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Yang Z, Yao Q, Gong L, Zhang F, Sun J, Sun Y, Gao W. A Superlong-Acting Growth Hormone-Polypeptide Fusion for Growth Hormone Deficiency Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302507. [PMID: 38030143 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is clinically used to treat growth hormone deficiency (GHD). However, daily administration of rhGH is required due to its poor stability and short blood circulation, which causes pains and burdens as well as inconvenience to patients. In this study, a method for genetically fusing rhGH to a thermosensitive polymer of elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) is reported, using which the rhGH-ELP thermosensitive fusion protein can be purified by the thermosensitivity of ELP instead of chromatography. The ELP fusion not only drastically improves the stability of rhGH, but also enables the in situ formation of a sustained-release depot of rhGH-ELP upon subcutaneous (SC) injection, which exhibits gentle release with a platform-to-trough fluctuation in blood and a very long circulatory half-life of 594.6 h. In contrast, rhGH exhibits a peak-to-trough fluctuation in blood with a very short circulatory half-life of 0.7 h. As a result, a single subcutaneous injection of rhGH-ELP can consecutively promote the linear growth of rats and the development of major tissues and organs over 3 weeks without obvious side effects, whereas rhGH is required to be injected daily to achieve similar therapeutic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Yang
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiongqiong Yao
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Like Gong
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiawei Sun
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuanzi Sun
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weiping Gao
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China
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van Schaik J, van Roessel IMAA, Bos ID, Claashen-van der Grinten HL, Clement SC, van Iersel L, Bakker B, Meijer L, Kremer L, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, van Santen HM. Elevated IGF-1 concentrations in children with low grade glioma: A descriptive analysis in a retrospective national cohort. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13317. [PMID: 37439273 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Children with low grade glioma (LGG) may present with, or develop, elevated concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The prevalence, pathophysiology, or its possible clinical effects are poorly understood. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of such elevated IGF-1 concentrations and to describe its association with linear growth, body mass index (BMI), pituitary outcome, and tumor behavior in a large retrospective national cohort. From a nationwide retrospective cohort of pediatric brain tumor survivors diagnosed between 2002 and 2012, tumor, treatment, endocrine, and auxological data of children with LGG were collected (n = 358). Prevalence and risk factors for elevated IGF-1 concentrations, as well as the association between having elevated IGF-1 concentrations and receiving tumor treatment, were explored. IGF-1 concentrations had only been measured in 45.5% of cases (n = 163/358). In 18.4% of 163 children with available IGF-1 measurements, IGF-1 concentrations were found elevated. No association was described between having an elevated IGF-1 concentration and tumor behavior or height SDS at last moment of follow-up. Multivariate logistic regression identified posterior pituitary disorder (OR 6.14 95% CI: 2.21-17.09) and BMI SDS at follow-up (OR 1.56 95% CI: 1.09-2.20) to be significantly associated with elevated IGF-1 concentrations. In this retrospective cohort of children with LGG, IGF-1 was found elevated in 18.4% of children with available IGF-1 measurements. Elevated IGF-1 seems to be related to hypothalamic dysfunction worsening over time. Larger prospective cohort studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiska van Schaik
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ichelle M A A van Roessel
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris D Bos
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sarah C Clement
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura van Iersel
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn Bakker
