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Yao ZF, Fu HL, Liang CW, Li YJ, Wang CH. Electrophysiological differences in inhibitory control processing between collegiate level soccer players and non-athletes in the absence of performance differences. Brain Cogn 2024; 178:106179. [PMID: 38788319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitory control, the ability to manage conflicting responses and suppress inappropriate actions, is crucial for team sports athletes, including soccer players. While previous studies have shown that soccer players possess superior inhibitory control, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this advantage remain unclear. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the neural processes involved in conflict resolution and response inhibition, comparing collegiate level soccer players with non-athletes. Participants completed a novel go/no-go task that involved conflict resolution and response inhibition, while their electroencephalograms were recorded. Despite no significant difference in behavioral performance between the two groups, soccer players exhibited notable N2 and frontal midline theta modulations in response to conflict resolution and inhibition, which were comparatively weaker in non-athletes. Our findings suggest that expertise in team sports may enhance neural sensitivity to subtle yet significant information, even without a discernible behavioral advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Fu Yao
- College of Education & Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, 521 Nanda Road, East Dist., Nanda Campus, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan; Basic Psychology Group, Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Lun Fu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Liang
- Office of Physical Education, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Li
- Director-General of Sport Bureau, Taichung City Government, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Wang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan; Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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Suzuki K. Contingency learning on the proportional congruency effect of the Stroop task is manifest in deviant processing. Neuroreport 2024; 35:170-174. [PMID: 38141012 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The proportion congruency effect has been reported in interference tasks. The mostly congruent block is the frequent condition, and the mostly incongruent block is the rare condition for congruent stimuli, whereas the mostly congruent block is the rare condition, and the mostly incongruent block is the frequent condition for incongruent stimuli. This study examined the cognitive mechanism underlying the proportion congruency effect in the two-choice Stroop task using event-related potential components related to deviant processing. METHOD Stimuli were Kanji characters meaning 'red' and 'blue' painted by congruent and incongruent colors. Participants were required to provide a two-choice button-press response corresponding to the colors. The congruent and incongruent stimuli were presented on rare (20%) and frequent (80%) conditions. RESULTS N1 was enhanced in the rare condition relative to the frequent condition for both congruent and incongruent stimuli. The results suggested that colors and characters were not processed independently in the N1 time range, which made selective attention to the relevant feature difficult. Posterior negativity from 200 to 250 ms was also different between rare and frequent conditions, indicating the presence of visual mismatch negativity for congruent and incongruent stimuli. It was considered that the distinction between congruent and incongruent stimuli was evident in mostly incongruent blocks, indicating that the selective attention mechanism was not actively engaged. CONCLUSION The proportion congruency effect was explained by contingency learning rather than selective attention in the present task. The cognitive mechanisms underlying the proportion congruency effect are reflected by deviant event-related potential components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Suzuki
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education, Shitennoji University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Ji Q, Zhou C, Wang Y. Influence of conflicting prior information on action anticipation in soccer players: an ERP study. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1320900. [PMID: 38131060 PMCID: PMC10733450 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1320900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Prior probability information and visual kinematic information are essential for action anticipation in athletes. The aims of this study were to examine how conflicting prior information influences anticipatory judgment in athletes vs. non-athletes and to explore the underlying cognitive mechanisms. Methods The aim of Experiment 1 was to determine the moment when prior information influenced action anticipation in athletes vs. non-athletes. To that end, 17 semi-elite soccer goalkeepers and 18 non-athletes received prior information about the probability of the direction that a player on a video would kick a ball into the goal. Participants then anticipated the trajectory of the ball when the action of the player's kick on the video was truncated at the moment the foot contacted the ball (time T) or one frame (T-1; 50 ms) or two frames (T-2; 100 ms) before the foot-ball contact. The aim of Experiment 2 was to elucidate the adaptive cognitive-motor behavior exhibited by highly trained soccer players at the moment when their anticipatory performance was most influenced by prior information. Experiment 2 included 27 different semi-elite soccer players with many years of experience as a goalkeeper and 27 different non-athletes. Participants anticipated the direction of the kick when the kinematic action of the kicker at the moment the anticipatory performance of the participants was most influenced by prior information (as determined in Experiment 1) was congruent, incongruent, or neutral. Action anticipation accuracy and response time were evaluated for both experiments, whereas event-related potential components N1, N2, and P3 were assessed only in Experiment 2. Results The results of Experiment 1 showed that anticipatory accuracy was significantly higher among athletes than non-athletes and that anticipatory accuracy with directional information given was significantly higher than that when no prior information was given or when prior information without directional information was given (p < 0.001) for both T-1 (p's ≤ 0.034) and T-2 (p's < 0.001) occlusion points. In Experiment 2 using those two video occlusion times, the amplitude of the N1 component, which reflects selective attention to stimulus properties, was significantly higher in athletes than in non-athletes (p < 0.001). The amplitude of the N2 component, which has been associated with conflict monitoring, for the incongruent condition was significantly higher than that for both neutral (p < 0.001) and congruent (p < 0.001) conditions in athletes. Non-athletes exhibited no significant N2 amplitude differences for any prior information condition. Conclusion Integrating prior information enhanced action anticipation in semi-elite soccer players, particularly 50 and 100 ms before the foot-ball contact. Semi-elite soccer players prioritized early selective attention and conflict monitoring of kinematic information, facilitating action anticipation using the prior information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Ji
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
