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Gao CY, Heald CL, Katich JM, Luo G, Yu F. Remote Aerosol Simulated During the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) Campaign and Implications for Aerosol Lifetime. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD036524. [PMID: 36582200 PMCID: PMC9787353 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd036524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate and assess how well a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulates submicron aerosol mass concentrations in the remote troposphere. The simulated speciated aerosol (organic aerosol (OA), black carbon, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) mass concentrations are evaluated against airborne observations made during all four seasons of the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) deployments over the remote Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Such measurements over pristine environments offer fresh insights into the spatial (Northern [NH] and Southern Hemispheres [SH], Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans) and temporal (all seasons) variability in aerosol composition and lifetime, away from continental sources. The model captures the dominance of fine OA and sulfate aerosol mass concentrations in all seasons. There is a high bias across all species in the ATom-2 (NH winter) simulations; implementing recent updates to the wet scavenging parameterization improves our simulations, eliminating the large ATom-2 (NH winter) bias, improving the ATom-1 (NH summer) and ATom-3 (NH fall) simulations, but producing a model underestimate in aerosol mass concentrations for the ATom-4 (NH spring) simulations. Following the wet scavenging updates, simulated global annual mean aerosol lifetimes vary from 1.9 to 4.0 days, depending on species. Aerosol lifetimes in each hemisphere vary by season, and are longest for carbonaceous aerosol during the southern hemispheric fire season. The updated wet scavenging parameterization brings simulated concentrations closer to observations and reduces global aerosol lifetime for all species, indicating the sensitivity of global aerosol lifetime and burden to wet removal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Yuchao Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Now at Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Joseph M. Katich
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)University of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL)BoulderCOUSA
- Now at Ball AerospaceBoulderCOUSA
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research CenterUniversity at AlbanyAlbanyNYUSA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research CenterUniversity at AlbanyAlbanyNYUSA
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Honda N, Coulibaly S, Funasaka K, Kido M, Oro T, Shimizu A, Matsumoto T, Watanabe T. Comparison of the Concentration of Suspended Particles and Their Chemical Composition near the Ground Surface and Dust Extinction Coefficient by LIDAR. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:709-719. [PMID: 35650099 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In many epidemiological studies, the dust extinction coefficient measured by light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is used as an indicator of exposure to Asian dust. However, few reports on the relationship between the distribution of total suspended particles (TSPs) near the ground surface and the dust extinction coefficient exist. In this study, we examined the relationship between the concentrations of TSPs near the ground surface, substances indicative of mineral content, and air pollutants that may be transported with Asian dust and dust extinction coefficients in two regions: Imizu and Yurihama-Matsue, from March to May in 2011 and 2013. In both years, large dust extinction coefficients were observed in Imizu and Matsue on days when the concentrations of TSPs and mineral content indicators were high near the ground surface in Imizu and Yurihama, and Asian dust was expected to be highly suspended. In both regions, the concentrations of TSPs and mineral content indicators were significantly positively correlated with the dust extinction coefficient. The concentrations of all air pollutants analyzed were significantly positively correlated with the dust extinction coefficient in each region in 2013, but not in 2011. These results suggest that the dust extinction coefficient is a useful indicator of Asian dust near the ground surface; however, as harmful air pollutants occasionally move with Asian dust, it is necessary to monitor these pollutants near the ground surface when conducting an epidemiological study on the health effect of airborne particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Honda
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Health, Sonoda Women's University.,Department of Public Health, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | | | | | - Mizuka Kido
- Toyama Prefectural Environmental Science Research Center
| | - Tadashi Oro
- Tottori Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Regional Environment Conservation Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies
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Ashamo MO, Ileke KD, Ogungbite OC. Entomotoxicity of some agro-wastes against cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] infesting cowpea seeds in storage. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07202. [PMID: 34151041 PMCID: PMC8192568 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata is a popular agricultural produce known as poor man's meat among Africans because it is very cheap and affordable. In spite of its importance, its infestation by cowpea seed bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus has been a major constrain hindering its storage. Considering the high level of infestation of cowpea by C. maculatus and the high level of pollution caused by agricultural products, this research investigated the entomotoxicant effectiveness of rice husk, wheat husk and groundnut pod ash and powder in the control of cowpea beetle in storage. This study was carried out under laboratory condition of ambient temperature 28 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity. The wastes (rice husk, groundnut pod and wheat husk) were pulverized separately and another portion was burnt to ashes at 525 °C. The powders and the ashes were analyzed for their proximate composition, phytochemical content (powders) and silica content (ashes). The powders and the ashes were tested at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g/20 g of cowpea. Rice husk ash resulted in the highest mortality of 100% of adult beetles at dosage of 0.5g/20g cowpea after 96 h post-application. Wheat husk ash at 0.4 and 0.5 g per 20 g cowpea seed had the highest protectant ability on cowpea as it reduced fecundity to 4.67% and prevented adult emergence, seed damage and weight loss. The ash of the wastes caused more mortality of the adult beetles than their powders. The results obtained showed that the wastes caused high mortality of C. maculatus. It was also found that the wastes had some phytochemicals which might be responsible for the recorded high mortality. The findings showed that the tested agro-wastes have a promising insecticidal potential against C. maculatus, and can be used as possible alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for the control of stored product insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Olufemi Ashamo
