1
|
Liu W, Niu Z, Feng X, Zhou W, Liang D, Lyu M, Wang G, Lu X, Liu L, Turnbull JC. Atmospheric CO 2 and 14CO 2 observations at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in China: Temporal characteristics and source quantification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170682. [PMID: 38325447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A two-year (March 2021 to February 2023) continuous atmospheric CO2 and a one-year regular atmospheric 14CO2 measurement records were measured at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in Xi'an, China, aiming to study the temporal characteristics of atmospheric CO2 and the contributions from the sources of fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) and biological CO2 (CO2bio) fluxes. The two-year mean CO2 mole fraction was 442.2 ± 16.3 ppm, with a yearly increase of 4.7 ppm (i.e., 1.1 %) during the two-year observations. Seasonal CO2 mole fractions were the highest in winter (452.1 ± 17.7 ppm) and the lowest in summer (433.5 ± 13.3 ppm), with the monthly CO2 levels peaking in January and troughing in June. Diurnal CO2 levels peaked at dawn (05:00-07:00) in spring, summer and autumn, and at 10:00 in winter. 14C analysis revealed that the excess CO2 (CO2ex, atmospheric CO2 minus background CO2) at this site was mainly from CO2ff emissions (67.0 ± 26.8 %), and CO2ff mole fractions were the highest in winter (20.6 ± 17.7 ppm). Local CO enhancement above the background mole fraction (ΔCO) was significantly (r = 0.74, p < 0.05) positively correlated with CO2ff in a one-year measurement, and ΔCO:CO2ff showed a ratio of 23 ± 6 ppb/ppm during summer and winter sampling days, much lower than previous measurements and suggesting an improvement in combustion efficiency over the last decade. CO2bio mole fractions also peaked in winter (14.2 ± 9.6 ppm), apparently due to biomass combustion and the lower and more stable wintertime atmospheric boundary layer. The negative CO2bio values in summer indicated that terrestrial vegetation of the Qinling Mountains had the potential to uptake atmospheric CO2 during the corresponding sampling days. This site is most sensitive to local emissions from Xi'an and to short distance transportation from the southern Qinling Mountains through the valleys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhenchuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, China.
| | - Xue Feng
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Joint Xi'an AMS Center Between IEECAS and Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mengni Lyu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Joint Xi'an AMS Center Between IEECAS and Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jocelyn C Turnbull
- National Isotope Center, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand; CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu T, Liu X, Pan Q, Liu S, Feng X. Hydrodynamic and geochemical controls on soil carbon mineralization upon entry into aquatic systems. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119499. [PMID: 36549186 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Erosion is the most widespread form of soil degradation and an important pathway of carbon transfer from land into aquatic systems, with significant impact on water quality and carbon cycle. However, it remains debatable whether erosion induces a carbon source or sink, and the fate of eroded soil carbon in aquatic systems remains poorly constrained. Here, we collect 41 representative soils from seven erosion-influenced basins and conduct microcosm simulation experiments to examine the fate of soil carbon under three different scenarios. We showed that soil carbon mineralization was generally promoted (by up to 10 times) in water under turbulence relative to in soils, but suppressed under static conditions upon entering into aquatic systems. Moreover, the enhancement of mineralization in turbulent systems is primarily related to soil aggregate content, while suppression in static systems positively relates to macromolecule abundance, indicating that soil geochemistry affects the magnitude of hydrodynamic effects on carbon mineralization. Random forest model further predicts that erosion may induce significant carbon sources in basins dominated by turbulent waters and aggregate-rich soils. Our findings demonstrate hydrodynamic and geochemical controls on soil carbon mineralization upon delivery into aquatic systems, which is a non-negligible part of the boundless carbon cycle and must be considered when making region-specific conservation strategies to reduce CO2 emissions from inland waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoda Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Terrestrial carbon sinks in China and around the world and their contribution to carbon neutrality. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:861-895. [PMID: 35146581 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink (referred to as terrestrial C sink) is an important way to slow down the continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and to achieve carbon neutrality target. To better understand the characteristics of terrestrial C sinks and their contribution to carbon neutrality, this review summarizes major progress in terrestrial C budget researches during the past decades, clarifies spatial patterns and drivers of terrestrial C sources and sinks in China and around the world, and examines the role of terrestrial C sinks in achieving carbon neutrality target. According to recent studies, the global terrestrial C sink has been increasing from a source of (-0.2±0.9) Pg C yr-1 (1 Pg=1015 g) in the 1960s to a sink of (1.9±1.1) Pg C yr-1 in the 2010s. By synthesizing the published data, we estimate terrestrial C sink of 0.20-0.25 Pg C yr-1 in China during the past decades, and predict it to be 0.15-0.52 Pg C yr-1 by 2060. The terrestrial C sinks are mainly located in the mid- and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, while tropical regions act as a weak C sink or source. The C balance differs much among ecosystem types: forest is the major C sink; shrubland, wetland and farmland soil act as C sinks; and whether the grassland functions as C sink or source remains unclear. Desert might be a C sink, but the magnitude and the associated mechanisms are still controversial. