1
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Curzi M, Giuntoli F, Vignaroli G, Viola G. Constraints on upper crustal fluid circulation and seismogenesis from in-situ outcrop quantification of complex fault zone permeability. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5548. [PMID: 37020109 PMCID: PMC10076323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The permeability of fault zones plays a significant role on the distribution of georesources and on seismogenesis in the brittle upper crust, where both natural and induced seismicity are often associated with fluid migration and overpressure. Detailed models of the permeability structure of fault zones are thus necessary to refine our understanding of natural fluid pathways and of the mechanisms leading to fluid compartmentalization and possible overpressure in the crust. Fault zones commonly contain complex internal architectures defined by the spatial juxtaposition of "brittle structural facies" (BSF), which progressively and continuously form and evolve during faulting and deformation. We present the first systematic in-situ outcrop permeability measurements from a range of BSFs from two architecturally complex fault zones in the Northern Apennines (Italy). A stark spatial heterogeneity of the present-day permeability (up to four orders of magnitude) even for tightly juxtaposed BSFs belonging to the same fault emerges as a key structural and hydraulic feature. Insights from this study allow us to better understand how complex fault architectures steer the 3D hydraulic structure of the brittle upper crust. Fault hydraulic properties, which may change through space but also in time during an orogenesis and/or individual seismic cycles, in turn steer the development of overpressured volumes, where fluid-induced seismogenesis may localize.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Curzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali-BiGeA, Università degli studi di Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - F Giuntoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali-BiGeA, Università degli studi di Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Vignaroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali-BiGeA, Università degli studi di Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Viola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali-BiGeA, Università degli studi di Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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2
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Leah H, Fagereng Å, Groome N, Buchs D, Eijsink A, Niemeijer A. Heterogeneous Subgreenschist Deformation in an Exhumed Sediment-Poor Mélange. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2022; 127:e2022JB024353. [PMID: 36250158 PMCID: PMC9540080 DOI: 10.1029/2022jb024353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Many described subduction complexes (or mélanges) exhumed from seismogenic depths comprise thick, turbidite-dominated sequences with deformed zones containing clasts or boudins of more competent sandstone and/or basalt. In contrast, many active subduction zones have a relatively small thickness of sedimentary inputs (<2 km), turbidite sequences are commonly accreted rather than subducted, and the role of pelagic sediments and basalt (lavas and hyaloclastites) in the deforming zone near the plate interface at <20 km depth is poorly understood. Field investigation of Neoproterozoic oceanic sequences accreted in the Gwna Complex, Anglesey, UK, reveals repeated lenticular slices of variably sampled ocean plate stratigraphy (OPS) bounded by thin mélange-bearing shear zones. Mélange matrix material is derived from adjacent OPS lithologies and is either dominantly illitic, likely derived from altered siliciclastic sediment, or chloritic, likely derived from altered volcanics. In the illitic mélange, mutually cross-cutting phyllosilicate foliation and variably deformed chlorite-quartz-calcite veins suggest ductile creep was cyclically punctuated by transient, localized fluid pulses. Chlorite thermometry indicates the veins formed at 260 ± 10°C. In the chloritic mélange, recrystallized through-going calcite veins are deformed to shear strains of 4-5 within a foliated chlorite matrix, suggesting calcite veins in subducting volcanics may localize deformation in the seismogenic zone. Shear stress-strain rate curves constructed using existing empirical relationships in a simplified shear zone geometry predict that slip velocities varied depending on pore fluid pressure; models predict slow slip velocities preferentially by frictional sliding in chlorite, at pore fluid pressures greater than hydrostatic but less than lithostatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Leah
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Å. Fagereng
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - N. Groome
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - D. Buchs
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - A. Eijsink
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental SciencesUniversity of BremenBremenGermany
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering and EMS Energy InstituteThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - A. Niemeijer
- Department of Earth SciencesUtrecht UniversityHPT LaboratoryUtrechtThe Netherlands
