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Peta KT, Durandt C, van Heerden MB, Joubert AM, Pepper MS, Ambele MA. Effect of 2-methoxyestradiol treatment on early- and late-stage breast cancer progression in a mouse model. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:898-911. [PMID: 37649158 PMCID: PMC10947225 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of breast cancer (BC) continues to increase and is the leading cause of cancer deaths in many countries. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) has antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects in BC, thereby inhibiting tumour growth and metastasis. We compared the effect of 2-ME in early- and late-stage BC using a transgenic mouse model-FVB/N-Tg(MMTV-PyVT)-of spontaneously development of aggressive mammary carcinoma with lung metastasis. Mice received 100 mg/kg 2-ME treatment immediately when palpable mammary tumours were identified (early-stage BC; Experimental group 1) and 28 days after palpable mammary tumours were detected (late-stage BC; Experimental group 2). 2-ME was administered via oral gavage three times a week for 28 days after initiation of treatment, whereas control mice received the vehicle containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and 90% sunflower oil for the same duration as the treatment group. Mammary tumours were measured weekly over the 28 days and at termination, blood, mammary and lung tissue were collected for analysis. Mice with a tumour volume threshold of 4000 mm3 were killed before the treatment regime was completed. 2-ME treatment of early-stage BC led to lower levels of mammary tumour necrosis, whereas tumour mass and volume were increased. Additionally, necrotic lesions and anti-inflammatory CD163-expressing cells were more frequent in pulmonary metastatic tumours in this group. In contrast, 2-ME treatment of late-stage BC inhibited tumour growth over the 28-day period and resulted in increased CD3+ cell number and tumour necrosis. Furthermore, 2-ME treatment slowed down pulmonary metastasis but did not increase survival of late-stage BC mice. Besides late-stage tumour necrosis, none of the other results were statistically significant. This study demonstrates that 2-ME treatment has an antitumour effect on late-stage BC, however, with no increase in survival rate, whereas the treatment failed to demonstrate any benefit in early-stage BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly T. Peta
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy; Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaArcadiaSouth Africa
| | - Chrisna Durandt
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy; Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaArcadiaSouth Africa
| | - Marlene B. van Heerden
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Anna M. Joubert
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Michael S. Pepper
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy; Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaArcadiaSouth Africa
| | - Melvin A. Ambele
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy; Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaArcadiaSouth Africa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
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2
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Orozco Morales ML, Rinaldi CA, de Jong E, Lansley SM, Gummer JP, Olasz B, Nambiar S, Hope DE, Casey TH, Lee YCG, Leslie C, Nealon G, Shackleford DM, Powell AK, Grimaldi M, Balaguer P, Zemek RM, Bosco A, Piggott MJ, Vrielink A, Lake RA, Lesterhuis WJ. PPARα and PPARγ activation is associated with pleural mesothelioma invasion but therapeutic inhibition is ineffective. iScience 2022; 25:103571. [PMID: 34984327 PMCID: PMC8692993 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is a cancer that typically originates in the pleura of the lungs. It rapidly invades the surrounding tissues, causing pain and shortness of breath. We compared cell lines injected either subcutaneously or intrapleurally and found that only the latter resulted in invasive and rapid growth. Pleural tumors displayed a transcriptional signature consistent with increased activity of nuclear receptors PPARα and PPARγ and with an increased abundance of endogenous PPAR-activating ligands. We found that chemical probe GW6471 is a potent, dual PPARα/γ antagonist with anti-invasive and anti-proliferative activity in vitro. However, administration of GW6471 at doses that provided sustained plasma exposure levels sufficient for inhibition of PPARα/γ transcriptional activity did not result in significant anti-mesothelioma activity in mice. Lastly, we demonstrate that the in vitro anti-tumor effect of GW6471 is off-target. We conclude that dual PPARα/γ antagonism alone is not a viable treatment modality for mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lizeth Orozco Morales
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Rinaldi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Emma de Jong
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia
| | | | - Joel P.A. Gummer
- School of Science, Department of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Bence Olasz
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Shabarinath Nambiar
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Danika E. Hope
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas H. Casey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Y. C. Gary Lee
