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Lei Z, Chen B, Brooks SD. Effect of Acidity on Ice Nucleation by Inorganic-Organic Mixed Droplets. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:2562-2573. [PMID: 38148991 PMCID: PMC10749479 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol acidity significantly influences heterogeneous chemical reactions and human health. Additionally, acidity may play a role in cloud formation by modifying the ice nucleation properties of inorganic and organic aerosols. In this work, we combined our well-established ice nucleation technique with Raman microspectroscopy to study ice nucleation in representative inorganic and organic aerosols across a range of pH conditions (pH -0.1 to 5.5). Homogeneous nucleation was observed in systems containing ammonium sulfate, sulfuric acid, and sucrose. In contrast, droplets containing ammonium sulfate mixed with diethyl sebacate, poly(ethylene glycol) 400, and 1,2,6-hexanetriol were found to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, exhibiting core-shell morphologies with observed initiation of heterogeneous freezing in the cores. Our experimental findings demonstrate that an increased acidity reduces the ice nucleation ability of droplets. Changes in the ratio of bisulfate to sulfate coincided with shifts in ice nucleation temperatures, suggesting that the presence of bisulfate may decrease the ice nucleation efficiency. We also report on how the morphology and viscosity impact ice nucleation properties. This study aims to enhance our fundamental understanding of acidity's effect on ice nucleation ability, providing context for the role of acidity in atmospheric ice cloud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sarah D. Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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2
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Nandy L, Fenton JL, Freedman MA. Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation in Model Crystalline Porous Organic Polymers: Influence of Pore Size on Immersion Freezing. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37470779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation activity is affected by aerosol particle composition, crystallinity, pore size, and surface area. However, these surface properties are not well understood, regarding how they act to promote ice nucleation and growth to form ice clouds. Therefore, synthesized materials for which surface properties can be tuned were examined in immersion freezing mode in this study. To establish the relationship between particle surface properties and efficiency of ice nucleation, materials, here, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), with different pore diameters and degrees of crystallinity (ordering), were characterized. Results showed that out of all the highly crystalline COFs, the sample with a pore diameter between 2 and 3 nm exhibited the most efficient ice nucleation activity. We posit that the highly crystalline structures with ordered pores have an optimal pore diameter where the ice nucleation activity is maximized and that the not highly crystalline structures with nonordered pores have more sites for ice nucleation. The results were compared and discussed in the context of other synthesized porous particle systems. Such studies give insight into how material features impact ice nucleation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Nandy
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Julie L Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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3
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Marak KE, Roebuck JH, Chong E, Poitras H, Freedman MA. Silica as a Model Ice-Nucleating Particle to Study the Effects of Crystallinity, Porosity, and Low-Density Surface Functional Groups on Immersion Freezing. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5965-5973. [PMID: 36027049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol particles can facilitate heterogeneous ice formation in the troposphere and stratosphere by acting as ice-nucleating particles, modulating cloud formation/dissipation, precipitation, and their microphysical properties. Heterogeneous ice nucleation is driven by ice embryo formation on the particle surface, which can be influenced by features of the surface such as crystallinity, surface structure, lattice structure, defects, and functional groups. To characterize the effect of crystallinity, pores, and surface functional groups toward ice nucleation, samples of comparable silica systems, specifically, quartz, ordered and nonordered porous amorphous silica samples with a range of pore sizes (2-11 nm), and nonporous functionalized silica spheres, were used as models for mineral dust aerosol particles. The ice nucleation activity of these samples was investigated by using an immersion freezing chamber. The results suggest that crystallinity has a larger effect than porosity on ice nucleation activity, as all of the porous silica samples investigated had lower onset freezing temperatures and lower ice nucleation activities than quartz. Our findings also suggest that pores alone are not sufficient to serve as effective active sites and need some additional chemical or physical property, like crystallinity, to nucleate ice in immersion mode freezing. The addition of a low density of organic functional groups to nonporous samples showed little enhancement compared to the inherent nucleation activity of silica with native surface hydroxyl groups. The density of functional groups investigated in this work suggests that a different arrangement of surface groups may be needed for enhanced immersion mode ice nucleation activity. In summary, crystallinity dictates the ice nucleation activity of silica samples rather than porosity or low-density surface functional groups. This work has broader implications regarding the climate impacts resulting from ice cloud formation.
