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Duan L, Yu H, Wang Q, Wang F, Lin T, Cao Y, Guo Z. A comprehensive exploration of characteristics and source attribution of carbonaceous aerosols in PM 2.5 in an East China megacity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123239. [PMID: 38154782 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
A total of 84 PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) aerosol samples were collected between October 2020 and August 2021 within an urban site in Hangzhou, an East China megacity. Chemical species, such as organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), as well as char, soot, and n-alkanes, were analyzed to determine their pollution characteristics and source contributions. The mean yearly concentrations of OC, EC, char, soot, and total n-alkanes (∑n-alkane) were 8.76 ± 3.61 μg/m3, 1.44 ± 0.76 μg/m3, 1.21 ± 0.69 μg/m3, 0.3 ± 0.1 μg/m3, and 24.2 ± 10.6 ng/m3. The OC, EC, and ∑n-alkanes were found in the highest levels during winter and lowest during summer. There were strong correlations between OC and EC in both winter and spring, suggesting similar potential sources for these carbonaceous components in both seasons. There were poor correlations among the target pollutants due to summertime secondary organic carbon formation. Potential source contribution functions analysis showed that local pollution levels in winter and autumn were likely influenced by long-range transportation from the Plain of North China. Source index and positive matrix factorization models provided insights into the complex sources of n-alkanes in Hangzhou. Their major contributors were identified as terrestrial plant releases (32.7%), traffic emissions (28.8%), coal combustion (27.3%), and microbial activity (11.2%). Thus, controlling vehicular emissions and coal burning could be key measures to alleviate n-alkane concentrations in the atmosphere of Hangzhou, as well as other Chinese urban centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qiongzhen Wang
- Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Fengwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yibo Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 200062, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Land and Sea Ecological Governance and Systematic Regulation, Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan, 250101, China.
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Ramya CB, Aswini AR, Hegde P, Boreddy SKR, Babu SS. Water-soluble organic aerosols over South Asia - Seasonal changes and source characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165644. [PMID: 37495130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) has been identified as a key component in atmospheric aerosols due to its ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) owing to their highly hygroscopic nature. This paper discusses about the spatio-temporal variability in WSOC mass concentration, sources (primary and secondary contributions), the role of long-range air-mass transport in modulating their abundance, at distinct sectors over South Asia. We found from our observations that, photochemical ageing of primary organic aerosols that are derived from biomass emissions, significantly contribute to the total WSOC budget over South Asia. The wide range of water-soluble compounds released by biomass burning can contribute directly to the WSOC fraction or undergo further atmospheric processing, such as oxidation or ageing, leading to the formation of additional WSOC. WSOC/OC (organic carbon) ratio and the correlation between the WSOC and secondary organic carbon (SOC) are used for assessing the contribution from secondary sources. The three different ratios are used to delineate different source processes; OC/EC (elemental carbon) for source identification, WSOC/OC for long-range atmospheric transport (ageing) and WSOC/SOC to understand the primary and secondary contribution of WSOC. The present investigation revealed that, the primary OC that have undergone significant chemical processing as a result of long-range transport have a substantial influence on WSOC formation over South Asia, especially in Indo Gangetic Plain outflow regions such as southern peninsular and adjacent marine regions. Overall, oxidation and ageing of primary organic aerosols emitted from biomass burning was found to serve as an important source of WSOC over South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Ramya
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - A R Aswini
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Prashant Hegde
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
| | - Suresh K R Boreddy
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - S Suresh Babu
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Dunbar EJ, Gupta L. Temporal Variation and Source Identification of Carbonaceous Aerosols in Monrovia, Liberia. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Makkhan SJS, Singh S, Parmar KS, Kaushal S, Soni K. Comparison of hybrid machine learning model for the analysis of black carbon in air around the major coal mines of India. Neural Comput Appl 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-022-07909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang L, Hu B, Liu X, Luo Z, Xing R, Li Y, Xiong R, Li G, Cheng H, Lu Q, Shen G, Tao S. Variabilities in Primary N-Containing Aromatic Compound Emissions from Residential Solid Fuel Combustion and Implications for Source Tracers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13622-13633. [PMID: 36129490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) not only are strongly absorbing chromophores but also adversely affect human health. NACs can be emitted from incomplete combustions and can derive secondarily through photochemical reactions. Here, emission experiments were conducted for 31 fuel-stove combinations to elucidate variations in, and influencing factors of, NAC emission factors (EF∑NACs) and to explore potential tracers for different combustion sources. EF∑NACs varied by 2 orders of magnitude among different combinations. Differences in fuel type contributed more than the stove difference to the observed variation. EF∑NACs for biomass pellets was approximately 66% lower than that for raw biomass, although the bulk organic and brown carbon EFs were 95% lower. 2-Nitro-1-naphthol was the most abundant individual compound, followed by 4-nitrocatechol, while acid compounds (salicylic acid and benzoic acid) were low in abundance (<1%). Substantially different profiles were observed between coal and biomass burning emissions. Biomass burning had more single-ring-based phenolic compounds with more 4-nitrocatechol, while in coal combustion, more two-ring products were produced. This study demonstrated much lower ratios of 2-nitro-1-naphthol/4-nitrocatechol for biomass in both traditional (2.0 ± 3.5) and improved stoves (3.0 ± 2.1) than for coals (15 ± 6). Coal and biomass burning differed in not only EF∑NACs but also compound profile, consequently leading to distinct health and climate impacts; moreover, the ratio of 2-nitro-1-naphthol/4-nitrocatechol may be used in source apportionment of NACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xinlei Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Renewable Resource Utilization Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ran Xing