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition, climate change, and land cover change are the main drivers of terrestrial C sinks, while other factors such as fires and aerosols would also affect ecosystem C balance. The driving factors of terrestrial C sink differ among regions. Elevated CO2 concentration and climate change are major drivers of the C sinks in North America and Europe, while afforestation and ecological restoration are additionally important forcing factors of terrestrial C sinks in China. For future studies, we recommend the necessity for intensive and long term ecosystem C monitoring over broad geographic scale to improve terrestrial biosphere models for accurately evaluating terrestrial C budget and its dynamics under various climate change and policy scenarios.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou C, Guo R, Ji S, Fan H, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu Z. Isolation of Trichoderma from forestry model base and the antifungal properties of isolate TpsT17 toward Fusarium oxysporum. Microbiol Res 2020; 231:126371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
5
|
Feasibility Study on Measuring Atmospheric CO2 in Urban Areas Using Spaceborne CO2-IPDA LIDAR. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10070985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
6
|
Oda T, Maksyutov S, Andres RJ. The Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic Carbon dioxide (CO 2), version 2016 (ODIAC2016): A global, monthly fossil-fuel CO 2 gridded emission data product for tracer transport simulations and surface flux inversions. EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA 2018; 10:87-107. [PMID: 31662803 PMCID: PMC6818511 DOI: 10.5194/essd-10-87-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 (ODIAC) is a global high-spatial resolution gridded emission data product that distributes carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion. The emission spatial distributions are estimated at a 1×1 km spatial resolution over land using power plant profiles (emission intensity and geographical location) and satellite-observed nighttime lights. This paper describes the year 2016 version of the ODIAC emission data product (ODIAC2016) and presents analyses that help guiding data users, especially for atmospheric CO2 tracer transport simulations and flux inversion analysis. Since the original publication in 2011, we have made modifications to our emission modeling framework in order to deliver a comprehensive global gridded emission data product. Major changes from the 2011 publication are 1) the use of emissions estimates made by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) by fuel type (solid, liquid, gas, cement manufacturing, gas flaring and international aviation and marine bunkers), 2) the use of multiple spatial emission proxies by fuel type such as nightlight data specific to gas flaring and ship/aircraft fleet tracks and 3) the inclusion of emission temporal variations. Using global fuel consumption data, we extrapolated the CDIAC emissions estimates for the recent years and produced the ODIAC2016 emission data product that covers 2000-2015. Our emission data can be viewed as an extended version of CDIAC gridded emission data product, which should allow data users to impose global fossil fuel emissions in more comprehensive manner than original CDIAC product. Our new emission modeling framework allows us to produce future versions of ODIAC emission data product with a timely update. Such capability has become more significant given the CDIAC/ORNL's shutdown. ODIAC data product could play an important role to support carbon cycle science, especially modeling studies with space-based CO2 data collected near real time by ongoing carbon observing missions such as Japanese Greenhouse Observing SATellite (GOSAT), NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) and upcoming future missions. The ODIAC emission data product including the latest version of the ODIAC emission data (ODIAC2017, 2000-2016), is distributed from http://db.cger.nies.go.jp/dataset/ODIAC/ with a DOI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Oda
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Shamil Maksyutov
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Robert J Andres
- Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Joint Application of Concentration and δ18O to Investigate the Global Atmospheric CO Budget. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6050547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Huang Z, Peng Z, Liu H, Zhang M, Ma X, Yang SC, Lee SD, Kim SY. Development of CMAQ for East Asia CO2 data assimilation under an EnKF framework: a first result. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Fisher JB, Sikka M, Sitch S, Ciais P, Poulter B, Galbraith D, Lee JE, Huntingford C, Viovy N, Zeng N, Ahlström A, Lomas MR, Levy PE, Frankenberg C, Saatchi S, Malhi Y. African tropical rainforest net carbon dioxide fluxes in the twentieth century. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120376. [PMID: 23878340 PMCID: PMC3720031 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The African humid tropical biome constitutes the second largest rainforest region, significantly impacts global carbon cycling and climate, and has undergone major changes in functioning owing to climate and land-use change over the past century. We assess changes and trends in CO2 fluxes from 1901 to 2010 using nine land surface models forced with common driving data, and depict the inter-model variability as the uncertainty in fluxes. The biome is estimated to be a natural (no disturbance) net carbon sink (−0.02 kg C m−2 yr−1 or −0.04 Pg C yr−1, p < 0.05) with increasing strength fourfold in the second half of the century. The models were in close agreement on net CO2 flux at the beginning of the century (σ1901 = 0.02 kg C m−2 yr−1), but diverged exponentially throughout the century (σ2010 = 0.03 kg C m−2 yr−1). The increasing uncertainty is due to differences in sensitivity to increasing atmospheric CO2, but not increasing water stress, despite a decrease in precipitation and increase in air temperature. However, the largest uncertainties were associated with the most extreme drought events of the century. These results highlight the need to constrain modelled CO2 fluxes with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and extreme climatic events, as the uncertainties will only amplify in the next century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kang JS, Kalnay E, Miyoshi T, Liu J, Fung I. Estimation of surface carbon fluxes with an advanced data assimilation methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
