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Asher E, Hills AJ, Hornbrook RS, Shertz S, Gabbard S, Stephens BB, Helmig D, Apel EC. Unpiloted Aircraft System Instrument for the Rapid Collection of Whole Air Samples and Measurements for Environmental Monitoring and Air Quality Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5657-5667. [PMID: 33881834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new airborne system, the Whole Air Sampling Pilotless Platform (WASPP), is described for the collection of whole air samples and in situ meteorological measurements onboard a commercial hexacopter. Rapid sample collection enables the collection ≤15 air samples per flight in positively pressurized miniature canisters, subsequently analyzed on a mated analytical system for up to 80 nonmethane volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The WASPP is well suited to investigate VOC gradients in urban environments impacted by traffic, industry, and oil and natural gas (O&NG) development, but has the sensitivity to characterize continental background conditions, as shown here using a subset of >40 species. We document empirical tests to minimize the influence of rotor wash and other sampling artifacts and report favorable results of laboratory-based calibrations of the WASPP's meteorological sensors and field-based comparisons of WASPP's VOC measurements and horizontal wind velocity measurements. Airborne WASPP measurements can complement and enhance ground-based VOC monitoring efforts by providing substantial meteorological and VOC measurement capability across vertical and horizontal spatial scales. These measurements reveal strong vertical gradients in VOC mixing ratios, depending on local meteorology and sources. WASPP has wide applicability for pollution source identification and quantification of hazardous air pollutants and precursors of criteria pollutants, including monitoring O&NG emissions or industry fenceline monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Asher
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Alan J Hills
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Rebecca S Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Stephen Shertz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Stephen Gabbard
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Britton B Stephens
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Eric C Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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Chang CC, Chang CY, Wang JL, Pan XX, Chen YC, Ho YJ. An optimized multicopter UAV sounding technique (MUST) for probing comprehensive atmospheric variables. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126867. [PMID: 32957282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The unique maneuverability, ease of deployment, simplicity in logistics, and relatively low costs of multicopters render them effective vehicles for low atmospheric research. While many efforts have contributed to the fundamental success of atmospheric applications of multicopters in the past, several challenges remain, including limited measurable variables, possible response-delay in real-time observations, insufficient measurement accuracy, endurance of harsh conditions and tolerance towards interferences. To address these challenges and further fortify the applicability in diversified research disciplines, this study developed an optimized multicopter UAV sounding technique (MUST). The MUST serves as an integrated platform by combining self-developed algorithms, optimized working environments for sensors/monitors, and retrofitted sampling devices to probe a comprehensive set of atmospheric variables. These variables of interest include meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind direction and speed), the chemical composition (speciated VOCs, CO, CO2, CH4, CO2 isotopologues, O3, PM2.5, and black carbon), and the radiation flux, as well as visible and thermal images. The aim of this study is to achieve the following objectives: 1. to easily probe a comprehensive set of near-surface atmospheric variables; 2. to improve data quality by correcting for sensors' delay in real-time observations and minimizing environmental interferences; and 3. to enhance the versatility and applicability of aerial measurements by incorporating necessary hardware and software. Field launching cases from the surface to a maximum height of 1000 m were conducted to validate the robustness of the integrated MUST platform with sufficient speed, accuracy and resolution for the target variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yuan Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Xu Pan
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Geng C, Wang J, Yin B, Zhao R, Li P, Yang W, Xiao Z, Li S, Li K, Bai Z. Vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds conducted by tethered balloon in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:121-129. [PMID: 32653171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosols can cause adverse effects on the environment and human health. However, knowledge of the VOC vertical profile in the lower troposphere of major Chinese cities is poorly understood. In this study, tethered balloon flights were conducted over the juncture of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in China during the winter of 2016. Thirty-six vertical air samples were collected on selected heavy and light pollution days at altitudes of 50-1000 meters above ground level. On average, the concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) at 50-100 m was 4.9 times higher than at 900-1000 m (46.9 ppbV vs. 8.0 ppbV). TVOC concentrations changed rapidly from altitudes of 50-100 to 401-500 m, with an average decrease of 72%. With further altitude increase, the TVOC concentration gradually decreased. The xylene/benzene ratios of 34/36 air samples were lower than 1.1, and the benzene/toluene ratios of 34/36 samples were higher than 0.4, indicating the occurrence of aged air mass during the sampling period. Alkenes contributed most in terms of both OH loss rate (39%-71%) and ozone formation potential (40%-72%), followed by aromatics (6%-38%). Finally, the main factors affecting the vertical distributions of VOCs were local source emission and negative dispersion conditions on polluted days. These data could advance our scientific understanding of VOC vertical distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Baohui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ruojie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Peng Li
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zhimei Xiao
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Shijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kangwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Dieu Hien VT, Lin C, Thanh VC, Kim Oanh NT, Thanh BX, Weng CE, Yuan CS, Rene ER. An overview of the development of vertical sampling technologies for ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 247:401-412. [PMID: 31254756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are harmful to human health and the environment, and are precursors of other toxic air pollutants, e.g. ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). In recent years, due to scientific and technological advancements, vertical VOC profile in the atmosphere has been increasingly studied since it plays an essential role in the atmospheric research by providing multilevel three-dimensional data. Such information will improve the predictive ability of existing air quality models. This review summarizes the latest development of vertical VOC sampling technologies, highlighting the technical and non-technical challenges with possible solutions and future applications of vertical VOC sampling technologies. Further, other important issues concerning ambient VOCs have also been discussed, e.g. emission sources, VOC air samplers, VOC monitoring strategies, factors influencing airborne VOC measurement, the use of VOC data in air quality models and future smart city air quality management. Since ambient VOC levels can fluctuate significantly with altitude, technologies for vertical VOC profiling have been developed from building/tower-based measurements and tethered balloons to aircrafts, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellites in order to improve the temporal-spatial capacity and accuracy. Between the existing sampling methods, so far, UAVs are capable of providing more reliable VOC measurements and better temporal-spatial capacities. Heretofore, their disadvantages and challenges, e.g. sampling height, sampling time, sensitivity of the sensors and interferences from other chemical species, have limited the application of UAV for vertical VOC profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Thi Dieu Hien