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaojie Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Nayak G, Kumar A, Bikkina S, Tiwari S, Sheteye SS, Sudheer AK. Carbonaceous aerosols and their light absorption properties over the Bay of Bengal during continental outflow. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:72-88. [PMID: 34897330 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The marine atmosphere of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) is prone to get impacted by anthropogenic aerosols from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Southeast Asia (SEA), particularly during the northeast monsoon (NEM). In this study, we quantify and characterize carbonaceous aerosols and their absorption properties collected in two cruise campaigns onboard ORV Sindhu Sadhana during the continental outflow period over the BoB. Aerosol samples were classified based on the air mass back trajectory analyses, wherein samples were impacted by the continental air parcel (CAP), marine air parcel (MAP), and mix of both (CAP + MAP). Significant variability in the PM10 mass concentration (in μg m-3) is found with a maximum value for MAP samples (75.5 ± 36.4) followed by CAP + MAP (58.5 ± 27.3) and CAP (58.5 ± 27.3). The OC/EC ratio (>2) and diagnostic tracers i.e. nss-K+/EC (0.2-0.96) and nss-K+/OC (0.11-1.32) along with the absorption angstrom exponent (AAE: 4.31-6.02) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) derived fire counts suggest the dominance of biomass burning emission sources. A positive correlation between OC and EC (i.e. r = 0.86, 0.70, and 0.42 for CAP, MAP, and CAP + MAP, respectively) further confirmed the similar emission sources of carbonaceous species. Similarly, a significant correlation between estimated secondary organic carbon (SOC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC; r = 0.99, 0.96, and 0.97 for CAP, MAP, and CAP + MAP, respectively) indicate their similar chemical nature as well as dominant contribution of SOC to WSOC. The absorption coefficient (babs-365) and mass absorption efficiency (MAEBrC-365) of the soluble fraction were estimated at 365 nm wherein, babs-365 showed a linear relationship with WSOC and nss-K+, signifying the contribution of water soluble brown carbon from biomass burning emissions. The estimated MAEBrC-365 (0.30-0.93 m2 g-1), during this study, was consistent with the earlier observations over the BoB, particularly during the continental outflow season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourav Nayak
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India.
| | - Ashwini Kumar
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Srinivas Bikkina
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India.
| | - Shani Tiwari
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India.
| | - Suhas S Sheteye
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India.
| | - A K Sudheer
- Physical Research Laboratory, Department of Space, Ahmedabad, India
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Zhang L, Luo Z, Xiong R, Liu X, Li Y, Du W, Chen Y, Pan B, Cheng H, Shen G, Tao S. Mass Absorption Efficiency of Black Carbon from Residential Solid Fuel Combustion and Its Association with Carbonaceous Fractions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10662-10671. [PMID: 34269570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) emissions, derived primarily from incomplete fuel combustion, significantly affect the global and regional climate. Mass absorption efficiency (MAE) is one important parameter in evaluating the climate impacts of BC. Here, values and variabilities in the MAE of BC (MAEBC) from real-world residential emissions were investigated from a field campaign covering 163 burning events for different fuel-stove combinations. MAEBC (average: 12 ± 5 m2/g) was normally distributed and varied greatly by 2 orders of magnitude. Statistically significant differences in MAEBC were found for various fuels, while no significant differences were observed among different stoves. The fuel difference explained 72 ± 7% of the MAEBC variation. MAEBC did not correlate with the modified combustion efficiency but positively correlated with the ratio of organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) and negatively correlated with char-EC. The OC/EC ratio was not always lower in coal emissions in comparison to biomass burning emissions. Coal- and biomass-burning emissions had different profiles of carbon fractions. Char-EC, OC, OC/EC, and char-EC/soot-EC can explain 68.7% of the MAEBC variation, providing the potential for predicting MAEBC from the carbon fractions, since they are more commonly measured and available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlei Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaojie Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Du
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science& Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Assessment of carbonaceous fractions in ambient aerosols at high altitude and lowland urban locations of Kumaon Province, Indian Himalaya. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-04010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe present study investigates the characteristics of carbonaceous species like organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in ambient total suspended particulates (TSP) at Bhimtal (high altitude urban, 1413 m asl) and Pantnagar (lowland urban, 224 m asl) sites of Kumaon province in Uttarakhand, Indian Himalayan region during winter and summer 2017–2018. Ambient TSP samples were taken on quartz filters with high volume sampler followed by OC and EC quantification using IMPROVE_thermal optical reflectance protocol. Results showed that distinct seasonal differences in carbonaceous species levels were observed at both sites, while day- and night-time concentrations did not show notable variations. Further, total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) at Pantnagar were approximately 3.0 and 1.3 times higher than Bhimtal for winter and summer, respectively, where estimated TCA accounted for ~ 30% to total TSP at both sites. Among quantified eight carbon fractions, OC2 and OC3 at Bhimtal while EC1 and EC2 at Pantnagar were the most abundant components. The char-EC and soot-EC concentrations showed a similar seasonal pattern where char contributed significantly as 89–90% to total EC at both sites. The observed OC/EC ratios suggested the formation of secondary organic carbon and char-EC/soot-EC ratios implied biomass burning as major sources for carbonaceous aerosols. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that char-EC showed significant higher correlations with OC and EC than soot-EC which infers different formation mechanisms of char and soot. Most of the carbonaceous parameters exhibited contrasting positive and negative correlations with the boundary layer height, temperature, and solar radiation at Bhimtal and Pantnagar, respectively.