- Applied Entomology Unit, Department of Biology, School of Science, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Kayode David Ileke
- Applied Entomology Unit, Department of Biology, School of Science, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Olaniyi Charles Ogungbite
- Biology Unit, Centre for Continuing Education, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
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Gaubert B, Emmons LK, Raeder K, Tilmes S, Miyazaki K, Arellano AF, Elguindi N, Granier C, Tang W, Barré J, Worden HM, Buchholz RR, Edwards DP, Franke P, Anderson JL, Saunois M, Schroeder J, Woo JH, Simpson IJ, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Wennberg PO, Crounse J, Teng A, Kim M, Dickerson RR, He H, Ren X, Pusede SE, Diskin GS. Correcting model biases of CO in East Asia: impact on oxidant distributions during KORUS-AQ. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:14617-14647. [PMID: 33414818 PMCID: PMC7786812 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-14617-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Global coupled chemistry-climate models underestimate carbon monoxide (CO) in the Northern Hemisphere, exhibiting a pervasive negative bias against measurements peaking in late winter and early spring. While this bias has been commonly attributed to underestimation of direct anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, chemical production and loss via OH reaction from emissions of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role. Here we investigate the reasons for this underestimation using aircraft measurements taken in May and June 2016 from the Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) experiment in South Korea and the Air Chemistry Research in Asia (ARIAs) in the North China Plain (NCP). For reference, multispectral CO retrievals (V8J) from the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) are jointly assimilated with meteorological observations using an ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) within the global Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM-Chem) and the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART). With regard to KORUS-AQ data, CO is underestimated by 42% in the control run and by 12% with the MOPITT assimilation run. The inversion suggests an underestimation of anthropogenic CO sources in many regions, by up to 80% for northern China, with large increments over the Liaoning Province and the North China Plain (NCP). Yet, an often-overlooked aspect of these inversions is that correcting the underestimation in anthropogenic CO emissions also improves the comparison with observational O3 datasets and observationally constrained box model simulations of OH and HO2. Running a CAM-Chem simulation with the updated emissions of anthropogenic CO reduces the bias by 29% for CO, 18% for ozone, 11% for HO2, and 27% for OH. Longer-lived anthropogenic VOCs whose model errors are correlated with CO are also improved, while short-lived VOCs, including formaldehyde, are difficult to constrain solely by assimilating satellite retrievals of CO. During an anticyclonic episode, better simulation of O3, with an average underestimation of 5.5 ppbv, and a reduction in the bias of surface formaldehyde and oxygenated VOCs can be achieved by separately increasing by a factor of 2 the modeled biogenic emissions for the plant functional types found in Korea. Results also suggest that controlling VOC and CO emissions, in addition to widespread NO x controls, can improve ozone pollution over East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gaubert
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Louisa K. Emmons
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kevin Raeder
- Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Miyazaki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Avelino F. Arellano
- Dept. of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nellie Elguindi
- Laboratoire d’Aérologie, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Granier
- Laboratoire d’Aérologie, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory-CIRES/University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Wenfu Tang
- Advanced Study Program, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jérôme Barré
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Park, Reading, RG2 9AX, UK
| | - Helen M. Worden
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca R. Buchholz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David P. Edwards
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Philipp Franke
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung IEK-8, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey L. Anderson
- Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marielle Saunois
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Isobel J. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - John Crounse
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alex Teng
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Kim
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Russell R. Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hao He
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Xinrong Ren
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sally E. Pusede
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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The Dark Target Algorithm for Observing the Global Aerosol System: Past, Present, and Future. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12182900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Dark Target aerosol algorithm was developed to exploit the information content available from the observations of Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS), to better characterize the global aerosol system. The algorithm is based on measurements of the light scattered by aerosols toward a space-borne sensor against the backdrop of relatively dark Earth scenes, thus giving rise to the name “Dark Target”. Development required nearly a decade of research that included application of MODIS airborne simulators to provide test beds for proto-algorithms and analysis of existing data to form realistic assumptions to constrain surface reflectance and aerosol optical properties. This research in itself played a significant role in expanding our understanding of aerosol properties, even before Terra MODIS launch. Contributing to that understanding were the observations and retrievals of the growing Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) of sun-sky radiometers, which has walked hand-in-hand with MODIS and the development of other aerosol algorithms, providing validation of the satellite-retrieved products after launch. The MODIS Dark Target products prompted advances in Earth science and applications across subdisciplines such as climate, transport of aerosols, air quality, and data assimilation systems. Then, as the Terra and Aqua MODIS sensors aged, the challenge was to monitor the effects of calibration drifts on the aerosol products and to differentiate physical trends in the aerosol system from artefacts introduced by instrument characterization. Our intention is to continue to adapt and apply the well-vetted Dark Target algorithms to new instruments, including both polar-orbiting and geosynchronous sensors. The goal is to produce an uninterrupted time series of an aerosol climate data record that begins at the dawn of the 21st century and continues indefinitely into the future.