- Sports Economic Management Research Center, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor Cognitive Assessment and Regulation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor Cognitive Assessment and Regulation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Markiewicz R, Mazaheri A, Krott A. Bilingualism can cause enhanced monitoring and occasional delayed responses in a flanker task. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:129-147. [PMID: 36373596 PMCID: PMC10100525 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Complex cognitive tasks require different stages of processing (i.e. conflict monitoring, attentional resource allocation and stimulus categorisation). Performance differences between bilinguals and monolinguals on conflict tasks can be affected by the balance of these sub-processes. The current study investigated the effect of bilingualism on these sub-processes during a conflict task with medium monitoring demand. Behavioural responses and evoked potentials from bilinguals and monolinguals were examined during a flanker task with 25% incongruent trials. Behavioural differences were analysed by means of averaged response times and exponentially modified Gaussian analyses of response time distributions. For evoked potentials, the study focussed on N2 (reflecting conflict monitoring) and P3 responses (reflecting allocation of attentional resources for cognitive control). Bilinguals had significantly longer response distribution tails compared to monolinguals. Bilinguals were shown to have a more pronounced N2 and smaller P3 compared to monolinguals, independent of condition, suggesting a different balance of sub-processes for the two groups. This suggests that bilinguals were engaged more strongly in monitoring processes, leading to the allocation of fewer attentional resources during stimulus categorisation. Additionally, the P3 amplitudes were negatively related with the length of response distribution tails for bilinguals. These results are consistent with enhanced conflict monitoring in bilinguals that led to reduced engagement of attentional resources for stimulus categorisation. This enhanced conflict monitoring could lead to occasional extremely slow responses. Thus, the bilingual experience appears to impact the balance of cognitive control processes during conflict tasks, which might only be reflected in a minority of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Mazaheri
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Krott
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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An X, Tao G, Zhang X, Ma H, Wang Y. Attention Network Changes of High-Altitude Migrants. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2022; 93:791-799. [DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6061.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to explore whether there are changes in the alerting, orienting, and executive network efficiencies of attention function between high altitude immigrants and low altitude residents.METHODS: Event-related potentials (ERP) were
acquired during an attention network test (ANT). The high-altitude (HA) group comprised 22 college student immigrants who were born and raised at low altitudes and had lived at a HA (11,975 ft/3650 m) for 26 mo (tests were conducted when they returned to HA for 3 mo). The low-altitude (LA)
group comprised 23 college students who had never visited HA areas before.RESULTS: Compared with the LA group, the HA group had a higher pulse rate, lower oxygen saturation level, and decreased alerting and orienting effects in the behavioral results. The ERP results of the HA group
showed a smaller P1 in the occipital area, a larger N1 both in the parietal and occipital areas of the alerting network, and a smaller P1 and larger N1 in the orienting network than the LA group. In the executive control network, the N2 amplitude of the HA group was more negative and the P3
amplitude of the HA group decreased in incongruent conditions.DISCUSSION: Together, these findings suggest that high-altitude migrants are less effective at alerting and orienting than low-altitude residents. For executive control function, changes in the P3 amplitudes of incongruent
conditions indicated a decrease in conflict inhibition underlying the executive-control network.An X, Tao G, Zhang X, Ma H, Wang Y. Attention network changes of high-altitude migrants. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(11):791–799.
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Suzuki K. Proportion compatibility effects on visual mismatch negativity in a flanker task. Biol Psychol 2022; 175:108431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jost K, Wendt M, Luna‐Rodriguez A, Jacobsen T. Electrophysiological correlates of proportion congruency manipulation in a temporal flanker task. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14092. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Jost
- Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane Neuruppin Germany
| | - Mike Wendt
- Faculty of Human Sciences ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Medical School Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Aquiles Luna‐Rodriguez
- Experimental Psychology Unit Helmut‐Schmidt‐University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobsen
- Experimental Psychology Unit Helmut‐Schmidt‐University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg Hamburg Germany
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CHEN L, SHI XK, LI WN, HU Y. Influence of cognitive control based on different conflict levels on the expression of gender stereotypes. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2022.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Dudschig C. Language and non-linguistic cognition: Shared mechanisms and principles reflected in the N400. Biol Psychol 2022; 169:108282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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McDonald JB, Bozzay ML, Bresin K, Verona E. Facets of externalizing psychopathology in relation to inhibitory control and error processing. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 163:79-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kan Y, Xue W, Zhao H, Wang X, Guo X, Duan H. The discrepant effect of acute stress on cognitive inhibition and response inhibition. Conscious Cogn 2021; 91:103131. [PMID: 33862365 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate how acute stress impinges on individual's cognitive inhibition and response inhibition abilities. Electroencephalography was adopted when 35 healthy adult females performing the No Go Flanker task before and after the Trier Social Stress Test. Both inhibition processes evoked N2 and P3 components, but only the response inhibition evoked the late positive potential (LPP), indicating the response inhibition needed continuous cognitive effort to inhibit the prepotent response. The N2 and the P3 amplitudes were decreased, while the LPP amplitudes were increased under acute stress. These results suggested that acute stress caused the detrimental effect by occupying cognitive resources. Contrastingly, individuals actively regulated and made more efforts to counteract the detrimental effect of acute stress on response inhibition. Thus, acute stress impaired cognitive inhibition but did not affect response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecui Kan
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenlong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hanxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haijun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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Karayanidis F, McKewen M. More than “just a test”—Task-switching paradigms offer an early warning system for cognitive decline. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The Effects of Emotional Working Memory Training on Worry Symptoms and Error-Related Negativity of Individuals with High Trait Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Study. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Kappenman ES, Farrens JL, Zhang W, Stewart AX, Luck SJ. ERP CORE: An open resource for human event-related potential research. Neuroimage 2020; 225:117465. [PMID: 33099010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) are noninvasive measures of human brain activity that index a range of sensory, cognitive, affective, and motor processes. Despite their broad application across basic and clinical research, there is little standardization of ERP paradigms and analysis protocols across studies. To address this, we created ERP CORE (Compendium of Open Resources and Experiments), a set of optimized paradigms, experiment control scripts, data processing pipelines, and sample data (N = 40 neurotypical young adults) for seven widely used ERP components: N170, mismatch negativity (MMN), N2pc, N400, P3, lateralized readiness potential (LRP), and error-related negativity (ERN). This resource makes it possible for researchers to 1) employ standardized ERP paradigms in their research, 2) apply carefully designed analysis pipelines and use a priori selected parameters for data processing, 3) rigorously assess the quality of their data, and 4) test new analytic techniques with standardized data from a wide range of paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Kappenman
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA; SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.