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Chemical Composition and Light Absorption of PM2.5 Observed at Two Sites near a Busy Road during Summer and Winter. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To examine the difference in the major chemical composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) between two roadway sites, 24 h integrated PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected both 15 m (Buk-Ku District Office (BKO) site) and 150 m (Chonnam National University campus (CNU) site) away from busy roads during the summer and winter periods; these samples were taken to determine the concentrations of organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and water-soluble inorganic species. In addition, the real-time aerosol light absorption coefficients (Abs) were measured using a dual-spot seven-wavelength aethalometer at the CNU site to evaluate the influence of traffic and biomass burning (BB) emissions on the concentrations of organic aerosol particles. The hourly NO2 concentration was also observed at an air pollution monitoring network that is about 2 km away from the CNU site. During summer, 24 h PM2.5 concentrations (PM2.5 episode) which exceeded the Korean PM2.5 standard (35 μg/m3) were linked to increases in organic matter (OM) and SO42− concentrations that accounted for on average 35–41% and 26–30%, respectively, of the PM2.5 at the two sites. The increased SO42− concentration was most likely attributable to the inflow of long-range transported aerosols, rather than local production, as demonstrated by both the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images and transport pathways of air masses reaching the sites. On the other hand, the OM, WSOC, and EC concentrations were directly attributable to traffic emissions at the sampling sites, as supported by the tight correlation between the OC and EC. A small difference between the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values calculated at wavelengths of 370–950 nm (AAE370–950nm) and 370–520 nm (AAE370–520nm), and the poor correlation of absorption coefficient by brown carbon (BrC) at 370 nm (AbsBrC370nm) with K+ (R2 = 0.00) also suggest a significant contribution of traffic emissions to OM. However, the wintertime PM2.5 episode was strongly related to the enhanced OM and NO3− concentrations, which contributed 26–28% and 22–23% of the PM2.5 concentration, respectively. It is interesting to note that there were two distinct OC/EC ratios in winter: a lower OC/EC (~3.0), which indicates a significant contribution of traffic emissions to the OC and EC, and a higher OC/EC (~6.5), which suggests an additional influence of BB emissions as well as traffic emissions at the sites. Strong correlations between the OC and EC (R2 = 0.72–0.83) and the enhanced AAE370–520nm values compared to the AAE370–950nm support that BB emissions were also an important contributor to the wintertime OM concentrations as well as traffic emissions at the two sites. A good correlation between the gaseous NO2 and NO3− and meteorological conditions (e.g., low wind speed and high relative humidity) suggest that the heterogeneous oxidation of NO2 on moist particles could be an important contributor to wintertime particulate NO3− formation at the sites. The OC concentrations during summer and winter were higher at the BKO site, with a higher traffic flow and a shorter distance from the roadway than at the CNU site. However, there were slight differences in the concentrations of secondary inorganic species (NO3−, SO42−, and NH4+) between the sites during summer and winter.
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Aswini AR, Hegde P, Aryasree S, Girach IA, Nair PR. Continental outflow of anthropogenic aerosols over Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean during wintertime: ICARB-2018 campaign. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:135214. [PMID: 31836221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical characterisation of atmospheric aerosols over Arabian Sea (AS) and Indian Ocean (IO) have been carried out during the winter period (January to February 2018) as part of the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB-2018). Mass concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble and insoluble OC (WSOC, WIOC), primary and secondary OC (POC, SOC), water-soluble inorganic ions and trace metals have been estimated with a view to identify and quantify the major anthropogenic pollutants affecting the oceanic environments. Aerosol mass loading was found to exhibit strong spatial heterogeneity (varying from 13 to 84 μg m-3), significantly modulated by the origin of air-mass trajectories. Chemical analysis of aerosols revealed the presence of an intense pollution plume over south-eastern coastal Arabian Sea, near to south-west Indian peninsula (extending from ~ 12°N to 0° at 75°E) with a strong latitudinal gradient (~3 μg m-3/deg. from north to south) dominated by anthropogenic species contributing as high as 73% (38% nss-SO42-, 24.2% carbonaceous aerosols (21% Organic Matter, 3.2% EC) and 10% NH4+). Anthropogenic signature over oceanic environment was also evident from the dominance and high enrichment of elements like Zn, Cu, Mn and Pb in trace metals. Long-range transport of air-masses originating from Indo Gangetic Plains and its outflow regions in Bay of Bengal, has been seen over Arabian Sea during winter, that imparted such strong anthropogenic signatures over this oceanic environment. Comparison with previous cruise studies conducted nearly two decades ago shows a more than two-fold increase in the concentration of nss-SO42-, over the continental outflow region in Arabian Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Aswini
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
| | - Prashant Hegde
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
| | - S Aryasree
- Institute for applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Imran A Girach
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Prabha R Nair
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Martins V, Faria T, Diapouli E, Manousakas MI, Eleftheriadis K, Viana M, Almeida SM. Relationship between indoor and outdoor size-fractionated particulate matter in urban microenvironments: Levels, chemical composition and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109203. [PMID: 32050129 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with adverse health outcomes, particularly in susceptible population groups such as children. This study aims to characterise children's exposure to PM and its chemical constituents. Size-segregated aerosol samples (PM0.25, PM0.25-0.5, PM0.5-1.0, PM1.0-2.5 and PM2.5-10) were collected in the indoor and outdoor of homes and schools located in Lisbon (Portugal). Organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) were determined by a thermo-optical method, whereas major and trace elements were analysed by X-Ray Fluorescence. In school, the children were exposed to higher PM concentrations than in home, which might be associated not only to the elevated human occupancy but also to outdoor infiltration. The pattern of PM mass size distribution was dependent on the location (home vs. school and indoor vs. outdoor). The presence of EC in PM0.25 and OC in PM0.25-0.5 was linked to traffic exhaust emissions. OC and EC in PM2.5-10 may be explained by their adhesion to the surface of coarser particles. Generally, the concentrations of mineral and marine elements increased with increasing PM size, while for anthropogenic elements happened the opposite. In schools, the concentrations of mineral matter, anthropogenic elements and marine aerosol were higher than in homes. High mineral matter concentrations found in schools were related to the close proximity to busy roads and elevated human occupancy. Overall, the results suggest that exposure to PM is relevant and highlights the need for strategies that provide healthier indoor environments, principally in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Martins
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Faria
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - Manousos Ioannis Manousakas
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Marta Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Emission Factors for Biofuels and Coal Combustion in a Domestic Boiler of 18 kW. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10120771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The differences in the pollutant emissions from the combustion of bituminous coal and biofuels (wood, straw, and miscanthus pellets) under real-world boiler operating conditions were investigated. The experiments were performed on an experimental installation that comprised an 18 kW boiler, used in domestic central heating systems, equipped with a retort furnace, an automatic fuel feeder, a combustion air fan, and a fuel storage bin. The emission factors of gaseous pollutants, particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as some PAH concentration ratios for coal and biofuel combustion, were determined. The obtained results indicate that fuel properties have a strong influence on the emission factors of gaseous and carbonaceous pollutants. The total particulate matter (PM) emissions from the biofuel combustion were about 5-fold lower than those from the coal burned in the same boiler. The emission factors of the total carbons from the biofuel combustion were between 10 and 20 times lower than those from the coal combustion. The mean organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) emission factors, based on the burned fuel, were 161–232 and 42–221 mg/kg for the biofuels and 1264 and 3410 g/kg for the coal, respectively. The obtained results indicate that molecular diagnostic ratios, based on the concentration of PAHs, vary significantly, depending on the fuel type.