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6
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Wang T, Zhao B, Liou KN, Gu Y, Jiang Z, Song K, Su H, Jerrett M, Zhu Y. Mortality burdens in California due to air pollution attributable to local and nonlocal emissions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105232. [PMID: 31665681 PMCID: PMC7145419 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Limited research has been conducted on the contributions of local and nonlocal emission sources to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) and their associated mortality. In this study, we estimated the total mortality resulting from long-term PM2.5 and O3 exposures in California in 2012 using multiple concentration response functions (CRFs) and attributed the estimated mortality to different emission groups. The point estimates of PM2.5-associated mortality in California ranged from 12,700 to 26,700, of which 53% were attributable to in-state anthropogenic emissions. Based on new epidemiological evidence, we estimated that O3 could be associated with up to 13,700 deaths from diseases of both the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in California. In addition, 75% of the ambient O3 in California was due to distant emissions outside the western United States, leading to 92% of the O3-associated mortality. Overall, distant emissions lead to greater mortality burdens of air pollution in California than local anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Kuo-Nan Liou
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yu Gu
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Kathleen Song
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Hui Su
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Environmental Health Science, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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7
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Xu L, Zhang D, Li W. Microscopic comparison of aerosol particles collected at an urban site in North China and a coastal site in Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:948-954. [PMID: 30970461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the physicochemical properties of aerosol particles in Japan and China, transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze individual aerosol particles collected at two very different environmental sites, i.e., a continental site (T1) in North China and a coastal site (T2) in Japan in springtime. The average PM2.5 concentration (52μg/m3) at T1 was much higher than T2 (20μg/m3) from 20 to 23 March 2014. Our study shows that sulfur-organic matter (S-OM) particles were the most abundant at both T1 and T2, and individual spherical primary organic matter (POM) particles were only observed at T1. More anthropogenic fly ash and metal particles were observed at T1, consistent with the heavier air pollution at T1 than T2, and the overall complexity of aerosol composition at T1 exceeded that at T2, due to the influence of regional industrial emissions. Further examination of S-OM particles suggest that S-OM coated particles accounted for 29.6% of total observed particles at T2 but only 8.6% at T1. However, the average thickness of OM coating was larger at T2 than at T1, indicating that the particles at T2 had aged longer than those at T1. These comparisons suggest that the OM coating thickness on sulfate depends on the transport distance of the air mass and on the concentration of atmospheric oxidants but should not be used to represent pollution levels. Compared with the coastal air in Japan, we know that urban aerosol particles in North China not only attain high concentrations but also have more complex aerosol components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Song SK, Shon ZH, Choi YN, Son YB, Kang M, Han SB, Bae MS. Global trend analysis in primary and secondary production of marine aerosol and aerosol optical depth during 2000-2015. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:417-427. [PMID: 30831492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The global trends in sea spray aerosol (SSA) emissions, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) flux from sea to air, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) during 2000-2015 were analyzed using the satellite-based, ECMWF reanalysis, and model-predicted data. The SSA emissions were estimated using a widely used whitecap method with a sea surface temperature (SST) dependence. The sea-to-air DMS fluxes were estimated by a thin film model based on the DMS concentration in seawater and its gas transfer velocity. The yearly global mean anomaly in DMS fluxes showed a significant downward trend during the study period, whereas the SSA emissions showed an upward trend. In terms of regional trends, the increases in SSA emissions during 2000-2015 occurred over the tropical southeastern Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean, whereas any downward trends in SSA emissions were localized. The DMS fluxes during the study period showed a clear downward trend over most oceans, except for the strong upward trend at low latitudes. In general, the AOD from the MODerate resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) showed upward trends across the entire Southern Hemisphere (SH), whereas there were downward trends in most areas of the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Therefore, the upward trend of AOD in the SH were derived mainly from the SSA emission trend, due to smaller contribution of anthropogenic sources in the SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Keun Song
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Zang-Ho Shon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yu-Na Choi
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Baek Son
- Jeju International Marine Science Center for Research & Education, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Jeju, 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsung Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Beom Han
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
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9
