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Wang M, Xiao M, Bertozzi B, Marie G, Rörup B, Schulze B, Bardakov R, He XC, Shen J, Scholz W, Marten R, Dada L, Baalbaki R, Lopez B, Lamkaddam H, Manninen HE, Amorim A, Ataei F, Bogert P, Brasseur Z, Caudillo L, De Menezes LP, Duplissy J, Ekman AML, Finkenzeller H, Carracedo LG, Granzin M, Guida R, Heinritzi M, Hofbauer V, Höhler K, Korhonen K, Krechmer JE, Kürten A, Lehtipalo K, Mahfouz NGA, Makhmutov V, Massabò D, Mathot S, Mauldin RL, Mentler B, Müller T, Onnela A, Petäjä T, Philippov M, Piedehierro AA, Pozzer A, Ranjithkumar A, Schervish M, Schobesberger S, Simon M, Stozhkov Y, Tomé A, Umo NS, Vogel F, Wagner R, Wang DS, Weber SK, Welti A, Wu Y, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Sipilä M, Winkler PM, Hansel A, Baltensperger U, Kulmala M, Flagan RC, Curtius J, Riipinen I, Gordon H, Lelieveld J, El-Haddad I, Volkamer R, Worsnop DR, Christoudias T, Kirkby J, Möhler O, Donahue NM. Synergistic HNO 3-H 2SO 4-NH 3 upper tropospheric particle formation. Nature 2022; 605:483-489. [PMID: 35585346 PMCID: PMC9117139 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New particle formation in the upper free troposphere is a major global source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)1-4. However, the precursor vapours that drive the process are not well understood. With experiments performed under upper tropospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber, we show that nitric acid, sulfuric acid and ammonia form particles synergistically, at rates that are orders of magnitude faster than those from any two of the three components. The importance of this mechanism depends on the availability of ammonia, which was previously thought to be efficiently scavenged by cloud droplets during convection. However, surprisingly high concentrations of ammonia and ammonium nitrate have recently been observed in the upper troposphere over the Asian monsoon region5,6. Once particles have formed, co-condensation of ammonia and abundant nitric acid alone is sufficient to drive rapid growth to CCN sizes with only trace sulfate. Moreover, our measurements show that these CCN are also highly efficient ice nucleating particles-comparable to desert dust. Our model simulations confirm that ammonia is efficiently convected aloft during the Asian monsoon, driving rapid, multi-acid HNO3-H2SO4-NH3 nucleation in the upper troposphere and producing ice nucleating particles that spread across the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mao Xiao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benjamin Schulze
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Roman Bardakov
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brandon Lopez
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - António Amorim
- CENTRA and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Farnoush Ataei
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pia Bogert
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annica M L Ekman
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Manuel Granzin
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roberto Guida
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristina Höhler
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kimmo Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Naser G A Mahfouz
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Vladimir Makhmutov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa & INFN, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serge Mathot
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roy L Mauldin
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tatjana Müller
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antti Onnela
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrea Pozzer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Meredith Schervish
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Mario Simon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yuri Stozhkov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - António Tomé
- Institute Infante Dom Luíz, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Nsikanabasi Silas Umo
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franziska Vogel
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Stefan K Weber
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul M Winkler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hamish Gordon
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Imad El-Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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