1
|
Zhu Q, Wang W, Shan C, Xie Y, Zeng X, Wu P, Liang B, Liu C. Effects of biomass burning on CO, HCN, C 2H 6, C 2H 2 and H 2CO during long-term FTIR measurements in Hefei, China. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:8343-8363. [PMID: 38439492 DOI: 10.1364/oe.516258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
High-resolution solar absorption spectra were continuously collected by a ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer to retrieve the total column of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ethane (C2H6), acetylene (C2H2), and formaldehyde (H2CO). The time series and variation characteristics of these gases were analyzed. The biomass combustion process is identified by using the correlations between the monthly mean deviations of HCN, C2H6, C2H2 and H2CO versus CO and satellite fire point data. The months with high correlation coefficients (R > 0.8) and peaks of fire point number are considered to be with biomass combustion occurrence. The emissions of HCN, C2H6, C2H2 and H2CO in Anhui were estimated using the enhancement ratios of gases to CO in these months when biomass combustion was the main driving factor of gas concentration change. The study proved the ability of FTIR system in inferring the period during biomass combustion and estimating emissions of the trace gases concerning biomass combustion.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zulkifli MFH, Hawari NSSL, Latif MT, Hamid HHA, Mohtar AAA, Idris WMRW, Mustaffa NIH, Juneng L. Volatile organic compounds and their contribution to ground-level ozone formation in a tropical urban environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134852. [PMID: 35533940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the trends of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and their potential contribution to O3 formation. The hourly data (August 2017 to July 2018) for 29 VOCs were obtained from three Malaysian Department of Environment continuous air quality monitoring stations with different urban backgrounds (Shah Alam, Cheras, Seremban). The Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) was calculated based on the individual Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) and VOC concentrations. The results showed that the highest mean total VOC concentrations were recorded at Cheras (148 ± 123 μg m-3), within the Kuala Lumpur urban environment, followed by Shah Alam (124 ± 116 μg m-3) and Seremban (86.4 ± 89.2 μg m-3). VOCs such as n-butane, ethene, ethane and toluene were reported to be the most abundant species at all the selected stations, with overall mean concentrations of 16.6 ± 11.9 μg m-3, 12.1 ± 13.3 μg m-3, 10.8 ± 11.9 μg m-3 and 9.67 ± 9.00 μg m-3, respectively. Alkenes (51.3-59.1%) and aromatic hydrocarbons (26.4-33.5%) have been identified as the major contributors to O3 formation in the study areas based on the overall VOC measurements. Relative humidity was found to influence the concentrations of VOCs more than other meteorological parameters. Overall, this study will contribute to further understanding of the distribution of VOCs and their contribution to O3 formation, particularly in the tropical urban environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faizul Hilmi Zulkifli
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia; Air Division, Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Water, 62574, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Nor Syamimi Sufiera Limi Hawari
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Anis Asma Ahmad Mohtar
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Razi Wan Idris
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Nur Ili Hamizah Mustaffa
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Liew Juneng
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar A, Hakkim H, Ghude SD, Sinha V. Probing wintertime air pollution sources in the Indo-Gangetic Plain through 52 hydrocarbons measured rarely at Delhi & Mohali. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149711. [PMID: 34438157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During wintertime, the Indo-Gangetic Plain suffers from severe air pollution affecting several hundred million people. Here we present unprecedented measurements and source analyses of 52 NMHCs (25 alkanes, 16 aromatics, 10 alkenes and one alkyne) in the cities of Delhi and Mohali (300 km north of Delhi) during wintertime (Dec 2016-Jan 2017). NMHCs were measured using a thermal desorption gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionisation detectors with data traceable to WMO standards. The ten most abundant NMHCs that were measured were the same at both Delhi and Mohali: propane, n-butane, acetylene, ethane, toluene, i-butane, ethene, i-pentane, benzene and propene and accounted for >50% of total measured NMHC mass concentration (137 ± 5.8 μg m-3 in Mohali and 239 ± 7.7 μg m-3 in Delhi). Ambient NMHCs and calculated hydroxyl radical reactivity were approximately twice as high in Delhi relative to Mohali, and 2-12 times higher than most other mega-cities, except Lahore and Karachi. Using chemical source signatures, traffic and LPG usage emissions were identified as the major contributor of these reactive NMHCs at both sites during nighttime, with additional minor contributions of garbage burning in Mohali, and evaporative fuel and biomass burning emissions in Delhi. Comparison of NMHC/CO and NMHC/C2H2 ratios over Mohali and Delhi, to other cities, suggested gasoline/petrol-fuelled vehicles were major NMHC emitters within the traffic source. The data from both Mohali and Delhi suggest that a large fraction of the fleet comprised vehicles with older emission control in both Mohali and Delhi. Analyses revealed poor representation of propene, ethene and trimethylbenzenes in the emission inventory (EDGARv4.3.2) over Mohali and Delhi. This study provides key data and new insights into the sources of reactive NMHCs (lifetime < few days) that drive regional wintertime pollution through direct effects and the formation of secondary pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Haseeb Hakkim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sachin D Ghude
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yarragunta Y, Srivastava S, Mitra D, Chandola HC. Source apportionment of carbon monoxide over India: a quantitative analysis using MOZART-4. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8722-8742. [PMID: 33067795 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MOZART-4 chemistry transport model has been used to examine the contribution of carbon monoxide (CO) from different source regions/types by tagging their emissions in model simulations. These simulations are made using tagged tracer approach to estimate the relative contribution of different geographical regions and different emission sources, such as anthropogenic or biomass burning to the CO concentration at the surface, in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), and in the free troposphere (FT) over the Indian sub-continent. The CO budget analyses highlight the significant contribution of the Indian emissions on surface CO and influence of chemical production on the free tropospheric CO concentration. The total CO mixing ratio is estimated as 263 ± 139 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) for surface, 177 ± 71 ppbv for PBL, and 112 ± 14 ppbv for FT. The percentage contributions of primary sources are found to be 80%, 68%, and 53% at the surface, in the PBL, and in the FT, respectively. The sub-regional analysis of India shows that anthropogenic and photochemical processes contribute 41-75% and 15-46% CO, respectively, at the surface. Maximum percentage contribution of anthropogenic CO is observed over Indo-Gangetic Plain and Eastern India (75%). CO contribution from local anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions and transported from other global source regions are analyzed over the Indian region at the surface, in the PBL, and in the FT. The local anthropogenic sources contribute largest to the surface CO over India with 108 ppbv, followed by China with 98 ppbv, Europe with 55 ppbv, North America (NA) with 46 ppbv, and South-east Asia (SEA) and Middle East (ME) with 23 ppbv each. India's PBL (FT) CO is mostly influenced by China's anthropogenic emissions with 12 ppbv (8 ppbv) followed by SEA with 7 ppbv (6 ppbv). Surface biomass burning CO over India (6 ppbv) is much lower than in other regions such as SEA (32 ppbv), Africa (24 ppbv), and South America (11 ppbv). In the PBL (FT), SEA and Africa's BB emissions show major impact on CO over India with 6 ppbv (5 ppbv) and 5 ppbv (4 ppbv), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yesobu Yarragunta
- Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation, Kalidas Road, Dehradun, India
- Department of Physics, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Shuchita Srivastava
- Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation, Kalidas Road, Dehradun, India.
