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Aksoy I, Utami KH, Winata CL, Hillmer AM, Rouam SL, Briault S, Davila S, Stanton LW, Cacheux V. Personalized genome sequencing coupled with iPSC technology identifies GTDC1 as a gene involved in neurodevelopmental disorders. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:367-382. [PMID: 28365779 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorders have been studied intensively for decades. The ability to generate patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) now offers a novel strategy for modelling human diseases. Recent studies have reported the derivation of iPSCs from patients with neurological disorders. The key challenge remains the demonstration of disease-related phenotypes and the ability to model the disease. Here we report a case study with signs of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) harbouring chromosomal rearrangements that were sequenced using long-insert DNA paired-end tag (DNA-PET) sequencing approach. We identified the disruption of a specific gene, GTDC1. By deriving iPSCs from this patient and differentiating them into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neurons we dissected the disease process at the cellular level and observed defects in both NPCs and neuronal cells. We also showed that disruption of GTDC1 expression in wild type human NPCs and neurons showed a similar phenotype as patient's iPSCs. Finally, we utilized a zebrafish model to demonstrate a role for GTDC1 in the development of the central nervous system. Our findings highlight the importance of combining sequencing technologies with the iPSC technology for NDDs modelling that could be applied for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Aksoy
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, Singapore.,University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Kagistia H Utami
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, Singapore
| | - Cecilia L Winata
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, Singapore.,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.,Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Axel M Hillmer
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore
| | - Sigrid L Rouam
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, Singapore
| | - Sylvain Briault
- Service de Génétique INEM UMR7355 CNRS-University, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Sonia Davila
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lawrence W Stanton
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Valere Cacheux
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, Singapore
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2
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Baycin-Hizal D, Gottschalk A, Jacobson E, Mai S, Wolozny D, Zhang H, Krag SS, Betenbaugh MJ. Physiologic and pathophysiologic consequences of altered sialylation and glycosylation on ion channel function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:243-53. [PMID: 24971539 PMCID: PMC4544737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that regulate electrical excitability in cells and are essential components of the electrically active tissues of nerves, muscle and the heart. Potassium channels are one of the largest subfamilies of voltage sensitive channels and are among the most-studied of the voltage-gated ion channels. Voltage-gated channels can be glycosylated and changes in the glycosylation pattern can affect ion channel function, leading to neurological and neuromuscular disorders and congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). Alterations in glycosylation can also be acquired and appear to play a role in development and aging. Recent studies have focused on the impact of glycosylation and sialylation on ion channels, particularly for voltage-gated potassium and sodium channels. The terminal step of sialylation often affects channel activation and inactivation kinetics. The presence of sialic acids on O or N-glycans can alter the gating mechanism and cause conformational changes in the voltage-sensing domains due to sialic acid's negative charges. This manuscript will provide an overview of sialic acids, potassium and sodium channel function, and the impact of sialylation on channel activation and deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Baycin-Hizal
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, United States.
| | - Allan Gottschalk
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, United States
| | - Elena Jacobson
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Sunny Mai
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Daniel Wolozny
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Sharon S Krag
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
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3
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Du D, Yang H, Norring SA, Bennett ES. In-Silico Modeling of Glycosylation Modulation Dynamics in hERG Ion Channels and Cardiac Electrical Signals. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2014; 18:205-14. [DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2013.2260864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Norring SA, Ednie AR, Schwetz TA, Du D, Yang H, Bennett ES. Channel sialic acids limit hERG channel activity during the ventricular action potential. FASEB J 2012; 27:622-31. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-214387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Norring
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Andrew R. Ednie
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Tara A. Schwetz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Dongping Du
- Department of Industrial and Management Systems EngineeringUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Industrial and Management Systems EngineeringUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Eric S. Bennett
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
- Programs in Neuroscience and Cardiovascular SciencesMorsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
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Goreta SS, Dabelic S, Dumic J. Insights into complexity of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2012; 22:156-70. [PMID: 22838182 PMCID: PMC4062342 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2012.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and biological properties of glycoconjugates are strongly determined by the specific structure of its glycan parts. Glycosylation, the covalent attachment of sugars to proteins and lipids, is very complex and highly-coordinated process involving > 250 gene products. Deficiency of glycosylation enzymes or transporters results in impaired glycosylation, and consequently pathological modulation of many physiological processes. Inborn defects of glycosylation enzymes, caused by the specific mutations, lead to the development of rare, but severe diseases – congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs). Up today, there are more than 45 known CDGs. Their clinical manifestations range from very mild to extremely severe (even lethal) and unfortunately, only three of them can be eff ectively treated nowadays. CDG symptoms highly vary, though some are common for several CDG types but also for other unrelated diseases, especially neurological ones, leaving the possibility that many CDGs cases are under- or mis-diagnosed. Glycan analysis of serum transferrin (by isoelectric focusing or more sophisticated methods, such as HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) or MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization)) or serum N-glycans (by MS), enzyme activity assays and DNA sequence analysis are the most frequently used methods for CDG screening and identification, since no specific tests are available yet. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the clinical, biochemical and genetic characteristic of distinct CDGs, as well as existing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, aiming to contribute to the awareness on the existence of these rare diseases and encourage the eff orts to elucidate its genetic background, improve diagnostics and develop new strategies for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Supraha Goreta
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia.
