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Lavalley CA, Mehta MM, Taylor S, Chuning AE, Stewart JL, Huys QJM, Khalsa SS, Paulus MP, Smith R. Computational Mechanisms Underlying Multi-Step Planning Deficits in Methamphetamine Use Disorder. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.27.24309581. [PMID: 38978681 PMCID: PMC11230339 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.27.24309581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Current theories suggest individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (iMUDs) have difficulty considering long-term outcomes in decision-making, which could contribute to risk of relapse. Aversive interoceptive states (e.g., stress, withdrawal) are also known to increase this risk. The present study analyzed computational mechanisms of planning in iMUDs, and examined the potential impact of an aversive interoceptive state induction. A group of 40 iMUDs and 49 healthy participants completed two runs of a multi-step planning task, with and without an anxiogenic breathing resistance manipulation. Computational modeling revealed that iMUDs had selective difficulty identifying the best overall plan when this required enduring negative short-term outcomes - a mechanism referred to as aversive pruning. Increases in reported craving before and after the induction also predicted greater aversive pruning in iMUDs. These results highlight a novel mechanism that could promote poor choice in recovering iMUDs and create vulnerability to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Taylor
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Anne E Chuning
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Jennifer L Stewart
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
- University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Quentin J M Huys
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
- University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
- University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
- University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
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2
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Jiang T, Dai J. Cognitive load enhances patience rather than impulsivity. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:1216-1232. [PMID: 37932578 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on the impact of cognitive load on time preference has led to conflicting results. However, these studies either failed to consider response randomness while analyzing behavioral data or involved a defective control level for a clear conclusion regarding the impacts of cognitive load. With two experiments using an adaptive approach to generating appropriate individual-specific stimuli and an additional, preregistered partial replication study, the current research provided consistent evidence that imposing cognitive load with a 2-back auditory memory task would produce simultaneously more patient and more random intertemporal choices. The finding of changed time preference was at odds with the dual-process account thereof but provided clear support for the role of reduced time sensitivity in intertemporal choices under cognitive load. Results of relevant model comparison did not support an account built upon more usage of heuristic strategies under cognitive load, either. Future research could examine boundary conditions for the dual-process and time-sensitivity accounts of time preference such as task features and individual characteristics that moderate the impact of cognitive load on time preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Junyi Dai
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Białek M. Why Should We Study the Foreign Language Effect: Debiasing through Affecting Metacognition? J Intell 2023; 11:103. [PMID: 37367505 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11060103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Debiasing is a method of improving people's decisions by reducing their reliance on salient intuitions causing them to behave suboptimally or biasedly. However, many of the known debiasing techniques have limited effectiveness or can only remedy a one-shot decision, rather than having a lasting impact. In this work, I focus on the role of metacognition in debiasing decision-making and discuss how it can be better understood through the lens of the foreign language effect. The foreign language effect suggests that using a foreign language can sometimes benefit people's decision-making without providing them with additional information or instructions regarding the task. However, we do not fully understand how the foreign language effect works and its limitations. I conclude by urging scientists to research this effect with the hope of having a lasting positive impact on society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Białek
- Psychology of Management Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, 50-527 Wrocław, Poland
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Sobkow A, Olszewska A, Sirota M. The factor structure of cognitive reflection, numeracy, and fluid intelligence: The evidence from the Polish adaptation of the Verbal CRT. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Sobkow
- Centre for Research on Improving Decision Making (CRIDM), Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Wroclaw Poland
| | - Angelika Olszewska
- Centre for Research on Improving Decision Making (CRIDM), Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Wroclaw Poland
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Voudouri A, Białek M, Domurat A, Kowal M, De Neys W. Conflict detection predicts the temporal stability of intuitive and deliberate reasoning. THINKING & REASONING 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2022.2077439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michał Białek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Domurat
- Center for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Kozminski University, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marta Kowal
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wim De Neys
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France
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Calvillo DP, Bratton J, Velazquez V, Smelter TJ, Crum D. Elaborative feedback and instruction improve cognitive reflection but do not transfer to related tasks. THINKING & REASONING 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2022.2075035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin P. Calvillo
- Psychology Department, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Bratton
- Psychology Department, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Velazquez
- Psychology Department, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J. Smelter
- Psychology Department, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Crum
- Psychology Department, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
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Otero I, Salgado JF, Moscoso S. Cognitive reflection, cognitive intelligence, and cognitive abilities: A meta-analysis. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kurtuncu M, Kurt A. Energy drink consumption and its relationship to alcohol use disorders and impulsiveness in health sciences students in Turkey. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:323-329. [PMID: 33834506 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to examine energy drink (ED) consumption and its relationship to alcohol use disorders and impulsiveness in health sciences students. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional research was conducted with 1202 health sciences students. Data collection tools were "Energy Drink Consumption Form," "Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)," and "Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11)." FINDINGS Of the students, 30.6% who used EDs reported doing so in the past year. AUDIT and BIS-11 scores of students with high ED consumption were higher than those with less ED consumption and who do not consume at all (p < 0.05). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Education of students in departments of health should include EDs and their drawbacks as part of nutrition or health coursework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Kurtuncu