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Connull Leslie
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gareth Nealon
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - David M. Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew K. Powell
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Marina Grimaldi
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Rachael M. Zemek
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Piggott
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Richard A. Lake
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - W. Joost Lesterhuis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia
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3
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Fear VS, Forbes CA, Neeve SA, Fisher SA, Chee J, Waithman J, Ma SK, Lake R, Nowak AK, Creaney J, Brown MD, Saunders C, Robinson BWS. Tumour draining lymph node-generated CD8 T cells play a role in controlling lung metastases after a primary tumour is removed but not when adjuvant immunotherapy is used. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3249-3258. [PMID: 33835222 PMCID: PMC8505306 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Surgical resection of cancer remains the frontline therapy for millions of patients annually, but post-operative recurrence is common, with a relapse rate of around 45% for non-small cell lung cancer. The tumour draining lymph nodes (dLN) are resected at the time of surgery for staging purposes, and this cannot be a null event for patient survival and future response to immune checkpoint blockade treatment. This project investigates cancer surgery, lymphadenectomy, onset of metastatic disease, and response to immunotherapy in a novel model that closely reflects the clinical setting. In a murine metastatic lung cancer model, primary subcutaneous tumours were resected with associated dLNs remaining intact, completely resected or partially resected. Median survival after surgery was significantly shorter with complete dLN resection at the time of surgery (49 days (95%CI)) compared to when lymph nodes remained intact (> 88 days; p < 0.05). Survival was partially restored with incomplete lymph node resection and CD8 T cell dependent. Treatment with aCTLA4 whilst effective against the primary tumour was ineffective for metastatic lung disease. Conversely, aPD-1/aCD40 treatment was effective in both the primary and metastatic disease settings and restored the detrimental effects of complete dLN resection on survival. In this pre-clinical lung metastatic disease model that closely reflects the clinical setting, we observe decreased frequency of survival after complete lymphadenectomy, which was ameliorated with partial lymph node removal or with early administration of aPD-1/aCD40 therapy. These findings have direct relevance to surgical lymph node resection and adjuvant immunotherapy in lung cancer, and perhaps other cancer, patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S Fear
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.
| | - Catherine A Forbes
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Samuel A Neeve
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Scott A Fisher
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Shao Kang Ma
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Richard Lake
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anna K Nowak
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Medical School, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jenette Creaney
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Medical School, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Christobel Saunders
- Division of Surgery, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Bruce W S Robinson
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Medical School, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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4
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Phage Display-Based Homing Peptide-Daunomycin Conjugates for Selective Drug Targeting to PANC-1 Pancreatic Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060576. [PMID: 32580307 PMCID: PMC7355684 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive and dangerous cancerous diseases, leading to a high rate of mortality. Therefore, the development of new, more efficient treatment approaches is necessary to cure this illness. Peptide-based drug targeting provides a new tool for this purpose. Previously, a hexapeptide Cys-Lys-Ala-Ala-Lys-Asn (CKAAKN) was applied efficiently as the homing device for drug-loaded nanostructures in PDAC cells. In this research, Cys was replaced by Ser in the sequence and this new SKAAKN targeting moiety was used in conjugates containing daunomycin (Dau). Five different structures were developed and tested. The results indicated that linear versions with one Dau were not effective on PANC-1 cells in vitro; however, branched conjugates with two Dau molecules showed significant antitumor activity. Differences in the antitumor effect of the conjugates could be explained with the different cellular uptake and lysosomal degradation. The most efficient conjugate was Dau=Aoa-GFLG-K(Dau=Aoa)SKAAKN-OH (conjugate 4) that also showed significant tumor growth inhibition on s.c. implanted PANC-1 tumor-bearing mice with negligible side effects. Our novel results suggest that peptide-based drug delivery systems could be a promising tool for the treatment of pancreatic cancers.