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6
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Shanti B, Silink M, Bhattacharya K, Howard NJ, Carpenter K, Fietz M, Clayton P, Christodoulou J. Congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia: heterogeneity in the clinical presentation from multivisceral failure to hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia as leading symptoms in three infants with phosphomannomutase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32 Suppl 1:S241-51. [PMID: 19396570 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe three patients with congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) type Ia, all of whom had persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia responding to diazoxide therapy as a common feature. The first patient, an infant girl, presented with recurrent vomiting, failure to thrive, liver impairment, hypothyroidism and a pericardial effusion. The second patient, also female, had a milder disease with single organ involvement, presenting as isolated hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia, not associated with any cognitive impairment. The third patient, a boy presented with multi-organ manifestations including congenital hypothyroidism, persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia, coagulopathy, olivopontocerebellar hypoplasia and recurrent pancreatitis. All three patients had a type 1 serum transferrin isoform pattern, and were subsequently found to have low phosphomannomutase activity, confirming the diagnosis of CDG type Ia. Our findings emphasize that CDG should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia and that it may even occasionally be the leading symptom in CDG Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shanti
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Comparison between high performance liquid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis for the diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2513-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Screening for congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG): Transferrin HPLC versus isoelectric focusing (IEF). Clin Biochem 2009; 42:408-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Calvo PL, Pagliardini S, Baldi M, Pucci A, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, Vinciguerra T, Barbera C, Jaeken J. Long-standing mild hypertransaminasaemia caused by congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) type IIx. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31 Suppl 2:S437-40. [PMID: 19067230 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-1004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A 32 year-old asymptomatic male came to our attention with a 21-year history, documented elsewhere, of puzzling increases in his serum transaminase level. At first, very low serum ceruloplasmin level suggested Wilson disease. Two liver biopsies showed mild portal inflammation, steatosis and mild fibrosis. Further investigation revealed low levels of the glycoproteins AT III and clotting factor XI, leading to a diagnosis of congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) type II. Further studies as to the cause of this 'apparently new' CDG, are ongoing. On the basis of our data and a literature review, we suggest that subjects with asymptomatic hypertransaminasaemia be screened for CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Calvo
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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Sturiale L, Barone R, Palmigiano A, Ndosimao CN, Briones P, Adamowicz M, Jaeken J, Garozzo D. Multiplexed glycoproteomic analysis of glycosylation disorders by sequential yolk immunoglobulins immunoseparation and MALDI-TOF MS. Proteomics 2008; 8:3822-32. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Vodopiutz J, Bodamer OA. Congenital disorders of glycosylation--a challenging group of IEMs. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31:267-9. [PMID: 18392739 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-0849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a rapidly growing group of inherited errors of metabolism (IEMs) due to an impairment of one or several glycosylation pathways. During recent years over 30 CDG subtypes have been identified at a molecular and biochemical level. The clinical manifestations in CDG are heterogeneous and may be highly variable within the same subtype and even among affected siblings. Novel insights into the extremely complex glycosylation pathways have necessitated several reclassifications of the group of CDG. Today CDG comprise not only the formerly known multisystem glycosylation defects but also some tissue-specific glycosylation defects, implicating a different diagnostic work-up depending on the underlying glycosylation defect. In 2007 the expanding group of CDG is an enormous challenge to all specialists working in the field of IEMs. This review gives a brief overview about the expanded group of CDG and summarizes the main implications for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vodopiutz
- Division of Biochemical and Paediatric Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Congenital disorder of glycosylation-X: clinicopathologic study of an autopsy case with distinct neuropathologic features. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:1714-9. [PMID: 17954208 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a recently recognized group of inherited, multisystem disorders caused by aberrant biosynthesis of glycoproteins. We report the clinical and postmortem findings in a 3-year-old boy with a history of multiple medical issues including developmental delay, epilepsy, chronic protein-losing enteropathy, respiratory failure, nephropathy, coagulopathy, and cardiomyopathy. As part of the workup, isoelectric focusing for congenital disorders of glycosylation showed carbohydrate-deficient transferrin with the mono-oligo/dioligo ratio of 0.700 (normal, 0.075-0.109), indicating an increased level of abnormally glycosylated transferrin. After supportive care, he died secondary to multisystem complications of his disease. General autopsy findings were notable for micronodular liver cirrhosis with iron overload, myocardial ischemia and calcification, and hypertrophied glomeruli. Examination of the brain revealed cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, diffuse astrogliosis, and meningeal fibrosis. This article reveals complete autopsy findings of untyped congenital disorders of glycosylation, congenital disorders of glycosylation-x, with an undefined metabolic basis.