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4
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Bellouin N, Quaas J, Gryspeerdt E, Kinne S, Stier P, Watson‐Parris D, Boucher O, Carslaw KS, Christensen M, Daniau A, Dufresne J, Feingold G, Fiedler S, Forster P, Gettelman A, Haywood JM, Lohmann U, Malavelle F, Mauritsen T, McCoy DT, Myhre G, Mülmenstädt J, Neubauer D, Possner A, Rugenstein M, Sato Y, Schulz M, Schwartz SE, Sourdeval O, Storelvmo T, Toll V, Winker D, Stevens B. Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1985) 2020; 58:e2019RG000660. [PMID: 32734279 PMCID: PMC7384191 DOI: 10.1029/2019rg000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40 years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the imbalance in the Earth's radiation budget caused by anthropogenic aerosols, called aerosol radiative forcing, but uncertainties remain large. This review provides a new range of aerosol radiative forcing over the industrial era based on multiple, traceable, and arguable lines of evidence, including modeling approaches, theoretical considerations, and observations. Improved understanding of aerosol absorption and the causes of trends in surface radiative fluxes constrain the forcing from aerosol-radiation interactions. A robust theoretical foundation and convincing evidence constrain the forcing caused by aerosol-driven increases in liquid cloud droplet number concentration. However, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud liquid water content and cloud fraction is less clear, and the influence on mixed-phase and ice clouds remains poorly constrained. Observed changes in surface temperature and radiative fluxes provide additional constraints. These multiple lines of evidence lead to a 68% confidence interval for the total aerosol effective radiative forcing of -1.6 to -0.6 W m-2, or -2.0 to -0.4 W m-2 with a 90% likelihood. Those intervals are of similar width to the last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment but shifted toward more negative values. The uncertainty will narrow in the future by continuing to critically combine multiple lines of evidence, especially those addressing industrial-era changes in aerosol sources and aerosol effects on liquid cloud amount and on ice clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Bellouin
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - J. Quaas
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - E. Gryspeerdt
- Space and Atmospheric Physics GroupImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - S. Kinne
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
| | - P. Stier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - D. Watson‐Parris
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - O. Boucher
- Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace, Sorbonne Université/CNRSParisFrance
| | - K. S. Carslaw
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - M. Christensen
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - A.‐L. Daniau
- EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS‐Université de BordeauxPessacFrance
| | - J.‐L. Dufresne
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/IPSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Ecole PolytechniqueParisFrance
| | - G. Feingold
- NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences DivisionBoulderCOUSA
| | - S. Fiedler
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
- Now at Institut für Geophysik und MeteorologieUniversität zu KölnKölnGermany
| | - P. Forster
- Priestley International Centre for ClimateUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - A. Gettelman
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - J. M. Haywood
- CEMPSUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- UK Met Office Hadley CentreExeterUK
| | - U. Lohmann
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - T. Mauritsen
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - D. T. McCoy
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - G. Myhre
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research‐Oslo (CICERO)OsloNorway
| | - J. Mülmenstädt
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - D. Neubauer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - A. Possner
- Department of Global EcologyCarnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordCAUSA
- Now at Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Y. Sato
- Department of Applied Energy, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Now at Faculty of Science, Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - M. Schulz
- Climate Modelling and Air Pollution Section, Research and Development DepartmentNorwegian Meteorological InstituteOsloNorway
| | - S. E. Schwartz
- Brookhaven National Laboratory Environmental and Climate Sciences DepartmentUptonNYUSA
| | - O. Sourdeval
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Laboratoire d'Optique AtmosphériqueUniversité de LilleVilleneuve d'AscqFrance
| | - T. Storelvmo
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - V. Toll
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
- Now at Institute of PhysicsUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - D. Winker
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | - B. Stevens
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
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5
