1
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Easterbrook KD, Vona MA, Osthoff HD. Measurement of Henry's law constants of ethyl nitrate in deionized water, synthetic sea salt solutions, and n-octanol. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140482. [PMID: 37875215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl nitrate (EN; C2H5ONO2) is an important component of atmospheric "odd nitrogen" (NOy) whose main source is marine emissions. To correctly describe its air-water transfer and model its global distribution, accurate values for its temperature- and salinity-dependent Henry's law solubility constants are needed. Here, we report Henry's law (HScp) constants for EN in deionized (DI) water, synthetic sea salt solutions (SSS), and n-octanol at temperatures between 278.2 K and 303.2 K. For DI water, HScp constants of (2.03 ± 0.06) M atm-1 at 293.2 K and (4.88 ± 0.13) M atm-1 at 278.2 K were observed (all stated uncertainties are at the 1σ level). The data are best described by ln(HScp(aq)/[Matm-1]) = -(16.2 ± 0.4)+(4.94 ± 0.11) × 103/T and ln(HScp(octanol)/[Matm-1]) = -(11.1 ± 1.9)+(4.15 ± 0.33) × 103/T, from which the octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) was calculated. A temperature-independent salting-out factor of 1.25 ± 0.03 and Setschenow constant of KS = (0.33 ± 0.04) mol kg-1 were determined for SSS. Liquid-phase losses of EN were negligible in all solvents (kl < 1 × 10-4 s-1). The HScp(aq) values agree with results by Kames (1993) but are between 2% (at 303.2 K) and 19% (at 278.2 K) lower than the widely used parameterization by Kames and Schurath (1992), indicating a systemic bias in the EN literature and modelling of the Earth's nitrogen cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Easterbrook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mitchell A Vona
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans D Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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2
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Zeng L, Guo H, Lyu X, Zhou B, Ling Z, Simpson IJ, Meinardi S, Barletta B, Blake DR. Long-term variations of C 1-C 5 alkyl nitrates and their sources in Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116285. [PMID: 33352486 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the long-term trends of alkyl nitrates (RONO2) is of great importance for evaluating the variations of photochemical pollution. Mixing ratios of C1-C5 RONO2 were measured in autumn Hong Kong from 2002 to 2016, and the average level of 2-butyl nitrate (2-BuONO2) always ranked first. The C1-C4 RONO2 all showed increasing trends (p < 0.05), and 2-BuONO2 had the largest increase rate. The enhancement in C3 RONO2 was partially related to elevated propane, and dramatic decreases (p < 0.05) in both nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) also led to the increased RONO2 formation. In addition, an increase of hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals (p < 0.05) suggested enhanced atmospheric oxidative capacity, further resulting in the increases of RONO2. Source apportionment of C1-C4 RONO2 specified three typical sources of RONO2, including biomass burning emission, oceanic emission, and secondary formation, of which secondary formation was the largest contributor to ambient RONO2 levels. Mixing ratios of total RONO2 from each source were quantified and their temporal variations were investigated. Elevated RONO2 from secondary formation and biomass burning emission were two likely causes of increased ambient RONO2. By looking into the spatial distributions of C1-C5 RONO2, regional transport from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) was inferred to build up RONO2 levels in Hong Kong, especially in the northwestern part. In addition, more serious RONO2 pollution was found in western PRD region. This study helps build a comprehensive understanding of RONO2 pollution in Hong Kong and even the entire PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Zeng
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Beining Zhou
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenhao Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Isobel J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, USA
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, USA
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, USA
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, USA
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3
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Chen X, Millet DB, Singh HB, Wisthaler A, Apel EC, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Bourgeois I, Brown SS, Crounse JD, de Gouw JA, Flocke FM, Fried A, Heikes BG, Hornbrook RS, Mikoviny T, Min KE, Müller M, Neuman JA, O'Sullivan DW, Peischl J, Pfister GG, Richter D, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Shertz SR, Thompson CR, Treadaway V, Veres PR, Walega J, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weibring P, Yuan B. On the sources and sinks of atmospheric VOCs: an integrated analysis of recent aircraft campaigns over North America. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:9097-9123. [PMID: 33688334 PMCID: PMC7939023 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-9097-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We apply a high-resolution chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) with updated treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and a comprehensive suite of airborne datasets over North America to (i) characterize the VOC budget and (ii) test the ability of current models to capture the distribution and reactivity of atmospheric VOCs over this region. Biogenic emissions dominate the North American VOC budget in the model, accounting for 70 % and 95 % of annually emitted VOC carbon and reactivity, respectively. Based on current inventories anthropogenic emissions have declined to the point where biogenic emissions are the dominant summertime source of VOC reactivity even in most major North American cities. Methane oxidation is a 2x larger source of nonmethane VOCs (via production of formaldehyde and methyl hydroperoxide) over North America in the model than are anthropogenic emissions. However, anthropogenic VOCs account for over half of the ambient VOC loading over the majority of the region owing to their longer aggregate lifetime. Fires can be a significant VOC source episodically but are small on average. In the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the model exhibits skill in capturing observed variability in total VOC abundance (R 2 = 0:36) and reactivity (R 2 = 0:54). The same is not true in the free troposphere (FT), where skill is low and there is a persistent low model bias (~ 60 %), with most (27 of 34) model VOCs underestimated by more than a factor of 2. A comparison of PBL: FT concentration ratios over the southeastern US points to a misrepresentation of PBL ventilation as a contributor to these model FT biases. We also find that a relatively small number of VOCs (acetone, methanol, ethane, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, isoprene C oxidation products, methyl hydroperoxide) drive a large fraction of total ambient VOC reactivity and associated model biases; research to improve understanding of their budgets is thus warranted. A source tracer analysis suggests a current overestimate of biogenic sources for hydroxyacetone, methyl ethyl ketone and glyoxal, an underestimate of biogenic formic acid sources, and an underestimate of peroxyacetic acid production across biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Future work to improve model representations of vertical transport and to address the VOC biases discussed are needed to advance predictions of ozone and SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frank M. Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian G. Heikes
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gabriele G. Pfister
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dirk Richter
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Shertz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chelsea R. Thompson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Victoria Treadaway
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Patrick R. Veres
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Petter Weibring
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Zheng P, Chen T, Liu Y, Han G, Simpson IJ, Wang X, Blake DR, Li Z, Yang X, Qi Y, Wang Q, Wang W, Xue L. Observations of C 1-C 5 alkyl nitrates in the Yellow River Delta, northern China: Effects of biomass burning and oil field emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:129-139. [PMID: 30504015 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl nitrates (RONO2) are important reservoirs of nitrogen oxides and play key roles in the tropospheric chemistry. Two phases of intensive campaigns were conducted during February-April and June-July of 2017 at a rural coastal site and in open oil fields of the Yellow River Delta region, northern China. C1-C5 alkyl nitrates showed higher concentration levels in summer than in winter-spring (p < 0.01), whilst their parent hydrocarbons showed an opposite seasonal variation pattern. The C3-C5 RONO2 levels in the oil fields were significantly higher than those in the ambient rural air. Alkyl nitrates showed well-defined diurnal variations, elucidating the effects of in-situ photochemical production and regional transport of aged polluted plumes. Backward trajectory analysis and fire maps revealed the significant contribution of biomass burning to the observed alkyl nitrates and hydrocarbons. A simplified sequential reaction model and an observation-based chemical box model were deployed to diagnose the formation mechanisms of C1-C5 RONO2. The C3-C5 RONO2 were mainly produced from the photochemical oxidation of their parent hydrocarbons (i.e., C3-C5 alkanes), whilst C1-C2 RONO2 compounds have additional sources. In addition to parent hydrocarbons, longer alkanes with >4 carbon atoms were also important precursors of alkyl nitrates in the oil fields. This study demonstrates the significant effects of oil field emissions and biomass burning on the volatile organic compounds and alkyl nitrate formation, and provides scientific support for the formulation of control strategies against photochemical air pollution in the Yellow River Delta region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Penggang Zheng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Tianshu Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Guangxuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process and Ecology Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Isobel J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Zeyuan Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanbin Qi
- Jilin Weather Modification Office, Changchun, Jilin, China; Joint Laboratory of Weather Modification for Chinese Meteorological Administration and People's Government of Jilin Province (Key Laboratory of Jilin Province), Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Jilin Weather Modification Office, Changchun, Jilin, China; Joint Laboratory of Weather Modification for Chinese Meteorological Administration and People's Government of Jilin Province (Key Laboratory of Jilin Province), Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; Ji'nan Institute of Environmental Science, Ji'nan, Shandong, China.
