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Turmel-Courchesne L, Davies MA, Guêné-Nanchen M, Strack M, Rochefort L. Rewetting increases vegetation cover and net growing season carbon uptake under fen conditions after peat-extraction in Manitoba, Canada. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20588. [PMID: 37996571 PMCID: PMC10667249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The moss layer transfer technique has been developed to restore the carbon sequestration function and typical vegetation of Sphagnum-dominated peatlands after peat extraction in North America. However, the technique does not lead to successful bryophyte establishment when applied to peatlands with a richer residual fen peat. Therefore, we evaluated an alternative method of active rewetting and passive vegetation establishment using vegetation surveys and carbon dioxide and methane (CH4) flux measurements at a post-extracted fen in southern Manitoba, Canada. After one growing season post-rewetting, wetland vegetation established and the site was a net carbon sink over the growing season. However, high abundance of Carex lasiocarpa 10 years post-treatment led to higher CH4 emissions than the reference ecosystem. Successful establishment of wetland vegetation is attributed to the area being surrounded by undisturbed fens that can provide a local source of plant propagules. Bryophyte expansion was less successful than vascular plants, likely due to episodic flooding and shading from the sedge communities. Therefore, careful management of water levels to just below the peat surface is needed if reference vegetation community recovery is the goal of restoration. Water level management will also play a key role in controlling CH4 emissions to maximize carbon sequestration potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Turmel-Courchesne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Northern Studies and Peatland Ecology Research Group, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marissa A Davies
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Mélina Guêné-Nanchen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Northern Studies and Peatland Ecology Research Group, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Strack
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Line Rochefort
- Department of Plant Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Northern Studies and Peatland Ecology Research Group, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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2
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Evans CD, Peacock M, Baird AJ, Artz RRE, Burden A, Callaghan N, Chapman PJ, Cooper HM, Coyle M, Craig E, Cumming A, Dixon S, Gauci V, Grayson RP, Helfter C, Heppell CM, Holden J, Jones DL, Kaduk J, Levy P, Matthews R, McNamara NP, Misselbrook T, Oakley S, Page SE, Rayment M, Ridley LM, Stanley KM, Williamson JL, Worrall F, Morrison R. Overriding water table control on managed peatland greenhouse gas emissions. Nature 2021; 593:548-552. [PMID: 33882562 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Global peatlands store more carbon than is naturally present in the atmosphere1,2. However, many peatlands are under pressure from drainage-based agriculture, plantation development and fire, with the equivalent of around 3 per cent of all anthropogenic greenhouse gases emitted from drained peatland3-5. Efforts to curb such emissions are intensifying through the conservation of undrained peatlands and re-wetting of drained systems6. Here we report eddy covariance data for carbon dioxide from 16 locations and static chamber measurements for methane from 41 locations in the UK and Ireland. We combine these with published data from sites across all major peatland biomes. We find that the mean annual effective water table depth (WTDe; that is, the average depth of the aerated peat layer) overrides all other ecosystem- and management-related controls on greenhouse gas fluxes. We estimate that every 10 centimetres of reduction in WTDe could reduce the net warming impact of CO2 and CH4 emissions (100-year global warming potentials) by the equivalent of at least 3 tonnes of CO2 per hectare per year, until WTDe is less than 30 centimetres. Raising water levels further would continue to have a net cooling effect until WTDe is within 10 centimetres of the surface. Our results suggest that greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands drained for agriculture could be greatly reduced without necessarily halting their productive use. Halving WTDe in all drained agricultural peatlands, for example, could reduce emissions by the equivalent of over 1 per cent of global anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Evans
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK. .,Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - M Peacock
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A J Baird
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R R E Artz
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK
| | - A Burden
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK
| | - N Callaghan
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK
| | - P J Chapman
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - H M Cooper
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - M Coyle
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK.,UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | - E Craig
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK.,School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - A Cumming
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - S Dixon
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - V Gauci
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - R P Grayson
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C Helfter
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | - C M Heppell
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - J Holden
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.,SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J Kaduk
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - P Levy
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | - R Matthews
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, UK
| | - N P McNamara
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - S Oakley
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, UK
| | - S E Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - M Rayment
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - L M Ridley
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - K M Stanley
- Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - F Worrall
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - R Morrison
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