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Zhao B, Wang Y, Gu Y, Liou KN, Jiang JH, Fan J, Liu X, Huang L, Yung YL. Ice nucleation by aerosols from anthropogenic pollution. NATURE GEOSCIENCE 2019; 12:602-607. [PMID: 31360220 PMCID: PMC6662716 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-019-0389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The formation of ice particles in the atmosphere strongly affects cloud properties and the climate. While mineral dust is known to be an effective ice nucleating particle, the role of aerosols from anthropogenic pollution in ice nucleation is still under debate. Here we probe the ice nucleation ability of different aerosol types by combining 11-year observations from multiple satellites and cloud-resolving model simulations. We find that, for strong convective systems, ice particle effective radius near cloud top decreases with increasing loading of polluted continental aerosols, because the ice formation is dominated by homogeneous freezing of cloud droplets that are smaller under more polluted conditions. In contrast, an increase in ice particle effective radius with polluted continental aerosols is found for moderate convection. Our model simulations suggest that this positive correlation is explained by enhanced heterogeneous ice nucleation and prolonged ice particle growth at larger aerosol loading, indicating that polluted continental aerosols contain a significant fraction of ice nucleating particles. Similar aerosol-ice relationships are observed for dust aerosols, further corroborating the ice nucleation ability of polluted continental aerosols. By catalyzing ice formation, aerosols from anthropogenic pollution could have profound impacts on cloud lifetime and radiative effect as well as precipitation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and
Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of
California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
- Jet propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Yu Gu
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and
Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of
California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Kuo-Nan Liou
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and
Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of
California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Jiang
- Jet propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Jiwen Fan
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming,
Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Jet propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Yuk L. Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
- Jet propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
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6
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Charnawskas JC, Alpert PA, Lambe AT, Berkemeier T, O'Brien RE, Massoli P, Onasch TB, Shiraiwa M, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Davidovits P, Worsnop DR, Knopf DA. Condensed-phase biogenic-anthropogenic interactions with implications for cold cloud formation. Faraday Discuss 2018; 200:165-194. [PMID: 28574555 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic and biogenic gas emissions contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). When present, soot particles from fossil fuel combustion can acquire a coating of SOA. We investigate SOA-soot biogenic-anthropogenic interactions and their impact on ice nucleation in relation to the particles' organic phase state. SOA particles were generated from the OH oxidation of naphthalene, α-pinene, longifolene, or isoprene, with or without the presence of sulfate or soot particles. Corresponding particle glass transition (Tg) and full deliquescence relative humidity (FDRH) were estimated using a numerical diffusion model. Longifolene SOA particles are solid-like and all biogenic SOA sulfate mixtures exhibit a core-shell configuration (i.e. a sulfate-rich core coated with SOA). Biogenic SOA with or without sulfate formed ice at conditions expected for homogeneous ice nucleation, in agreement with respective Tg and FDRH. α-pinene SOA coated soot particles nucleated ice above the homogeneous freezing temperature with soot acting as ice nuclei (IN). At lower temperatures the α-pinene SOA coating can be semisolid, inducing ice nucleation. Naphthalene SOA coated soot particles acted as ice nuclei above and below the homogeneous freezing limit, which can be explained by the presence of a highly viscous SOA phase. Our results suggest that biogenic SOA does not play a significant role in mixed-phase cloud formation and the presence of sulfate renders this even less likely. However, anthropogenic SOA may have an enhancing effect on cloud glaciation under mixed-phase and cirrus cloud conditions compared to biogenic SOA that dominate during pre-industrial times or in pristine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Charnawskas
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
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7