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5
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Determination of Semivolatile Organic Nitrates in Ambient Atmosphere by Gas Chromatography/Electron Ionization–Mass Spectrometry. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile organic nitrates (SVONs) contribute a large proportion of total organic nitrates and play an important role in the tropospheric chemistry. However, the composition and concentrations of SVONs in the atmosphere remain unclear due to the lack of reliable analytical techniques for specific organic nitrates. In this study, a method based on gas chromatography and electron ionization–mass spectrometry was developed to detect ambient SVONs that were collected via polyurethane foam disk enrichment. Three SVONs were identified in the semivolatile samples from urban Jinan during spring based on the characteristic fragment ions of [NO2]+ and [CH2NO3]+ and the characteristic fragment loss of NO2 and NO3: 1-pentyl nitrate (molecular weight [MW] = 133), 4-hydroxy-isoprene nitrate (MW = 147), and (3,4)-di-hydroxy-isoprene nitrate (MW = 163). The latter two isoprene nitrates were rarely detected in the real atmosphere in previous studies. The contents of 1-pentyl nitrate, 4-hydroxy-isoprene nitrate, and (3,4)-di-hydroxy-isoprene nitrate were roughly quantified based on the standard of 1-pentyl nitrate, with a detection limit of 50 μg L−1. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was used to determine the total SVONs content. The average concentrations of 1-pentyl nitrate, 4-hydroxy-isoprene nitrate, (3,4)-di-hydroxy-isoprene nitrate, and total SVONs in Jinan during spring were 20.2 ± 7.2, 13.2 ± 7.2, 36.5 ± 8.4, and 380.0 ± 190.8 ng m−3, respectively. The three identified SVONs contributed only 20.2 ± 5.5% to the total SVONs, which suggests that some unidentified SVONs are present in the ambient atmosphere and that studies with improved or advanced analytical techniques will be required to identify them.
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6
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Zeng L, Lyu X, Guo H, Zou S, Ling Z. Photochemical Formation of C 1-C 5 Alkyl Nitrates in Suburban Hong Kong and over the South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5581-5589. [PMID: 29664616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl nitrates (RONO2) are important reservoirs of atmospheric nitrogen, regulating nitrogen cycling and ozone (O3) formation. In this study, we found that propane and n-butane were significantly lower at the offshore site (WSI) in Hong Kong ( p < 0.05), whereas C3-C4 RONO2 were comparable to the suburban site (TC) ( p > 0.05). Stronger oxidative capacity at WSI led to more efficient RONO2 formation. Relative incremental reactivity (RIR) was for the first time used to evaluate RONO2-precursor relationships. In contrast to a consistently volatile organic compounds (VOC)-limited regime at TC, RONO2 formation at WSI switched from VOC-limited regime during O3 episodes to VOC and nitrogen oxides (NO x) colimited regime during nonepisodes. Furthermore, unlike the predominant contributions of parent hydrocarbons to C4-C5 RONO2, the production of C1-C3 RONO2 was more sensitive to other VOCs like aromatics and carbonyls, which accounted for ∼40-90% of the productions of C1-C3 alkylperoxy (RO2) and alkoxy radicals (RO) at both sites. This resulted from the decomposition of larger RO2/RO and the change of OH abundance under the photochemistry of other VOCs. This study advanced our understanding of the photochemical formation of RONO2, particularly the relationships between RONO2 and their precursors, which were not confined to the parent hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Zeng
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
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7
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Sarkar S, Fan WH, Jia S, Blake DR, Reid JS, Lestari P, Yu LE. A quantitative assessment of distributions and sources of tropospheric halocarbons measured in Singapore. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:528-544. [PMID: 29156272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the first ground-based atmospheric measurements of 26 halocarbons in Singapore, an urban-industrial city-state in Southeast (SE) Asia. A total of 166 whole air canister samples collected during two intensive 7 Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) campaigns (August-October 2011 and 2012) were analyzed for C1-C2 halocarbons using gas chromatography-electron capture/mass spectrometric detection. The halocarbon dataset was supplemented with measurements of selected non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), C1-C5 alkyl nitrates, sulfur gases and carbon monoxide to better understand sources and atmospheric processes. The median observed atmospheric mixing ratios of CFCs, halons, CCl4 and CH3CCl3 were close to global tropospheric background levels, with enhancements in the 1-17% range. This provided the first measurement evidence from SE Asia of the effectiveness of Montreal Protocol and related national-scale regulations instituted in the 1990s to phase-out ozone depleting substances (ODS). First- and second-generation CFC replacements (HCFCs and HFCs) dominated the atmospheric halocarbon burden with HFC-134a, HCFC-22 and HCFC-141b exhibiting enhancements of 39-67%. By combining near-source measurements in Indonesia with receptor data in Singapore, regionally transported peat-forest burning smoke was found to impact levels of several NMHCs (ethane, ethyne, benzene, and propane) and short-lived halocarbons (CH3I, CH3Cl, and CH3Br) in a subset of the receptor samples. The strong signatures of these species near peat-forest fires were potentially affected by atmospheric dilution/mixing during transport and by mixing with substantial urban/regional backgrounds at the receptor. Quantitative source apportionment was carried out using positive matrix factorization (PMF), which identified industrial emissions related to refrigeration, foam blowing, and solvent use in chemical, pharmaceutical and electronics industries as the major source of halocarbons (34%) in Singapore. This was followed by marine and terrestrial biogenic activity (28%), residual levels of ODS from pre-Montreal Protocol operations (16%), seasonal incidences of peat-forest smoke (13%), and fumigation related to quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS) applications (7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Sarkar
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
| | - Wei Hong Fan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Shiguo Jia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Reid
- Naval Research Laboratory, Marine Meteorology Division, 7 Grace Hopper Avenue Stop 2, Monterey, CA 93943-5502, USA
| | - Puji Lestari
- Environmental Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, JL. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Liya E Yu
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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8
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Song J, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Ho KF, Yuan Z, Ling Z, Niu X, Gao Y, Cui L, Louie PKK, Lee SC, Lai S. Seasonal variations of C 1-C 4 alkyl nitrates at a coastal site in Hong Kong: Influence of photochemical formation and oceanic emissions. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:275-284. [PMID: 29216547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Five C1-C4 alkyl nitrates (RONO2) were measured at a coastal site in Hong Kong in four selected months of 2011 and 2012. The total mixing ratios of C1-C4 RONO2 (Σ5RONO2) ranged from 15.4 to 143.7 pptv with an average of 65.9 ± 33.0 pptv. C3-C4 RONO2 (2-butyl nitrate and 2-propyl nitrate) were the most abundant RONO2 during the entire sampling period. The mixing ratios of C3-C4 RONO2 were higher in winter than those in summer, while the ones of methyl nitrate (MeONO2) were higher in summer than those in winter. Source analysis suggests that C2-C4 RONO2 were mainly derived from photochemical formation along with biomass burning (58.3-71.6%), while ocean was a major contributor to MeONO2 (53.8%) during the whole sampling period. The photochemical evolution of C2-C4 RONO2 was investigated, and found to be dominantly produced by the parent hydrocarbon oxidation. The notable enrichment of MeONO2 over C3-C4 RONO2 was observed in a summer episode when the air masses originating from the South China Sea (SCS) and MeONO2 was dominantly derived from oceanic emissions. In order to improve the accuracy of ozone (O3) prediction in coastal environment, the relative contribution of RONO2 from oceanic emissions versus photochemical formation and their coupling effects on O3 production should be taken into account in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Zibing Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhao Ling
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Peter K K Louie
- Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| | - Senchao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Ng M, Mok DKW, Lee EPF, Dyke JM. The Atmospherically Important Reaction of Hydroxyl Radicals with Methyl Nitrate: A Theoretical Study Involving the Calculation of Reaction Mechanisms, Enthalpies, Activation Energies, and Rate Coefficients. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6554-6567. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Ng
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel K. W. Mok
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Edmond P. F. Lee
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - John M. Dyke
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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10
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Ng NL, Brown SS, Archibald AT, Atlas E, Cohen RC, Crowley JN, Day DA, Donahue NM, Fry JL, Fuchs H, Griffin RJ, Guzman MI, Herrmann H, Hodzic A, Iinuma Y, Jimenez JL, Kiendler-Scharr A, Lee BH, Luecken DJ, Mao J, McLaren R, Mutzel A, Osthoff HD, Ouyang B, Picquet-Varrault B, Platt U, Pye HOT, Rudich Y, Schwantes RH, Shiraiwa M, Stutz J, Thornton JA, Tilgner A, Williams BJ, Zaveri RA. Nitrate radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:2103-2162. [PMID: 30147712 PMCID: PMC6104845 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) by the nitrate radical (NO3) represents one of the important interactions between anthropogenic emissions related to combustion and natural emissions from the biosphere. This interaction has been recognized for more than 3 decades, during which time a large body of research has emerged from laboratory, field, and modeling studies. NO3-BVOC reactions influence air quality, climate and visibility through regional and global budgets for reactive nitrogen (particularly organic nitrates), ozone, and organic aerosol. Despite its long history of research and the significance of this topic in atmospheric chemistry, a number of important uncertainties remain. These include an incomplete understanding of the rates, mechanisms, and organic aerosol yields