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3
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Yun HS, Moon SW, Seo YS. Effects of breccia and water contents on the mechanical properties of fault-core-zone materials. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7093. [PMID: 35490176 PMCID: PMC9056520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the mechanical properties of fault-core-zone materials is challenging because of the low strength of such materials, which affects field sampling, specimen preparation, and laboratory testing. We overcame this problem by preparing and testing mechanical properties of 132 artificial fault-core-zone specimens consisting of mixtures of breccia, sand, clay, and water. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS), elastic modulus (E), and penetration resistance value (PRV) of these fault-core-zone materials were measured, and the effects of breccia content and water content on mechanical properties were assessed. Results show that UCS is inversely proportional to breccia content and water content, and that E is inversely proportional to water content. Furthermore, the inverse relationship of UCS with water content varies with breccia content. UCS is proportional to both PRV and E, and the relationship for each varies with breccia content. High coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.62–0.88) between the parameters suggest that breccia content, water content, and PRV are potentially useful parameters for estimating the mechanical properties of fault core zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seok Yun
- Civil and Architectural, Environmental Engineering Department, KEPCO Engineering & Construction, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Moon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Seo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Perez‐Silva A, Kaneko Y, Savage M, Wallace L, Li D, Williams C. Segmentation of Shallow Slow Slip Events at the Hikurangi Subduction Zone Explained by Along-Strike Changes in Fault Geometry and Plate Convergence Rates. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2022; 127:e2021JB022913. [PMID: 35860634 PMCID: PMC9285732 DOI: 10.1029/2021jb022913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, geodetic and seismic observations have revealed a spectrum of slow earthquakes along the Hikurangi subduction zone in New Zealand. Of those, shallow slow slip events (SSEs) that occur at depths of less than 15 km along the plate interface show a strong along-strike segmentation in their recurrence intervals, which vary from ∼1 yr from offshore Tolaga Bay in the northeast to ∼5 yr offshore Cape Turnagain ∼300 km to the southwest. To understand the factors that control this segmentation, we conduct numerical simulations of SSEs incorporating laboratory-derived rate-and-state friction laws with both planar and non-planar fault geometries. We find that a relatively simple model assuming a realistic non-planar fault geometry reproduces the characteristics of shallow SSEs as constrained by geodetic observations. Our preferred model captures the magnitudes and durations of SSEs, as well as the northward decrease of their recurrence intervals. Our results indicate that the segmentation of SSE recurrence intervals is favored by along-strike changes in both the plate convergence rate and the downdip width of the SSE source region. Modeled SSEs with longer recurrence intervals concentrate in the southern part of the fault (offshore Cape Turnagain), where the plate convergence rate is lowest and the source region of SSEs is widest due to the shallower slab dip angle. Notably, the observed segmentation of shallow SSEs cannot be reproduced with a simple planar fault model, which indicates that a realistic plate interface is an important factor to account for in modeling SSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perez‐Silva
- School of Geography, Environment and Earth SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | | | - Martha Savage
- School of Geography, Environment and Earth SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Laura Wallace
- GNS ScienceLower HuttNew Zealand
- Institute for GeophysicsUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMünchenGermany
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5
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Braden Z, Behr WM. Weakening Mechanisms in a Basalt-Hosted Subduction Megathrust Fault Segment, Southern Alaska. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2021; 126:e2021JB022039. [PMID: 35865263 PMCID: PMC9285822 DOI: 10.1029/2021jb022039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Basaltic and gabbroic rocks that define the seafloor have been suggested to act as sources of rheological heterogeneity during subduction, with the capacity to enhance or dampen seismicity. Despite this, relatively little is known from the rock record regarding the progression and conditions of mafic oceanic crust deformation during subduction, particularly in the shallow megathrust region of the seismogenic zone. We describe subduction-related deformation structures and characterize deformation conditions from an exhumed, basalt-hosted megathrust in the Chugach accretionary complex of south-central Alaska. Rocks in the Chugach preserve a record of seafloor mineralogical changes from pre-subduction, hydrothermal circulation that