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Penner JE, Zhou C, Garnier A, Mitchell DL. Anthropogenic Aerosol Indirect Effects in Cirrus Clouds. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:11652-11677. [PMID: 30775191 PMCID: PMC6360521 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd029204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have implemented a parameterization for forming ice in large-scale cirrus clouds that accounts for the changes in updrafts associated with a spectrum of waves acting within each time step in the model. This allows us to account for the frequency of homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing events that occur within each time step of the model and helps to determine more realistic ice number concentrations as well as changes to ice number concentrations. The model is able to fit observations of ice number at the lowest temperatures in the tropical tropopause but is still somewhat high in tropical latitudes with temperatures between 195°K and 215°K. The climate forcings associated with different representations of heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN or INPs) are primarily negative unless large additions of IN are made, such as when we assumed that all aircraft soot acts as an IN. However, they can be close to zero if it is assumed that all background dust can act as an INP irrespective of how much sulfate is deposited on these particles. Our best estimate for the forcing of anthropogenic aircraft soot in this model is -0.2 ± 0.06 W/m2, while that from anthropogenic fossil/biofuel soot is -0.093 ± 0.033 W/m2. Natural and anthropogenic open biomass burning leads to a net forcing of -0.057 ± 0.05 W/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce E. Penner
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Anne Garnier
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
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8
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Zhao B, Liou KN, Gu Y, Jiang JH, Li Q, Fu R, Huang L, Liu X, Shi X, Su H, He C. Impact of aerosols on ice crystal size. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:1065-1078. [PMID: 31534446 PMCID: PMC6750036 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-1065-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between aerosols and ice clouds represent one of the largest uncertainties in global radiative forcing from pre-industrial time to the present. In particular, the impact of aerosols on ice crystal effective radius (R ei), which is a key parameter determining ice clouds' net radiative effect, is highly uncertain due to limited and conflicting observational evidence. Here we investigate the effects of aerosols on R ei under different meteorological conditions using 9-year satellite observations. We find that the responses of R ei to aerosol loadings are modulated by water vapor amount in conjunction with several other meteorological parameters. While there is a significant negative correlation between R ei and aerosol loading in moist conditions, consistent with the "Twomey effect" for liquid clouds, a strong positive correlation between the two occurs in dry conditions. Simulations based on a cloud parcel model suggest that water vapor modulates the relative importance of different ice nucleation modes, leading to the opposite aerosol impacts between moist and dry conditions. When ice clouds are decomposed into those generated from deep convection and formed in situ, the water vapor modulation remains in effect for both ice cloud types, although the sensitivities of R ei to aerosols differ noticeably between them due to distinct formation mechanisms. The water vapor modulation can largely explain the difference in the responses of R ei to aerosol loadings in various seasons. A proper representation of the water vapor modulation is essential for an accurate estimate of aerosol-cloud radiative forcing produced by ice clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Kuo-Nan Liou
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yu Gu
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Jiang
- Jet propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Qinbin Li
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Rong Fu
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Jet propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Xiangjun Shi
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Hui Su
- Jet propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Cenlin He
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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9
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Kanji ZA, Ladino LA, Wex H, Boose Y, Burkert-Kohn M, Cziczo DJ, Krämer M. Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ice particle formation in tropospheric clouds significantly changes cloud radiative and microphysical properties. Ice nucleation in the troposphere via homogeneous freezing occurs at temperatures lower than −38°C and relative humidity with respect to ice above 140%. In the absence of these conditions, ice formation can proceed via heterogeneous nucleation aided by aerosol particles known as ice nucleating particles (INPs). In this chapter, new developments in identifying the heterogeneous freezing mechanisms, atmospheric relevance, uncertainties, and unknowns about INPs are described. The change in conventional wisdom regarding the requirements of INPs as new studies discover physical and chemical properties of these particles is explained. INP sources and known reasons for their ice nucleating properties are presented. The need for more studies to systematically identify particle properties that facilitate ice nucleation is highlighted. The atmospheric relevance of long-range transport, aerosol aging, and coating studies (in the laboratory) of INPs are also presented. Possible mechanisms for processes that change the ice nucleating potential of INPs and the corresponding challenges in understanding and applying these in models are discussed. How primary ice nucleation affects total ice crystal number concentrations in clouds and the discrepancy between INP concentrations and ice crystal number concentrations are presented. Finally, limitations of parameterizing INPs and of models in representing known and unknown processes related to heterogeneous ice nucleation processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamin A. Kanji