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisethe Meijer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leontien Kremer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hanneke M van Santen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sun C, Lu B, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wei H, Hu X, Hu P, Zhao Q, Liu Y, Ye K, Wang K, Gu Z, Liu Z, Ye J, Zhang H, Zhu H, Jiang Z, Liu Y, Wan N, Yan C, Yin J, Ying L, Huang F, Yin Q, Xi L, Luo F, Cheng R. Reduced Effectiveness and Comparable Safety in Biweekly vs. Weekly PEGylated Recombinant Human Growth Hormone for Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Phase IV Non-Inferiority Threshold Targeted Trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:779365. [PMID: 34899612 PMCID: PMC8655095 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.779365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Long-acting recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has transformed growth hormone deficiency (GHD) treatment. However, the possibility and rationality for flexible time regimen are pending. OBJECTIVE We studied the efficacy of biweekly versus weekly PEGylated rhGH (PEG-rhGH) therapy in GHD children. DESIGN SETTING AND PATIENTS This multicenter, phase IV trial with a non-inferiority threshold ≥20% enrolled 585 Tanner stage I GHD children. INTERVENTION Subjects randomly received 0.20 mg/kg once-weekly or biweekly PEG-rhGH, or 0.25 mg/kg.w rhGH once daily for 26 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The primary outcome was height SD scores for chronological age (HtSDSCA) at week 26 and safety measurements including adverse events (AEs), IGF-2, and IGFBP-2 changes. RESULTS At week 26, the median HtSDSCA changed from -2.75, -2.82, and -2.78 to -2.31, -2.43, and -2.28 with weekly and biweekly PEG-rhGH, and daily rhGH, respectively. The difference in HtSDSCA was 0.17 ± 0.28 between weekly and biweekly PEG-rhGH, and 0.17 ± 0.27 between daily rhGH and biweekly PEG-rhGH, failing the non-inferiority threshold. Nevertheless, the height velocity of children receiving biweekly PEG-rhGH reached 76.42%-90.34% and 76.08%-90.60% that of children receiving weekly PEG-rhGH and daily rhGH, respectively. The rate of AEs was comparable among the groups. No statistical difference was observed in IGF-2 and IGFBP-2 levels among the groups. IGFBP-2 levels decreased over time in all groups, with no notable difference in IGF-2 and IGFBP-2 changes among the three treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Although notably promoted height velocity, biweekly PEG-rhGH failed the non-inferiority threshold as compared with either weekly PEG-rhGH or daily rhGH. Compared with short-term rhGH, long-acting PEG-rhGH did not significantly increase tumor-associated IGF-2 and IGFBP-2 expressions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT02976675.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital in Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Department of Child Health, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Henan Provincial Hospital, Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xu Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Lu’an People’s Hospital, Lu’an, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK & PD) Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK & PD) Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kan Ye
- Department of Child Health, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Zaiyan Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jiaxing First Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tai’an Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Tai’an, China
| | - Jin Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Naijun Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chengming Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Anhui Medical University Maternal and Child Health Clinic College, Hefei, China
| | - Jianying Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lirong Ying
- Department of Pediatrics, Cixi People’s Hospital, Cixi, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingjin Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chengdu Children’s Specialized Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Xi
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feihong Luo
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Feihong Luo, ; Ruoqian Cheng,
| | - Ruoqian Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Feihong Luo, ; Ruoqian Cheng,
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Woll SC, Podrabsky JE. Insulin-like growth factor signaling regulates developmental trajectory associated with diapause in embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:2777-2786. [PMID: 28515235 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.151373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Annual killifishes exhibit a number of unique life history characters including the occurrence of embryonic diapause, unique cell movements associated with dispersion and subsequent reaggregation of the embryonic blastomeres, and a short post-embryonic life span. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is known to play a role in the regulation of metabolic dormancy in a number of animals but has not been explored in annual killifishes. The abundance of IGF proteins during development and the developmental effects of blocking IGF signaling by pharmacological inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) were explored in embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus Blocking of IGF signaling in embryos that would normally escape entrance into diapause resulted in a phenotype that was remarkably similar to that of embryos entering diapause. IGF-I protein abundance spikes during early development in embryos that will not enter diapause. In contrast, IGF-I levels remain low during early development in embryos that will enter diapause II. IGF-II protein is packaged at higher levels in escape-bound embryos compared with diapause-bound embryos. However, IGF-II levels quickly decrease and remain low during early development and only increase substantially during late development in both developmental trajectories. Developmental patterns of IGF-I and IGF-II protein abundance under conditions that would either induce or bypass entrance into diapause are consistent with a role for IGF signaling in the regulation of developmental trajectory and entrance into diapause in this species. We propose that IGF signaling may be a unifying regulatory pathway that explains the larger suite of characters that are associated with the complex life history of annual killifishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cody Woll
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Jason E Podrabsky
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
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Hou L, Chen ZH, Liu D, Cheng YG, Luo XP. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a PEGylated recombinant human growth hormone and daily recombinant human growth hormone in growth hormone-deficient children. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 10:13-21. [PMID: 26719670 PMCID: PMC4690642 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s93183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) replacement therapy in children generally requires daily subcutaneous (sc) injections, which may be inconvenient for patients. Jintrolong® is a PEGylated rhGH with the purpose of weekly sc injections. The aim of the current study was to examine the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of multiple sc doses of Jintrolong® vs daily doses of rhGH. Design and methods Twelve children with growth hormone deficiency participated in this single-center, open-label, crossover Phase I trial. All subjects received daily sc injections of rhGH at 0.0286 mg/kg/d for 7 days, followed by a 4-week washout period and six weekly doses of Jintrolong® at 0.2 mg/kg/w. Results In comparison with rhGH, sc injection of Jintrolong® produced a noticeably higher Cmax, significantly longer half-life (t1/2), and slower plasma clearance, signifying a profile suitable for long-term treatment. The ratio of the area under the concentration vs time curve (AUC) after the seventh and first injections (AUC(0–∞)7th/AUC(0–∞)1st) of rhGH was 1.02, while the AUC(0–∞)6th/AUC(0–∞)1st of Jintrolong ® was 1.03, indicating no accumulation of circulating growth hormone. There was no significant difference in the change in insulin-like growth factor-1 expression produced by 7 days of sc rhGH and weekly Jintrolong® injections. There were no severe adverse events during the trial. Conclusion The elimination rate of Jintrolong® was slower than that of sc rhGH. No progressive serum accumulation of Jintrolong® was found. The changes in insulin-like growth factor-1 expression produced by rhGH and Jintrolong® were comparable, indicating similar pharmacodynamics. Our results demonstrate that Jintrolong® is suitable for long-term growth hormone treatment in children with growth hormone deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Guo Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Irisin, a link among fatty liver disease, physical inactivity and insulin resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23163-78. [PMID: 25514415 PMCID: PMC4284758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in industrialized countries. The increasing prevalence of NAFLD mirrors the outbreak of obesity in western countries, highlighting the connection between these two conditions. Nevertheless, there is currently no specific pharmacotherapy for its treatment. Accepted management begins with weight loss and exercise. Moreover, exercise can provide metabolic benefits independently of weight loss. It is known how long-term aerobic training produces improvements in hepatic triglycerides, visceral adipose tissue and free fatty acids, even if there is no weight reduction. A recent study from Boström et al. unravels a potential molecular mechanism that may explain how exercise, independently of weight loss, can potentially improve metabolic parameters through a new messenger system (irisin) linking muscle and fat tissue. Irisin has been proposed to act as a hormone on subcutaneous white fat cells increasing energy expenditure by means of a program of brown-fat-like development. Moreover, it was also shown that irisin plasma concentration was higher in people who exercise, suggesting a molecular mechanism by which exercise may improve metabolism. The present systematic review is based on the possibility that irisin might represent a hypothetical connection between NAFLD pathogenesis and disease progression.