for NO3-BVOC reactions, lack of constraints on the role of heterogeneous oxidative processes associated with the NO3 radical, the difficulty of characterizing the spatial distributions of BVOC and NO3 within the poorly mixed nocturnal atmosphere, and the challenge of constructing appropriate boundary layer schemes and non-photochemical mechanisms for use in state-of-the-art chemical transport and chemistry-climate models. This review is the result of a workshop of the same title held at the Georgia Institute of Technology in June 2015. The first half of the review summarizes the current literature on NO3-BVOC chemistry, with a particular focus on recent advances in instrumentation and models, and in organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation chemistry. Building on this current understanding, the second half of the review outlines impacts of NO3-BVOC chemistry on air quality and climate, and suggests critical research needs to better constrain this interaction to improve the predictive capabilities of atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Elliot Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John N. Crowley
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Douglas A. Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliane L. Fry
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alma Hodzic
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ben H. Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah J. Luecken
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert McLaren
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans D. Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benedicte Picquet-Varrault
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systemes Atmospheriques (LISA), CNRS, Universities of Paris-Est Créteil and ì Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Ulrich Platt
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rebecca H. Schwantes
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brent J. Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Butkovskaya NI, Kukui A, Le Bras G, Rayez MT, Rayez JC. Pressure dependence of butyl nitrate formation in the reaction of butylperoxy radicals with nitrogen oxide. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:4408-17. [PMID: 25380343 DOI: 10.1021/jp509427x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The yield of 1- and 2-butyl nitrates in the gas-phase reactions of NO with n-C4H9O2 and sec-C4H9O2, obtained from the reaction of F atoms with n-butane in the presence of O2, was determined over the pressure range of 100-600 Torr at 298 K using a high-pressure turbulent flow reactor coupled with a chemical ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer. The yield of butyl nitrates was found to increase linearly with pressure from about 3% at 100 Torr to about 8% at 600 Torr. The results obtained are compared with the available data concerning nitrate formation from NO reaction with other small alkylperoxy radicals. These results are also discussed through the topology of the lowest potential energy surface mainly obtained from DFT(B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ) calculations of the RO2 + NO reaction paths. The formation of alkyl nitrates, due essentially to collision processes, is analyzed through a model that points out the pertinent physical parameters of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Butkovskaya
- †Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS-INSIS, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - A Kukui
- ‡Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), CNRS-INSU, 3A Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - G Le Bras
- †Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS-INSIS, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - M-T Rayez
- §Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS/UMR5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - J-C Rayez
- §Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS/UMR5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
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Butkovskaya N, Kukui A, Le Bras G. Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Methyl Nitrate Formation in the CH3O2 + NO Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5972-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210710d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Butkovskaya
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS-INSIS
1C Av. de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2,
France
| | - Alexandre Kukui
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS-INSIS
1C Av. de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2,
France
| | - Georges Le Bras
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS-INSIS
1C Av. de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2,
France
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13