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Tran LK, Quang TN, Hue NT, Van Dat M, Morawska L, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Thai PK. Exploratory assessment of outdoor and indoor airborne black carbon in different locations of Hanoi, Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:1233-1241. [PMID: 30045504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a significant component of atmospheric particulate matter, especially in areas affected by combustion emissions. Despite the fact that air pollution is a great concern in Vietnam, there are no studies on the level of BC in the outdoor and indoor environment. In this exploratory study, an assessment of urban BC concentrations was conducted through monitoring of both outdoor and indoor BC concentrations in three households and one working office at different locations across Hanoi. PM2.5 and meteorology data were also obtained for this monitoring period to evaluate the association between them and the outdoor BC concentration. Overall, the mean indoor and mean outdoor BC concentrations by 30 second-logs for the monitoring period were 4.42 μg/m3 and 4.89 μg/m3, respectively. Time-series analysis of paired indoor and outdoor BC concentrations suggested that indoor BC level was usually influenced by outdoor BC level (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). In this study, we observed a significant positive association between outdoor BC and PM2.5 (r = 0.39, p < 0.001) while outdoor BC negatively correlated with wind speed (r = -0.34, p < 0.001). The level of outdoor BC in Hanoi measured in this study is relatively high and should be confirmed by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long K Tran
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Tran Ngoc Quang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Nguyen Thi Hue
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Mac Van Dat
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | | | - Phong K Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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Kumar P, Kumar S, Yadav S. Seasonal variations in size distribution, water-soluble ions, and carbon content of size-segregated aerosols over New Delhi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:6061-6078. [PMID: 29243147 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Size distribution, water-soluble inorganic ions (WSII), and organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in size-segregated aerosols were investigated during a year-long sampling in 2010 over New Delhi. Among different size fractions of PM10, PM0.95 was the dominant fraction (45%) followed by PM3-7.2 (20%), PM7.2-10 (15%), PM0.95-1.5 (10%), and PM1.5-3 (10%). All size fractions exceeded the ambient air quality standards of India for PM2.5. Annual average mass size distributions of ions were specific to size and ion(s); Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NO3-, and Cl- followed bimodal distribution while SO42- and NH4+ ions showed one mode in PM0.95. The concentrations of secondary WSII (NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+) increased in winters due to closed and moist atmosphere whereas open atmospheric conditions in summers lead to dispersal of pollutants. NH4+and Ca2+were dominant neutralization ions but in different size fractions. The summer-time dust transport from upwind region by S SW winds resulted in significantly high concentrations of PM0.95 and PM3-7.2 and PM7.2-10. This indicted influence of dust generation in Thar Desert and its transport is size selective in nature in downwind direction. The mixing of different sources (geogenic, coal combustions, biomass burning, plastic burning, incinerators, and vehicular emissions sources) for soluble ions in different size fractions was noticed in principle component analysis. Total carbon (TC = EC + OC) constituted 8-31% of the total PM0.95 mass, and OC dominated over EC. Among EC, char (EC1) dominated over soot (EC2 + EC3). High SOC contribution (82%) to OC and OC/EC ratio of 2.7 suggested possible role of mineral dust and high photochemical activity in SOC production. Mass concentrations of aerosols and WSII and their contributions to each size fraction of PM10 are governed by nature of sources, emission strength of source(s), and seasonality in meteorological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- School of Environmental sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- School of Environmental sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudesh Yadav
- School of Environmental sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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15
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Hu Z, Kang S, Li C, Yan F, Chen P, Gao S, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Sillanpää M. Light absorption of biomass burning and vehicle emission-sourced carbonaceous aerosols of the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15369-15378. [PMID: 28502054 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau originate primarily from biomass burning and vehicle emissions (BB and VEs, respectively). The light absorption characteristics of these carbonaceous aerosols are closely correlated with the burning conditions and represent key factors that influence climate forcing. In this study, the light absorption characteristics of elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM2.5 (fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm) generated from BB and VEs were investigated over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The results showed that the organic carbon (OC)/EC ratios from BB- and VE-sourced PM2.5 were 17.62 ± 10.19 and 1.19 ± 0.36, respectively. These values were higher than the ratios in other regions, which was primarily because of the diminished amount of oxygen over the TP. The mass absorption cross section of EC (MACEC) at 632 nm for the BB-sourced PM2.5 (6.10 ± 1.21 m2.g-1) was lower than that of the VE-sourced PM2.5 (8.10 ± 0.98 m2.g-1), indicating that the EC content of the BB-sourced PM2.5 was overestimated because of the high OC/EC ratio. The respective absorption per mass (α/ρ) values at 365 nm for the VE- and BB-sourced PM2.5 were 0.71 ± 0.17 m2.g-1 and 0.91 ± 0.18 m2.g-1. The α/ρ value of the VEs was loaded between that of gasoline and diesel emissions, indicating that the VE-sourced PM2.5 originated from both types of emissions. Because OC and WSOC accounts for most of the carbonaceous aerosols at remote area of the TP, the radiative forcing contributed by the WSOC should be high, and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Fangping Yan
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, -33174, USA
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Han YM, Wei C, Huang RJ, Bandowe BAM, Ho SSH, Cao JJ, Jin ZD, Xu BQ, Gao SP, Tie XX, An ZS, Wilcke W. Reconstruction of atmospheric soot history in inland regions from lake sediments over the past 150 years. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19151. [PMID: 26750586 PMCID: PMC4707497 DOI: 10.1038/srep19151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical reconstruction of atmospheric black carbon (BC, in the form of char and soot) is still constrained for inland areas. Here we determined and compared the past 150-yr records of BC and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in sediments from two representative lakes, Huguangyan (HGY) and Chaohu (CH), in eastern China. HGY only receives atmospheric deposition while CH is influenced by riverine input. BC, char, and soot have similar vertical concentration profiles as PACs in both lakes. Abrupt increases in concentrations and mass accumulation rates (MARs) of soot have mainly occurred since ~1950, the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, when energy usage changed to more fossil fuel contributions reflected by the variations in the concentration ratios of char/soot and individual PACs. In HGY, soot MARs increased by ~7.7 times in the period 1980–2012 relative to the period 1850–1950. Similar increases (~6.7 times) were observed in CH. The increase in soot MARs is also in line with the emission inventory records in the literature and the fact that the submicrometer-sized soot particles can be dispersed regionally. The study provides an alternative method to reconstruct the atmospheric soot history in populated inland areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Han