| | - Debashis Mitra
- Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation, Kalidas Road, Dehradun, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Simon H, Henderson BH, Owen RC, Foley KM, Snyder MG, Kimbrough S. Variability in Observation-based Onroad Emission Constraints from a Near-road Environment. ATMOSPHERE 2020; 11:1243. [PMID: 33489318 PMCID: PMC7821344 DOI: 10.3390/atmos11111243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study uses Las Vegas near-road measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) to test the consistency of onroad emission constraint methodologies. We derive commonly used CO to NOx ratios (ΔCO:ΔNOx) from cross-road gradients and from linear regression using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and orthogonal regression. The CO to NOx ratios are used to infer NOx emission adjustments for a priori emissions estimates from EPA's MOtor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) model assuming unbiased CO. The assumption of unbiased CO emissions may not be appropriate in many circumstances but was implemented in this analysis to illustrate the range of NOx scaling factors that can be inferred based on choice of methods and monitor distance alone. For the nearest road estimates (25m), the cross-road gradient and ordinary least squares (OLS) agree with each other and are not statistically different from the MOVES-based emission estimate while ΔCO:ΔNOx from orthogonal regression is significantly higher than the emitted ratio from MOVES. Using further downwind measurements (i.e., 115m and 300m) increases OLS and orthogonal regression estimates of ΔCO:ΔNOx but not cross-road gradient ΔCO:ΔNOx. The inferred NOx emissions depend on the observation-based method, as well as the distance of the measurements from the roadway and can suggest either that MOVES NOx emissions are unbiased or that they should be adjusted downward by between 10% and 47%. The sensitivity of observation-based ΔCO:ΔNOx estimates to the selected monitor location and to the calculation method characterize the inherent uncertainty of these methods that cannot be derived from traditional standard-error based uncertainty metrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Simon
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US EPA, RTP, City, 27711, NC
| | | | - R. Chris Owen
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US EPA, RTP, City, 27711, NC
| | - Kristen M. Foley
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, RTP, 27711, NC
| | - Michelle G. Snyder
- Wood Environment and Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Durham, City, 27703, NC
| | - Sue Kimbrough
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, RTP, 27711, NC
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang L, Zhang Z, Sun P, Pang T, Xia H, Cui X, Guo Q, Sigrist MW, Shu C, Shu Z. A dual-gas sensor for simultaneous detection of methane and acetylene based on time-sharing scanning assisted wavelength modulation spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 239:118495. [PMID: 32470812 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methane (CH4) and acetylene (C2H2) are important bioscience and chemical gases. The real-time monitoring and analysis of them have important research value in industrial process control. The time-sharing scanning assisted wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) technique is developed for real-time and simultaneous detection of CH4 and C2H2. This system involves two near-infrared distributed feedback (DFB) lasers and a compact multipass cavity with an effective optical path of 52.2 m. The selected strong absorption lines of methane and acetylene are located at 6046.96 cm-1 and 6531.7 cm-1, respectively. The experiment environment is conducted at room temperature 23 °C and pressure 760 Torr. The sensor performance, including the minimum detection limit (MDL) and the stability, was improved by eliminating the influence of light intensity fluctuation using the WMS-2f/SAW technique. Allan deviation analysis indicates that a MDL of 0.1 ppm for CH4 and 0.2 ppm for C2H2 are achieved with 1-s integration time. And the instrument response time is about 44 s through the continuous analysis of standard gases. This sensitive, simple, reliable, and lowcost dual-gas sensor is very suitable for applications in the field environment, chemical process, and many other gas-phase analysis areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewen Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230037, China.