| | - Jaclyn L Farrens
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA
| | - Wendy Zhang
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA; SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA
| | - Andrew X Stewart
- University of California, Davis, Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Steven J Luck
- University of California, Davis, Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Impact of Chronic Stress on Attention Control: Evidence from Behavioral and Event-Related Potential Analyses. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1395-1410. [PMID: 32929635 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress affects brain function, so assessing its hazards is important for mental health. To overcome the limitations of behavioral data, we combined behavioral and event-related potentials (ERPs) in an attention network task. This task allowed us to differentiate between three specific aspects of attention: alerting, orienting, and execution. Forty-one participants under chronic stress and 31 non-stressed participants were enrolled. On the performance level, the chronically stressed group showed a significantly slower task response and lower accuracy. Concerning ERP measures, smaller cue-N1, cue-N2, and larger cue-P3 amplitudes were found in the stressed group, indicating that this group was less able to assign attention to effective information, i.e., they made inefficient use of cues and had difficulty in maintaining alerting. In addition, the stressed group showed larger target-N2 amplitudes, indicating that this group needed to allocate more cognitive resources to deal with the conflict targets task. Subgroup analysis revealed lower target-P3 amplitudes in the stressed than in the non-stressed group. Group differences associated with the attention networks were found at the ERP level. In the stressed group, excessive depletion of resources led to changes in attention control. In this study, we examined the effects of chronic stress on individual executive function from a neurological perspective. The results may benefit the development of interventions to improve executive function in chronically stressed individuals.
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Muscarella C, Mairesse O, Hughes G, Van den Bussche E. Behavioral and neural dynamics of cognitive control in the context of rumination. Neuropsychologia 2020; 146:107503. [PMID: 32492409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rumination is a characteristic feature of several clinical disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder, insomnia disorder). Emerging evidence suggests that a reduced flexibility in the balance between proactive and reactive control might be related to trait rumination. This study aimed to investigate the proactive-reactive control balance in the context of trait rumination. In the current study, we investigated behavioral performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants were performing an AX- Continuous Performance Task, to evaluate whether a shift towards more reactive control (i.e., conflict monitoring and resolution) at the expense of proactive control (i.e., maintenance and updating of task-relevant information) is associated with increased trait rumination. Our behavioral results as well as our ERP results did not demonstrate that a shift towards more reactive control at the expense of proactive control was associated with increased trait rumination. Future research is needed to investigate the proactive-reactive control balance in the context of trait rumination. This study is the first to explore the recruitment dynamics of cognitive control using behavioral as well as electrophysiological measures in the context of rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Muscarella
- Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Brain & Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Mairesse
- Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Sleep Laboratory & Unit for Chronobiology U78, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium; Department LIFE, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gethin Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
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Adiposity is related to neuroelectric indices of motor response preparation in preadolescent children. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 147:176-183. [PMID: 31756405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) have been utilized to study the cognitive implications of health-related behaviors, although many questions remain regarding the neural correlates underlying the cognition and adiposity relationship in childhood. Specifically, it is unknown whether excess fat mass is associated with the neural correlates of motor preparation and activation. The present work examined interrelationships between adiposity and ERPs that index inhibition, stimulus evaluation, and motor planning. METHOD To further elucidate the neural components of inhibitory control that are sensitive to adiposity, N2, P3, and response- and stimulus-locked Lateralized Readiness Potential (LRPs) were measured while preadolescent children completed an attentional inhibition task. Whole body percent adiposity was measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS Adiposity was related to the response-locked LRP amplitudes and marginally to P3 amplitude during the incongruent trials, such that participants with less adiposity elicited larger LRP and P3 components. Furthermore, P3 was strongly related to participant reaction times, suggesting that while LRP is strongly associated with adiposity, P3 has a more direct relationship to behavioral task performance. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that while different cognitive functions may be affected by health-related characteristics, stimulus evaluation and motor activation may be particularly sensitive to excess adiposity in children. These findings extend previous work implicating adiposity in cognitive health in the pediatric population. STUDY IMPORTANCE Clinical Registry Number: NCT02630667 at https://clinicaltrials.gov.
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Bresin K, Verona E. Craving and substance use: Examining psychophysiological and behavioral moderators. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 163:92-103. [PMID: 30922777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Theories of substance use have emphasized the role of craving and inhibitory control in continued use, yet few studies have examined the interplay between momentary craving and inhibitory control in predicting illicit drug use in everyday life. The primary goal of this study was to examine whether individual differences in inhibitory control, indexed by laboratory-assessed electrophysiology and behavior, moderate the relation between momentary craving and alcohol and drug use assessed outside the lab using a smartphone. A secondary goal was to examine the extent of coherence in the results across different ERP components (e.g., no-go P3, ERN) purported to assess inhibitory control. Participants were current illicit drug users, who completed a flanker task that also contained go/no-go trials, and participated in two weeks of ambulatory assessments of their drug and alcohol craving and use. The results showed that craving a few hours before was related to subsequent drug and alcohol use; however, traditional measures of inhibitory control (e.g., go/no-go P3) did not moderate these effects as expected for illicit drug use. For alcohol use, individuals with less post-error slowing had a stronger relation between craving and alcohol use than those higher in post-error slowing. These results highlight that different cognitive processes are assessed by electrophysiological and behavioral measures of inhibitory control and may play different roles in drug and alcohol use and craving.