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luis A. Ladino
- Cloud Physics and Severe Weather Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heike Wex
- Department of Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boose
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Burkert-Kohn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J. Cziczo
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Martina Krämer
- f Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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10
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Heymsfield AJ, Krämer M, Luebke A, Brown P, Cziczo DJ, Franklin C, Lawson P, Lohmann U, McFarquhar G, Ulanowski Z, Van Tricht K. Cirrus Clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to synthesize information about what is now known about one of the three main types of clouds, cirrus, and to identify areas where more knowledge is needed. Cirrus clouds, composed of ice particles, form in the upper troposphere, where temperatures are generally below −30°C. Satellite observations show that the maximum-occurrence frequency of cirrus is near the tropics, with a large latitudinal movement seasonally. In situ measurements obtained over a wide range of cirrus types, formation mechanisms, temperatures, and geographical locations indicate that the ice water content and particle size generally decrease with decreasing temperature, whereas the ice particle concentration is nearly constant or increases slightly with decreasing temperature. High ice concentrations, sometimes observed in strong updrafts, result from homogeneous nucleation. The satellite-based and in situ measurements indicate that cirrus ice crystals typically differ from the simple, idealized geometry for smooth hexagonal shapes, indicating complexity and/or surface roughness. Their shapes significantly impact cirrus radiative properties and feedbacks to climate. Cirrus clouds, one of the most uncertain components of general circulation models (GCM), pose one of the greatest challenges in predicting the rate and geographical pattern of climate change. Improved measurements of the properties and size distributions and surface structure of small ice crystals (about 20 μm) and identifying the dominant ice nucleation process (heterogeneous versus homogeneous ice nucleation) under different cloud dynamical forcings will lead to a better representation of their properties in GCM and in modeling their current and future effects on climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Luebke
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Greg McFarquhar
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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11
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Wang B, Knopf DA, China S, Arey BW, Harder TH, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Direct observation of ice nucleation events on individual atmospheric particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29721-29731. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer scale imaging of kaolinite particles shows that ice nucleation initiates preferentially at edges of stacked planes and not on basal planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wang
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Swarup China
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Bruce W. Arey
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Tristan H. Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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12
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Quaas J. Approaches to Observe Anthropogenic Aerosol-Cloud Interactions. CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE REPORTS 2015; 1:297-304. [PMID: 26618102 PMCID: PMC4654431 DOI: 10.1007/s40641-015-0028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic aerosol particles exert an-quantitatively very uncertain-effective radiative forcing due to aerosol-cloud interactions via an immediate altering of cloud albedo on the one hand and via rapid adjustments by alteration of cloud processes and by changes in thermodynamic profiles on the other hand. Large variability in cloud cover and properties and the therefore low signal-to-noise ratio for aerosol-induced perturbations hamper the identification of effects in observations. Six approaches are discussed as a means to isolate the impact of anthropogenic aerosol on clouds from natural cloud variability to estimate or constrain the effective forcing. These are (i) intentional cloud modification, (ii) ship tracks, (iii) differences between the hemispheres, (iv) trace gases, (v) weekly cycles and (vi) trends. Ship track analysis is recommendable for detailed process understanding, and the analysis of weekly cycles and long-term trends is most promising to derive estimates or constraints on the effective radiative forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Quaas
- Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Stephanstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Huenerlage K, Graeve M, Buchholz F. Lipid composition and trophic relationships of krill species in a high Arctic fjord. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Knopf DA, Alpert PA. A water activity based model of heterogeneous ice nucleation kinetics for freezing of water and aqueous solution droplets. Faraday Discuss 2014; 165:513-34. [PMID: 24601020 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immersion freezing of water and aqueous solutions by particles acting as ice nuclei (IN) is a common process of heterogeneous ice nucleation which occurs in many environments, especially in the atmosphere where it results in the glaciation of clouds. Here we experimentally show, using a variety of IN types suspended in various aqueous solutions, that immersion freezing temperatures and kinetics can be described solely by temperature, T, and solution water activity, a(w), which is the ratio of the vapour pressure of the solution and the saturation water vapour pressure under the same conditions and, in equilibrium, equivalent to relative humidity (RH). This allows the freezing point and corresponding heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient, J(het), to be uniquely expressed by T and a(w), a result we term the a(w) based immersion freezing model (ABIFM). This method is independent of the nature of the solute and accounts for several varying parameters, including cooling rate and IN surface area, while providing a holistic description of immersion freezing and allowing prediction of freezing temperatures, J(het), frozen fractions, ice particle production rates and numbers. Our findings are based on experimental freezing data collected for various IN surface areas, A, and cooling rates, r, of droplets variously containing marine biogenic material, two soil humic acids, four mineral dusts, and one organic monolayer acting as IN. For all investigated IN types we demonstrate that droplet freezing temperatures increase as A increases. Similarly, droplet freezing temperatures increase as the cooling rate decreases. The log10(J(het)) values for the various IN types derived exclusively by Tand a(w), provide a complete description of the heterogeneous ice nucleation kinetics. Thus, the ABIFM can be applied over the entire range of T, RH, total particulate surface area, and cloud activation timescales typical of atmospheric conditions. Lastly, we demonstrate that ABIFM can be used to derive frozen fractions of droplets and ice particle production for atmospheric models of cirrus and mixed phase cloud conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA.
| | - Peter A Alpert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA
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Abstract
A solid water phase commonly known as "cubic ice" or "ice I(c)" is frequently encountered in various transitions between the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of the water substance. It may form, e.g., by water freezing or vapor deposition in the Earth's atmosphere or in extraterrestrial environments, and plays a central role in various cryopreservation techniques; its formation is observed over a wide temperature range from about 120 K up to the melting point of ice. There was multiple and compelling evidence in the past that this phase is not truly cubic but composed of disordered cubic and hexagonal stacking sequences. The complexity of the stacking disorder, however, appears to have been largely overlooked in most of the literature. By analyzing neutron diffraction data with our stacking-disorder model, we show that correlations between next-nearest layers are clearly developed, leading to marked deviations from a simple random stacking in almost all investigated cases. We follow the evolution of the stacking disorder as a function of time and temperature at conditions relevant to atmospheric processes; a continuous transformation toward normal hexagonal ice is observed. We establish a quantitative link between the crystallite size established by diffraction and electron microscopic images of the material; the crystallite size evolves from several nanometers into the micrometer range with progressive annealing. The crystallites are isometric with markedly rough surfaces parallel to the stacking direction, which has implications for atmospheric sciences.
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Gettelman A, Liu X, Barahona D, Lohmann U, Chen C. Climate impacts of ice nucleation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang B, Lambe AT, Massoli P, Onasch TB, Davidovits P, Worsnop DR, Knopf DA. The deposition ice nucleation and immersion freezing potential of amorphous secondary organic aerosol: Pathways for ice and mixed-phase cloud formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yun Y, Penner JE. Global model comparison of heterogeneous ice nucleation parameterizations in mixed phase clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hendricks J, Kärcher B, Lohmann U. Effects of ice nuclei on cirrus clouds in a global climate model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Friedman B, Kulkarni G, Beránek J, Zelenyuk A, Thornton JA, Cziczo DJ. Ice nucleation and droplet formation by bare and coated soot particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Knopf DA, Forrester SM. Freezing of water and aqueous NaCl droplets coated by organic monolayers as a function of surfactant properties and water activity. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5579-91. [PMID: 21568271 DOI: 10.1021/jp2014644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study presents heterogeneous ice nucleation from water and aqueous NaCl droplets coated by 1-nonadecanol and 1-nonadecanoic acid monolayers as a function of water activity (a(w)) from 0.8 to 1 accompanied by measurements of the corresponding pressure-area isotherms and equilibrium spreading pressures. For water and aqueous NaCl solutions of ~0-20 wt % in concentration, 1-nonadecanol exhibits a condensed phase, whereas the phase of 1-nonadecanoic acid changes from an expanded to a condensed state with increasing NaCl content of the aqueous subphase. 1-Nonadecanol-coated aqueous droplets exhibit the highest median freezing temperatures that can be described by a shift in a(w) of the ice melting curve by 0.098 according to the a(w)-based ice nucleation approach. This freezing curve represents a heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient (J(het)) of 0.85 ± 0.30 cm(-2) s(-1). The median freezing temperatures of 1-nonadecanoic acid-coated aqueous droplets decrease less with increasing NaCl content compared to the homogeneous freezing temperatures. This trend in freezing temperature is best described by a linear function in a(w) and not by the a(w)-based ice nucleation approach most likely due to an increased ice nucleation efficiency of 1-nonadecanoic acid governed by the monolayer state. This freezing curve represents J(het) = 0.46 ± 0.16 cm(-2) s(-1). Contact angles (α) for 1-nonadecanol- and 1-nonadecanoic acid-coated aqueous droplets increase as temperature decreases for each droplet composition, but absolute values depend on employed water diffusivity and the interfacial energies of the ice embryo. A parametrization of log[J(het)(Δa(w))] is presented which allows prediction of freezing temperatures and heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficients for water and aqueous NaCl droplets coated by 1-nonadecanol without knowledge of the droplet's composition and α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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Barahona D, Rodriguez J, Nenes A. Sensitivity of the global distribution of cirrus ice crystal concentration to heterogeneous freezing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Spichtinger P, Cziczo DJ. Impact of heterogeneous ice nuclei on homogeneous freezing events in cirrus clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:11217-22. [PMID: 20534566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0910818107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of cloud and precipitation formation processes remains incomplete, yet global precipitation is predominantly produced by clouds containing the ice phase. Ice first forms in clouds warmer than -36 degrees C on particles termed ice nuclei. We combine observations from field studies over a 14-year period, from a variety of locations around the globe, to show that the concentrations of ice nuclei active in mixed-phase cloud conditions can be related to temperature and the number concentrations of particles larger than 0.5 microm in diameter. This new relationship reduces unexplained variability in ice nuclei concentrations at a given temperature from approximately 10(3) to less than a factor of 10, with the remaining variability apparently due to variations in aerosol chemical composition or other factors. When implemented in a global climate model, the new parameterization strongly alters cloud liquid and ice water distributions compared to the simple, temperature-only parameterizations currently widely used. The revised treatment indicates a global net cloud radiative forcing increase of approximately 1 W m(-2) for each order of magnitude increase in ice nuclei concentrations, demonstrating the strong sensitivity of climate simulations to assumptions regarding the initiation of cloud glaciation.
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Kanji ZA, Abbatt JPD. Ice Nucleation onto Arizona Test Dust at Cirrus Temperatures: Effect of Temperature and Aerosol Size on Onset Relative Humidity. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:935-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp908661m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. A. Kanji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6
| | - J. P. D. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6
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Abstract
Abstract
This review provides an introduction to ice nucleation processes in supercooled water and aqueous solutions. Concepts for experimental techniques suitable to study homogeneous ice nucleation are addressed, in particular differential scanning calorimetry of inverse emulsions. Ice nucleation data from aqueous solutions have been analyzed using two approaches, and the interrelations between those are examined. It is argued that the ice nucleation process is driven entirely by thermodynamic quantities and how this can be understood in the context of three proposed theories for supercooled liquid water. Ice nucleation data for pure water droplets surrounded by a gas have been compiled and evaluated; within experimental uncertainty neither a volume dependent nucleation process nor a surface dependent nucleation process is convincingly supported by the analysis. Finally, open questions in the area of supercooled aqueous solutions and ice nucleation are discussed.