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Vakhrushev SY, Snel MF, Langridge J, Peter-Katalinić J. MALDI-QTOFMS/MS identification of glycoforms from the urine of a CDG patient. Carbohydr Res 2007; 343:2172-83. [PMID: 18155684 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identification of single glycoconjugate components in a complex mixture from the urine of a patient suffering from a congenital disorder of glycosylation was probed by MALDIMS analysis on a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight instrument. In negative ion mode, complex maps containing more than 50 ionic species were obtained and a number of molecular ions directly as-signed using a previously developed computer-assisted algorithm. To confirm the data and determine the carbohydrate sequence, single molecular ions were selected and submitted to fragmentation experiments. Interpretation of fragmentation spectra was also assisted by the soft-ware using alignment with spectra generated in silico. According to fragmentation data, the majority of glycoconjugate ionic species could be assigned to free oligosaccharides along with ten species tentatively assigned to glycopeptides. Following this approach for glycan identification by a combination of MALDI-QTOFMS and MS/MS experiments, computer-assisted assignment and fragment analysis, data for a potential glycan data base are produced. Of high benefit for this approach are two main factors: low sample consumption due to the high sensitivity of ion formation, and generation of only singly charged species in MALDIMS allowing interpretation with-out any deconvolution. In this experimental set-up, sequencing of single components from the MALDI maps by low energy CID followed by computer-assisted assignment and data base search is proposed as a most efficient strategy for the rapid identification of complex carbohydrate structures in clinical glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Biomedical Analysis, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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Barth PG, Ryan MM, Webster RI, Aronica E, Kan A, Ramkema M, Jardine P, Poll-The BT. Rhabdomyolysis in pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2 (PCH-2). Neuromuscul Disord 2007; 18:52-8. [PMID: 17825555 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2, an autosomal recessive neurodegeneration with prenatal onset, is characterised by progressive microcephaly and chorea/dystonia and has not previously been associated with muscular involvement. The gene associated with PCH-2 is unknown. An episode of rhabdomyolysis is reported in two non-related children with PCH-2, fatal in one, precipitated by intercurrent disease. Muscle biopsies in two other PCH-2 patients, and in one rhabdomyolysis patient whose biopsy antedated this complication showed areas of myofibrillar disruption or necrosis. Postmortem muscle sampled in another case without neuromuscular symptoms revealed focal necrosis, regenerating small fibres and upregulation of HLA-ABC. Random serum creatine kinase values in six other PCH-2 patients without clinical signs of neuromuscular involvement were increased in four. Collected data provide preliminary evidence of a subclinical myopathy associated with PCH-2.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cerebellum/abnormalities
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Disorders/genetics
- Chromosome Disorders/pathology
- Chromosome Disorders/physiopathology
- Creatine Kinase/blood
- Female
- Genes, Recessive/genetics
- HLA Antigens/analysis
- HLA Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Necrosis/genetics
- Necrosis/pathology
- Necrosis/physiopathology
- Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies/complications
- Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies/pathology
- Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies/physiopathology
- Pons/abnormalities
- Rhabdomyolysis/genetics
- Rhabdomyolysis/pathology
- Rhabdomyolysis/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Barth
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Room # G8-211, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a large family of genetic diseases resulting from defects in the synthesis of glycans and in the attachment of glycans to other compounds. These disorders cause a wide range of human diseases, with examples emanating from all medical subspecialties. Since our 2001 review on CDG ( 36 ), this field has seen substantial growth: The number of N-glycosylation defects has doubled (from 6 to 12), five new O-glycosylation defects have been added to the two previously known ones, three combined N- and O-glycosylation defects have been identified, the first lipid glycosylation defects have been discovered, and a new domain, that of the hyperglycosylation defects, has been introduced. A number of CDG are due to defects in enzymes with a putative glycosyltransferase function. There is also a growing group of patients with unidentified defects (CDG-x), some with typical clinical presentations and others with presentations not seen before in CDG. This review focuses on the clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of CDG and on advances expected in their future study and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jaeken