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Effect of Wind Speed on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aerosol Optical Depth over the North Pacific. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Physicochemical Characteristics of Individual Aerosol Particles during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade in Beijing. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Liang CK, West JJ, Silva RA, Bian H, Chin M, Davila Y, Dentener FJ, Emmons L, Flemming J, Folberth G, Henze D, Im U, Jonson JE, Keating TJ, Kucsera T, Lenzen A, Lin M, Lund MT, Pan X, Park RJ, Pierce RB, Sekiya T, Sudo K, Takemura T. HTAP2 multi-model estimates of premature human mortality due to intercontinental transport of air pollution and emission sectors. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:10497-10520. [PMID: 33204242 PMCID: PMC7668558 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10497-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution from ozone and fine particulate matter is associated with premature mortality. As emissions from one continent influence air quality over others, changes in emissions can also influence human health on other continents. We estimate global air pollution-related premature mortality from exposure to PM2.5 and ozone, and the avoided deaths from 20% anthropogenic emission reductions from six source regions, North America (NAM), Europe (EUR), South Asia (SAS), East Asia (EAS), Russia/Belarus/Ukraine (RBU) and the Middle East (MDE), three global emission sectors, Power and Industry (PIN), Ground Transportation (TRN) and Residential (RES) and one global domain (GLO), using an ensemble of global chemical transport model simulations coordinated by the second phase of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF-HTAP2), and epidemiologically-derived concentration-response functions. We build on results from previous studies of the TF-HTAP by using improved atmospheric models driven by new estimates of 2010 anthropogenic emissions (excluding methane), with more source and receptor regions, new consideration of source sector impacts, and new epidemiological mortality functions. We estimate 290,000 (95% CI: 30,000, 600,000) premature O3-related deaths and 2.8 million (0.5 million, 4.6 million) PM2.5-related premature deaths globally for the baseline year 2010. While 20% emission reductions from one region generally lead to more avoided deaths within the source region than outside, reducing emissions from MDE and RBU can avoid more O3-related deaths outside of these regions than within, and reducing MDE emissions also avoids more PM2.5-related deaths outside of MDE than within. Our findings that most avoided O3-related deaths from emission reductions in NAM and EUR occur outside of those regions contrast with those of previous studies, while estimates of PM2.5-related deaths from NAM, EUR, SAS and EAS emission reductions agree well. In addition, EUR, MDE and RBU have more avoided O3-related deaths from reducing foreign emissions than from domestic reductions. For six regional emission reductions, the total avoided extra-regional mortality is estimated as 6,000 (-3,400, 15,500) deaths/year and 25,100 (8,200, 35,800) deaths/year through changes in O3 and PM2.5, respectively. Interregional transport of air pollutants leads to more deaths through changes in PM2.5 than in O3, even though O3 is transported more on interregional scales, since PM2.5 has a stronger influence on mortality. For NAM and EUR, our estimates of avoided mortality from regional and extra-regional emission reductions are comparable to those estimated by regional models for these same experiments. In sectoral emission reductions, TRN emissions account for the greatest fraction (26-53% of global emission reduction) of O3-related premature deaths in most regions, in agreement with previous studies, except for EAS (58%) and RBU (38%) where PIN emissions dominate. In contrast, PIN emission reductions have the greatest fraction (38-78% of global emission reduction) of PM2.5-related deaths in most regions, except for SAS (45%) where RES emission dominates, which differs with previous studies in which RES emissions dominate global health impacts. The spread of air pollutant concentration changes across models contributes most to the overall uncertainty in estimated avoided deaths, highlighting the uncertainty in results based on a single model. Despite uncertainties, the health benefits of reduced intercontinental air pollution transport suggest that international cooperation may be desirable to mitigate pollution transported over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciao-Kai Liang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J. Jason West
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raquel A. Silva
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Huisheng Bian
- Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mian Chin
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Yanko Davila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Louisa Emmons
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Daven Henze
- European Commission, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
| | - Ulas Im
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Terry J. Keating
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tom Kucsera
- Universities Space Research Association, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Allen Lenzen
- Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin -Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meiyun Lin
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Xiaohua Pan
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - R. Bradley Pierce
- NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Kengo Sudo
- Nagoya University, Furocho, Chigusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takemura
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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12
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Schichtel BA, Hand JL, Barna MG, Gebhart KA, Copeland S, Vimont J, Malm WC. Origin of Fine Particulate Carbon in the Rural United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9846-9855. [PMID: 28758398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous compounds are a significant component of fine particulate matter and haze in national parks and wilderness areas where visibility is protected, i.e., class I areas (CIAs). The Regional Haze Rule set the goal of returning visibility in CIAs on the most anthropogenically impaired days to natural by 2064. To achieve this goal, we need to understand contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources to the total fine particulate carbon (TC). A Lagrangian chemical transport model was used to simulate the 2006-2008 contributions from various source types to measured TC in CIAs and other rural lands. These initial results were incorporated into a hybrid model to reduce systematic biases. During summer months, fires and vegetation-derived secondary organic carbon together often accounted for >75% of TC. Smaller contributions, <20%, from area and mobile sources also occurred. During the winter, contributions from area and mobile sources increased, with area sources accounting for half or more of the TC in many regions. The area emissions were likely primarily from residential and industrial wood combustion. Different fire seasons were evident, with the largest contributions during the summer when wildfires occur and smaller contributions during the spring and fall when prescribed and agricultural fires regularly occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret A Schichtel