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - C Wei
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,SCDRC, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - R-J Huang
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - S S H Ho
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - J J Cao
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Z D Jin
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - B Q Xu
- KLTECLSP, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - S P Gao
- KLTECLSP, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - X X Tie
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Z S An
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - W Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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17
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Wang L, Zhou X, Ma Y, Cao Z, Wu R, Wang W. Carbonaceous aerosols over China--review of observations, emissions, and climate forcing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1671-1680. [PMID: 26385857 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols have been attracting attention due to the influence on visibility, air quality, and regional climate. Statistical analyses based on concentration levels, spatial-temporal variations, correlations, and organic carbon (OC) to element carbon (EC) ratios from published data of OC and EC in particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were carried out in order to give a carbonaceous aerosol profile in China. The results showed maxima for OC of 29.5 ± 18.2 μg C m(-3) and for EC of 8.4 ± 6.3 μg C m(-3) in winter and minima for OC of 12.9 ± 7.7 μg C m(-3) in summer and for EC of 4.6 ± 2.8 μg C m(-3) in spring. In addition, OC and EC both had higher concentrations in urban than those in rural sites. Carbonaceous aerosol levels in China are about three to seven times higher compared to those in the USA and Europe. OC and EC occupied 20 ± 6 and 7 ± 3% of PM2.5 mass and 17 ± 7 and 5 ± 3% of PM10 mass, respectively, implying that carbonaceous aerosols are the main component of PM, especially OC. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) was a significant portion of PM and contributed 41 ± 26% to OC and 8 ± 6% to PM2.5 mass. The OC/EC ratio was 3.63 ± 1.73, which, along with the good correlation between OC and EC and the OC to EC slope of 2.29, signifies that coal combustion and/or vehicular exhaust is the dominated carbonaceous aerosol source in China. These provide a primary observation-based understanding of carbonaceous aerosol pollution in China and have a great significance in improving the emission inventory and climate forcing evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Xuehua Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Yujie Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoyu Cao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Ruidong Wu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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18
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Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Organic and Black Carbon Mass Concentrations in Lithuania. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Yan F, Bond TC, Streets DG. Effectiveness of mitigation measures in reducing future primary particulate matter emissions from on-road vehicle exhaust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14455-14463. [PMID: 25393452 DOI: 10.1021/es503197f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates the effectiveness of on-road primary particulate matter emission reductions that can be achieved by long-term vehicle scrappage and retrofit measures on regional and global levels. Scenario analysis shows that scrappage can provide significant emission reductions as soon as the measures begin, whereas retrofit provides greater emission reductions in later years, when more advanced technologies become available in most regions. Reductions are compared with a baseline that already accounts for implementation of clean vehicle standards. The greatest global emission reductions from a scrappage program occur 5 to 10 years after its introduction and can reach as much as 70%. The greatest reductions with retrofit occur around 2030 and range from 16-31%. Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate how uncertainties in the composition of the vehicle fleet affect predicted reductions. Scrappage and retrofit reduce global emissions by 22-60% and 15-31%, respectively, within 95% confidence intervals, under a midrange scenario in the year 2030. The simulations provide guidance about which strategies are most effective for specific regions. Retrofit is preferable for high-income regions. For regions where early emission standards are in place, scrappage is suggested, followed by retrofit after more advanced emission standards are introduced. The early implementation of advanced emission standards is recommended for Western and Eastern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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20
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Srinivas B, Sarin MM. PM₂.₅., EC and OC in atmospheric outflow from the Indo-Gangetic Plain: temporal variability and aerosol organic carbon-to-organic mass conversion factor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:196-205. [PMID: 24784744 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Temporal variability (November'09-March'10) in the mass concentrations of PM2.5, mineral dust, organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC and EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and inorganic species (WSIS) has been studied in the atmospheric outflow to the Bay of Bengal from a sampling site [Kharagpur: 22.02°N, 87.11°E] in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Based on diagnostic ratios of carbonaceous species [OC/EC ≈ 7.0 ± 2.2, WSOC/OC ≈ 0.52 ± 0.16, and K(+)/EC≈0.48±0.17], we document dominant impact from biomass burning emissions (wood-fuel and post-harvest agricultural-waste burning) in the IGP-outflow. Relatively high concentration of sulphate (SO4(2-) ≈ 6.9-25.3 μg m(-3); SO4(2-)/ΣWSIS=45-77%) and characteristic ratios of nss-SO4(2-)/EC (3.9 ± 2.1) and nss-SO4(2-)/OC (0.61 ± 0.46) provide information on absorption/scattering properties of aerosols. Based on quantitative assessment of individual components of PM2.5, we document aerosol organic carbon-to-organic mass (OC to OM) conversion factor centring at 1.5 ± 0.2 (range: 1.3-2.7) in the atmospheric outflow from IGP. The aerosol composition over the Bay of Bengal shows striking similarity with the diagnostic ratios documented for the IGP-outflow. Relatively high conversion factor for assessing the mass of organic aerosols over the Bay of Bengal (1.1-3.7) provides evidence for their oxidation during long-range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikkina Srinivas
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India; Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M M Sarin
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India.