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Kahn BH, Gettelman A, Fetzer EJ, Eldering A, Liang CK. Cloudy and clear-sky relative humidity in the upper troposphere observed by the A-train. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Eidhammer T, DeMott PJ, Kreidenweis SM. A comparison of heterogeneous ice nucleation parameterizations using a parcel model framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Koehler KA, DeMott PJ, Kreidenweis SM, Popovicheva OB, Petters MD, Carrico CM, Kireeva ED, Khokhlova TD, Shonija NK. Cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleation activity of hydrophobic and hydrophilic soot particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7906-20. [DOI: 10.1039/b905334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Koop T, Zobrist B. Parameterizations for ice nucleation in biological and atmospheric systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:10839-50. [DOI: 10.1039/b914289d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Fetzer EJ, Read WG, Waliser D, Kahn BH, Tian B, Vömel H, Irion FW, Su H, Eldering A, de la Torre Juarez M, Jiang J, Dang V. Comparison of upper tropospheric water vapor observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Barahona D, Nenes A. Parameterization of cirrus cloud formation in large-scale models: Homogeneous nucleation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zobrist B, Marcolli C, Peter T, Koop T. Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation in Aqueous Solutions: the Role of Water Activity. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3965-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jp7112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Zobrist
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, D33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - C. Marcolli
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, D33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - T. Peter
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, D33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - T. Koop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, D33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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Koehler KA, Kreidenweis SM, DeMott PJ, Prenni AJ, Petters MD. Potential impact of Owens (dry) Lake dust on warm and cold cloud formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Kay JE, Baker M, Hegg D. Microphysical and dynamical controls on cirrus cloud optical depth distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kärcher B, Hendricks J, Lohmann U. Physically based parameterization of cirrus cloud formation for use in global atmospheric models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Khvorostyanov VI, Morrison H, Curry JA, Baumgardner D, Lawson P. High supersaturation and modes of ice nucleation in thin tropopause cirrus: Simulation of the 13 July 2002 Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers case. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Knopf DA, Koop T. Heterogeneous nucleation of ice on surrogates of mineral dust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Möhler O. Effect of sulfuric acid coating on heterogeneous ice nucleation by soot aerosol particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Haag W. The impact of aerosols and gravity waves on cirrus clouds at midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lohmann U. Sensitivity studies of cirrus clouds formed by heterogeneous freezing in the ECHAM GCM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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DeMott PJ, Cziczo DJ, Prenni AJ, Murphy DM, Kreidenweis SM, Thomson DS, Borys R, Rogers DC. Measurements of the concentration and composition of nuclei for cirrus formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:14655-60. [PMID: 14657330 PMCID: PMC299754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2532677100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article addresses the need for new data on indirect effects of natural and anthropogenic aerosol particles on atmospheric ice clouds. Simultaneous measurements of the concentration and composition of tropospheric aerosol particles capable of initiating ice in cold (cirrus) clouds are reported. Measurements support that cirrus formation occurs both by heterogeneous nucleation by insoluble particles and homogeneous (spontaneous) freezing of particles containing solutions. Heterogeneous ice nuclei concentrations in the cirrus regime depend on temperature, relative humidity, and the concentrations and physical and chemical properties of aerosol particles. The cirrus-active concentrations of heterogeneous nuclei measured in November over the western U.S. were <0.03 cm-3. Considering previous modeling studies, this result suggests a predominant potential impact of these nuclei on cirrus formed by slow, large-scale lifting or small cooling rates, including subvisual cirrus. The most common heterogeneous ice nuclei were identified as relatively pure mineral dusts and metallic particles, some of which may have origin through anthropogenic processes. Homogeneous freezing of large numbers of particles was detected above a critical relative humidity along with a simultaneous transition in nuclei composition toward that of the sulfate-dominated total aerosol population. The temperature and humidity conditions of the homogeneous nucleation transition were reasonably consistent with expectations based on previous theoretical and laboratory studies but were highly variable. The strong presence of certain organic pollutants was particularly noted to be associated with impedance of homogeneous freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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