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division , Lakewood, Colorado 80235, United States
| | - Jenny L Hand
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Michael G Barna
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division , Lakewood, Colorado 80235, United States
| | - Kristi A Gebhart
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division , Lakewood, Colorado 80235, United States
| | - Scott Copeland
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - John Vimont
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division , Lakewood, Colorado 80235, United States
| | - William C Malm
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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13
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Morphology, Composition, and Mixing State of Individual Aerosol Particles in Northeast China during Wintertime. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Long-Range Transport of SO2 from Continental Asia to Northeast Asia and the Northwest Pacific Ocean: Flow Rate Estimation Using OMI Data, Surface in Situ Data, and the HYSPLIT Model. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Ciuraru R, Fine L, Pinxteren MV, D’Anna B, Herrmann H, George C. Unravelling New Processes at Interfaces: Photochemical Isoprene Production at the Sea Surface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13199-205. [PMID: 26355365 PMCID: PMC4652275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is an important reactive gas that is produced mainly in terrestrial ecosystems but is also produced in marine ecosystems. In the marine environment, isoprene is produced in the seawater by various biological processes. Here, we show that photosensitized reactions involving the sea-surface microlayer lead to the production of significant amounts of isoprene. It is suggested that H-abstraction processes are initiated by photochemically excited dissolved organic matter which will the degrade fatty acids acting as surfactants. This chemical interfacial processing may represent a significant abiotic source of isoprene in the marine boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Ciuraru
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l′Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France
| | - Ludovic Fine
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l′Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France
| | - Manuela van Pinxteren
- Leibniz-Institut
für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l′Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institut
für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian George
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l′Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France
- E-mail: . Phone: +33 4 72 44 54 92
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16
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Son SC, Park SS. Evaluating the applicability of a semi-continuous aerosol sampler to measure Asian dust particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:561-569. [PMID: 25601751 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A Korean prototype semi-continuous aerosol sampler was used to measure Asian dust particles. During two dust-storm periods, concentrations of crustal and trace elements were significantly enriched. Dust storms are one of the most significant natural sources of air pollution in East Asia. The present study aimed to evaluate use of a Korean semi-continuous aerosol sampler (K-SAS) in observation of mineral dust particles during dust storm events. Aerosol slurry samples were collected at 60 min intervals using the K-SAS, which was operated at a sampling flow rate of 16.7 L min(-1) through a PM10 cyclone inlet. The measurements were made during dust storm events at an urban site, Gwangju in Korea, between April 30 and May 5, 2011. The K-SAS uses particle growth technology as a means of collecting atmospheric aerosol particles. Concentrations of 16 elements (Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, K, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ti, V, Ni, Co, As, and Se) were determined off-line in the collected slurry samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The sampling periods were classified into two types, based on the source regions of the dust storms and the transport pathways of the air masses reaching the sampling site. The first period "A" was associated with dust particles with high Ca content, originating from the Gobi desert regions of northern China and southern Mongolia. The second period "B" was associated with dust particles with low Ca content, originating from northeastern Chinese sandy deserts. The results from the K-SAS indicated noticeable differences in concentrations of crustal and trace elements in the two sampling periods, as a result of differences in the source regions of the dust storms, the air mass transport pathways, and the impact of smoke from forest fires. The concentrations of the crustal (Al, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Fe) and anthropogenic trace elements (Vi, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, and Pb) were enriched significantly during the two dust storm periods. However, the crustal elements were enriched more during dust storm period "A", whereas concentrations of the trace elements were higher during period "B". Higher concentrations of K during dust storm period "B" could be ascribed to smoke from forest fires, in addition to soil dust emissions. This result is supported by a strong correlation between the crustal elements and the K concentrations, higher K/Al and K/Fe ratios in period "B" than those detected in the soil samples from the Gobi desert regions and Chinese sandy deserts, and the smoke from forest fires. The results of this study indicate that the K-SAS is a good candidate for revealing the dynamics in the concentrations of elemental species in Asian dust particles, as well as in urban and industrial aerosols, and for developing insight into their sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Chang Son
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-ku, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
