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Ronaghi M, Scorsone E. The Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on CO 2 Emissions in the Ten Countries with the Highest Carbon Dioxide Emissions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 2023:4605206. [PMID: 37346772 PMCID: PMC10281825 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4605206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The environmental pollution during the COVID-19 crisis has declined dramatically due to quarantines that have severely reduced transport and industry but has had little effect on the steady rise in CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Through the Paris Agreement, countries are working to reduce the emissions of these pollutants, for example, by burning fossil fuels. These greenhouse gases trap heat near the earth's surface and raise the temperature. This global warming threatens global food resources. In times of corona crisis and environmental pollution, especially in countries with the highest CO2 emissions, governance is a key factor that explains the poor economic, social, and environmental performance of many countries. Governance plays an important role in controlling these crises. In this study, the World Bank's governance indicators have been used to examine the relationship between governance and economic performance and its impact on CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 outbreak period. Also, the Tobit panel model with a limited-dependent model from 2011 to 2020 has been used. Several economic factors and governance variables are also considered. Given the negative relationship between governance and CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 outbreak, the role of governance in reducing environmental pollution is emphasized, and it is shown that policymakers can take appropriate measures by implementing good governance and enforcing the right laws to control the corona epidemic and also reduce carbon emissions in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Ronaghi
- Department of Agricultural Food and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Eric Scorsone
- Department of Agricultural Food and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Dlamini JC, Cardenas LM, Tesfamariam EH, Dunn RM, Evans J, Hawkins JMB, Blackwell MSA, Collins AL. Soil CO 2 emissions in cropland with fodder maize ( Zea mays L.) with and without riparian buffer strips of differing vegetation. AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 2022; 96:983-995. [PMID: 36164326 PMCID: PMC9504891 DOI: 10.1007/s10457-022-00756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vegetated land areas play a significant role in determining the fate of carbon (C) in the global C cycle. Riparian buffer vegetation is primarily implemented for water quality purposes as they attenuate pollutants from immediately adjacent croplands before reaching freashwater systems. However, their prevailing conditions may sometimes promote the production and subsequent emissions of soil carbon dioxide (CO2). Despite this, the understanding of soil CO2 emissions from riparian buffer vegetation and a direct comparison with adjacent croplands they serve remain elusive. In order to quantify the extent of CO2 emissions in such an agro system, we measured CO2 emissions simultaneously with soil and environmental variables for six months in a replicated plot-scale facility comprising of maize cropping served by three vegetated riparian buffers, namely: (i) a novel grass riparian buffer; (ii) a willow riparian buffer, and; (iii) a woodland riparian buffer. These buffered treatments were compared with a no-buffer control. The woodland (322.9 ± 3.1 kg ha- 1) and grass (285 ± 2.7 kg ha- 1) riparian buffer treatments (not significant to each other) generated significantly (p = < 0.0001) the largest CO2 compared to the remainder of the treatments. Our results suggest that during maize production in general, the woodland and grass riparian buffers serving a maize crop pose a CO2 threat. The results of the current study point to the need to consider the benefits for gaseous emissions of mitigation measures conventionally implemented for improving the sustainability of water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Dlamini
- Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB UK
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 South Africa
| | - L. M. Cardenas
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB UK
| | - E. H. Tesfamariam
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 South Africa
| | - R. M. Dunn
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB UK
| | - J. Evans
- Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - J. M. B. Hawkins
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB UK
| | - M. S. A. Blackwell
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB UK
| | - A. L. Collins
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB UK
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Ray RL, Singh VP, Singh SK, Acharya BS, He Y. What is the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on global carbon emissions? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151503. [PMID: 34752864 PMCID: PMC8572037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID 19, or SARS-CoV-2) pandemic that started in December 2019 has caused an unprecedented impact in most countries globally and continues to threaten human lives worldwide. The COVID-19 and strict lockdown measures have had adverse effects on human health and national economies. These lockdown measures have played a critical role in improving air quality, water quality, and the ozone layer and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Using Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Level 4 carbon (SMAP LC4) satellite products, this study investigated the impacts of COVID-19 lockdown measures on annual carbon emissions globally, focusing on 47 greatly affected countries and their 105 cities by December 2020. It is shown that while the lockdown measures significantly reduced carbon emissions globally, several countries and cities observed this reduction as temporary because strict lockdown measures were not imposed for extended periods in 2020. Overall, the total carbon emissions of select 184 countries reduced by 438 Mt in 2020 than in 2019. Since the global economic activities are slowly expected to return to the non-COVID-19 state, the reduction in carbon emissions during the pandemic will not be sustainable in the long run. For sustainability, concerned authorities have to put significant efforts to change transportation, climate, and environmental policies globally that fuel carbon emissions. Overall, the presented results provide directions to the stakeholders and policymakers to develop and implement measures to control carbon emissions for a sustainable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram L Ray
- College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA.