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Kale S, Budyal S, Kasaliwal R, Shivane V, Raghavan V, Lila A, Bandgar T, Shah N. A novel gross indel in the growth hormone releasing hormone receptor gene of Indian IGHD patients. Growth Horm IGF Res 2014; 24:227-232. [PMID: 25153028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cohort specific mutations in the growth hormone (GH1) and growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) genes have been reported worldwide in isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) patients. However, limited data is available on ethnically diverse Indian IGHD patients. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to find GH1 and GHRHR gene mutations in Indian IGHD patients from two unrelated non-consanguineous families. DESIGN The 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) and coding regions with splice sites of the GH1 and GHRHR genes were sequenced for all patients (n=6). Family members and 20 controls were evaluated for the sequence variants identified in the index patients. Online bioinformatics tools were used to confirm mutations and their pathogenicity. RESULTS GHRHR gene mutations were observed in all patients. Interestingly, a novel indel g.30999250_31006943delinsAGAGATCCA was observed in both the unrelated families. Three patients were homozygous for the novel indel, two were homozygous for the previously reported p.E72X mutation and one was compound heterozygous with both the mutations (indel and p.E72X) in the GHRHR gene. The novel indel has resulted in the loss of 5' regulatory region and exon 1 of the GHRHR gene impairing the GHRHR expression. All the normal family members were heterozygous either for the indel or p.E72X mutation. None of the patients had GH1 gene mutations. CONCLUSIONS We describe a novel gross indel in the GHRHR gene resulting in the loss of 5' regulatory region and GHRHR exon 1 in four IGHD IB patients from two unrelated non-consanguineous Indian families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kale
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College, K.E.M. Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Sweta Budyal
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College, K.E.M. Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Rajeev Kasaliwal
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College, K.E.M. Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Vyankatesh Shivane
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College, K.E.M. Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College, K.E.M. Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Anurag Lila
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College, K.E.M. Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Tushar Bandgar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College, K.E.M. Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Nalini Shah
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College, K.E.M. Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
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Schlapschy M, Binder U, Börger C, Theobald I, Wachinger K, Kisling S, Haller D, Skerra A. PASylation: a biological alternative to PEGylation for extending the plasma half-life of pharmaceutically active proteins. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:489-501. [PMID: 23754528 PMCID: PMC3715784 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A major limitation of biopharmaceutical proteins is their fast clearance from
circulation via kidney filtration, which strongly hampers efficacy both in
animal studies and in human therapy. We have developed conformationally
disordered polypeptide chains with expanded hydrodynamic volume comprising the
small residues Pro, Ala and Ser (PAS). PAS sequences are hydrophilic, uncharged
biological polymers with biophysical properties very similar to poly-ethylene
glycol (PEG), whose chemical conjugation to drugs is an established method for
plasma half-life extension. In contrast, PAS polypeptides offer fusion to a
therapeutic protein on the genetic level, permitting Escherichia
coli production of fully active proteins and obviating in
vitro coupling or modification steps. Furthermore, they are
biodegradable, thus avoiding organ accumulation, while showing stability in
serum and lacking toxicity or immunogenicity in mice. We demonstrate that
PASylation bestows typical biologics, such as interferon, growth hormone or Fab
fragments, with considerably prolonged circulation and boosts bioactivity
in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlapschy
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPS-M & Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Huh JY, Panagiotou G, Mougios V, Brinkoetter M, Vamvini MT, Schneider BE, Mantzoros CS. FNDC5 and irisin in humans: I. Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II. mRNA expression and circulating concentrations in response to weight loss and exercise. Metabolism 2012; 61:1725-38. [PMID: 23018146 PMCID: PMC3614417 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In mouse, PGC1-α overexpression in muscle stimulates an increase in expression of FNDC5, a membrane protein that is cleaved and secreted as a newly identified hormone, irisin. One prior study has shown that FNDC5 induces browning of subcutaneous fat in mice and mediates beneficial effects of exercise on metabolism, but a more recent study using gene expression arrays failed to detect a robust increase in FNDC5 mRNA in human muscles from exercising subjects. No prior study has reported on the physiological regulation and role of circulating irisin and FNDC5 in humans. MATERIALS/METHODS A. FNDC5 gene expression studies: We first examined tissue distribution of FNDC5 in humans. B. Cross-sectional studies: Predictors of FNDC5 mRNA expression levels were examined in muscle tissues from 18 healthy subjects with a wide range of BMI. Assays were optimized to measure circulating FNDC5 and irisin levels, and their associations with anthropometric and metabolic parameters were analyzed in two cross-sectional studies that examined 117 middle-aged healthy women and 14 obese subjects, respectively. C. Interventional studies: The effect of weight loss on FNDC5 mRNA and/or circulating irisin levels was examined in 14 obese subjects before and after bariatric surgery. The effect of acute and chronic exercise was then assessed in 15 young healthy adults who performed intermittent sprint running sessions over an 8 week period. RESULTS Tissue arrays demonstrated that in humans, the FNDC5 gene is predominantly expressed in muscle. Circulating irisin was detected in the serum or plasma of all subjects studied, whereas circulating FNDC5 was detected in only a distinct minority of the subjects. Cross-sectional studies revealed that circulating irisin levels were positively correlated with biceps circumference (used as a surrogate marker of muscle mass herein), BMI, glucose, ghrelin, and IGF-1. In contrast, irisin levels were negatively correlated with age, insulin, cholesterol, and adiponectin levels, indicating a possible compensatory role of irisin in metabolic regulation. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that biceps circumference was the strongest predictor of circulating irisin levels underlying the association between irisin and metabolic factors in humans at baseline. Both muscle FNDC5 mRNA levels and circulating irisin levels were significantly downregulated 6 months after bariatric surgery. Circulating irisin levels were significantly upregulated 30 min after acute exercise and were correlated mainly with ATP levels and secondarily with metabolites related to glycolysis and lipolysis in muscle. CONCLUSIONS Similar to mice, the FNDC5 gene is expressed in human muscle. Age and muscle mass are the primary predictors of circulating irisin, with young male athletes having several fold higher irisin levels than middle-aged obese women. Circulating irisin levels increase in response to acute exercise whereas muscle FNDC5 mRNA and circulating irisin levels decrease after surgically induced weight loss in parallel to decrease in body mass. Further studies are needed to study the regulation of irisin levels and its physiological effects in humans and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Huh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Grigorios Panagiotou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mary Brinkoetter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maria T. Vamvini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Schneider
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S. Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA
- Corresponding author. Harvard Medical School, JP9B52A, Boston, MA 02130, USA. Tel.: +1 617 667 8630; fax: +1 617 667 8634. (C.S. Mantzoros)
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Liu W, Yu Y, Li G, Tang S, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhang Y. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor gene are associated with growth and reproduction traits in chickens. Anim Genet 2012; 43:564-9. [PMID: 22497307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) plays a critical role in growth hormone (GH) synthesis, release and regulation in animals. The objective of this study was to investigate variations of the chicken GHRHR gene and their associations with growth and reproduction traits in 768 Beijing You chickens. Results revealed three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of the gene (g.-1654A>G, g.-1411A>G and g.-142T>C). Association analysis revealed that the novel SNP g.-1654A>G had significant effects on chicken body weight at 7, 9, 11, 13, 17 weeks of age and the age of first egg as well as egg number at 32, 36 and 40 weeks. Significant association was also observed between g.-1411A>G and g.-142T>C with EN24. Moreover, the age of first egg was distinctly related with g.-142T>C (P < 0.05). Although significant statistical difference was not detected in GHRHR mRNA levels among genotypes of the SNPs (P > 0.05), strong expression variations of the gene were found between the ages 17 and 20 weeks in the population (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the three SNPs in the GHRHR promoter could be used as potential genetic markers to improve the growth and reproductive traits in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Takahashi Y, Matsumoto M, Karasugi T, Watanabe K, Chiba K, Kawakami N, Tsuji T, Uno K, Suzuki T, Ito M, Sudo H, Minami S, Kotani T, Kono K, Yanagida H, Taneichi H, Takahashi A, Toyama Y, Ikegawa S. Lack of association between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and previously reported single nucleotide polymorphisms in MATN1, MTNR1B, TPH1, and IGF1 in a Japanese population. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1055-8. [PMID: 21308753 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a spinal deformity most commonly arising in apparently healthy girls around puberty. AIS has a strong genetic predisposition. Several genetic associations between AIS and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been reported; common SNPs in the genes for matrilin 1 (MATN1), melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B), tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) are reported to be associated with AIS in Chinese. However, these associations have not been replicated so far. To confirm the associations, we compared these SNPs with AIS predisposition and curve severity in a population of Japanese females consisting of 798 AIS patients and 1,239 controls. All the subjects were genotyped using the PCR-based Invader assay. We found no association of any of the SNPs with AIS predisposition or curve severity. Considering the statistical power and sample size of the present study, we concluded that these SNPs are not associated with either AIS predisposition or curve severity in Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takahashi
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, 4-6-1 Sirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Sagazio A, Shohreh R, Salvatori R. Effects of GH deficiency and GH replacement on inter-male aggressiveness in mice. Growth Horm IGF Res 2011; 21:76-80. [PMID: 21277816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth hormone (GH) has been suggested to influence aggressive behavior in several species, but no data are presently available in GH-deficient (GHD) animals. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of GHD on aggressive behavior in a mouse model of isolated GHD due to removal of the GHRH gene (GHRH knock out, GHRHKO), and to evaluate the effects of GH replacement. DESIGN We studied two groups of adult male mice: Ten GH-sufficient animals heterozygous for GHRHKO allele (HTZ), and 30 GHRHKO animals. Behavior was measured by scoring several aggression parameters after isolation, when the animal was challenged against an intruder both in neutral and home cage. Animals were then re-studied after the GHRHKO mice were left untreated (control, Ctrl), or were treated for 2 weeks with daily subcutaneous recombinant GH or with vehicle (Veh). Blood samples were collected before and after GH or Veh treatment, and assayed for serum IGF-I and testosterone. RESULTS The GHRHKO mice showed significantly reduced aggressiveness compared to HTZ animals. GH (but not Veh) administration normalized isolation-induced aggressive behavior in GHRHKO mice, despite lack of full serum IGF-I normalization. No difference was noted in serum testosterone levels among all groups at any of the time points. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that GHD reduces aggressive behavior in GHRHKO mice, that GH replacement normalizes aggressiveness, and that this behavior change is not related to an increase in serum testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Sagazio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Inoue H, Kangawa N, Kinouchi A, Sakamoto Y, Kimura C, Horikawa R, Shigematsu Y, Itakura M, Ogata T, Fujieda K. Identification and functional analysis of novel human growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) gene mutations in Japanese subjects with short stature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 74:223-33. [PMID: 21044116 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) gene mutations have been identified in patients of different ethnic origins with isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) type IB. However, the prevalence of these mutations in the Japanese population has yet to be fully determined. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the contributions of GHRHR mutations to the molecular mechanism underlying short stature in Japanese subjects. DESIGN The GHRHR gene was sequenced in 127 unrelated Japanese patients with either IGHD (n = 14) or idiopathic short stature (ISS; n = 113). Sequence variants were evaluated in family members and 188 controls, and then examined in functional studies. RESULTS A novel homozygous E382E (c.1146G>A) synonymous variant, at the last base of exon 12, was identified in an IGHD family with two affected sisters. In vitro splicing studies showed this mutation to result in skipping of exon 12. In one ISS patient, a heterozygous ATG-166T>C variant was found in the distal Pit-1 P2 binding element of the GHRHR promoter. In two control subjects, a close but distinct variant, ATG-164T>C, was detected. Functional studies showed that both promoter variants diminish promoter activity by altering Pit-1 binding ability. Four missense variants were also found in both patient and control groups but had no detectable functional consequences. CONCLUSIONS The homozygous GHRHR mutation was rare, being detected in only one Japanese IGHD family. Future research is needed to clarify the genetic contributions of heterozygous functional promoter variants to GHD, ISS and normal-stature variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inoue