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Wagstrom KM, Baker KR, Leinbach AE, Hunt SW. Synthesizing scientific progress: outcomes from U.S. EPA's carbonaceous aerosols and source apportionment STAR grants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10561-10570. [PMID: 25111572 DOI: 10.1021/es500782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In response to recommendations by the National Research Council in the late 1990 s and early 2000s for critical research into understanding sources and formation mechanisms of PM2.5, EPA created multiple funding opportunities through the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) program: "Measurement, Modeling, and Analysis Methods for Airborne Carbonaceous Fine Particulate Matter" (2003) and "Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter" (2004). The carbonaceous fine PM solicitation resulted in 16 different projects focusing on the measurement methods, source identification, and exploration of the chemical and physical processes important for PM2.5 carbon in the atmosphere. The source apportionment funding opportunity led to 11 projects improving tools and characterization of source-receptor relationships of PM2.5. Many funding mechanisms include a final synopsis of funded research and published manuscripts. Here, this evaluation is extended to include citations of research published as part of these solicitations. These solicitations resulted in 275 publications that included more than 850 unique authors in 37 different journals with a weighted average 2011 impact factor of 4.21. At the time of this assessment, these publications have been cited by 13,612 peer review journal articles with 31 (11%) of the manuscripts being cited over 100 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Wagstrom
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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18
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Veira A, Jackson PL, Ainslie B, Fudge D. Assessment of background particulate matter concentrations in small cities and rural locations--Prince George, Canada. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2013; 63:773-787. [PMID: 23926847 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.789091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study investigates the development and application of a simple method to calculate annual and seasonal PM2.5 and PM10 background concentrations in small cities and rural areas. The Low Pollution Sectors and Conditions (LPSC) method is based on existing measured long-term data sets and is designed for locations where particulate matter (PM) monitors are only influenced by local anthropogenic emission sources from particular wind sectors. The LPSC method combines the analysis of measured hourly meteorological data, PM concentrations, and geographical emission source distributions. PM background levels emerge from measured data for specific wind conditions, where air parcel trajectories measured at a monitoring station are assumed to have passed over geographic sectors with negligible local emissions. Seasonal and annual background levels were estimated for two monitoring stations in Prince George, Canada, and the method was also applied to four other small cities (Burns Lake, Houston, Quesnel, Smithers) in northern British Columbia. The analysis showed reasonable background concentrations for both monitoring stations in Prince George, whereas annual PM10 background concentrations at two of the other locations and PM2.5 background concentrations at one other location were implausibly high. For those locations where the LPSC method was successful, annual background levels ranged between 1.8 +/- 0.1 microg/m3 and 2.5 +/- 0.1 microg/m3 for PM2.5 and between 6.3 +/- 0.3 microg/m3 and 8.5 +/- 0.3 microg/m3 for PM10. Precipitation effects and patterns of seasonal variability in the estimated background concentrations were detectable for all locations where the method was successful. Overall the method was dependent on the configuration of local geography and sources with respect to the monitoring location, and may fail at some locations and under some conditions. Where applicable, the LPSC method can provide a fast and cost-efficient way to estimate background PM concentrations for small cities in sparsely populated regions like northern British Columbia. IMPLICATIONS In rural areas like northern British Columbia, particulate matter (PM) monitoring stations are usually located close to emission sources and residential areas in order to assess the PM impact on human health. Thus there is a lack of accurate PM background concentration data that represent PM ambient concentrations in the absence of local emissions. The background calculation method developed in this study uses observed meteorological data as well as local source emission locations and provides annual, seasonal and precipitation-related PM background concentrations that are comparable to literature values for four out of six monitoring stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Veira
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute, Environmental Science and Engineering Programs, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
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19
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Yin Y, Chen Q, Jin L, Chen B, Zhu S, Zhang X. The effects of deep convection on the concentration and size distribution of aerosol particles within the upper troposphere: A case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Yu H, Remer LA, Chin M, Bian H, Tan Q, Yuan T, Zhang Y. Aerosols from Overseas Rival Domestic Emissions over North America. Science 2012; 337:566-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1217576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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21
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Hsu NC, Li C, Krotkov NA, Liang Q, Yang K, Tsay SC. Rapid transpacific transport in autumn observed by the A-train satellites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Ford B, Heald CL. An A-train and model perspective on the vertical distribution of aerosols and CO in the Northern Hemisphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Hand JL, Schichtel BA, Pitchford M, Malm WC, Frank NH. Seasonal composition of remote and urban fine particulate matter in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Addison J, Friedel M, Brown C, Davies J, Waldron S. A critical review of degradation assumptions applied to Mongolia's Gobi Desert. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/rj11013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several assumptions about the levels and causes of rangeland degradation in Mongolia are widely accepted by a range of stakeholders. These assumptions have become important in terms of guiding strategies and policy directions. This paper provides a critical analysis of five widely-held assumptions about rangeland degradation in Mongolia to the more specific case of the rangelands of the Gobi Desert. These assumptions are: (i) there are too many animals; (ii) the relative increase in goat numbers has led to desertification; (iii) rainfall is declining; (iv) there is declining pasture biomass; and (v) Mongolian rangelands are degraded. Biophysical and social data from the Dundgobi and Omnogobi desert steppe areas suggest not all of these assumptions are supported all of the time, and that the processes upon which these assumptions are based are often more complex or dynamic than is commonly recognised. In designing policy and programs, more attention to these dynamics and complexities is needed.