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21
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Zhao S, Ming J, Sun J, Xiao C. Observation of carbonaceous aerosols during 2006-2009 in Nyainqêntanglha Mountains and the implications for glaciers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5827-38. [PMID: 23479337 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols were sampled discontinuously from July 2006 to December 2009 at Nam Co Comprehensive Observation and Research Station (NCOS) in the central Tibetan Plateau (TP). The mean daily concentration of carbonaceous aerosols increased from 268 to 330 ng m(-3), and pollution episodes could significantly increase the mean level of carbonaceous aerosols in the total mass concentration. Organic carbon was the main component of carbonaceous aerosols at NCOS, and black carbon (BC) accounted for 5.8 %. Seven-day air masses backward trajectories calculated by the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model and the aerosol optical depth distribution in the TP and South Asia both suggested that atmospheric pollutants emitted from Northern India and South Asia could penetrate into central TP by southwest winds. Due to the seasonal variations of emission sources and regional atmospheric conditions, calculated BC deposition flux in the nonmonsoon season was higher than that in the monsoon season. Increased BC concentration in snowpack in winter from 2007 to 2009 indicated that the atmospheric environment in central TP became more polluted and the influences from human activities have strengthened. Pollution episodes could significantly increase BC concentrations in the snowpack on a seasonal scale, which would furthermore affect the surface albedo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
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Pan XL, Kanaya Y, Wang ZF, Taketani F, Tanimoto H, Irie H, Takashima H, Inomata S. Emission ratio of carbonaceous aerosols observed near crop residual burning sources in a rural area of the Yangtze River Delta Region, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Horemans B, Van Holsbeke C, Vos W, Darchuk L, Novakovic V, Fontan AC, De Backer J, Van Grieken R, De Backer W, De Wael K. Particle deposition in airways of chronic respiratory patients exposed to an urban aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12162-12169. [PMID: 23035859 DOI: 10.1021/es302755s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Urban atmospheres in modern cities carry characteristic mixtures of particulate pollution which are potentially aggravating for chronic respiratory patients (CRP). Although air quality surveys can be detailed, the obtained information is not always useful to evaluate human health effects. This paper presents a novel approach to estimate particle deposition rates in airways of CRP, based on real air pollution data. By combining computational fluid dynamics with physical-chemical characteristics of particulate pollution, deposition rates are estimated for particles of different toxicological relevance, that is, minerals, iron oxides, sea salts, ammonium salts, and carbonaceous particles. Also, it enables some qualitative evaluation of the spatial, temporal, and patient specific effects on the particle dose upon exposure to the urban atmosphere. Results show how heavy traffic conditions increases the deposition of anthropogenic particles in the trachea and lungs of respiratory patients (here, +0.28 and +1.5 μg·h(-1), respectively). In addition, local and synoptic meteorological conditions were found to have a strong effect on the overall dose. However, the pathology and age of the patient was found to be more crucial, with highest deposition rates for toxic particles in adults with a mild anomaly, followed by mild asthmatic children and adults with severe respiratory dysfunctions (7, 5, and 3 μg·h(-1), respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Horemans
- Environmental analysis, Departement of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
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24
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Impacts of internally and externally mixed anthropogenic sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols on East Asian climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13351-011-0508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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25
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Sahu LK, Kondo Y, Miyazaki Y, Pongkiatkul P, Kim Oanh NT. Seasonal and diurnal variations of black carbon and organic carbon aerosols in Bangkok. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Zhi G, Chen Y, Sun J, Chen L, Tian W, Duan J, Zhang G, Chai F, Sheng G, Fu J. Harmonizing aerosol carbon measurements between two conventional thermal/optical analysis methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:2902-2908. [PMID: 21366219 DOI: 10.1021/es102803f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although total carbon (TC) can be consistently quantified by various aerosol carbon measurement methods, the demarcation of TC into organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) has long been inconsistent. The NIOSH and IMPROVE protocols are most widely used for thermal/optical analysis (TOA), but current knowledge rests in the description that the NIOSH protocol usually gives lower EC values than does the IMPROVE protocol. This study seeks to explore the possibility of quantitatively linking the difference between the two TOA protocols. Residential coal-burning samples that had been collected and analyzed following the NIOSH protocol in previous studies were directly reanalyzed following the IMPROVE protocol for this study. A comparison of each pair of NIOSH and IMPROVE EC values reveals the dynamic relation between the two protocols, which can be expressed as a regression equation, y=(1-x)/(1+4.86x2) (R2=0.96), where the independent x is the EC/TC ratio R(EC/TC) for the IMPROVE protocol, and the dependent y is the difference between IMPROVE and NIOSH REC/TC relative to IMPROVE REC/TC. This regression equation may be the first effort in formulating the relationship between the two TOA protocols, and it is very helpful in harmonizing inconsistent TOA measurements, for example, source characterization, ambient monitoring, and atmospheric modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Zhi
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Ram K, Sarin MM, Tripathi SN. A 1 year record of carbonaceous aerosols from an urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: Characterization, sources, and temporal variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirpa Ram
- Physical Research Laboratory; Ahmedabad India
| | - M. M. Sarin
- Physical Research Laboratory; Ahmedabad India
| | - S. N. Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Kanpur India
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28