12
|
Hill TC, Williams M, Woodward FI, Moncrieff JB. Constraining ecosystem processes from tower fluxes and atmospheric profiles. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 21:1474-1489. [PMID: 21830696 DOI: 10.1890/09-0840.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The planetary boundary layer (PBL) provides an important link between the scales and processes resolved by global atmospheric sampling/modeling and site-based flux measurements. The PBL is in direct contact with the land surface, both driving and responding to ecosystem processes. Measurements within the PBL (e.g., by radiosondes, aircraft profiles, and flask measurements) have a footprint, and thus an integrating scale, on the order of 1-100 km. We use the coupled atmosphere-biosphere model (CAB) and a Bayesian data assimilation framework to investigate the amount of biosphere process information that can be inferred from PBL measurements. We investigate the information content of PBL measurements in a two-stage study. First, we demonstrate consistency between the coupled model (CAB) and measurements, by comparing the model to eddy covariance flux tower measurements (i.e., water and carbon fluxes) and also PBL scalar profile measurements (i.e., water, carbon dioxide, and temperature) from Canadian boreal forest. Second, we use the CAB model in a set of Bayesian inversions experiments using synthetic data for a single day. In the synthetic experiment, leaf area and respiration were relatively well constrained, whereas surface albedo and plant hydraulic conductance were only moderately constrained. Finally, the abilities of the PBL profiles and the eddy covariance data to constrain the parameters were largely similar and only slightly lower than the combination of both observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Hill
- School of GeoSciences and NERC Centre for Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics, University of Edinburgh EH9 3JN, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xue BL, Kumagai T, Iida S, Nakai T, Matsumoto K, Komatsu H, Otsuki K, Ohta T. Influences of canopy structure and physiological traits on flux partitioning between understory and overstory in an eastern Siberian boreal larch forest. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Göckede M, Michalak AM, Vickers D, Turner DP, Law BE. Atmospheric inverse modeling to constrain regional-scale CO2budgets at high spatial and temporal resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Jenerette GD, Scott RL, Barron-Gafford GA, Huxman TE. Gross primary production variability associated with meteorology, physiology, leaf area, and water supply in contrasting woodland and grassland semiarid riparian ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jg001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
Chen B, Coops NC. Understanding of coupled terrestrial carbon, nitrogen and water dynamics-an overview. SENSORS 2009; 9:8624-57. [PMID: 22291528 PMCID: PMC3260605 DOI: 10.3390/s91108624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coupled terrestrial carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and hydrological processes play a crucial role in the climate system, providing both positive and negative feedbacks to climate change. In this review we summarize published research results to gain an increased understanding of the dynamics between vegetation and atmosphere processes. A variety of methods, including monitoring (e.g., eddy covariance flux tower, remote sensing, etc.) and modeling (i.e., ecosystem, hydrology and atmospheric inversion modeling) the terrestrial carbon and water budgeting, are evaluated and compared. We highlight two major research areas where additional research could be focused: (i) Conceptually, the hydrological and biogeochemical processes are closely linked, however, the coupling processes between terrestrial C, N and hydrological processes are far from well understood; and (ii) there are significant uncertainties in estimates of the components of the C balance, especially at landscape and regional scales. To address these two questions, a synthetic research framework is needed which includes both bottom-up and top-down approaches integrating scalable (footprint and ecosystem) models and a spatially nested hierarchy of observations which include multispectral remote sensing, inventories, existing regional clusters of eddy-covariance flux towers and CO(2) mixing ratio towers and chambers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baozhang Chen
- LREIS Institute of Geographic Sciences & Nature Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-10-64889283; Fax: +1-604-822-9106
| | - Nicholas C. Coops
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kopacz M, Jacob DJ, Henze DK, Heald CL, Streets DG, Zhang Q. Comparison of adjoint and analytical Bayesian inversion methods for constraining Asian sources of carbon monoxide using satellite (MOPITT) measurements of CO columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Pison I, Menut L, Bergametti G. Inverse modeling of surface NOxanthropogenic emission fluxes in the Paris area during the Air Pollution Over Paris Region (ESQUIF) campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Schuster U, Watson AJ. A variable and decreasing sink for atmospheric CO2in the North Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jc003941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Zobitz JM, Burns SP, Ogée J, Reichstein M, Bowling DR. Partitioning net ecosystem exchange of CO2: A comparison of a Bayesian/isotope approach to environmental regression methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Zobitz
