effects of GF120918 on the distribution kinetics of morphine in the effect compartment were consistent with the distribution in brain extracellular fluid (ECF) as estimated by intracerebral microdialysis. However, the time-course of morphine concentrations at the site of action in the brain, as deduced from the biophase model, is distinctly different from the brain ECF concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Groenendaal
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Freijer
- LAP&P Consultants BV, Archimedesweg 31 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D de Mik
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M R Bouw
- GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Pharmacokinetics Harlow, UK
| | - M Danhof
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University Leiden, The Netherlands
- LAP&P Consultants BV, Archimedesweg 31 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E C M de Lange
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University Leiden, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence:
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