| | - Pengshuai Sun
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Tao Pang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Hua Xia
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Xiaojuan Cui
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230037, China
| | - Markus Werner Sigrist
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chimin Shu
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan 64002, China
| | - Zhifeng Shu
- School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Akob DM, Sutton JM, Fierst JL, Haase KB, Baesman S, Luther GW, Miller LG, Oremland RS. Acetylenotrophy: a hidden but ubiquitous microbial metabolism? FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:5026170. [PMID: 29933435 PMCID: PMC7190893 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylene (IUPAC name: ethyne) is a colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon, composed of two triple bonded carbon atoms attached to hydrogens (C2H2). When microbiologists and biogeochemists think of acetylene, they immediately think of its use as an inhibitory compound of certain microbial processes and a tracer for nitrogen fixation. However, what is less widely known is that anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms can degrade acetylene, using it as a sole carbon and energy source and providing the basis of a microbial food web. Here, we review what is known about acetylene degrading organisms and introduce the term 'acetylenotrophs' to refer to the microorganisms that carry out this metabolic pathway. In addition, we review the known environmental sources of acetylene and postulate the presence of an hidden acetylene cycle. The abundance of bacteria capable of using acetylene and other alkynes as an energy and carbon source suggests that there are energy cycles present in the environment that are driven by acetylene and alkyne production and consumption that are isolated from atmospheric exchange. Acetylenotrophs may have developed to leverage the relatively high concentrations of acetylene in the pre-Cambrian atmosphere, evolving later to survive in specialized niches where acetylene and other alkynes were produced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Akob
- U. S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, MS 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA
| | - John M Sutton
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 2328, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - Janna L Fierst
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 2328, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - Karl B Haase
- U. S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, MS 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA
| | - Shaun Baesman
- U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 480, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - George W Luther
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Road, Cannon Laboratory 218, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
| | - Laurence G Miller
- U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 480, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Ronald S Oremland
- U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 480, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu N, Deng H, He T, Liu Y, Zhang L, Li J. Measurements of new absorption lines of acetylene at 1.53μm using a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 186:1-7. [PMID: 28600991 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new investigation of acetylene absorption lines between 6526.5 and 6531.5cm-1 spectral region was performed by using a long-path absorption cell based tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer. The multi-spectrum fitting procedure has been applied to these intensive absorption lines of acetylene within the spectral range of particular interest to recover the line parameters. Line intensities and line positions of total 42 lines of acetylene were reported, including 22 new lines precisely identified for the first time. The reported results will be valuable to complete the spectroscopic databases of acetylene, and also be useful for upgrading our newly developed TDLAS sensor system for industrial C2H2 gas detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningwu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, 23061 Hefei, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, 23061 Hefei, China
| | - Tianbo He
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, 23061 Hefei, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, 23061 Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, 23061 Hefei, China