- Department of Mathematics; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - S. P. Burns
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (EEB); University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. Ogée
- EPHYSE (Functional Ecology and Environmental Physics); INRA, BP 81; Villenave d'Ornon France
| | - M. Reichstein
- Biogeochemical Model-Data Integration Group; Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry; Jena Germany
| | - D. R. Bowling
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Williams CA, Hanan NP, Neff JC, Scholes RJ, Berry JA, Denning AS, Baker DF. Africa and the global carbon cycle. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2007; 2:3. [PMID: 17343752 PMCID: PMC1821324 DOI: 10.1186/1750-0680-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The African continent has a large and growing role in the global carbon cycle, with potentially important climate change implications. However, the sparse observation network in and around the African continent means that Africa is one of the weakest links in our understanding of the global carbon cycle. Here, we combine data from regional and global inventories as well as forward and inverse model analyses to appraise what is known about Africa's continental-scale carbon dynamics. With low fossil emissions and productivity that largely compensates respiration, land conversion is Africa's primary net carbon release, much of it through burning of forests. Savanna fire emissions, though large, represent a short-term source that is offset by ensuing regrowth. While current data suggest a near zero decadal-scale carbon balance, interannual climate fluctuations (especially drought) induce sizeable variability in net ecosystem productivity and savanna fire emissions such that Africa is a major source of interannual variability in global atmospheric CO2. Considering the continent's sizeable carbon stocks, their seemingly high vulnerability to anticipated climate and land use change, as well as growing populations and industrialization, Africa's carbon emissions and their interannual variability are likely to undergo substantial increases through the 21st century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Williams
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Niall P Hanan
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Robert J Scholes
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 001, South Africa
| | - Joseph A Berry
- Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - A Scott Denning
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - David F Baker
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Terrestrial Science Section, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, 1850 Table Mesa Dr., Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Palmer PI, Suntharalingam P, Jones DBA, Jacob DJ, Streets DG, Fu Q, Vay SA, Sachse GW. Using CO2:CO correlations to improve inverse analyses of carbon fluxes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
24
|
Quélo D, Mallet V, Sportisse B. Inverse modeling of NOxemissions at regional scale over northern France: Preliminary investigation of the second-order sensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
25
|
Michalak AM, Hirsch A, Bruhwiler L, Gurney KR, Peters W, Tans PP. Maximum likelihood estimation of covariance parameters for Bayesian atmospheric trace gas surface flux inversions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Chen B, Chen JM, Liu J, Chan D, Higuchi K, Shashkov A. A Vertical Diffusion Scheme to estimate the atmospheric rectifier effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baozhang Chen
- Department of Geography and Program in Planning; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jing M. Chen
- Department of Geography and Program in Planning; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jane Liu
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Douglas Chan
- Air Quality Research Branch; Meteorological Service of Canada; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Kaz Higuchi
- Air Quality Research Branch; Meteorological Service of Canada; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Alexander Shashkov
- Air Quality Research Branch; Meteorological Service of Canada; Toronto Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Suntharalingam P. Improved quantification of Chinese carbon fluxes using CO2/CO correlations in Asian outflow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
28
|
Engelen RJ. Estimating atmospheric CO2from advanced infrared satellite radiances within an operational 4D-Var data assimilation system: Methodology and first results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
Michalak AM. A geostatistical approach to surface flux estimation of atmospheric trace gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
30
|
Kawa SR. Global CO2transport simulations using meteorological data from the NASA data assimilation system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
31
|
Gerbig C, Lin JC, Wofsy SC, Daube BC, Andrews AE, Stephens BB, Bakwin PS, Grainger CA. Toward constraining regional-scale fluxes of CO2with atmospheric observations over a continent: 1. Observed spatial variability from airborne platforms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Gerbig
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - J. C. Lin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - S. C. Wofsy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - B. C. Daube
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - A. E. Andrews
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - B. B. Stephens
- Atmospheric Technology Division; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. S. Bakwin
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. A. Grainger