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Metabolic Disease, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Marklová E, Albahri Z. Screening and diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 385:6-20. [PMID: 17716641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review the diagnostics of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), an ever expanding group of diseases. Development delay, neurological, and other clinical abnormalities as well as various non-specific laboratory changes can lead to the first suspicion of the disease. Still common screening test for most CDG types, including CDG Ia, is isoelectric focusing/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF). IEF demonstrates the hypoglycosylation of various glycoproteins, usually serum transferrin. Other methods, such as agarose electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, micro-column separation combined with turbidimetry, enzyme-(EIA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) have also been used for screening. However, these methods do not recognize all CDG defects, so other approaches including analysis of membrane-linked markers and urine oligosaccharides should be taken. Confirmation of diagnosis and detailed CDG subtyping starts with thorough structure analysis of the affected lipid-linked oligosaccharide or protein-(peptide)-linked-glycan using metabolic labeling and various (possibly mass-spectrometry combined) techniques. Decreased enzyme activity in peripheral leukocytes/cultured fibroblasts or analysis of affected transporters and other functional proteins combined with identification of specific gene mutations confirm the diagnosis. Prenatal diagnosis, based on enzyme assay or mutation analysis, is also available. Peri-/post-mortem investigations of fatal cases are important for genetic counseling. Evaluation of various analytical approaches and proposed algorithms for investigation complete the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Marklová
- Charles University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Kleinert P, Kuster T, Arnold D, Jaeken J, Heizmann CW, Troxler H. Effect of glycosylation on the protein pattern in 2-D-gel electrophoresis. Proteomics 2007; 7:15-22. [PMID: 17152094 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Single proteins, when analyzed with 2-D-PAGE, often show multiple spots due to PTMs. In gels of human body fluids, the spot patterns facilitate the assignment and identification of the proteins. We analyzed serums from patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) in which glycoproteins are strongly impacted and exhibit highly distinguishable spot patterns compared to healthy controls. We detected a typical protein pattern for alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and transferrin (Trf) that are markers for CDG. AGP contains five glycosylation sites which results in a complex microheterogeneity of the glycoprotein. On the other hand, in Trf, a glycoprotein with only two glycosylation sites, mainly biantennary complex-type-N-linked glycans are bound. We used 2-D-PAGE, MALDI-TOF-MS, and ESI-MS for the analysis of these glycoproteins and their corresponding glycans. In AGP, the heterogenic glycosylation of the different glycosylation sites is responsible for the complex spot pattern. In contrast to AGP, the protein spots of Trf cannot be explained by glycosylation. We found strong evidence that oxidation of cysteine is responsible for the spot pattern. This study contradicts the commonly accepted assumption that the multiple protein spots of Trf observed in 2-D-PAGE are due, as in AGP, to the glycosylation of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kleinert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mills K, Mills P, Jackson M, Worthington V, Beesley C, Mann A, Clayton P, Grunewald S, Keir G, Young L, Langridge J, Mian N, Winchester B. Diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation type-I using protein chip technology. Proteomics 2006; 6:2295-304. [PMID: 16552784 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A method for the diagnosis of the congenital disorders of glycosylation type I (CDG-I) by SELDI-TOF-MS of serum transferrin immunocaptured on protein chip arrays is described. The underglycosylation of glycoproteins in CDG-I produces glycoforms of transferrin with masses lower than that of the normal fully glycosylated transferrin. Immobilisation of antitransferrin antibodies on reactive-surface protein chip arrays (RS100) selectively enriched transferrin