produced sheet silicates with a lower frictional strength than intact basalt. Pre-subduction alteration also served to introduce hydrous phases that can expel water during deformation and raise the pore fluid pressure. Once strain localized within basalts onto a megathrust fault plane at lithostatic pore fluid pressures, the basalt weakened further through a combination of cataclasis, dilatational shear fracturing, and slip on chlorite-rich shear bands. This process occurred in a narrower fault zone, and at higher maximum differential stress and greater pore fluid pressure fluctuations than recorded in some sediment-hosted megathrusts at similar pressure and temperature conditions. Our data indicate that when the lower plate contains basalt bathymetric features, basalt dismembers during subduction into a chlorite-rich fault gouge that surrounds lenses or slices of intact, less-altered basalt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Braden
- Department of Earth SciencesStructural Geology and Tectonics GroupGeological InstituteETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Whitney M. Behr
- Department of Earth SciencesStructural Geology and Tectonics GroupGeological InstituteETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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6
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Aretusini S, Plümper O, Spagnuolo E, Di Toro G. Subseismic to Seismic Slip in Smectite Clay Nanofoliation. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2019; 124:6589-6601. [PMID: 31894196 PMCID: PMC6919425 DOI: 10.1029/2019jb017364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Smectite clays are the main constituent of slipping zones found in subduction zone faults at shallow depth (e.g., <1-km depth in the Japan Trench) and in the decollements of large landslides (e.g., 1963 landslide, Vajont, Italy). Therefore, deformation processes in smectite clays may control the mechanical behavior from slow creep to fast accelerations and slip during earthquakes and landslides. Here, we use (1) laboratory experiments to investigate the mechanical behavior of partly water-saturated smectite-rich gouges sheared from subseismic to seismic slip rates V and (2) nanoscale microscopy to study the gouge fabric. At all slip rates, deformation localizes in volumes of the gouge layer that contain a "nanofoliation" consisting of anastomosing smectite crystals. "Seismic" nanofoliations produced at V = 0.01, 0.1, and 1.3 m/s are similar to "subseismic" nanofoliations obtained at V = 10-5 m/s. This similarity suggests that frictional slip along water-lubricated smectite grain boundaries and basal planes may occur from subseismic to seismic slip rates in natural smectite-rich faults. Thus, if water is available along smectite grain boundaries and basal planes, nanofoliations can develop from slow to fast slip rates. Still, when nanofoliations are found highly localized in a volume, they can be diagnostic of slip that occurred at rates equal or larger than 0.01 m/s. In such a case, they could be markers of past seismic events when found in natural fault rocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Aretusini
- Sezione di Tettonofisica e SismologiaIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomeItaly
| | - O. Plümper
- Department of Earth SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - E. Spagnuolo
- Sezione di Tettonofisica e SismologiaIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomeItaly
| | - G. Di Toro
- Sezione di Tettonofisica e SismologiaIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomeItaly
- Dipartimento di GeoscienzeUniversità degli Studi di PadovaPaduaItaly
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7
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Velocity-dependent slip weakening by the combined operation of pressure solution and foliation development. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4724. [PMID: 29549291 PMCID: PMC5856847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllosilicate-bearing faults are characterized by an anastomosing foliation with intervening hard clasts and are believed to be long-term weak structures. Here, I present results of sliding experiments on gouges of 80 wt% quartz and 20 wt% muscovite, sheared under hydrothermal conditions at constant velocity. The results show that significant strengthening occurs over a narrow range of sliding velocities (0.03–1 μm/s). At the lowest velocity investigated, weakness is achieved after a considerable sliding distance of over 20 mm with friction reaching a value of 0.3. Microstructural observations and the application of existing models point to the operation of frictional-viscous flow (FVF), through the serial operation of frictional sliding over a weak foliation and pressure solution of intervening clasts, resulting in low frictional strength and pronounced velocity-strengthening. At higher velocities, grain size reduction becomes dominant in a localized zone, which results in disruption of the foliation and the cessation of the FVF mechanism. In natural settings, earthquakes originating elsewhere on the fault would be rapidly arrested when encountering a foliated part of the fault deforming via FVF. Furthermore, pulses of elevated slip velocity would lead to grain size reduction which would destroy the foliation and cause a long-term strengthening of the fault.