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of North Dakota; Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Palmer PI, Jacob DJ, Jones DBA, Heald CL, Yantosca RM, Logan JA, Sachse GW, Streets DG. Inverting for emissions of carbon monoxide from Asia using aircraft observations over the western Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul I. Palmer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Dylan B. A. Jones
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Robert M. Yantosca
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Jennifer A. Logan
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dufour E, Bréon FM. Spaceborne estimate of atmospheric CO2 column by use of the differential absorption method: error analysis. APPLIED OPTICS 2003; 42:3595-3609. [PMID: 12833966 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.003595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
For better knowledge of the carbon cycle, there is a need for spaceborne measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Because the gradients are relatively small, the accuracy requirements are better than 1%. We analyze the feasibility of a CO2-weighted-column estimate, using the differential absorption technique, from high-resolution spectroscopic measurements in the 1.6- and 2-microm CO2 absorption bands. Several sources of uncertainty that can be neglected for other gases with less stringent accuracy requirements need to be assessed. We attempt a quantification of errors due to the radiometric noise, uncertainties in the temperature, humidity and surface pressure uncertainty, spectroscopic coefficients, and atmospheric scattering. Atmospheric scattering is the major source of error [5 parts per 10 (ppm) for a subvisual cirrus cloud with an assumed optical thickness of 0.03], and additional research is needed to properly assess the accuracy of correction methods. Spectroscopic data are currently a major source of uncertainty but can be improved with specific ground-based sunphotometry measurements. The other sources of error amount to several ppm, which is less than, but close to, the accuracy requirements. Fortunately, these errors are mostly random and will therefore be reduced by proper averaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Dufour
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Direction des Sciences de la Matière, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Janssens IA, Freibauer A, Ciais P, Smith P, Nabuurs GJ, Folberth G, Schlamadinger B, Hutjes RWA, Ceulemans R, Schulze ED, Valentini R, Dolman AJ. Europe's terrestrial biosphere absorbs 7 to 12% of European anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Science 2003; 300:1538-42. [PMID: 12764201 DOI: 10.1126/science.1083592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Most inverse atmospheric models report considerable uptake of carbon dioxide in Europe's terrestrial biosphere. In contrast, carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems increase at a much smaller rate, with carbon gains in forests and grassland soils almost being offset by carbon losses from cropland and peat soils. Accounting for non-carbon dioxide carbon transfers that are not detected by the atmospheric models and for carbon dioxide fluxes bypassing the ecosystem carbon stocks considerably reduces the gap between the small carbon-stock changes and the larger carbon dioxide uptake estimated by atmospheric models. The remaining difference could be because of missing components in the stock-change approach, as well as the large uncertainty in both methods. With the use of the corrected atmosphere- and land-based estimates as a dual constraint, we estimate a net carbon sink between 135 and 205 teragrams per year in Europe's terrestrial biosphere, the equivalent of 7 to 12% of the 1995 anthropogenic carbon emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, B-2160 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chédin A. The feasibility of monitoring CO2from high-resolution infrared sounders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
36
|
Suntharalingam P. Estimating the distribution of terrestrial CO2sources and sinks from atmospheric measurements: Sensitivity to configuration of the observation network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
37
|
Gilliland AB. Seasonal NH3emission estimates for the eastern United States based on ammonium wet concentrations and an inverse modeling method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
38
|
Pétron G, Granier C, Khattatov B, Lamarque J, Yudin V, Müller J, Gille J. Inverse modeling of carbon monoxide surface emissions using Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory network observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Pétron
- Service d'Aéronomie Université Paris 6 Paris France
- Also at Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Claire Granier
- Service d'Aéronomie Université Paris 6 Paris France
- Also at Aeronomy Laboratory, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences‐National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Also at Max‐Planck‐Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Khattatov
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Jean‐Francois Lamarque
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Valery Yudin
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - John Gille
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Adams JM, Piovesan G. Uncertainties in the role of land vegetation in the carbon cycle. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 49:805-819. [PMID: 12430659 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since the late 1950s the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere has been increasing by around 0.5-3 ppm per year. Understanding of carbon sinks is vital to understanding this trend and its future behaviour. Here we examine some of the factors which may affect the proportion of anthropogenic CO2 ending up in the atmosphere in the present and in the future, and variability in the CO2 increase from one year to another. We also examine the evidence for the potential of terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks to take up or release CO2. In some cases, a careful re-examination of the research methods used to deduce present and future feedbacks may be necessary. The most advanced technology and the most complex models do not necessarily produce reliable results. They should be carefully checked against a general background knowledge of ecological processes before their results are accepted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Adams