by at least 100-fold and allowed the detection of patterns of transferrin glycoforms by SELDI-TOF-MS using approximately 0.3 microL of serum/plasma. Abnormal patterns of immunocaptured transferrin were detected in patients with known defects in glycosylation (CDG-Ia, CDG-Ib, CDG-Ic, CDG-If and CDG-Ih) and in patients in whom the basic defect has not yet been identified (CDG-Ix). The correction of the N-glycosylation defect in a patient with CDG-Ib after mannose therapy was readily detected. A patient who had an abnormal transferrin profile by IEF but a normal profile by SELDI-TOF-MS analysis was shown to have an amino acid polymorphism by sequencing transferrin by quadrupole-TOF MS. Complete agreement was obtained between analysis of immunocaptured transferrin by SELDI-TOF-MS and the IEF profile of transferrin, the clinical severity of the disease and the levels of aspartylglucosaminidase activity (a surrogate marker for the diagnosis of CDG-I). SELDI-TOF-MS of transferrin immunocaptured on protein chip arrays is a highly sensitive diagnostic method for CDG-I, which could be fully automated using microtitre plates and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mills
- Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Mandato C, Brive L, Miura Y, Davis JA, Di Cosmo N, Lucariello S, Pagliardini S, Seo NS, Parenti G, Vecchione R, Freeze HH, Vajro P. Cryptogenic liver disease in four children: a novel congenital disorder of glycosylation. Pediatr Res 2006; 59:293-8. [PMID: 16439595 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000196378.30165.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the metabolic defect(s) of four children who presented with isolated cryptogenic chronic liver disease, coagulopathy, and abnormalities of several unrelated serum glycoproteins. Analysis of the patients' serum glycoproteins and fibroblasts suggest they have a novel congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG). All had abnormal transferrin (Tf) isoelectric focusing (IEF) profiles. More detailed analysis of Tf by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) showed a plethora of abnormal glycosylations that included loss of 1-2 sialic acids and 1-2 galactose units, typical of Group II defects. Tf from two patients also lacked 1-2 entire oligosaccharide chains, typical of Group One disorders. Total serum N-glycans were analyzed by HPLC and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and also showed increased proportion of neutral glycan chains lacking sialic acids and galactose units. Analysis of patient fibroblasts eliminated CDG-Ia, through CDG-Ih, -IL and CDG-IId. Our results suggest that a subset of children with clinically asymptomatic, cryptogenic hypertransaminasemia and/or liver steato-fibrosis may represent a novel type of CDG-X with an unknown defect(s). Clinicians are encouraged to test such patients for abnormal Tf glycosylation by ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mandato
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
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20
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Edwards M, McKenzie F, O'callaghan S, Somerset D, Woodford P, Spilsbury J, Fietz M, Fletcher J. Prenatal Diagnosis of congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia (CDG-Ia) by cordocentesis and transferrin isoelectric focussing of serum of a 27-week fetus with non-immune hydrops. Prenat Diagn 2006; 26:985-8. [PMID: 16915591 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood was obtained by cordocentesis from a fetus with non-immune hydrops demonstrated by ultrasound scanning at 27 weeks' gestation. Abnormalities of serum transferrin isoelectric focussing (IEF) were identified, characteristic of a congenital disorder of glycosylation type I (CDG-Ia). A diagnosis of CDG-Ia was confirmed by enzyme analysis of cultured amniocytes. This is the first report of CDG-Ia diagnosed by serum analysis in a fetus. Previous reports have warned that diagnostic abnormalities do not appear in serum until several weeks after birth. The sensitivity of cordocentesis transferrin IEF is unknown but is less than 100% effective because cases have been diagnosed postnatally after normal prenatal or neonatal studies. Enzyme analysis or mutation analysis is required for diagnosis of congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDGs) regardless of whether a diagnostic transferrin pattern is identified prenatally. The analysis of a small sample of serum, from cordocentesis, performed to check for fetal anemia, simplified the investigation, diagnosis, and genetic counselling of a case of non-immune hydrops detected at 27 weeks' gestation. This might be a useful test for other cases in these circumstances, as fetal blood is usually collected to check for anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Edwards
- Hunter Genetics, Hunter New England Area Health Service, Newcastle, Australia.