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Transient and sustained incentive effects on electrophysiological indices of cognitive control in younger and older adults. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:313-330. [PMID: 29392645 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Preparing for upcoming events, separating task-relevant from task-irrelevant information and efficiently responding to stimuli all require cognitive control. The adaptive recruitment of cognitive control depends on activity in the dopaminergic reward system as well as the frontoparietal control network. In healthy aging, dopaminergic neuromodulation is reduced, resulting in altered incentive-based recruitment of control mechanisms. In the present study, younger adults (18-28 years) and healthy older adults (66-89 years) completed an incentivized flanker task that included gain, loss, and neutral trials. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded at the time of incentive cue and target presentation. We examined the contingent negative variation (CNV), implicated in stimulus anticipation and response preparation, as well as the P3, which is involved in the evaluation of visual stimuli. Both younger and older adults showed transient incentive-based modulation of CNV. Critically, cue-locked and target-locked P3s were influenced by transient and sustained effects of incentives in younger adults, while such modulation was limited to a sustained effect of gain incentives on cue-P3 in older adults. Overall, these findings are in line with an age-related reduction in the flexible recruitment of preparatory and target-related cognitive control processes in the presence of motivational incentives.
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Santhana Gopalan PR, Loberg O, Hämäläinen JA, Leppänen PHT. Attentional processes in typically developing children as revealed using brain event-related potentials and their source localization in Attention Network Test. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2940. [PMID: 30814533 PMCID: PMC6393460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-related processes include three functional sub-components: alerting, orienting, and inhibition. We investigated these components using EEG-based, brain event-related potentials and their neuronal source activations during the Attention Network Test in typically developing school-aged children. Participants were asked to detect the swimming direction of the centre fish in a group of five fish. The target stimulus was either preceded by a cue (centre, double, or spatial) or no cue. An EEG using 128 electrodes was recorded for 83 children aged 12-13 years. RTs showed significant effects across all three sub-components of attention. Alerting and orienting (responses to double vs non-cued target stimulus and spatially vs centre-cued target stimulus, respectively) resulted in larger N1 amplitude, whereas inhibition (responses to incongruent vs congruent target stimulus) resulted in larger P3 amplitude. Neuronal source activation for the alerting effect was localized in the right anterior temporal and bilateral occipital lobes, for the orienting effect bilaterally in the occipital lobe, and for the inhibition effect in the medial prefrontal cortex and left anterior temporal lobe. Neuronal sources of ERPs revealed that sub-processes related to the attention network are different in children as compared to earlier adult fMRI studies, which was not evident from scalp ERPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Loberg
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Psychology, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | | | - Paavo H T Leppänen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Psychology, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
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21
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Muscarella C, Mairesse O, Hughes G, Neu D, Van den Bussche E. Recruitment dynamics of cognitive control in insomnia. Sleep 2019; 42:5352976. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Muscarella
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Brain & Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Mairesse
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Sleep Laboratory & Unit for Chronobiology U78, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
- Department LIFE, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gethin Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Daniel Neu
- Sleep Laboratory & Unit for Chronobiology U78, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
- UNI Neuroscience Institute, ULB312 Faculty of Medicine, and ULB388 Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
- Center for the Study of Sleep Disorders, Delta Hospital and Edith Cavell Polyclinic, Neuroscience Pole and Department of Internal Medicine, CHIREC, Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Priester LD, Wiswede D. Useful distracting information: ERP correlates of distractors in stimulus-response-episodes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206468. [PMID: 30383821 PMCID: PMC6211706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A basic process in regulating behavior that helps us to disentangle meaningful from distracting information is the binding of stimulus and response features into stimulus-response episodes or "event files". Recent studies have shown that even irrelevant information is bound into event files; distractor repetition on the next trial can trigger the response encoded in this episode, which is indicated by faster reaction times. The present study was conducted to get further insight into the electrophysiological underpinnings of those distractor-based retrieval. For that, we analyzed the N2, a negative deflection in event-related potentials that has been associated with a multitude of processes occurring when relevant and irrelevant stimuli compete with each other within a given trial or even in sequences of trials. Our study showed that distractor which did not provide useful information regarding the required behavior led to more negative N2 amplitudes, whereas distractors that provide useful response-related information were associated with less negative N2 amplitudes. Our results are explained as an adaptive mechanism that helps to hedge against invalid stimulus-response-bindings before an error occurs to increase efficiency of human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Donata Priester
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Wiswede
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee, Lübeck, Germany
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23
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Finkenzeller T, Doppelmayr M, Würth S, Amesberger G. Impact of maximal physical exertion on interference control and electrocortical activity in well-trained persons. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2509-2521. [PMID: 30167959 PMCID: PMC6244649 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the impact of a maximal physical load on cognitive control in twelve well-trained males focusing on the time course of changes in a 15 min post-exercise interval. Methods Prior to and three times after an incremental cycle ergometer task until exhaustion, behavioural performance and neurophysiological correlates using N2 and P3 event-related potentials (ERPs) were assessed during the execution of a modified flanker task. These data were compared to a control condition following the same protocol, however, without physical load between pre-test and post-tests. Results Regardless of compatibility (congruent, incongruent), behavioural findings revealed a significant interaction of Condition × Time with shorter reaction times in the post-exercise blocks as compared to the control condition. Neuroelectric measures demonstrated exercise induced effects of a reduced central N2 amplitude and shorter parietal P3 latency in the time course of post-exercise flanker blocks as compared to rest. Conclusions It is concluded that a state of maximal physical exhaustion facilitates information processing speed in a cognitive control task in well-trained persons. This effect persists even after a recovery period of 15 min. The current findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the neuronal mechanisms of interference control following maximal physical load, suggesting a reduced conflict monitoring as indicated by a reduced N2 amplitude and an increased stimulus classification speed as reflected by P3 latency. The flanker task, however, might have been too simple to elicit monitoring conflicts on the behavioural level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabine Würth