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5
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Fear VS, Tilsed C, Chee J, Forbes CA, Casey T, Solin JN, Lansley SM, Lesterhuis WJ, Dick IM, Nowak AK, Robinson BW, Lake RA, Fisher SA. Combination immune checkpoint blockade as an effective therapy for mesothelioma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1494111. [PMID: 30288361 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1494111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is an aggressive asbestos induced cancer with extremely poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICPB) has demonstrated effective therapy in melanoma and is now being applied to other cancers, including mesothelioma. However, the efficacy of ICPB and which immune checkpoint combinations constitute the best therapeutic option for mesothelioma have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we used our well characterised mesothelioma tumour model to investigate the efficacy of different ICBP treatments to generate effective therapy for mesothelioma. We show that tumour resident regulatory T cell co-express high levels of CTLA-4, OX40 and GITR relative to T effector subsets and that these receptors are co-expressed on a large proportion of cells. Targeting any of CTLA-4, OX40 or GITR individually generated effective responses against mesothelioma. Furthermore, the combination of αCTLA-4 and αOX40 was synergistic, with an increase in complete tumour regressions from 20% to 80%. Other combinations did not synergise to enhance treatment outcomes. Finally, an early pattern in T cell response was predictive of response, with activation status and ICP receptor expression profile of T effector cells harvested from tumour and dLN correlating with response to immunotherapy. Taken together, these data demonstrate that combination ICPB can work synergistically to induce strong, durable immunity against mesothelioma in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S Fear
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD). Lv5 QQ Block (M503). QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Caitlin Tilsed
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD). Lv5 QQ Block (M503). QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD). Lv5 QQ Block (M503). QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Catherine A Forbes
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD). Lv5 QQ Block (M503). QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Thomas Casey
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD). Lv5 QQ Block (M503). QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jessica N Solin
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD). Lv5 QQ Block (M503). QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Sally M Lansley
- Centre for Respiratory Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - William Joost Lesterhuis
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD). Lv5 QQ Block (M503). QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ian M Dick
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD). Lv5 QQ Block (M503). QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anna K Nowak
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD). Lv5 QQ Block (M503). QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Bruce W Robinson
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD). Lv5 QQ Block (M503). QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Richard A Lake
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD). Lv5 QQ Block (M503). QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Scott A Fisher
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD). Lv5 QQ Block (M503). QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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6
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Voigt C, May P, Gottschlich A, Markota A, Wenk D, Gerlach I, Voigt S, Stathopoulos GT, Arendt KAM, Heise C, Rataj F, Janssen KP, Königshoff M, Winter H, Himsl I, Thasler WE, Schnurr M, Rothenfußer S, Endres S, Kobold S. Cancer cells induce interleukin-22 production from memory CD4 + T cells via interleukin-1 to promote tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12994-12999. [PMID: 29150554 PMCID: PMC5724250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705165114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-22 has been identified as a cancer-promoting cytokine that is secreted by infiltrating immune cells in several cancer models. We hypothesized that IL-22 regulation would occur at the interface between cancer cells and immune cells. Breast and lung cancer cells of murine and human origin induced IL-22 production from memory CD4+ T cells. In the present study, we found that IL-22 production in humans is dependent on activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome with the subsequent release of IL-1β from both myeloid and T cells. IL-1 receptor signaling via the transcription factors AhR and RORγt in T cells was necessary and sufficient for IL-22 production. In these settings, IL-1 induced IL-22 production from a mixed T helper cell population comprised of Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells, which was abrogated by the addition of anakinra. We confirmed these findings in vitro and in vivo in two murine tumor models, in primary human breast and lung cancer cells, and in deposited expression data. Relevant to ongoing clinical trials in breast cancer, we demonstrate here that the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra abrogates IL-22 production and reduces tumor growth in a murine breast cancer model. Thus, we describe here a previously unrecognized mechanism by which cancer cells induce IL-22 production from memory CD4+ T cells via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the release of IL-1β to promote tumor growth. These findings may provide the basis for therapeutic interventions that affect IL-22 production by targeting IL-1 activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/physiology
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Burden
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Voigt
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter May
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Gottschlich
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anamarija Markota
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Wenk
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Inga Gerlach
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, 26504 Greece
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, 26504 Greece
| | - Kristina A M Arendt
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Heise
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Felicitas Rataj
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Isabelle Himsl
- Brustzentrum Klinikum Dritter Orden, 80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Thasler
- Biobank, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Max Schnurr
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Rothenfußer
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany;
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
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7