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21
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Collins AE, Ferriero DM. The expanding spectrum of congenital disorders of glycosylation. J Pediatr 2005; 147:728-30. [PMID: 16356420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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McCann E, Pilling D, Hesseling M, Roberts D, Subhedar N, Sweeney E. Pontomedullary disconnection: fetal and neonatal considerations. Pediatr Radiol 2005; 35:812-4. [PMID: 15812634 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-005-1455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellar and pontocerebellar hypoplasias present a unique challenge when detected in the developing fetus. A diverse aetiology and prognosis make counselling of these families difficult. Advances in fetal imaging allow for more accurate diagnosis and counselling, but postnatal MRI is still required. A case is presented in which cerebellar hypoplasia was detected at 20 weeks gestation. Later fetal imaging provided further information, but a diagnosis of pontomedullary disconnection was not made until the postnatal MRI scan. The clinical findings and possible causes of such pontocerebellar abnormalities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma McCann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK.
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Chantret I, Dancourt J, Barbat A, Moore SEH. Two proteins homologous to the N- and C-terminal domains of the bacterial glycosyltransferase Murg are required for the second step of dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:9236-42. [PMID: 15615718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413941200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two highly conserved eukaryotic gene products of unknown function showing homology to glycosyltransferases involved in the second steps of bacterial peptidoglycan (Murg) and capsular polysaccharide (Cps14f/Cps14g) biosynthesis have been identified in silico. The amino acid sequence of the eukaryotic protein that is homologous to the lipid acceptor- and membrane-associating N-terminal domain of Murg and the Cps14f beta4-galactosyltransferase enhancer protein is predicted to possess a cleavable signal peptide and transmembrane helices. The other eukaryotic protein is predicted to possess neither transmembrane regions nor a signal peptide but is homologous to the UDP-sugar binding C-terminal domain of Murg and the Cps14g beta4-galactosyltransferase. Both the eukaryotic proteins are encoded by essential genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and down-regulation of either causes growth retardation, reduced N-glycosylation of carboxypeptidase Y, and accumulation of dolichyl-PP-GlcNAc. In vitro studies demonstrate that these proteins are required for transfer of [3H]GlcNAc from UDP-[3H]GlcNAc onto dolichyl-PP-GlcNAc. To conclude, two gene products showing homology to bacterial glycosyltransferases are required for the second step in dolichyl-PP-oligosaccharide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Chantret
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U504, Bâtiment INSERM, 16 avenue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 94807 Villejuif, France
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24
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Hong Y, Sundaram S, Shin DJ, Stanley P. The Lec23 Chinese hamster ovary mutant is a sensitive host for detecting mutations in alpha-glucosidase I that give rise to congenital disorder of glycosylation IIb (CDG IIb). J Biol Chem 2004; 279:49894-901. [PMID: 15383536 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410121200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lec23 Chinese hamster ovary cells are defective in alpha-glucosidase I activity, which removes the distal alpha(1,2)-linked glucose residue from Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) moieties attached to glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in the human GCS1 gene give rise to the congenital disorder of glycosylation termed CDG IIb. Lec23 mutant cells have been shown to alter lectin binding and to synthesize predominantly oligomannosyl N-glycans on endogenous glycoproteins. A single point mutation (TCC to TTC; Ser to Phe) was identified in Lec23 Gcs1 cDNA and genomic DNA. Serine at the analogous position is highly conserved in all GCS1 gene homologues. A human GCS1 cDNA reverted the Lec23 phenotype, whereas GCS1 cDNA carrying the lec23 mutation (S440F in human) did not. By contrast, GCS1 cDNA with an R486T or F652L CDG IIb mutation gave substantial rescue of the Lec23 phenotype. Nevertheless, in vitro assays of each enzyme gave no detectable alpha-glucosidase I activity. Clearly the R486T and F652L GCS1 mutations are only mildly debilitating in an intact cell, whereas the S440F mutation largely inactivates alpha-glucosidase I both in vitro and in vivo. However, the S440F alpha-glucosidase I may have a small amount of alpha-glucosidase I activity in vivo based on the low levels of complex N-glycans in Lec23. A sensitive test for complex N-glycans showed the presence of polysialic acid on the neural cell adhesion molecule. The Lec23 Chinese hamster ovary mutant represents a sensitive host for detecting a wide range of mutations in human GCS1 that give rise to CDG IIb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongjin Hong
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, USA
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