| | - Jingsong Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, 23061 Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Faust JA, Wong JPS, Lee AKY, Abbatt JPD. Role of Aerosol Liquid Water in Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Volatile Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1405-1413. [PMID: 28124902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A key mechanism for atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation occurs when oxidation products of volatile organic compounds condense onto pre-existing particles. Here, we examine effects of aerosol liquid water (ALW) on relative SOA yield and composition from α-pinene ozonolysis and the photooxidation of toluene and acetylene by OH. Reactions were conducted in a room-temperature flow tube under low-NOx conditions in the presence of equivalent loadings of deliquesced (∼20 μg m-3 ALW) or effloresced (∼0.2 μg m-3 ALW) ammonium sulfate seeds at exactly the same relative humidity (RH = 70%) and state of wall conditioning. We found 13% and 19% enhancements in relative SOA yield for the α-pinene and toluene systems, respectively, when seeds were deliquesced rather than effloresced. The relative yield doubled in the acetylene system, and this enhancement was partially reversible upon drying the prepared SOA, which reduced the yield by 40% within a time scale of seconds. We attribute the high relative yield of acetylene SOA on deliquesced seeds to aqueous partitioning and particle-phase reactions of the photooxidation product glyoxal. The observed range of relative yields for α-pinene, toluene, and acetylene SOA on deliquesced and effloresced seeds suggests that ALW plays a complicated, system-dependent role in SOA formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jenny P S Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stönner C, Derstroff B, Klüpfel T, Crowley JN, Williams J. Glyoxal measurement with a proton transfer reaction time of flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS): characterization and calibration. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:30-35. [PMID: 27712005 PMCID: PMC6681138 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We examine the potential for PTR-TOF-MS systems to quantitatively measure glyoxal in ambient air by characterizing the response of the instrument to a dilute glyoxal sample, calibrating the system as a function of humidity. The concentration of glyoxal in a sample air-stream was measured with an UV absorption spectrometer in parallel to a PTR-TOF-MS. This calibration demonstrated that the PTR-TOF-MS has a relatively low sensitivity to glyoxal particularly at high humidity. Extensive fragmentation of glyoxal to formaldehyde was observed. This behaviour not only desensitizes PTR-MS system to glyoxal; it may also pose a problem to the quantification of formaldehyde. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Mass Spectrometry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bandyopadhyay B, Stein T, Fang Y, Kostko O, White A, Head-Gordon M, Ahmed M. Probing Ionic Complexes of Ethylene and Acetylene with Vacuum-Ultraviolet Radiation. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5053-64. [PMID: 26983013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mixed complexes of acetylene-ethylene are studied using vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations. These complexes are produced and ionized at different distances from the exit of a continuous nozzle followed by reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. Acetylene, with a higher ionization energy (11.4 eV) than ethylene (10.6 eV), allows for tuning the VUV energy and initializing reactions either from a C2H2(+) or a C2H4(+) cation. Pure acetylene and ethylene expansions are separately carried out to compare, contrast, and hence identify products from the mixed expansion: these are C3H3(+) (m/z = 39), C4H5(+) (m/z = 53), and C5H5(+) (m/z = 65). Intensity distributions of C2H2, C2H4, their dimers and reactions products are plotted as a function of ionization distance. These distributions suggest that association mechanisms play a crucial role in product formation closer to the nozzle. Photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves of the mixed complexes demonstrate rising edges closer to both ethylene and acetylene ionization energies. We use density functional theory (ωB97X-V/aug-cc-pVTZ) to study the structures of the neutral and ionized dimers, calculate their adiabatic and vertical ionization energies, as well as the energetics of different isomers on the potential energy surface (PES). Upon ionization, vibrationally excited clusters can use the extra energy to access different isomers on the PES. At farther ionization distances from the nozzle, where the number densities are lower, unimolecular decay is expected to be the dominant mechanism. We discuss the possible decay pathways from the different isomers on the PES and examine the ones that are energetically accessible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Bandyopadhyay
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tamar Stein
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yigang Fang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alec White
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tamassia F, Cané E, Fusina L, Di Lonardo G. The experimental equilibrium structure of acetylene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:1937-44. [PMID: 26687993 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05997f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The empirical equilibrium structure of acetylene has been derived by exploiting the very precise experimental rotational constants available in the literature for the 10 isotopologues relative to all the possible combinations of H, D, (12)C and (13)C atoms. The geometry obtained when data for all species are fitted together is: re(CH) = 106.167(14) pm and re(CC) = 120.2866(72) pm. This determination shows some systematic residuals due to the singly D-substituted isotopologues. If we exclude such species from the fit, we obtain our most precise evaluation: re(CH) = 106.1689(23) pm and re(CC) = 120.2817(12) pm. The possibility of a breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation has also been tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Tamassia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bauzá A, Frontera A. Theoretical study on σ- and π-hole carbon⋯carbon bonding interactions: implications in CFC chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:32155-32159. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06449c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript the ability of CO2 and several CFCs to establish noncovalent carbon⋯carbon interactions with atmospheric gases CO, ethene and ethyne has been studied at the RI-MP2/def2-TZVPD level of theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma
- Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Di Lonardo G, Fusina L, Canè E, Tamassia F, Martínez RZ, Bermejo D. High resolution infrared and Raman spectra of (13)C(12)CD2: The CD stretching fundamentals and associated combination and hot bands. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:094302. [PMID: 26342365 DOI: 10.1063/1.4929723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared and Raman spectra of mono (13)C fully deuterated acetylene, (13)C(12)CD2, have been recorded and analysed to obtain detailed information on the C-D stretching fundamentals and associated combination, overtone, and hot bands. Infrared spectra were recorded at an instrumental resolution ranging between 0.006 and 0.01 cm(-1) in the region 1800-7800 cm(-1). Sixty new bands involving the ν1 and ν3 C-D stretching modes also associated with the ν4 and ν5 bending vibrations have been observed and analysed. In total, 5881 transitions have been assigned in the investigated spectral region. In addition, the Q branch of the ν1 fundamental was recorded using inverse Raman spectroscopy, with an instrumental resolution of about 0.003 cm(-1). The transitions relative to each stretching mode, i.e., the fundamental band, its first overtone, and associated hot and combination bands involving bending states with υ4 + υ5 up to 2 were fitted simultaneously. The usual Hamiltonian appropriate to a linear molecule, including vibration and rotation l-type and the Darling-Dennison interaction between υ4 = 2 and υ5 = 2 levels associated with the stretching states, was adopted for the analysis. The standard deviation for each global fit is ≤0.0004 cm(-1), of the same order of magnitude of the measurement precision. Slightly improved parameters for the bending and the ν2 manifold have been also determined. Precise values of spectroscopic parameters deperturbed from the resonance interactions have been obtained. They provide quantitative information on the anharmonic character of the potential energy surface, which can be useful, in addition to those reported in the literature, for the determination of a general anharmonic force field for the molecule. Finally, the obtained values of the Darling-Dennison constants can be valuable for understanding energy flows between independent vibrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Di Lonardo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - L Fusina
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - E Canè
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Tamassia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - R Z Martínez
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Bermejo
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim SY, Millet DB, Hu L, Mohr MJ, Griffis TJ, Wen D, Lin JC, Miller SM, Longo M. Constraints on carbon monoxide emissions based on tall tower measurements in the US Upper Midwest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8316-8324. [PMID: 23844675 DOI: 10.1021/es4009486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We interpret a full year of high-frequency CO measurements from a tall tower in the U.S. Upper Midwest with a time-reversed Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model (STILT LPDM) and an Eulerian chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) to develop top-down constraints on U.S. CO sources in 2009. Our best estimate is that anthropogenic CO emissions in the U.S. Upper Midwest in 2009 were 2.9 Tg, 61% lower (a posteriori scale factor of 0.39) than our a priori prediction based on the U.S. EPA's National Emission Inventory for 2005 (NEI 2005). If the same bias applies across the contiguous U.S., the inferred CO emissions are 26 Tg/y, compared to the a priori estimate of 66 Tg/y. This discrepancy is significantly greater than would be expected based solely on emission decreases between 2005 and 2009 (EPA estimate: 23% decrease). Model transport error is an important source of uncertainty in the analysis, and we employ an ensemble of sensitivity runs using multiple meteorological data sets and model configurations to assess its impact on our results. A posteriori scale factors for the U.S. anthropogenic CO source from these sensitivity runs range from 0.22 to 0.64, corresponding to emissions of 1.6-4.8 Tg/y for the U.S. Upper Midwest and 15-42 Tg/y for the contiguous U.S. The data have limited sensitivity for constraining biomass + biofuel burning emissions and photochemical CO production from precursor organic compounds. Our finding of a NEI 2005 overestimate of CO emissions is consistent with recent assessments for individual cities and with earlier analyses based on the NEI 1999, implying the need for a better mechanism for refining such bottom-up emission estimates in response to top-down constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Youn Kim