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Lewandowska A, Falkowska L, Murawiec D, Pryputniewicz D, Burska D, Bełdowska M. Elemental and organic carbon in aerosols over urbanized coastal region (southern Baltic Sea, Gdynia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:4761-9. [PMID: 20638103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies on PM 10, total particulate matter (TSP), elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) concentrations were carried out in the Polish coastal zone of the Baltic Sea, in urbanized Gdynia. The interaction between the land, the air and the sea was clearly observed. The highest concentrations of PM 10, TSP and both carbon fractions were noted in the air masses moving from southern and western Poland and Europe. The EC was generally of primary origin and its contribution to TSP and PM 10 mass was on average 2.3% and 3.7% respectively. Under low wind speed conditions local sources (traffic and industry) influenced increases in elemental carbon and PM 10 concentrations in Gdynia. Elemental carbon demonstrated a pronounced weekly cycle, yielding minimum values at the weekend and maximum values on Thursdays. The role of harbors and ship yards in creating high EC concentrations was clearly observed. Concentration of organic carbon was ten times higher than that of elemental carbon, and the average OC contribution to PM 10 mass was very high (31.6%). An inverse situation was observed when air masses were transported from over the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. These clean air masses were characterized by the lowest concentrations of all analysed compounds. Obtained results for organic and elemental carbon fluxes showed that atmospheric aerosols can be treated, along with water run-off, as a carbon source for the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. The enrichment of surface water was more effective in the case of organic carbon (0.27+/-0.19 mmol m(-2) d(-1)). Elemental carbon fluxes were one order of magnitude smaller, on average 0.03+/-0.04 mmol m(-2) d(-1). We suggest that in some situations atmospheric carbon input can explain up to 18% of total carbon fluxes into the Baltic coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Lewandowska
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
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29
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Cheng Y, Lee SC, Ho KF, Fung K. Positive sampling artifacts in particulate organic carbon measurements in roadside environment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 168:645-656. [PMID: 19760087 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-1140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The positive artifacts in particulate organic carbon measurements in a roadside environment were characterized using two filters in tandem. The experiments were performed for PM(1.0), PM(2.5), and PM(10) at 24-h interval using a URG sampler, followed by organic carbon (OC)/elemental carbon (EC) analysis by the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis protocol. The OC concentrations, derived from the quartz filter behind a front quartz filter, were quite similar for PM(1.0), PM(2.5), and PM(10), ranging from 0.6 to 2.7 microg C m(-3) for PM(1.0), from 0.7 to 2.7 microg C m(-3) for PM(2.5), and from 1.1 to 2.7 microg C m(-3) for PM(10). They were respectively approximately 2.8%, approximately 2.4%, and approximately 1.6% of the particulate mass. The most abundant species on the backup quartz filters were OC2 (250 degrees C) and OC3 (450 degrees C), accounting for approximately 80% of measured organic carbon on the backup quartz filters. It indicates the filter artifacts are mainly composed of adsorbed semi-volatile organics (below the analysis temperature of 450 degrees C) including gaseous and particulate phase; the loading of artifacts depends on the nature of vapor and its interaction with filter substrate, rather than particle sizes. The uncorrected OC/EC ratios on the front quartz filters were approximately 10% higher than the corrected OC/EC ratios by positive organic artifacts in winter, and it is approximately 20% higher in summer. Another finding is that the separation distance of the front and backup filters influence the level of artifacts assessed by the backup filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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30
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Zhi G, Peng C, Chen Y, Liu D, Sheng G, Fu J. Deployment of coal briquettes and improved stoves: possibly an option for both environment and climate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:5586-5591. [PMID: 19731648 DOI: 10.1021/es802955d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of coal briquettes and improved stoves by Chinese households has been encouraged by the government as a means of reducing air pollution and health impacts. In this study we have shown that these two improvements also relate to climate change. Our experimental measurements indicate that if all coal were burned as briquettes in improved stoves, particulate matter (PM), organic carbon (OC), and black carbon (BC) could be annually reduced by 63 +/- 12%, 61 +/- 10%, and 98 +/- 1.7%, respectively. Also, the ratio of BC to OC (BC/OC) could be reduced by about 97%, from 0.49 to 0.016, which would make the primary emissions of household coal combustion more optically scattering. Therefore, it is suggested that the government consider the possibility of: (i) phasing out direct burning of bituminous raw-coal-chunks in households; (ii) phasing out simple stoves in households; and, (iii) financially supporting the research, production, and popularization of improved stoves and efficient coal briquettes. These actions may have considerable environmental benefits by reducing emissions and mitigating some of the impacts of household coal burning on the climate. International cooperation is required both technologically and financially to accelerate the emission reduction in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Zhi
- Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Centre for Atmosphere Watch & Services of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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31
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de la Campa AMS, Pio C, de la Rosa JD, Querol X, Alastuey A, González-Castanedo Y. Characterization and origin of EC and OC particulate matter near the Doñana National Park (SW Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:671-81. [PMID: 19501351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the South of Spain, major industrial estates (e.g. Huelva) exist alongside ecologically interesting zones (e.g. Doñana National Park). Between June 2005 and June 2006, PM10 and PM2.5 were measured, for total mass, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) chemical composition, at a station in an ecologically interesting area located near Doñana National Park and an urban background area with industrial influence. The mean OC concentration is higher in the urban background (3.5 microg m(-3)) than in the rural monitoring station (2.8 microg m(-3)) as a consequence of local emissions (e.g. traffic). A total of 82% of TC is OC in the rural station, while the urban background station reveals 70% and 73% of TC in the PM10 and PM2.5 mass, respectively. The study of air-mass origin and characterization of carbonaceous species in the course of simultaneous sampling in rural and urban background monitoring stations differentiated three long-range air-mass transports: a North-African dust outbreak, Atlantic Advection and Continental (N-NW) episodes, the origins of the first and last of which are more heavily influenced by the anthropogenic emissions from industrial estates located around the city of Huelva (Punta del Sebo and Nuevo Puerto). Higher values were measured for OC and EC in the study area during the North-African dust outbreak, similar to those obtained during the Continental episode (N-NW), which was clearly influenced by industrial emissions, followed by the Atlantic Advection episodes. The comparison of carbon species with air-mass origin can help to discriminate the origin and source of particulate matter, as well as to determine the urban impact on rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sánchez de la Campa
- Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus University of Santiago, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal.