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hallein, Salzburg, Austria
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24
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Yu Y, Jiang C, Xu H, Yang Q, Li J, Xu Y, Xiang W, Peng L, Liu B, Lv F, Li M. Impaired Cognitive Control of Emotional Conflict in Trait Anxiety: A Preliminary Study Based on Clinical and Non-Clinical Individuals. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:120. [PMID: 29681868 PMCID: PMC5897434 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been observed that trait anxiety easily leads to conflict maladaptation under conflict circumstances. However, it remains unclear whether the precise neural mechanisms underlying the effects of high trait anxiety (HTA) on cognitive control are consistent in high trait anxious individuals, with and without anxiety disorders. METHODS The present study recruited 29 healthy volunteers with low trait anxiety (LTA), 37 healthy volunteers with HTA, and 23 patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). All participants completed demographic information and self-report measures of trait anxiety and depression. Then, they performed the emotional flanker task with event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded. RESULTS Behavioral data manifested that, relative to LTA individuals, GAD patients displayed prolonged response times and increased error rates, while HTA individuals showed intact response times and accuracies. Event-related potential (ERP) data revealed that HTA individuals exhibited a trend toward more negative N2 amplitudes for conflict detection. By contrast, both HTA and GAD individuals displayed decreased P3 amplitudes for conflict resolution. ERP results indicated that both HTA and GAD individuals exhibited conflict maladaptation on the N2 amplitude. Correlation analyses also showed that the increased anxiety symptoms were associated with longer reaction times, more error rates, lower P3 amplitudes, and more perturbations in conflict adaptation on reaction times and N2 amplitudes. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated a severely impaired cognitive control in GAD patients while a moderately impaired cognitive control in HTA individuals. Trait anxiety can indeed serve as a predominant factor at the onset and in the maintenance of GAD. Therefore, the trait anxiety reducing strategies may provide significant therapeutic gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongju Yu
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenggang Jiang
- Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjun Xiang
- School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Botao Liu
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Lv
- School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Walk AM, Raine LB, Kramer AF, Cohen NJ, Khan NA, Hillman CH. Differential Effects of Carbohydrates on Behavioral and Neuroelectric Indices of Selective Attention in Preadolescent Children. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:614. [PMID: 29326572 PMCID: PMC5742340 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of breakfast consumption for ideal cognitive performance has received much attention in recent years, although research on the topic has yielded mixed results. The present study utilized event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited during a modified flanker task to investigate the neuroelectric implications of receiving different mixed macronutrient beverages after an overnight fast. A repeated measures design was employed whereby preadolescent participants (9–10 years of age) completed cognitive testing while ERPs were collected during two non-consecutive testing sessions, one in which they received one of three treatment beverages consisting of mixed-macronutrient formulations (either Carbohydrate Blend, Sucrose, Maltodextrin) and the other in which they received a placebo drink containing Sucralose. Performance indices, ERPs, and blood glucose were recorded at three time points before the testing session and after the ingestion of each drink. While the behavioral performance indices and N2 results showed some evidence of glucose facilitation, the effects were small and selective. Participants who received the Maltodextrin treatment showed faster reaction times and more stable N2 amplitudes after ingesting the treatment beverage. The most robust effects were seen in the P3 amplitude measurement. Across the three drink groups, participants showed a marked amplitude increase over time after the placebo drink was ingested, although P3 amplitudes remained stable when a carbohydrate treatment drink was ingested. These effects were eliminated when changes in blood glucose were accounted for, suggesting that the neurolectric effects were directly related to glycemic change. These findings suggest that ingestion of carbohydrates after an overnight fast results in changes to the P3 amplitude of the ERP waveform elicited during an attentional inhibition task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Walk
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Lauren B Raine
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Neal J Cohen
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Center for Learning, Nutrition, & Memory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Health Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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26
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Hinault T, Lemaire P. Aging, rule-violation checking strategies, and strategy combination: An EEG study in arithmetic. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 120:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Walk AM, Khan NA, Barnett SM, Raine LB, Kramer AF, Cohen NJ, Moulton CJ, Renzi-Hammond LM, Hammond BR, Hillman CH. From neuro-pigments to neural efficiency: The relationship between retinal carotenoids and behavioral and neuroelectric indices of cognitive control in childhood. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 118:1-8. [PMID: 28528704 PMCID: PMC5551452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lutein and zeaxanthin are plant pigments known to preferentially accumulate in neural tissue. Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD), a non-invasive measure of retinal carotenoids and surrogate measure of brain carotenoid concentration, has been associated with disease prevention and cognitive health. Superior MPOD status in later adulthood has been shown to provide neuroprotective effects on cognition. Given that childhood signifies a critical period for carotenoid accumulation in brain, it is likely that the beneficial impact would be evident during development, though this relationship has not been directly investigated. The present study investigated the relationship between MPOD and the behavioral and neuroelectric indices elicited during a cognitive control task in preadolescent children. 49 participants completed a modified flanker task while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to assess the P3 component of the ERP waveform. MPOD was associated with both behavioral performance and P3 amplitude such that children with higher MPOD had more accurate performance and lower P3 amplitudes. These relationships were more pronounced for trials requiring greater amounts of cognitive control. These results indicate that children with higher MPOD may respond to cognitive tasks more efficiently, maintaining high performance while displaying neural indices indicative of lower cognitive load. These findings provide novel support for the neuroprotective influence of retinal carotenoids during preadolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Walk
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, United States
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, United States.