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Aylin Kurt
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University Ağdacı Campüs, Bartın, Turkey
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Schauber SK, Hautz SC, Kämmer JE, Stroben F, Hautz WE. Do different response formats affect how test takers approach a clinical reasoning task? An experimental study on antecedents of diagnostic accuracy using a constructed response and a selected response format. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2021; 26:1339-1354. [PMID: 33977409 PMCID: PMC8452553 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-021-10052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of response formats in assessments of medical knowledge and clinical reasoning continues to be the focus of both research and debate. In this article, we report on an experimental study in which we address the question of how much list-type selected response formats and short-essay type constructed response formats are related to differences in how test takers approach clinical reasoning tasks. The design of this study was informed by a framework developed within cognitive psychology which stresses the importance of the interplay between two components of reasoning-self-monitoring and response inhibition-while solving a task or case. The results presented support the argument that different response formats are related to different processing behavior. Importantly, the pattern of how different factors are related to a correct response in both situations seem to be well in line with contemporary accounts of reasoning. Consequently, we argue that when designing assessments of clinical reasoning, it is crucial to tap into the different facets of this complex and important medical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan K Schauber
- Centre for Health Sciences Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Postboks 1161 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Stefanie C Hautz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital, University of Berne, 3010, Freiburgstrasse, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Juliane E Kämmer
- Center for Adaptive Rationality (ARC), Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- AG Progress Test Medizin, Charité Medical School Berlin, Hannoversche Straße 19, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Stroben
- AG Progress Test Medizin, Charité Medical School Berlin, Hannoversche Straße 19, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Office of the Vice Dean for Teaching and Learning, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf E Hautz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital, University of Berne, 3010, Freiburgstrasse, Berne, Switzerland
- Centre for Educational Measurement (CEMO), University of Oslo, Postboks 1161 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
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Byrd N, Białek M. Your health vs. my liberty: Philosophical beliefs dominated reflection and identifiable victim effects when predicting public health recommendation compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cognition 2021; 212:104649. [PMID: 33756152 PMCID: PMC8599940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to crises, people sometimes prioritize fewer specific identifiable victims over many unspecified statistical victims. How other factors can explain this bias remains unclear. So two experiments investigated how complying with public health recommendations during the COVID19 pandemic depended on victim portrayal, reflection, and philosophical beliefs (Total N = 998). Only one experiment found that messaging about individual victims increased compliance compared to messaging about statistical victims-i.e., "flatten the curve" graphs-an effect that was undetected after controlling for other factors. However, messaging about flu (vs. COVID19) indirectly reduced compliance by reducing perceived threat of the pandemic. Nevertheless, moral beliefs predicted compliance better than messaging and reflection in both experiments. The second experiment's additional measures revealed that religiosity, political preferences, and beliefs about science also predicted compliance. This suggests that flouting public health recommendations may be less about ineffective messaging or reasoning than philosophical differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Byrd
- Stevens Institute of Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, USA.
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Białek M, Domurat A, Paruzel-Czachura M, Muda R. Limits of the foreign language effect: intertemporal choice. THINKING & REASONING 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2021.1934899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Białek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Domurat
- Department of Economic Psychology, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Muda
- Faculty of Economics, Maria-Curie Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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12
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Sobkow A, Olszewska A, Traczyk J. Multiple numeric competencies predict decision outcomes beyond fluid intelligence and cognitive reflection. INTELLIGENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2020.101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Not so fast: Individual differences in impulsiveness are only a modest predictor of cognitive reflection. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The role of cognitive reflection in decision making: Evidence from Pakistani managers. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500004885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAssessing how managers discount and evaluate risks is crucial in designing effective managerial policies. In this work, we examine whether risk preferences (RP; both in the domains of gain and loss) and time preferences (TP) are related to managers’ cognitive reflection (CR). To achieve this, the current study focuses on the responses of 601 corporate decision-makers, such as CEO and CFO, of 200 non-financial firms listed at the Pakistan Stock Exchange. Using the three-item of Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT; Frederick, 2005) as a measure of CR, we observe that males perform better on this test than females. Correlation analysis reveals that individuals’ RP in the gain domain are positively associated with their TP, implying that risk-taking individuals are more patient. Our evidence further shows that higher CR is associated with a higher likelihood of increased patience and a lower likelihood of willingness to take risks in the domain of loss. Greater CR is also linked to a higher likelihood of risk-taking in the domain of gain. These findings have important implications regarding the ability of managers to make financial decisions that involve uncertainty and delayed rewards but maximize firm value.
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Littrell S, Fugelsang J, Risko EF. Overconfidently underthinking: narcissism negatively predicts cognitive reflection. THINKING & REASONING 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2019.1633404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Littrell
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Fugelsang
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan F. Risko
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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