- University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Villa M, Canè E, Tamassia F, Di Lonardo G, Fusina L. The infrared spectrum of (12)C2D2: the stretching-bending band system up to 5500 cm(-1). J Chem Phys 2013; 138:134312. [PMID: 23574232 DOI: 10.1063/1.4794917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The infrared spectrum of the perdeuterated acetylene, (12)C2D2, has been recorded from 900 cm(-1) to 5500 cm(-1) by Fourier transform spectroscopy at a resolution ranging between 0.004 and 0.009 cm(-1). Ninety-two bands involving the ν1, ν2, and ν3 stretching modes, also associated with the ν4 and ν5 bending vibrations and 9 bands involving pure bending transitions have been observed and analysed. In total, 8345 transitions for the stretching-bending, and 862 for the pure bending modes have been assigned in the investigated spectral region. All the transitions relative to each stretching mode, i.e. the fundamental, its first overtone, and associated hot and combination bands involving bending states up to v4 + v5 = 2, were fitted simultaneously. The Hamiltonian adopted for the analysis is that appropriate to a linear molecule and includes vibration and rotation l-type interactions. The Darling-Dennison interaction between v4 = 2 and v5 = 2 levels associated with the various stretching states was also considered. The standard deviation for each global fit is smaller than 0.0006 cm(-1), of the same order of magnitude of the measurement precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento, 4. I-40136, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lal S, Sahu LK, Venkataramani S, Mallik C. Light non-methane hydrocarbons at two sites in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:1159-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em10682e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Beauchamp J. Inhaled today, not gone tomorrow: pharmacokinetics and environmental exposure of volatiles in exhaled breath. J Breath Res 2011; 5:037103. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/3/037103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
19
|
Allen D, Pickering K, Duncan B, Damon M. Impact of lightning NO emissions on North American photochemistry as determined using the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Metsälä M, Schmidt FM, Skyttä M, Vaittinen O, Halonen L. Acetylene in breath: background levels and real-time elimination kinetics after smoking. J Breath Res 2010; 4:046003. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/4/4/046003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
21
|
Park M, Randel WJ, Emmons LK, Livesey NJ. Transport pathways of carbon monoxide in the Asian summer monsoon diagnosed from Model of Ozone and Related Tracers (MOZART). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Hudman RC, Murray LT, Jacob DJ, Turquety S, Wu S, Millet DB, Avery M, Goldstein AH, Holloway J. North American influence on tropospheric ozone and the effects of recent emission reductions: Constraints from ICARTT observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
23
|
Millet DB, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Diskin GS, Holloway JS, Hudman RC, Meinardi S, Ryerson TB, Sachse GW. Halocarbon emissions from the United States and Mexico and their global warming potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:1055-1060. [PMID: 19320157 DOI: 10.1021/es802146j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We use recent aircraft measurements of a comprehensive suite of anthropogenic halocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), and related tracers to place new constraints on North American halocarbon emissions and quantify their global warming potential. Using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) we find that the ensemble of observations are consistent with our prior best estimate of the U.S. anthropogenic CO source, but suggest a 30% underestimate of Mexican emissions. We develop an optimized CO emission inventory on this basis and quantify halocarbon emissions from their measured enhancements relative to CO. Emissions continue for many compounds restricted under the Montreal Protocol, and we show that halocarbons make up an important fraction of the total greenhouse gas source for both countries: our best estimate is 9% (uncertainty range 6-12%) and 32% (21-52%) of equivalent CO2 emissions for the U.S. and Mexico, respectively, on a 20 year time scale. Performance of bottom-up emission inventories is variable, with underestimates for some compounds and overestimates for others. Ongoing methylchloroform emissions are significant in the U.S. (2.8 Gg/y in 2004-2006), in contrast to bottom-up estimates (< 0.05 Gg), with implications for tropospheric OH calculations. Mexican methylchloroform emissions are minor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B Millet
- University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xiao Y, Logan JA, Jacob DJ, Hudman RC, Yantosca R, Blake DR. Global budget of ethane and regional constraints on U.S. sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
25
|
Fu TM, Jacob DJ, Wittrock F, Burrows JP, Vrekoussis M, Henze DK. Global budgets of atmospheric glyoxal and methylglyoxal, and implications for formation of secondary organic aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|