- Division of Genetic Information, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Kuramoto 3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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Mohamadi A, Martari M, Holladay CD, Phillips JA, Mullis PE, Salvatori R. Mutation analysis of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor genes in isolated growth hormone deficiency type IB. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:2565-70. [PMID: 19417035 PMCID: PMC2708943 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) is familial in 5-30% of patients. The most frequent form (IGHD-IB) has autosomal recessive inheritance, and it is known that it can be caused by mutations in the GHRH receptor (GHRHR) gene or in the GH gene. However, most forms of IGHD-IB have an unknown genetic cause. In normal subjects, muscarinic cholinergic stimulation causes an increase in pituitary GH release, whereas its blockade has the opposite effect, suggesting that a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAchR) is involved in stimulating GH secretion. Five types of mAchR (M(1)-M(5)) exist. A transgenic mouse in which the function of the M(3) receptor was selectively ablated in the central nervous system has isolated GH deficiency similar to animals with defective GHRH or GHRHR gene. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that mAchR mutations may cause a subset of familial IGHD. PATIENTS/METHODS After confirming the expression of M(1)-M(5) receptor mRNA in human hypothalamus, we analyzed the index cases of 39 families with IGHD-IB for mutations in the genes encoding for the five receptors. Coding sequences for each of the five mAchRs were subjected to direct sequencing. RESULTS In one family, an affected member was homozygous for a M(3) change in codon 65 that replaces valine with isoleucine (V65I). The V65I receptor was expressed in CHO cells where it had normal ability to transmit methacholine signaling. CONCLUSION mAchR mutations are absent or rare (less than 2.6%) in familial IGHD type IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamadi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Chapter 3 Diseases Associated with Growth Hormone‐Releasing Hormone Receptor (GHRHR) Mutations. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 88:57-84. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)88003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Protein catabolism is common among critically ill patients, contributing to organ dysfunction, muscle weakness, prolonged mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the ICU, with adverse impact on patient prognosis and resource utilization. Neither adequate enteral nutrition nor parenteral nutrition stems this catabolism. Recombinant growth hormone supplementation in surgical trauma and burn injury patients has demonstrated nitrogen retention, increased insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, decreased length of stay and improved survival. As a result, growth hormone became widely used in the ICU, until two large randomized trials in 1999 noted increased mortality associated with infection and organ dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS Small clinical trials have revisited growth hormone supplementation in prolonged critical illness, demonstrating nitrogen conservation and increased serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 binding protein in patients receiving adequate nutrition support. These trials suggest growth hormone supplementation may be safe and more efficacious in a subclass of chronic critically ill patients. SUMMARY Prior to proposing new prospective randomized clinical trials, case reports describing anecdotal experience with growth hormone in selected chronically critically ill patients may provide insight into redefining the ICU population most likely to benefit from growth hormone supplementation. Current guidelines continue to recommend against the use of growth hormone in critical illness.
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Fintini D, Salvatori R, Salemi S, Otten B, Ubertini G, Cambiaso P, Mullis PE. Autosomal-dominant isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD type II) with normal GH-1 gene. HORMONE RESEARCH 2006; 65:76-82. [PMID: 16424673 DOI: 10.1159/000091033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal-dominant isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) is a rare disorder that is commonly believed to be due to heterozygous mutations in the GH-1 gene (GH-1). These mutations cause the production of a protein that affects the release of the product of the normal allele. Rarely, heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding for HESX-1 gene (HESX-1) may cause autosomal-dominant IGHD, with penetrance that has been shown to be variable in both humans and mice. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We have sequenced the whole GH-1 in the index cases of 30 families with autosomal-dominant IGHD. In all the families other possible causes of GH deficiency and other pituitary hormones deficits were excluded. We here describe the clinical, biochemical and radiological picture of the families without GH-1 mutations. In these families, we also sequenced the HESX-1. RESULTS The index cases of the five families with autosomal-dominant IGHD had normal GH-1, including the intronic sequences. They had no HESX-1 mutations. CONCLUSION This study shows that GH-1 mutations are absent in 5/30 (16.6%) of the families with autosomal-dominant IGHD and raises the possibility that mutations in other gene(s) may be involved in IGHD with this mode of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Fintini
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Ilyssa Center for Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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