| | - Sasha M Barnett
- Department of Food Science, Washington State University, United States
| | - Lauren B Raine
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, United States
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, United States; Beckman Institute of Science and Technology, University of Illinois, United States
| | - Neal J Cohen
- Beckman Institute of Science and Technology, University of Illinois, United States; Department of Psychology University of Illinois, United States
| | | | | | - Billy R Hammond
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Georgia, United States
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, United States; Department of Health Science, Northeastern University, United States
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28
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Xie L, Ren M, Cao B, Li F. Distinct brain responses to different inhibitions: Evidence from a modified Flanker Task. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6657. [PMID: 28751739 PMCID: PMC5532368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether inhibition is a unitary or multifaceted construct is still an open question. To clarify the electrophysiological distinction among the different types of inhibition, we used a modified flanker paradigm, in which interference inhibition, rule inhibition, and response inhibition were compared to non-inhibition condition. The results indicated that, compared to the non-inhibition condition (1) the interference inhibition condition induced larger negativities during N2 epoch at the frontal region, (2) the rule inhibition condition elicited a larger N1 at the posterior region, followed by a larger P3a at the frontal region, reflecting the function of proactive cognitive control in the new stimulus-reaction (S-R) association, and (3) the response inhibition condition evoked a larger P3b at the posterior region, reflecting the process of suppressing the old response and reprogramming the new action. These findings provide new evidence that distinct neural mechanisms underlie different types of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liufang Xie
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Maofan Ren
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Bihua Cao
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Fuhong Li
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
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29
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Chen T, Kendrick KM, Feng C, Sun S, Yang X, Wang X, Luo W, Yang S, Huang X, Valdés-Sosa PA, Gong Q, Fan J, Luo YJ. Dissociable early attentional control mechanisms underlying cognitive and affective conflicts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37633. [PMID: 27892513 PMCID: PMC5124857 DOI: 10.1038/srep37633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been well documented that cognitive conflict is sensitive to the relative proportion of congruent and incongruent trials. However, few studies have examined whether affective conflict processing is modulated as a function of proportion congruency (PC). To address this question we recorded event-related potentials (ERP) while subjects performed both cognitive and affective face-word Stroop tasks. By varying the proportion of congruent and incongruent trials in each block, we examined the extent to which PC impacts both cognitive and affective conflict control at different temporal stages. Results showed that in the cognitive task an anteriorly localized early N2 component occurred predominantly in the low proportion congruency context, whereas in the affective task it was found to occur in the high proportion congruency one. The N2 effects across the two tasks were localized to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, where responses were increased in the cognitive task but decreased in the affective one. Furthermore, high proportions of congruent items produced both larger amplitude of a posteriorly localized sustained potential component and a larger behavioral Stroop effect in cognitive and affective tasks. Our findings suggest that cognitive and affective conflicts engage early dissociable attentional control mechanisms and a later common conflict response system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taolin Chen
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China
| | - Chunliang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Shiyue Sun
- Department of Psychology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xun Yang
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenbo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Suyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Pedro A Valdés-Sosa
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Yue-Jia Luo
- Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.,Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elder Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 PR China
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30
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Kuipers M, Richter M, Scheepers D, Immink MA, Sjak-Shie E, van Steenbergen H. How effortful is cognitive control? Insights from a novel method measuring single-trial evoked beta-adrenergic cardiac reactivity. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 119:87-92. [PMID: 27737782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to adjust attentional focus to varying levels of task demands depends on the adaptive recruitment of cognitive control processes. The present study investigated for the first time whether the mobilization of cognitive control during response-conflict trials in a flanker task is associated with effort-related sympathetic activity as measured by changes in the RZ-interval at a single-trial level, thus providing an alternative to the pre-ejection period (PEP) which can only be reliably measured in ensemble-averaged data. We predicted that response conflict leads to a physiological orienting response (i.e. heart rate slowing) and increases in effort as reflected by changes in myocardial beta-adrenergic activity (i.e. decreased RZ interval). Our results indeed showed that response conflict led to cardiac deceleration and decreased RZ interval. However, the temporal overlap of the observed heart rate and RZ interval changes suggests that the effect on the latter reflects a change in cardiac pre-load (Frank-Starling mechanism). Our study was thus unable to provide evidence for the expected link between cognitive control and cardiovascular effort. However, it demonstrated that our single-trial analysis enables the assessment of transient changes in cardiac sympathetic activity, thus providing a promising tool for future studies that aim to investigate effort at a single-trial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithras Kuipers
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Richter
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Daan Scheepers
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands; Social and Organizational Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A Immink
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Elio Sjak-Shie
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands; Research Support Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Steenbergen
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands.