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Wang W, Sardans J, Wang C, Zeng C, Tong C, Chen G, Huang J, Pan H, Peguero G, Vallicrosa H, Peñuelas J. The response of stocks of C, N, and P to plant invasion in the coastal wetlands of China. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:733-743. [PMID: 30346103 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing success of invasive plant species in wetland areas can threaten their capacity to store carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C, N, and P). Here, we have investigated the relationships between the different stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), and total C, N, and P pools in the plant-soil system from eight different wetland areas across the South-East coast of China, where the invasive tallgrass Spartina alterniflora has replaced the native tall grasses Phragmites australis and the mangrove communities, originally dominated by the native species Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina. The invasive success of Spartina alterniflora replacing Phragmites australis did not greatly influence soil traits, biomass accumulation or plant-soil C and N storing capacity. However, the resulting higher ability to store P in both soil and standing plant biomass (approximately more than 70 and 15 kg P by ha, respectively) in the invasive than in the native tall grass communities suggesting the possibility of a decrease in the ecosystem N:P ratio with future consequences to below- and aboveground trophic chains. The results also showed that a future advance in the native mangrove replacement by Spartina alterniflora could constitute a serious environmental problem. This includes enrichment of sand in the soil, with the consequent loss of nutrient retention capacity, as well as a sharp decrease in the stocks of C (2.6 and 2.2 t C ha-1 in soil and stand biomass, respectively), N, and P in the plant-soil system. This should be associated with a worsening of the water quality by aggravating potential eutrophication processes. Moreover, the loss of carbon and nutrient decreases the potential overall fertility of the system, strongly hampering the reestablishment of woody mangrove communities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Congsheng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guixiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiafang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haoran Pan
- Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sceinces, Beihai, China
| | - Guille Peguero
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Helena Vallicrosa
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Catalonia, Spain
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Webster KL, Bhatti JS, Thompson DK, Nelson SA, Shaw CH, Bona KA, Hayne SL, Kurz WA. Spatially-integrated estimates of net ecosystem exchange and methane fluxes from Canadian peatlands. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2018; 13:16. [PMID: 30238271 PMCID: PMC6147052 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-018-0105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peatlands are an important component of Canada's landscape, however there is little information on their national-scale net emissions of carbon dioxide [Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE)] and methane (CH4). This study compiled results for peatland NEE and CH4 emissions from chamber and eddy covariance studies across Canada. The data were summarized by bog, poor fen and rich-intermediate fen categories for the seven major peatland containing terrestrial ecozones (Atlantic Maritime, Mixedwood Plains, Boreal Shield, Boreal Plains, Hudson Plains, Taiga Shield, Taiga Plains) that comprise > 96% of all peatlands nationally. Reports of multiple years of data from a single site were averaged and different microforms (e.g., hummock or hollow) within these peatland types were kept separate. A new peatlands map was created from forest composition and structure information that distinguishes bog from rich and poor fen. National Forest Inventory k-NN forest structure maps, bioclimatic variables (mean diurnal range and seasonality of temperatures) and ground surface slope were used to construct the new map. The Earth Observation for Sustainable Development map of wetlands was used to identify open peatlands with minor tree cover. RESULTS The new map was combined with averages of observed NEE and CH4 emissions to estimate a growing season integrated NEE (± SE) at - 108.8 (± 41.3) Mt CO2 season-1 and CH4 emission at 4.1 (± 1.5) Mt CH4 season-1 for the seven ecozones. Converting CH4 to CO2 equivalent (CO2e; Global Warming Potential of 25 over 100 years) resulted in a total net sink of - 7.0 (± 77.6) Mt CO2e season-1 for Canada. Boreal Plains peatlands contributed most to the NEE sink due to high CO2 uptake rates and large peatland areas, while Boreal Shield peatlands contributed most to CH4 emissions due to moderate emission rates and large peatland areas. Assuming a winter CO2 emission of 0.9 g CO2 m-2 day-1 creates an annual CO2 source (24.2 Mt CO2 year-1) and assuming a winter CH4 emission of 7 mg CH4 m-2 day-1 inflates the total net source to 151.8 Mt CO2e year-1. CONCLUSIONS This analysis improves upon previous basic, aspatial estimates and discusses the potential sources of the high uncertainty in spatially integrated fluxes, indicating a need for continued monitoring and refined maps of peatland distribution for national carbon and greenhouse gas flux estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Webster
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen St. E, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - J. S. Bhatti
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 122 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - D. K. Thompson
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 122 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - S. A. Nelson
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen St. E, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - C. H. Shaw
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 122 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - K. A. Bona
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 122 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - S. L. Hayne
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 351 St. Joseph Boulevard, Gatineau, QC K1A 0H3 Canada
| | - W. A. Kurz
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 Burnside Road W, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5 Canada
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Species-Specific Impacts of Invasive Plant Success on Vertical Profiles of Soil Carbon Accumulation and Nutrient Retention in the Minjiang River Tidal Estuarine Wetlands of China. SOIL SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/soils2010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Modelling carbon dynamics and response to environmental change along a boreal fen nutrient gradient. Ecol Modell 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dimitrov DD, Grant RF, Lafleur PM, Humphreys ER. Modeling the effects of hydrology on gross primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity at Mer Bleue bog. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Rocha AV, Goulden ML. Large interannual CO2
and energy exchange variability in a freshwater marsh under consistent environmental conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jg000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian V. Rocha
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - Michael L. Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
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Sagerfors J, Lindroth A, Grelle A, Klemedtsson L, Weslien P, Nilsson M. Annual CO2exchange between a nutrient-poor, minerotrophic, boreal mire and the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Sagerfors
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå Sweden
| | - A. Lindroth
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - A. Grelle
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - L. Klemedtsson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - P. Weslien
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - M. Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå Sweden
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Aurela M, Laurila T, Tuovinen JP. Annual CO2
balance of a subarctic fen in northern Europe: Importance of the wintertime efflux. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute; Helsinki Finland
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Lafleur PM, Roulet NT, Admiral SW. Annual cycle of CO2exchange at a bog peatland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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