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Vu Chi Thanh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
- Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
| | - Bui Xuan Thanh
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Technology, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Chien-Erh Weng
- Department of Electronic Communication Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, 2601DA Delft, the Netherlands
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Zhao W, Tang G, Yu H, Yang Y, Wang Y, Wang L, An J, Gao W, Hu B, Cheng M, An X, Li X, Wang Y. Evolution of boundary layer ozone in Shijiazhuang, a suburban site on the North China Plain. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 83:152-160. [PMID: 31221378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the boundary layer affects the evolution of ozone (O3), and research into this structure will provide important insights for understanding photochemical pollution. In this study, we conducted a one-month observation (from June 15 to July 14, 2016) of the boundary layer meteorological factors as well as O3 and its precursors in Luancheng County, Shijiazhuang (37°53'N, 114°38'E). Our research showed that photochemical pollution in Shijiazhuang is serious, and the mean hourly maximum and mean 8-hr maximum O3 concentrations are 97.9 ± 26.1 and 84.4 ± 22.4 ppbV, respectively. Meteorological factors play a significant role in the formation of O3. High temperatures and southeasterly winds lead to elevated O3 values, and at moderate relative humidity (40%-50%) and medium boundary layer heights (1200-1500 m), O3 production sensitivity occurred in the transitional region between volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) limitations, and the O3 concentration was the highest. The vertical profiles of O3 were also measured by a tethered balloon. The results showed that a large amount of O3 was stored in the residual layer, and the concentration was positively correlated with the O3 concentration measured the previous day. During the daytime of the following day, the contribution of O3 stored in the residual layer to the boundary layer reached 27% ± 7% on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Huan Yu
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Weather Modification Office of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junlin An
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengtian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xingqin An
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Vo TDH, Lin C, Weng CE, Yuan CS, Lee CW, Hung CH, Bui XT, Lo KC, Lin JX. Vertical stratification of volatile organic compounds and their photochemical product formation potential in an industrial urban area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:327-336. [PMID: 29614481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the petrochemical industry and vehicle exhaust may contribute to high ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP). In this study, the vertical profiles of VOCs were created for the southern Taiwan industrial city of Kaohsiung. Vertical air samples were collected up to 1000 m using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In Renwu District, VOC distribution was affected by the inversion layer up to 200 m height. Total VOCs (36-327 ppbv), OFP (66-831 ppbv) and SOAFP (0.12-5.55 ppbv) stratified by height were the highest values at 300 m. The VOCs originated from both local and long-distance transport sources. These findings can be integrated into Kaohsiung's future air quality improvement plans and serve as a reference for other industrialized areas worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Dieu-Hien Vo
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Erh Weng
- Department of Electronic Communication Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lee
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsuang Hung
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Xuan-Thanh Bui
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Technology, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lo
- Department of Military Meteorology, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung 82047, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Xian Lin
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
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Chang CC, Wang JL, Chang CY, Liang MC, Lin MR. Development of a multicopter-carried whole air sampling apparatus and its applications in environmental studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:484-492. [PMID: 26386435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To advance the capabilities of probing chemical composition aloft, we designed a lightweight remote-controlled whole air sampling component (WASC) and integrated it into a multicopter drone with agile maneuverability to perform aerial whole air sampling. A field mission hovering over an exhaust shaft of a roadway tunnel to collect air samples was performed to demonstrate the applicability of the multicopter-carried WASC apparatus. Ten aerial air samples surrounding the shaft vent were collected by the multicopter-carried WASC. Additional five samples were collected manually inside the shaft for comparison. These samples were then analyzed in the laboratory for the chemical composition of 109 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CH4, CO, CO2, or CO2 isotopologues. Most of the VOCs in the upwind samples (the least affected by shaft exhaust) were low in concentrations (5.9 ppbv for total 109 VOCs), posting a strong contrast to those in the shaft exhaust (235.8 ppbv for total 109 VOCs). By comparing the aerial samples with the in-shaft samples for chemical compositions, the influence of the shaft exhaust on the surrounding natural air was estimated. Through the aerial measurements, three major advantages of the multicopter-carried WASC were demonstrated: 1. The highly maneuverable multicopter-carried WASC can be readily deployed for three-dimensional environmental studies at a local scale (0-1.5 km); 2. Aerial sampling with superior sample integrity and preservation conditions can now be performed with ease; and 3. Data with spatial resolution for a large array of gaseous species with high precision can be easily obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ren Lin
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Measurement of Ozone Concentration on the Elevation Gradient of a Low Hill by a Semiconductor-Based Portable Monitor. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6070928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Geyer A. Vertical profiles of NO3, N2O5, O3, and NOxin the nocturnal boundary layer: 2. Model studies on the altitude dependence of composition and chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Stutz J. Vertical profiles of NO3, N2O5, O3, and NOxin the nocturnal boundary layer: 1. Observations during the Texas Air Quality Study 2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Grossmann D. Hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, carbonyl compounds, and organic acids measured at Pabstthum during BERLIOZ. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Konrad S. Hydrocarbon measurements at Pabstthum during the BERLIOZ campaign and modeling of free radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Volz-Thomas A. Introduction to Special Section: Photochemistry Experiment in BERLIOZ. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mihelcic D. Peroxy radicals during BERLIOZ at Pabstthum: Measurements, radical budgets and ozone production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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