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31
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Desender K, Van Opstal F, Hughes G, Van den Bussche E. The temporal dynamics of metacognition: Dissociating task-related activity from later metacognitive processes. Neuropsychologia 2016; 82:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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32
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Harrison NR, Ziessler M. Effect Anticipation Affects Perceptual, Cognitive, and Motor Phases of Response Preparation: Evidence from an Event-Related Potential (ERP) Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:5. [PMID: 26858621 PMCID: PMC4726776 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticipation of action effects is a basic process that can be observed even for key-pressing responses in a stimulus-response paradigm. In Ziessler et al.'s (2012) experiments participants first learned arbitrary effects of key-pressing responses. In the test phase an imperative stimulus determined the response, but participants withheld the response until a Go-stimulus appeared. Reaction times (RTs) were shorter if the Go-stimulus was compatible with the learned response effect. This is strong evidence that effect representations were activated during response planning. Here, we repeated the experiment using event-related potentials (ERPs), and we found that Go-stimulus locked ERPs depended on the compatibility relationship between the Go-stimulus and the response effect. In general, this supports the interpretation of the behavioral data. More specifically, differences in the ERPs between compatible and incompatible Go-stimuli were found for the early perceptual P1 component and the later frontal P2 component. P1 differences were found only in the second half of the experiment and for long stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) between imperative stimulus and Go-stimulus, i.e., when the effect was fully anticipated and the perceptual system was prepared for the effect-compatible Go-stimulus. P2 amplitudes, likely associated with evaluation and conflict detection, were larger when Go-stimulus and effect were incompatible; presumably, incompatibility increased the difficulty of effect anticipation. Onset of response-locked lateralized readiness potentials (R-LRPs) occurred earlier under incompatible conditions indicating extended motor processing. Together, these results strongly suggest that effect anticipation affects all (i.e., perceptual, cognitive, and motor) phases of response preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Harrison
- Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Ziessler
- Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University Liverpool, UK
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33
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Kuratomi K, Yoshizaki K. Flexible adjustments of visual selectivity in a Flanker task. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2015.1135157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Age differences in the Attention Network Test: Evidence from behavior and event-related potentials. Brain Cogn 2016; 102:65-79. [PMID: 26760449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Attention Network Test (ANT) is widely used to capture group and individual differences in selective attention. Prior behavioral studies with younger and older adults have yielded mixed findings with respect to age differences in three putative attention networks (alerting, orienting, and executive control). To overcome the limitations of behavioral data, the current study combined behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Twenty-four healthy younger adults (aged 18-29years) and 24 healthy older adults (aged 60-76years) completed the ANT while EEG data were recorded. Behaviorally, older adults showed reduced alerting, but did not differ from younger adults in orienting or executive control. Electrophysiological components related to alerting and orienting (P1, N1, and CNV) were similar in both age groups, whereas components related to executive control (N2 and P3) showed age-related differences. Together these results suggest that comparisons of network effects between age groups using behavioral data alone may not offer a complete picture of age differences in selective attention, especially for alerting and executive control networks.
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Tang D, Hu L, Lei Y, Li H, Chen A. Frontal and occipital-parietal alpha oscillations distinguish between stimulus conflict and response conflict. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:433. [PMID: 26300758 PMCID: PMC4527162 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflicts between target and distraction can occur at the level of both stimulus and response processing. However, the neural oscillations underlying occurrence of the interference in different levels have not been understood well. Here, we reveal such a neural oscillation modulation by combining a 4:2 mapping design (two targets are mapped into one response key) with a practice paradigm (pretest, practice, and posttest) when healthy human participants were performing a novel color-word flanker task. Response time (RT) results revealed constant stimulus conflict (SC, stimulus incongruent minus congruent, SI-CO) but increased response conflict (RC, response incongruent minus stimulus incongruent, RI-SI) with practice. Event-related potential (ERP) results demonstrated stable P3 amplitude differences for the SI-CO in the centro-parietal region across practice, which may reflect maintenance of the stimulus processing; and significantly larger P3 amplitudes in the same region for the RI relative to SI trial type in posttest, which may reflect inhibition of the distraction response. Further, neural oscillatory results showed that with practice, the lower alpha band in the frontal region and the upper alpha band in the occipital-parietal region distinguished between stimulus- and response-conflicts, respectively, suggesting that practice reduces the alertness (sensitiveness) of the brain to conflict occurrence, and enhances stimulus-response associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- School of Education Science, Zunyi Normal College Zunyi, China ; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education) and School of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China
| | - Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education) and School of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Research Centre for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Li
- Research Centre for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
| | - Antao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education) and School of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China
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Groom MJ, Cragg L. Differential modulation of the N2 and P3 event-related potentials by response conflict and inhibition. Brain Cogn 2015; 97:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Zhou P, Yang G, Nan W, Liu X. The time course of attentional modulation on emotional conflict processing. Cogn Emot 2015; 30:621-37. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Purmann S, Pollmann S. Adaptation to recent conflict in the classical color-word Stroop-task mainly involves facilitation of processing of task-relevant information. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:88. [PMID: 25784868 PMCID: PMC4347451 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To process information selectively and to continuously fine-tune selectivity of information processing are important abilities for successful goal-directed behavior. One phenomenon thought to represent this fine-tuning are conflict adaptation effects in interference tasks, i.e., reduction of interference after an incompatible trial and when incompatible trials are frequent. The neurocognitive mechanisms of these effects are currently only partly understood and results from brainimaging studies so far are mixed. In our study we validate and extend recent findings by examining adaption to recent conflict in the classical Stroop task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Consistent with previous research we found increased activity in a fronto-parietal network comprising the medial prefrontal cortex, ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex when contrasting incompatible with compatible trials. These areas have been associated with attentional processes and might reflect increased cognitive conflict and resolution thereof during incompatible trials. While carefully controlling for non-attentional sequential effects we found smaller Stroop interference after an incompatible trial (conflict adaptation effect). These behavioral conflict adaptation effects were accompanied by changes in activity in visual color-selective areas (V4, V4α), while there was no modulation by previous trial compatibility in a visual word-selective area (VWFA). Our results provide further evidence for the notion, that adaptation to recent conflict seems to be based mainly on enhancement of processing of the task-relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Purmann
- Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pollmann
- Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Germany
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Paczynski M, Burton AM, Jha AP. Brief exposure to aversive stimuli impairs visual selective attention. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 27:1172-9. [PMID: 25436669 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that stress can disrupt complex cognitive functions, relatively little is known about how it influences visual processing, especially in terms of visual selective attention. In the current study, we used highly aversive images, taken from the International Affective Picture System, to induce acute, low-intensity stress while participants performed a visual discrimination task. Consistent with prior research, we found that anticipation of aversive stimuli increased overall amplitude of the N170, suggesting an increase in early sensory gain. More importantly, we found that stress disrupted visual selective attention. While in no-stress blocks, the amplitude of the face-sensitive N170 was higher when participants attended to faces rather than scenes in face-scene overlay images; this effect was absent under stress. This was because of an increase in N170 amplitude in the scene-attend condition under stress. We interpret these findings as suggesting that even low-intensity acute stress can impair participants' ability to filter out task-irrelevant information. We discuss our findings in relation to how even brief exposure to low-intensity stress may adversely impact both healthy and clinical populations.