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Lee J, Ngo J, Blake D, Meinardi S, Pontello AM, Newcomb R, Galassetti PR. Improved predictive models for plasma glucose estimation from multi-linear regression analysis of exhaled volatile organic compounds. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:155-60. [PMID: 19423833 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91657.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent ideal biomarkers of endogenous metabolism and could be used to noninvasively measure circulating variables, including plasma glucose. We previously demonstrated that hyperglycemia in different metabolic settings (glucose ingestion in pediatric Type 1 diabetes) is paralleled by changes in exhaled ethanol, acetone, and methyl nitrate. In this study we integrated these gas changes along with three additional VOCs (2 forms of xylene and ethylbenzene) into multi-linear regression models to predict plasma glucose profiles in 10 healthy young adults, during the 2 h following an intravenous glucose bolus (matched samples of blood, exhaled and room air were collected at 12 separate time points). The four-gas model with highest predictive accuracy estimated plasma glucose in each subject with a mean R value of 0.91 (range 0.70-0.98); increasing the number of VOCs in the model only marginally improved predictions (average R with best 5-gas model = 0.93; with 6-gas model = 0.95). While practical development of this methodology into clinically usable devices will require optimization of predictive algorithms on large-scale populations, our data prove the feasibility and potential accuracy of breath-based glucose testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California 92868, USA
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14
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Kondo Y, Morino Y, Fukuda M, Kanaya Y, Miyazaki Y, Takegawa N, Tanimoto H, McKenzie R, Johnston P, Blake DR, Murayama T, Koike M. Formation and transport of oxidized reactive nitrogen, ozone, and secondary organic aerosol in Tokyo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Zhou Y, Mao H, Russo RS, Blake DR, Wingenter OW, Haase KB, Ambrose J, Varner RK, Talbot R, Sive BC. Bromoform and dibromomethane measurements in the seacoast region of New Hampshire, 2002–2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Reeves CE, Slemr J, Oram DE, Worton D, Penkett SA, Stewart DJ, Purvis R, Watson N, Hopkins J, Lewis A, Methven J, Blake DR, Atlas E. Alkyl nitrates in outflow from North America over the North Atlantic during Intercontinental Transport of Ozone and Precursors 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Reeves
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - Jana Slemr
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - David E. Oram
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - David Worton
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - Stuart A. Penkett
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - David J. Stewart
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - Ruth Purvis
- Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements; Cranfield University; Cranfield UK
| | - Nicola Watson
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; York UK
| | - Jim Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; York UK
| | - Ally Lewis
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; York UK
| | - John Methven
- Department of Meteorology; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - Elliot Atlas
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry; University of Miami; Miami Florida USA
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17
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Dahl EE, Yvon-Lewis SA, Saltzman ES. Alkyl nitrate (C1-C3) depth profiles in the tropical Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jc003471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Gamblin B, Toon OB, Tolbert MA, Kondo Y, Takegawa N, Irie H, Koike M, Ballenthin JO, Hunton DE, Miller TM, Viggiano AA, Anderson BE, Avery M, Sachse GW, Podolske JR, Guenther K, Sorenson C, Mahoney MJ. Nitric acid condensation on ice: 1. Non-HNO3constituent of NOYcondensing cirrus particles on upper tropospheric. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Sato K, Tanimoto H, Imamura T. Negative Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectra of C1–C6n-Alkyl Nitrates. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Yokouchi Y, Hasebe F, Fujiwara M, Takashima H, Shiotani M, Nishi N, Kanaya Y, Hashimoto S, Fraser P, Toom-Sauntry D, Mukai H, Nojiri Y. Correlations and emission ratios among bromoform, dibromochloromethane, and dibromomethane in the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Wang T. Relationships of trace gases and aerosols and the emission characteristics at Lin'an, a rural site in eastern China, during spring 2001. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Rosen RS. Observations of total alkyl nitrates during Texas Air Quality Study 2000: Implications for O3and alkyl nitrate photochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Treves
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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24
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Choi Y. Survey of whole air data from the second airborne Biomass Burning and Lightning Experiment using principal component analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Talbot R. Reactive nitrogen in Asian continental outflow over the western Pacific: Results from the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) airborne mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Swanson AL. Seasonal variations of C2–C4nonmethane hydrocarbons and C1–C4alkyl nitrates at the Summit research station in Greenland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Wang T. Chemical characterization of the boundary layer outflow of air pollution to Hong Kong during February–April 2001. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Simpson IJ. Photochemical production and evolution of selected C2–C5alkyl nitrates in tropospheric air influenced by Asian outflow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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