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Pachynski RK, Scholz A, Monnier J, Butcher EC, Zabel BA. Evaluation of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocyte Subsets in a Subcutaneous Tumor Model. J Vis Exp 2015:52657. [PMID: 25938949 PMCID: PMC4541547 DOI: 10.3791/52657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Specialized immune cells that infiltrate the tumor microenvironment regulate the growth and survival of neoplasia. Malignant cells must elude or subvert anti-tumor immune responses in order to survive and flourish. Tumors take advantage of a number of different mechanisms of immune "escape," including the recruitment of tolerogenic DC, immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) that inhibit cytotoxic anti-tumor responses. Conversely, anti-tumor effector immune cells can slow the growth and expansion of malignancies: immunostimulatory dendritic cells, natural killer cells which harbor innate anti-tumor immunity, and cytotoxic T cells all can participate in tumor suppression. The balance between pro- and anti-tumor leukocytes ultimately determines the behavior and fate of transformed cells; a multitude of human clinical studies have borne this out. Thus, detailed analysis of leukocyte subsets within the tumor microenvironment has become increasingly important. Here, we describe a method for analyzing infiltrating leukocyte subsets present in the tumor microenvironment in a mouse tumor model. Mouse B16 melanoma tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously in C57BL/6 mice. At a specified time, tumors and surrounding skin were resected en bloc and processed into single cell suspensions, which were then stained for multi-color flow cytometry. Using a variety of leukocyte subset markers, we were able to compare the relative percentages of infiltrating leukocyte subsets between control and chemerin-expressing tumors. Investigators may use such a tool to study the immune presence in the tumor microenvironment and when combined with traditional caliper size measurements of tumor growth, will potentially allow them to elucidate the impact of changes in immune composition on tumor growth. Such a technique can be applied to any tumor model in which the tumor and its microenvironment can be resected and processed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell K Pachynski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine;
| | - Alexander Scholz
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Justin Monnier
- Palo Alto Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System; Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Brian A Zabel
- Palo Alto Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System
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8
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Egilmez NK, Harden JL, Virtuoso LP, Schwendener RA, Kilinc MO. Nitric oxide short-circuits interleukin-12-mediated tumor regression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:839-45. [PMID: 21387108 PMCID: PMC11028488 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) can promote tumor regression via activation of multiple lymphocytic and myelocytic effectors. Whereas the cytotoxic mechanisms employed by T/NK/NKT cells in IL-12-mediated tumor kill are well defined, the antitumor role of macrophage-produced cytotoxic metabolites has been more controversial. To this end, we investigated the specific role of nitric oxide (NO), a major macrophage effector molecule, in post-IL-12 tumor regression. Analysis of tumors following a single intratumoral injection of slow-release IL-12 microspheres showed an IFNγ-dependent sevenfold increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression within 48 h. Flow cytometric analysis of tumor-resident leukocytes and in vivo depletion studies identified CD11b(+) F4/80(+) Gr1(lo) macrophages as the primary source of iNOS. Blocking of post-therapy iNOS activity with N-nitro-L: -arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) dramatically enhanced tumor suppression revealing the inhibitory effect of NO on IL-12-driven antitumor immunity. Superior tumor regression in mice receiving combination treatment was associated with enhanced survival and proliferation of activated tumor-resident CD8+ T-effector/memory cells (Tem). These findings demonstrate that macrophage-produced NO negatively regulates the antitumor activity of IL-12 via its detrimental effects on CD8+ T cells and identify L-NAME as a potent adjuvant in IL-12 therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejat K. Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Jamie L. Harden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Lauren P. Virtuoso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | | | - Mehmet O. Kilinc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
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9
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Gu T, Rowswell-Turner RB, Kilinc MO, Egilmez NK. Central role of IFNgamma-indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase axis in regulation of interleukin-12-mediated antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 2009; 70:129-38. [PMID: 20028855 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sustained intratumoral delivery of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces tumor regression via restoration of tumor-resident CD8+ T-effector/memory cell cytotoxicity and subsequent repriming of a secondary CD8+ T-effector cell response in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN). However, treatment-induced T-effector activity is transient and is accompanied with a CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T-suppressor cell rebound. Molecular and cellular changes in posttherapy tumor microenvironment and TDLN were monitored to elucidate the mechanism of counterregulation. Real-time PCR analysis revealed a 5-fold enhancement of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression in the tumor and the TDLN after treatment. IDO induction required IFNgamma and persisted for up to 7 days. Administration of the IDO inhibitor D-1-methyl tryptophan concurrent with treatment resulted in a dramatic enhancement of tumor regression. Enhanced efficacy was associated with a diminished T-suppressor cell rebound, revealing a link between IDO activity and posttherapy regulation. Further analysis established that abrogation of the regulatory counterresponse resulted in a 10-fold increase in the intratumoral CD8+ T-cell to CD4+ Foxp3+ T-cell ratio. The ratio of proliferating CD8+ T-effector to CD4+ Foxp3+ T-suppressor cells was prognostic for efficacy of tumor suppression in individual mice. IFNgamma-dependent IDO induction and T-suppressor cell expansion were primarily driven by IL-12. These findings show a critical role for IDO in the regulation of IL-12-mediated antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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10