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Event-Related Brain Potentials in the Study of Inhibition: Cognitive Control, Source Localization and Age-Related Modulations. Neuropsychol Rev 2014; 24:461-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Noyce A, Sekuler R. Oddball distractors demand attention: neural and behavioral responses to predictability in the flanker task. Neuropsychologia 2014; 65:18-24. [PMID: 25447061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Predictable and unpredictable distractors may differentially affect attention. We adapted the Eriksen flanker task by manipulating the probability with which specific flankers occurred. Subjects reported the orientation of briefly-presented targets while attempting to ignore four flanking items. Flankers had either standard (90% of trials) or oddball (10%) orientations. Congruent and incongruent configurations were equiprobable, as were target orientations. Oddball flanker orientations substantially enhanced congruency effects: performance was best when the target was congruent with oddball flankers and worst when it was incongruent. We recorded scalp EEG while subjects performed the task, and later computed ERPs timelocked to stimulus onset. Oddball flanker orientations evoked a visual mismatch negativity (vMMN). Subjects' temperament predicted individual differences in vMMN magnitude. Orientation sensitivity predicted larger vMMNs; attentional selectivity predicted smaller. Behavioral and vMMN results indicate that subjects exploit distractor predictability to support more-effective active inhibition; oddballs disrupt this strategy. Despite subjects' attempts to ignore the flankers, unexpected distractors strongly influence neural responses and behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Noyce
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02254, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Robert Sekuler
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02254, USA.
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Chen T, Kendrick KM, Feng C, Yang S, Wang X, Yang X, Lei D, Wu M, Huang X, Gong Q, Luo Y. Opposite effect of conflict context modulation on neural mechanisms of cognitive and affective control. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:478-88. [PMID: 24635546 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the neural effect of conflict context modulation of cognitive and affective conflict processing by recording evoked-response potentials in cognitive and affective versions of a flanker task. By varying the proportion of congruent and incongruent trials in a block, we found different patterns of the context effect on evoked potentials during cognitive and affective conflict processing. For posterior N1 amplitude, frequent incongruent trials produced a larger effect only in the affective task. The opposite pattern of the context effect was observed for the central N450, which was enhanced by frequent cognitive but reduced by frequent affective contexts. We found similar context effect on the parietal sustained potential in both tasks. Overall, our findings suggest that cognitive and affective conflict processing engage a context-dependent attentional control mechanism but a common conflict response system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taolin Chen
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Positive and negative emotions modulate attention allocation in color-flanker task processing: Evidence from event related potentials. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-013-9387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Jiang J, van Gaal S, Bailey K, Chen A, Zhang Q. Electrophysiological correlates of block-wise strategic adaptations to consciously and unconsciously triggered conflict. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2791-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Wu H, Yang S, Sun S, Liu C, Luo YJ. The male advantage in child facial resemblance detection: behavioral and ERP evidence. Soc Neurosci 2013; 8:555-67. [PMID: 24053135 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2013.835279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Males have been suggested to have advantages over females in reactions to child facial resemblance, which reflects the evolutionary pressure on males to solve the adaptive paternal uncertainty problem and to identify biological offspring. However, previous studies showed inconsistent results and the male advantage in child facial resemblance perception, as a kin detection mechanism, is still unclear. Here, we investigated the behavioral and brain mechanisms underlying the self-resembling faces processing and how it interacts with sex and age using event-related potential (ERP) technique. The results showed a stable male advantage in self-resembling child faces processing, such that males have higher detectability to self-resembling child faces than females. For ERP results, males showed smaller N2 and larger late positive component (LPC) amplitudes for self-resembling child faces, which may reflect face-matching and self-referential processing in kin detection, respectively. Further source analysis showed that the N2 component and LPC were originated from the anterior cingulate cortex and medial frontal gyrus, respectively. Our results support the male advantage in self-resembling child detection and further indicate that such distinctions can be found in both early and late processing stages in the brain at different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- a State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
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Mansfield KL, van der Molen MW, Falkenstein M, van Boxtel GJM. Temporal dynamics of interference in Simon and Eriksen tasks considered within the context of a dual-process model. Brain Cogn 2013; 82:353-63. [PMID: 23856129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and brain potential measures were employed to compare interference in Eriksen and Simon tasks. Assuming a dual-process model of interference elicited in speeded response tasks, we hypothesized that only lateralized stimuli in the Simon task induce fast S-R priming via direct unconditional processes, while Eriksen interference effects are induced later via indirect conditional processes. Delays to responses for incongruent trials were indeed larger in the Eriksen than in the Simon task. Only lateralized stimuli in the Simon task elicited early S-R priming, maximal at parietal areas. Incongruent flankers in the Eriksen task elicited interference later, visible as a lateralized N2. Eriksen interference also elicited an additional component (N350), which accounted for the larger behavioral interference effects in the Eriksen task. The findings suggest that interference and its resolution involve different processes for Simon and Eriksen tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Mansfield
- Department of Medical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Postbus 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands.
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YOSHIZAKI KAZUHITO, KURATOMI KEI, KIMURA YUMI, KATO KIMIKO. Age-related change of location-based visual selectivity depending on conflict frequency. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2012.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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