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25
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Fischer EV, Perry KD, Jaffe DA. Optical and chemical properties of aerosols transported to Mount Bachelor during spring 2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Lee C, Martin RV, van Donkelaar A, Lee H, Dickerson RR, Hains JC, Krotkov N, Richter A, Vinnikov K, Schwab JJ. SO2emissions and lifetimes: Estimates from inverse modeling using in situ and global, space-based (SCIAMACHY and OMI) observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ewing SA, Christensen JN, Brown ST, Vancuren RA, Cliff SS, Depaolo DJ. Pb isotopes as an indicator of the Asian contribution to particulate air pollution in urban California. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:8911-8916. [PMID: 21033735 DOI: 10.1021/es101450t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, expanding industrial activity in east Asia has led to increased production of airborne pollutants that can be transported to North America. Previous efforts to detect this trans-Pacific pollution have relied upon remote sensing and remote sample locations. We tested whether Pb isotope ratios in airborne particles can be used to directly evaluate the Asian contribution to airborne particles of anthropogenic origin in western North America, using a time series of samples from a pair of sites upwind and downwind of the San Francisco Bay Area. Our results for airborne Pb at these sites indicate a median value of 29% Asian origin, based on mixing relations between distinct regional sample groups. This trans-Pacific Pb is present in small quantities but serves as a tracer for airborne particles within the growing Asian industrial plume. We then applied this analysis to archived samples from urban sites in central California. Taken together, our results suggest that the analysis of Pb isotopes can reveal the distribution of airborne particles affected by Asian industrial pollution at urban sites in northern California. Under suitable circumstances, this analysis can improve understanding of the global transport of pollution, independent of transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Ewing
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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28
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Matsui H, Koike M, Kondo Y, Takegawa N, Fast JD, Pöschl U, Garland RM, Andreae MO, Wiedensohler A, Sugimoto N, Zhu T. Spatial and temporal variations of aerosols around Beijing in summer 2006: 2. Local and column aerosol optical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Jung J, Tsatsral B, Kim YJ, Kawamura K. Organic and inorganic aerosol compositions in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, during the cold winter of 2007 to 2008: Dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids, andα-dicarbonyls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Fischer EV, Jaffe DA, Marley NA, Gaffney JS, Marchany-Rivera A. Optical properties of aged Asian aerosols observed over the U.S. Pacific Northwest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Barrett SRH, Britter RE, Waitz IA. Global mortality attributable to aircraft cruise emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:7736-42. [PMID: 20809615 DOI: 10.1021/es101325r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aircraft emissions impact human health though degradation of air quality. The majority of previous analyses of air quality impacts from aviation have considered only landing and takeoff emissions. We show that aircraft cruise emissions impact human health over a hemispheric scale and provide the first estimate of premature mortalities attributable to aircraft emissions globally. We estimate ∼8000 premature mortalities per year are attributable to aircraft cruise emissions. This represents ∼80% of the total impact of aviation (where the total includes the effects of landing and takeoff emissions), and ∼1% of air quality-related premature mortalities from all sources. However, we note that the impact of landing and takeoff emissions is likely to be under-resolved. Secondary H(2)SO(4)-HNO(3)-NH(3) aerosols are found to dominate mortality impacts. Due to the altitude and region of the atmosphere at which aircraft emissions are deposited, the extent of transboundary air pollution is particularly strong. For example, we describe how strong zonal westerly winds aloft, the mean meridional circulation around 30-60°N, interaction of aircraft-attributable aerosol precursors with background ammonia, and high population densities in combination give rise to an estimated ∼3500 premature mortalities per year in China and India combined, despite their relatively small current share of aircraft emissions. Subsidence of aviation-attributable aerosol and aerosol precursors occurs predominantly around the dry subtropical ridge, which results in reduced wet removal of aviation-attributable aerosol. It is also found that aircraft NO(x) emissions serve to increase oxidation of nonaviation SO(2), thereby further increasing the air quality impacts of aviation. We recommend that cruise emissions be explicitly considered in the development of policies, technologies and operational procedures designed to mitigate the air quality impacts of air transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R H Barrett
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumping Street CB2 1PZ, UK.
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Zhang Y, Pan Y, Wang K, Fast JD, Grell GA. WRF/Chem-MADRID: Incorporation of an aerosol module into WRF/Chem and its initial application to the TexAQS2000 episode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Lawrence CR, Painter TH, Landry CC, Neff JC. Contemporary geochemical composition and flux of aeolian dust to the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jg001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Yang Q, Cunnold DM, Choi Y, Wang Y, Nam J, Wang HJ, Froidevaux L, Thompson AM, Bhartia PK. A study of tropospheric ozone column enhancements over North America using satellite data and a global chemical transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Zhang Y, Vijayaraghavan K, Wen XY, Snell HE, Jacobson MZ. Probing into regional ozone and particulate matter pollution in the United States: 1. A 1 year CMAQ simulation and evaluation using surface and satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Lee C, Martin RV, van Donkelaar A, O'Byrne G, Krotkov N, Richter A, Huey LG, Holloway JS. Retrieval of vertical columns of sulfur dioxide from SCIAMACHY and OMI: Air mass factor algorithm development, validation, and error analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Goldstein AH, Koven CD, Heald CL, Fung IY. Biogenic carbon and anthropogenic pollutants combine to form a cooling haze over the southeastern United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:8835-40. [PMID: 19451635 PMCID: PMC2690056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904128106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote sensing data over North America document the ubiquity of secondary aerosols resulting from a combination of primary biogenic and anthropogenic emissions. The spatial and temporal distribution of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) over the southeastern United States cannot be explained by anthropogenic aerosols alone, but is consistent with the spatial distribution, seasonal distribution, and temperature dependence of natural biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions. These patterns, together with