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32
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George SK, Nair PR, Parameswaran K, Jacob S, Abraham A. Seasonal trends in chemical composition of aerosols at a tropical coastal site of India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Zhang XY, Wang YQ, Zhang XC, Guo W, Gong SL. Carbonaceous aerosol composition over various regions of China during 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pfister GG, Hess PG, Emmons LK, Rasch PJ, Vitt FM. Impact of the summer 2004 Alaska fires on top of the atmosphere clear-sky radiation fluxes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cao JJ, Lee SC, Chow JC, Watson JG, Ho KF, Zhang RJ, Jin ZD, Shen ZX, Chen GC, Kang YM, Zou SC, Zhang LZ, Qi SH, Dai MH, Cheng Y, Hu K. Spatial and seasonal distributions of carbonaceous aerosols over China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Simpson D, Yttri KE, Klimont Z, Kupiainen K, Caseiro A, Gelencsér A, Pio C, Puxbaum H, Legrand M. Modeling carbonaceous aerosol over Europe: Analysis of the CARBOSOL and EMEP EC/OC campaigns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Sakerin SM, Smirnov A, Kabanov DM, Pol'kin VV, Panchenko MV, Holben BN, Kopelevich OV. Aerosol optical and microphysical properties over the Atlantic Ocean during the 19th cruise of the Research Vessel Akademik Sergey Vavilov. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Sakerin
- Institute of Atmospheric Optics; Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Tomsk Russia
| | - A. Smirnov
- Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center; University of Maryland Baltimore County; Baltimore Maryland USA
- Biospheric Sciences Branch; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - D. M. Kabanov
- Institute of Atmospheric Optics; Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Tomsk Russia
| | - V. V. Pol'kin
- Institute of Atmospheric Optics; Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Tomsk Russia
| | - M. V. Panchenko
- Institute of Atmospheric Optics; Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Tomsk Russia
| | - B. N. Holben
- Biospheric Sciences Branch; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - O. V. Kopelevich
- P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
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38
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Xie Z, Blum JD, Utsunomiya S, Ewing RC, Wang X, Sun L. Summertime carbonaceous aerosols collected in the marine boundary layer of the Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Koch D, Bond TC, Streets D, Unger N, van der Werf GR. Global impacts of aerosols from particular source regions and sectors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd007024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Novakov T, Menon S, Kirchstetter TW, Koch D, Hansen JE. Reply to comment by R. L. Tanner and D. J. Eatough on “Aerosol organic carbon to black carbon ratios: Analysis of published data and implication for climate forcing”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Tanner RL, Eatough DJ. Comment on “Aerosol organic carbon to black carbon ratios: Analysis of published data and implication for climate forcing” by T. Novakov et al. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Zhang RJ, Cao JJ, Lee SC, Shen ZX, Ho KF. Carbonaceous aerosols in PM10 and pollution gases in winter in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2007; 19:564-571. [PMID: 17915685 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An intensive observation of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM10 and gaseous materials (SO2, CO, and O3) was conducted continuously to assess the characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area of Beijing, China. Results showed that the averaged total carbon (TC) and PM10 concentrations in observation period are 30.2 +/- 120.4 and 172.6 +/- 198.3 microg/m3, respectively. Average OC concentration in nighttime (24.9 +/- 19.6 microg/m3) was 40% higher than that in daytime (17.7 +/- 10.9 microg/m3). Average EC concentrations in daytime (8.8 +/- 15.2 microg/m3) was close to that in nighttime (8.9 +/- 15.1 microg/m3). The OC/EC ratios in nighttime ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 are higher than that in daytime ranging from 1.9 to 2.0. The concentrations of OC, EC, PM10 were low with strong winds and high with weak winds. The OC and EC were well correlated with PM10, CO and SO2, which implies they have similar sources. OC and EC were not well correlated with 03. By considering variation of OC/EC ratios in daytime and night time, correlations between OC and O3, and meteorological condition, we speculated that OC and EC in Beijing PM10 were emitted as the primary particulate form. Emission of motor vehicle with low OC/EC ratio and coal combustion sources with high OC/EC ratio are probably the dominant sources for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing in winter. A simple ratio method was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10. Motor vehicle source accounts for 80% and 68%, while coal combustion accounts for 20% and 32% in daytime and nighttime, respectively in Beijing. Averagely, the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 74% and 26%, respectively, for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period. It points to the motor vehicle is dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in winter period, which should be paid attention to control high level of PM10 in Beijing effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, START Regional Center for Temperate East Asia, Beijing 100029, China.
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Ganguly D, Jayaraman A, Gadhavi H. Physical and optical properties of aerosols over an urban location in western India: Seasonal variabilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ganguly D, Jayaraman A, Rajesh TA, Gadhavi H. Wintertime aerosol properties during foggy and nonfoggy days over urban center Delhi and their implications for shortwave radiative forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd007029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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