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gurney KR, Law RM, Denning AS, Rayner PJ, Baker D, Bousquet P, Bruhwiler L, Chen YH, Ciais P, Fan S, Fung IY, Gloor M, Heimann M, Higuchi K, John J, Maki T, Maksyutov S, Masarie K, Peylin P, Prather M, Pak BC, Randerson J, Sarmiento J, Taguchi S, Takahashi T, Yuen CW. Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models. Nature 2002; 415:626-30. [PMID: 11832942 DOI: 10.1038/415626a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Information about regional carbon sources and sinks can be derived from variations in observed atmospheric CO2 concentrations via inverse modelling with atmospheric tracer transport models. A consensus has not yet been reached regarding the size and distribution of regional carbon fluxes obtained using this approach, partly owing to the use of several different atmospheric transport models. Here we report estimates of surface-atmosphere CO2 fluxes from an intercomparison of atmospheric CO2 inversion models (the TransCom 3 project), which includes 16 transport models and model variants. We find an uptake of CO2 in the southern extratropical ocean less than that estimated from ocean measurements, a result that is not sensitive to transport models or methodological approaches. We also find a northern land carbon sink that is distributed relatively evenly among the continents of the Northern Hemisphere, but these results show some sensitivity to transport differences among models, especially in how they respond to seasonal terrestrial exchange of CO2. Overall, carbon fluxes integrated over latitudinal zones are strongly constrained by observations in the middle to high latitudes. Further significant constraints to our understanding of regional carbon fluxes will therefore require improvements in transport models and expansion of the CO2 observation network within the tropics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Robert Gurney
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Peylin P. Influence of transport uncertainty on annual mean and seasonal inversions of atmospheric CO2data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
42
|
Demény A, Haszpra L. Stable isotope compositions of CO(2) in background air and at polluted sites in Hungary. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:797-804. [PMID: 11921265 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
CO(2) samples were collected from air at three sites in Hungary for comparison of polluted and background areas. In order to reduce the uncertainties caused by the varying amount of N(2)O, a gas chromatography (GC)-based vacuum separation was applied. The reliability of the procedure was demonstrated by careful standardization and comparison with global network data. The stable isotope data show complex diurnal and seasonal variations that can be explained by fractionations during photosynthesis and respiration. The isotopic characteristics of pollution-derived (anthropogenic) and biogenic CO(2) appear to be indistinguishable at the study sites. However, the sites at unpolluted areas reveal a seasonal variation in the carbon isotope composition of biogenic CO(2) that may be related to changes in soil biogenic activities. The atmospheric background CO(2) shows constant delta(13)C in the region. Finally, the study demonstrates the need for careful standardization of sampling in order to make the data obtained from different sampling systems comparable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Demény
- Laboratory for Geochemical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Budaörsi út 45, H-1112, Hungary.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang S, Zhou C, Liu J, Tian H, Li K, Yang X. Carbon storage in northeast China as estimated from vegetation and soil inventories. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2002; 116 Suppl 1:S157-S165. [PMID: 11833904 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have estimated the stocks of carbon in vegetation and soil in northeast China based on data for 122 plots from the fourth national forest inventory, and for 388 soil profiles from the second national soil survey. The techniques of Geographic Information System (GIS) have been used to extrapolate site-specific estimates of vegetation and soil organic carbon to the entire area of northeast China. Our estimate indicates that the amount of carbon in vegetation and soil for the region are 2.81 PgC (10(15) g C) and 26.43 PgC, respectively, and that the area weighted average density of vegetation and soil organic carbon are 22.7 MgC/ha and 212.7 MgC/ha, respectively. The eastern and northern parts of the region show much higher carbon storage than the rest of the region. Substantial spatial variations in vegetation and soil organic carbon across northeast China suggest that regional estimates on carbon stocks and fluxes should take into account these spatial variations. We suggest that the methodology developed can be used for the entire nation of China as well as other regions of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Wang