observations of organic aerosol in this region being dominated by modern (14)C and BVOC oxidation products with summer maxima, indicate nonfossil fuel origins and strongly suggest that the dominant summer AOT signal is caused by secondary aerosol formed from BVOC oxidation. A link between anthropogenic and biogenic emissions forming secondary aerosols that dominate the regional AOT is supported by reports of chemicals in aerosols formed by BVOC oxidation in a NO(x)- and sulfate-rich environment. Even though ground-based measurements from the IMPROVE network suggest higher sulfate than organic concentrations near the surface in this region, we infer that much of the secondary organic aerosol in the Southeast must occur above the surface layer, consistent with reported observations of the organic fraction of the total aerosol increasing with height and models of the expected vertical distribution of secondary organic aerosols from isoprene oxidation. The observed AOT is large enough in summer to provide regional cooling; thus we conclude that this secondary aerosol source is climatically relevant with significant potential for a regional negative climate feedback as BVOC emissions increase with temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Charles D. Koven
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Inez Y. Fung
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Liu H, Crawford JH, Considine DB, Platnick S, Norris PM, Duncan BN, Pierce RB, Chen G, Yantosca RM. Sensitivity of photolysis frequencies and key tropospheric oxidants in a global model to cloud vertical distributions and optical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gilgen H, Roesch A, Wild M, Ohmura A. Decadal changes in shortwave irradiance at the surface in the period from 1960 to 2000 estimated from Global Energy Balance Archive Data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Wang K, Zhang Y, Jang C, Phillips S, Wang B. Modeling intercontinental air pollution transport over the trans-Pacific region in 2001 using the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Kavouras IG, Etyemezian V, DuBois DW, Xu J, Pitchford M. Source reconciliation of atmospheric dust causing visibility impairment in Class I areas of the western United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Solmon F, Chuang PY, Meskhidze N, Chen Y. Acidic processing of mineral dust iron by anthropogenic compounds over the north Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pye HOT, Liao H, Wu S, Mickley LJ, Jacob DJ, Henze DK, Seinfeld JH. Effect of changes in climate and emissions on future sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosol levels in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. O. T. Pye
- Department of Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - H. Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - S. Wu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - L. J. Mickley
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. K. Henze
- Earth Institute; Columbia University; New York New York USA
| | - J. H. Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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44
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Carlton AG, Turpin BI, Altieri KE, Seitzinger SP, Mathur R, Roselle SJ, Weber RJ. CMAQ model performance enhanced when in-cloud secondary organic aerosol is included: comparisons of organic carbon predictions with measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:8798-802. [PMID: 19192800 DOI: 10.1021/es801192n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that low-volatility (particle-phase) organic compounds form in the atmosphere through aqueous phase reactions in clouds and aerosols. Although some models have begun including secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation through cloud processing, validation studies that compare predictions and measurements are needed. In this work, agreement between modeled organic carbon (OC) and aircraft measurements of water soluble OC improved for all 5 of the compared ICARTT NOAA-P3 flights during August when an in-cloud SOA (SOAcld) formation mechanism was added to CMAQ (a regional-scale atmospheric model). The improvement was most dramatic for the August 14th flight, a flight designed specifically to investigate clouds. During this flight the normalized mean bias for layer-averaged OC was reduced from -64 to -15% and correlation (r) improved from 0.5 to 0.6. Underpredictions of OC aloft by atmospheric models may be explained, in part, by this formation mechanism (SOAcld). OC formation aloft contributes to long-range pollution transport and has implications to radiative forcing, regional air quality and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmarie G Carlton
- Air Resources Laboratory, Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Fu P, Kawamura K, Okuzawa K, Aggarwal SG, Wang G, Kanaya Y, Wang Z. Organic molecular compositions and temporal variations of summertime mountain aerosols over Mt. Tai, North China Plain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Fu TM, Jacob DJ, Wittrock F, Burrows JP, Vrekoussis M, Henze DK. Global budgets of atmospheric glyoxal and methylglyoxal, and implications for formation of secondary organic aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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47
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Yu H, Remer LA, Chin M, Bian H, Kleidman RG, Diehl T. A satellite-based assessment of transpacific transport of pollution aerosol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Holzer M, Hall TM. Tropospheric transport climate partitioned by surface origin and transit time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Wuebbles DJ, Lei H, Lin J. Intercontinental transport of aerosols and photochemical oxidants from Asia and its consequences. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:65-84. [PMID: 17714840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The intercontinental transport of aerosols and photochemical oxidants from Asia is a crucial issue for air quality concerns in countries downwind of the significant emissions and concentrations of pollutants occurring in this important region of the world. Since the lifetimes of some important pollutants are long enough to be transported over long distance in the troposphere, regional control strategies for air pollution in downwind countries might be ineffective without considering the effects of long-range transport of pollutants from Asia. Field campaigns provide strong evidence for the intercontinental transport of Asian pollutants. They, together with ground-based observations and model simulations, show that the air quality over parts of North America is being affected by the pollutants transported from Asia. This paper examines the current understanding of the intercontinental transport of gases and aerosols from Asia and resulting effects on air quality, and on the regional and global climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Wuebbles
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 105 S. Gregory Street, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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Liang Q, Jaeglé L, Hudman RC, Turquety S, Jacob DJ, Avery MA, Browell EV, Sachse GW, Blake DR, Brune W, Ren X, Cohen RC, Dibb JE, Fried A, Fuelberg H, Porter M, Heikes BG, Huey G, Singh HB, Wennberg PO. Summertime influence of Asian pollution in the free troposphere over North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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