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Malle E, Sodin-Semrl S, Kovacevic A. Serum amyloid A: an acute-phase protein involved in tumour pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:9-26. [PMID: 18726069 PMCID: PMC4864400 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) is largely regulated by inflammation- associated cytokines and a high concentration of circulating SAA may represent an ideal marker for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, SAA is also synthesized in extrahepatic tissues, e.g. human carcinoma metastases and cancer cell lines. An increasing body of in vitro data supports the concept of involvement of SAA in carcinogenesis and neoplastic diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that SAA might be included in a group of biomarkers to detect a pattern of physiological events that reflect the growth of malignancy and host response. This review is meant to provide a broad overview of the many ways that SAA could contribute to tumour development, and accelerate tumour progression and metastasis, and to gain a better understanding of this acute-phase reactant as a possible link between chronic inflammation and neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Malle
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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11
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Gu T, Kilinc MO, Egilmez NK. Transient activation of tumor-associated T-effector/memory cells promotes tumor eradication via NK-cell recruitment: minimal role for long-term T-cell immunity in cure of metastatic disease. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:997-1005. [PMID: 18049819 PMCID: PMC11030151 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Local delivery of IL-12 and GM-CSF to advanced primary tumors results in T- and NK-cell-dependent cure of disseminated disease in a murine spontaneous lung metastasis model. Post-therapy functional dynamics of cytotoxic T- and NK-cells were analyzed in primary and metastatic tumors to determine the specific roles of each subset in tumor eradication. Time-dependent depletion of CD8+ T and NK-cells demonstrated that CD8+ T-cells were critical to eradication of metastatic tumors within 3 days of treatment, but not later. In contrast, NK-cells were found to be essential to tumor regression for at least 10 days after cytokine delivery. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte populations in post-therapy primary tumors demonstrated that treatment resulted in the activation of tumor-associated CD8+ T-cells within 24 h as determined by IFNgamma and perforin production. T-cell activity peaked between days 1 and 3 and subsided rapidly thereafter. Activation was not accompanied with an increase in cell numbers suggesting that treatment mobilized pre-existing T-effector/memory cells without inducing proliferation. In contrast, therapy resulted in a > or = 3-fold enhancement of both the quantity and the cytotoxic activity of NK-cells in primary and metastatic tumors on day 3 post-therapy. NK-cell activity was also transient and subsided to pre-therapy levels by day 5. Depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells prior to treatment completely abrogated NK-cell infiltration into primary and metastatic tumors demonstrating the strict dependence of NK-cell recruitment on pre-existing T-effector/memory cells. Treatment failed to induce significant NK-cell infiltration in IFNgamma-knockout mice establishing the central role of IFNgamma in NK-cell chemotaxis to tumors. These data show that transient activation of tumor-associated T-effector/memory and NK-cells, but not long-term CD8+ T-cell responses, are critical to suppression of metastatic disease in this model; and reveal a novel role for preexisting adaptive T-cell immunity in the recruitment of innate effectors to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Suny, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Mehmet O. Kilinc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Suny, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Nejat K. Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Suny, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
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12
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Kovacevic A, Hammer A, Stadelmeyer E, Windischhofer W, Sundl M, Ray A, Schweighofer N, Friedl G, Windhager R, Sattler W, Malle E. Expression of serum amyloid A transcripts in human bone tissues, differentiated osteoblast-like stem cells and human osteosarcoma cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:994-1004. [PMID: 17849429 PMCID: PMC4861207 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the liver is the primary site of cytokine-mediated expression of acute-phase serum amyloid A (SAA) protein, extrahepatic production has also been reported. Besides its role in amyloidosis and lipid homeostasis during the acute-phase, SAA has recently been assumed to contribute to bone and cartilage destruction. However, expression of SAA in human osteogenic tissue has not been studied. Therefore, we first show that SAA1 (coding for the major SAA isoform) but not SAA2 transcripts are expressed in human trabecular and cortical bone fractions and bone marrow. Next, we show expression of (i) IL-1, IL-6, and TNF receptor transcripts; (ii) the human homolog of SAA-activating factor-1 (SAF-1, a transcription factor involved in cytokine-mediated induction of SAA genes); and (iii) SAA1/2 transcripts in non-differentiated and, to a higher extent, in osteoblast-like differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells. Third, we provide evidence that human osteoblast-like cells of tumor origin (MG-63 and SAOS-2) express SAF-1 under basal conditions. SAA1/2 transcripts are expressed under basal conditions (SAOS-2) and cytokine-mediated conditions (MG-63 and SAOS-2). RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence technique confirmed cytokine-mediated expression of SAA on RNA and protein level in osteosarcoma cell lines while SAA4, a protein of unknown function, is constitutively expressed in all osteogenic tissues investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Kovacevic
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Center of Molecular Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Hammer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Center of Molecular Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Elke Stadelmeyer
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graz University Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Werner Windischhofer
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Osteological Research and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Sundl
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Center of Molecular Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Alpana Ray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Natascha Schweighofer
- Division of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Friedl
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graz University Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graz University Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Center of Molecular Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Center of Molecular Medicine, Graz, Austria
- Correspondence to: Ernst Malle, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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