| | - Vijay P Singh
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sudhir K Singh
- K. Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric & Ocean Studies, IIDS, Nehru Science Centre, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Bharat S Acharya
- Oklahoma Department of Mines, State of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73106, USA
| | - Yiping He
- EDF Renewable Energy, San Diego, CA 92128, USA
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Soil CO 2 emission in response to organic amendments, temperature, and rainfall. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5849. [PMID: 32246078 PMCID: PMC7125227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetated land surfaces play an important role in determining the fate of carbon in the global carbon cycle. However, our understanding of the terrestrial biosphere on a global scale is subject to considerable uncertainty, especially concerning the impacts of climatic variables on the carbon cycle. Soil is a source and also a sink of CO2 exchange and helps in carbon sequestration. Agricultural management practices influence soil water dynamics, as well as carbon cycling by changing soil CO2 emission and uptake rates. The rate of soil CO2 emission varies for different crops and different organic amendments. The major goal of this study was to assess the impacts of the type and rate of organic amendment on soil CO2 emission in a collard greens crop grown in the southeast Texas environment. Thirty-six plots were developed to grow collard greens on Prairie View A&M University’s Research Farm. Three types of organic amendments (Chicken manure, Dairy manure, and Milorganite), at four levels of application (0, 168, 336, and 672 kg N/ha) were used and replicated three times. Each organic amendment type was applied to nine randomly selected plots. Three random plots were used as a control in each row. We measured daily soil CO2 emission for the first two weeks and every other day in a week during the experiment. We evaluated the effects of organic amendments and the application rates on soil CO2 emission for collard greens during two growing seasons. The results showed higher the application rates for each organic amendment, higher the CO2 emissions from the soil. The results also showed higher cumulative CO2 emissions for the soils amended with chicken manure and milorganite, but lowest for the soils amended with dairy manure. This field experiment and analyses help better understand the temporal and spatial variations of soil CO2 emission, and also help to develop best management practices to maximize carbon sequestration and to minimize soil CO2 emissions during the growth periods of collard greens under changing temperatures using different organic amendments, and application rates.
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Teng D, He X, Wang J, Wang J, Lv G. Uncertainty in gap filling and estimating the annual sum of carbon dioxide exchange for the desert Tugai forest, Ebinur Lake Basin, Northwest China. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8530. [PMID: 32095356 PMCID: PMC7017791 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In most eddy covariance (EC) studies, carbon flux measurements have a high defect rate for a variety of reasons. Obtaining the annual sum of carbon dioxide exchange requires imputation of data gaps with high precision and accuracy. This study used five methods to fill the gaps in carbon flux data and estimate the total annual carbon dioxide exchange of the Tugai forest in the arid desert ecosystem of Ebinur Lake Basin, Northwest China. The Monte Carlo method was used to estimate the random error and bias caused by gap filling. The results revealed that (1) there was a seasonal difference in the friction velocity threshold of nighttime flux, with values in the growing season and non-growing season of 0.12 and 0.10 m/s, respectively; (2) the five gap-filling methods explained 77–84% of the data variability in the fluxes, and the random errors estimated by these methods were characterized by non-normality and leptokurtic heavy tail features, following the Laplacian (or double-exponential) distribution; (3) estimates of the annual sum of carbon dioxide exchange using the five methods at the study site in 2015 ranged from −178.25 to −155.21 g C m−2 year−1, indicating that the Tugai forest in the Ebinur Lake Basin is a net carbon sink. The standard deviation of the total annual carbon dioxide exchange sums estimated by the five different methods ranged from 3.15 to 19.08 g C m−2 year−1, with bias errors ranging from −13.69 to 14.05 g C m−2 year−1. This study provides a theoretical basis for the carbon dioxide exchange and carbon source/sink assessment of the Tugai forest in an arid desert ecosystem. In order to explore the functioning of the Tugai forest at this site, a greater understanding of the underlying ecological mechanisms is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiong Teng
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuemin He
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jingzhe Wang
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guanghui Lv
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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He H, Liu M, Sun X, Zhang L, Luo Y, Wang H, Han S, Zhao X, Shi P, Wang Y, Ouyang Z, Yu G. Uncertainty analysis of eddy flux measurements in typical ecosystems of ChinaFLUX. ECOL INFORM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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