- Institute of Remote Sensing Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Schimel DS, House JI, Hibbard KA, Bousquet P, Ciais P, Peylin P, Braswell BH, Apps MJ, Baker D, Bondeau A, Canadell J, Churkina G, Cramer W, Denning AS, Field CB, Friedlingstein P, Goodale C, Heimann M, Houghton RA, Melillo JM, Moore B, Murdiyarso D, Noble I, Pacala SW, Prentice IC, Raupach MR, Rayner PJ, Scholes RJ, Steffen WL, Wirth C. Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 2001; 414:169-72. [PMID: 11700548 DOI: 10.1038/35102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 959] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of carbon exchange between the atmosphere, land and the oceans is important, given that the terrestrial and marine environments are currently absorbing about half of the carbon dioxide that is emitted by fossil-fuel combustion. This carbon uptake is therefore limiting the extent of atmospheric and climatic change, but its long-term nature remains uncertain. Here we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of global and regional patterns of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen data confirm that the terrestrial biosphere was largely neutral with respect to net carbon exchange during the 1980s, but became a net carbon sink in the 1990s. This recent sink can be largely attributed to northern extratropical areas, and is roughly split between North America and Eurasia. Tropical land areas, however, were approximately in balance with respect to carbon exchange, implying a carbon sink that offset emissions due to tropical deforestation. The evolution of the terrestrial carbon sink is largely the result of changes in land use over time, such as regrowth on abandoned agricultural land and fire prevention, in addition to responses to environmental changes, such as longer growing seasons, and fertilization by carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Nevertheless, there remain considerable uncertainties as to the magnitude of the sink in different regions and the contribution of different processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Schimel
- Max Planck Institute für Biogeochemie, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Martin PH, Nabuurs GJ, Aubinet M, Karjalainen T, Vine EL, Kinsman J, Heath LS. CARBON SINKS IN TEMPERATE FORESTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
▪ Abstract In addition to being scientifically exciting, commercially important, and environmentally essential, temperate forests have also become a key diplomatic item in international climate negotiations as potential sinks for carbon. This review presents the methods used to estimate carbon sequestration, identifies the constraints and opportunities for carbon sequestration in temperate forests, addresses the issues raised by the monitoring of carbon sequestration, and analyzes uncertainties pertaining to the sequestration of carbon by temperate forests. This review serves a dual purpose: It aims at informing policy makers about carbon sequestration in temperate forests and at making forest ecologists, biogeochemists, and atmospheric scientists aware of the structure of an international agreement to reduce CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions and some of the real, still answered scientific questions that it poses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe H. Martin
- European Commission, Research Directorate General, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium,
- ALTERRA, Wageningen University and Research Center, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands,
- Unit of Physics, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium,
- European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland,
- Energy Analysis Department, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
| | - Gert-Jan Nabuurs
- European Commission, Research Directorate General, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium,
- ALTERRA, Wageningen University and Research Center, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands,
- Unit of Physics, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium,
- European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland,
- Energy Analysis Department, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
| | - Marc Aubinet
- European Commission, Research Directorate General, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium,
- ALTERRA, Wageningen University and Research Center, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands,
- Unit of Physics, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium,
- European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland,
- Energy Analysis Department, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
| | - Timo Karjalainen
- European Commission, Research Directorate General, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium,
- ALTERRA, Wageningen University and Research Center, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands,
- Unit of Physics, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium,
- European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland,
- Energy Analysis Department, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
| | - Edward L. Vine
- European Commission, Research Directorate General, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium,
- ALTERRA, Wageningen University and Research Center, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands,
- Unit of Physics, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium,
- European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland,
- Energy Analysis Department, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
| | - John Kinsman
- European Commission, Research Directorate General, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium,
- ALTERRA, Wageningen University and Research Center, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands,
- Unit of Physics, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium,
- European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland,
- Energy Analysis Department, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
| | - Linda S. Heath
- European Commission, Research Directorate General, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium,
- ALTERRA, Wageningen University and Research Center, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands,
- Unit of Physics, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium,
- European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland,
- Energy Analysis Department, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Engelen RJ, Denning AS, Gurney KR, Stephens GL. Global observations of the carbon budget: 1. Expected satellite capabilities for emission spectroscopy in the EOS and NPOESS eras. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
47
|
Gilliland A, Abbitt PJ. A sensitivity study of the discrete Kalman filter (DKF) to initial condition discrepancies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
48
|
Kaminski T, Rayner PJ, Heimann M, Enting IG. On aggregation errors in atmospheric transport inversions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
49
|
Chapin FS, Mcguire AD, Randerson J, Pielke R, Baldocchi D, Hobbie SE, Roulet N, Eugster W, Kasischke E, Rastetter EB, Zimov SA, Running SW. Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2000; 6:211-223. [PMID: 35026938 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of results from several Arctic and boreal research programmes provides evidence for the strong role of high-latitude ecosystems in the climate system. Average surface air temperature has increased 0.3 °C per decade during the twentieth century in the western North American Arctic and boreal forest zones. Precipitation has also increased, but changes in soil moisture are uncertain. Disturbance rates have increased in the boreal forest; for example, there has been a doubling of the area burned in North America in the past 20 years. The disturbance regime in tundra may not have changed. Tundra has a 3-6-fold higher winter albedo than boreal forest, but summer albedo and energy partitioning differ more strongly among ecosystems within either tundra or boreal forest than between these two biomes. This indicates a need to improve our understanding of vegetation dynamics within, as well as between, biomes. If regional surface warming were to continue, changes in albedo and energy absorption would likely act as a positive feedback to regional warming due to earlier melting of snow and, over the long term, the northward movement of treeline. Surface drying and a change in dominance from mosses to vascular plants would also enhance sensible heat flux and regional warming in tundra. In the boreal forest of western North America, deciduous forests have twice the albedo of conifer forests in both winter and summer, 50-80% higher evapotranspiration, and therefore only 30-50% of the sensible heat flux of conifers in summer. Therefore, a warming-induced increase in fire frequency that increased the proportion of deciduous forests in the landscape, would act as a negative feedback to regional warming. Changes in thermokarst and the aerial extent of wetlands, lakes, and ponds would alter high-latitude methane flux. There is currently a wide discrepancy among estimates of the size and direction of CO2 flux between high-latitude ecosystems and the atmosphere. These discrepancies relate more strongly to the approach and assumptions for extrapolation than to inconsistencies in the underlying data. Inverse modelling from atmospheric CO2 concentrations suggests that high latitudes are neutral or net sinks for atmospheric CO2 , whereas field measurements suggest that high latitudes are neutral or a net CO2 source. Both approaches rely on assumptions that are difficult to verify. The most parsimonious explanation of the available data is that drying in tundra and disturbance in boreal forest enhance CO2 efflux. Nevertheless, many areas of both tundra and boreal forests remain net sinks due to regional variation in climate and local variation in topographically determined soil moisture. Improved understanding of the role of high-latitude ecosystems in the climate system requires a concerted research effort that focuses on geographical variation in the processes controlling land-atmosphere exchange, species composition, and ecosystem structure. Future studies must be conducted over a long enough time-period to detect and quantify ecosystem feedbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F S Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - A D Mcguire
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - J Randerson
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - R Pielke
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - D Baldocchi
- Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, PO Box 2456, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - S E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN 55108, USA
| | - N Roulet
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - W Eugster
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - E Kasischke
- ERIM International, Inc., PO Box 134008, Ann Arbor, MI 48113-4008, USA
| | - E B Rastetter
- Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - S A Zimov
- North-East Science Station, PO Box 18, Cherskii, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), 678830 Russia, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812-1063, USA
| | - S W Running
- North-East Science Station, PO Box 18, Cherskii, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), 678830 Russia, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812-1063, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bousquet P, Peylin P, Ciais P, Le Quéré C, Friedlingstein P, Tans PP. Regional changes in carbon dioxide fluxes of land and oceans since 1980. Science 2000; 290:1342-7. [PMID: 11082059 DOI: 10.1126/science.290.5495.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have applied an inverse model to 20 years of atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements to infer yearly changes in the regional carbon balance of oceans and continents. The model indicates that global terrestrial carbon fluxes were approximately twice as variable as ocean fluxes between 1980 and 1998. Tropical land ecosystems contributed most of the interannual changes in Earth's carbon balance over the 1980s, whereas northern mid- and high-latitude land ecosystems dominated from 1990 to 1995. Strongly enhanced uptake of carbon was found over North America during the 1992-1993 period compared to 1989-1990.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Bousquet
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|