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8
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Hirono T, Tsuda K, Tanikawa W, Ampuero JP, Shibazaki B, Kinoshita M, Mori JJ. Near-trench slip potential of megaquakes evaluated from fault properties and conditions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28184. [PMID: 27321861 PMCID: PMC4913312 DOI: 10.1038/srep28184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-trench slip during large megathrust earthquakes (megaquakes) is an important factor in the generation of destructive tsunamis. We proposed a new approach to assessing the near-trench slip potential quantitatively by integrating laboratory-derived properties of fault materials and simulations of fault weakening and rupture propagation. Although the permeability of the sandy Nankai Trough materials are higher than that of the clayey materials from the Japan Trench, dynamic weakening by thermally pressurized fluid is greater at the Nankai Trough owing to higher friction, although initially overpressured fluid at the Nankai Trough restrains the fault weakening. Dynamic rupture simulations reproduced the large slip near the trench observed in the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake and predicted the possibility of a large slip of over 30 m for the impending megaquake at the Nankai Trough. Our integrative approach is applicable globally to subduction zones as a novel tool for the prediction of extreme tsunami-producing near-trench slip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Hirono
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Center for Safety and Reliability Engineering, Institute of Technology Shimizu Corporation, Koto, Tokyo 135-8530, Japan
| | - Wataru Tanikawa
- Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Jean-Paul Ampuero
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Bunichiro Shibazaki
- International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0802, Japan
| | - Masataka Kinoshita
- Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - James J. Mori
- Earthquake Hazards Division, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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9
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Scuderi MM, Collettini C. The role of fluid pressure in induced vs. triggered seismicity: insights from rock deformation experiments on carbonates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24852. [PMID: 27112408 PMCID: PMC4845004 DOI: 10.1038/srep24852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid overpressure is one of the primary mechanisms for tectonic fault slip, because fluids lubricate the fault and fluid pressure reduces the effective normal stress that holds the fault in place. However, current models of earthquake nucleation, based on rate- and state- friction laws, imply that stable sliding is favoured by the increase of pore fluid pressure. Despite this controversy, currently, there are only a few studies on the role of fluid pressure under controlled, laboratory conditions. Here, we use laboratory experiments, to show that the rate- and state- friction parameters do change with increasing fluid pressure. We tested carbonate gouges from sub hydrostatic to near lithostatic fluid pressure conditions, and show that the friction rate parameter (a - b) evolves from velocity strengthening to velocity neutral behaviour. Furthermore, the critical slip distance, Dc, decreases from about 90 to 10 μm. Our data suggest that fluid overpressure plays an important role in controlling the mode of fault slip. Since fault rheology and fault stability parameters change with fluid pressure, we suggest that a comprehensive characterization of these parameters is fundamental for better assessing the role of fluid pressure in natural and human induced earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M. Scuderi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piaz. Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV, via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Collettini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piaz. Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV, via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Rome, Italy
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10
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Niemeijer AR, Boulton C, Toy VG, Townend J, Sutherland R. Large-displacement, hydrothermal frictional properties of DFDP-1 fault rocks, Alpine Fault, New Zealand: Implications for deep rupture propagation. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2016; 121:624-647. [PMID: 27610290 PMCID: PMC4994769 DOI: 10.1002/2015jb012593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Alpine Fault, New Zealand, is a major plate-bounding fault that accommodates 65-75% of the total relative motion between the Australian and Pacific plates. Here we present data on the hydrothermal frictional properties of Alpine Fault rocks that surround the principal slip zones (PSZ) of the Alpine Fault and those comprising the PSZ itself. The samples were retrieved from relatively shallow depths during phase 1 of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-1) at Gaunt Creek. Simulated fault gouges were sheared at temperatures of 25, 150, 300, 450, and 600°C in order to determine the friction coefficient as well as the velocity dependence of friction. Friction remains more or less constant with changes in temperature, but a transition from velocity-strengthening behavior to velocity-weakening behavior occurs at a temperature of T = 150°C. The transition depends on the absolute value of sliding velocity as well as temperature, with the velocity-weakening region restricted to higher velocity for higher temperatures. Friction was substantially lower for low-velocity shearing (V < 0.3 µm/s) at 600°C, but no transition to normal stress independence was observed. In the framework of rate-and-state friction, earthquake nucleation is most likely at an intermediate temperature of T = 300°C. The velocity-strengthening nature of the Alpine Fault rocks at higher temperatures may pose a barrier for rupture propagation to deeper levels, limiting the possible depth extent of large earthquakes. Our results highlight the importance of strain rate in controlling frictional behavior under conditions spanning the classical brittle-plastic transition for quartzofeldspathic compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Niemeijer
- Faculty of Geosciences, HPT LaboratoryUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - C. Boulton
- Geology and Geophysics, School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - V. G. Toy
- Department of GeologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - J. Townend
- School of Geography, Environment and Earth SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
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11
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Wang B, Qi GX, Huang C, Yang XY, Zhang HR, Luo J, Chen XF, Xiong L, Chen XD. Preparation of Bacterial Cellulose/Inorganic Gel of Bentonite Composite by In Situ Modification. Indian J Microbiol 2015; 56:72-9. [PMID: 26843699 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-015-0550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the possibility of Bacterial cellulose/Inorganic Gel of Bentonite (BC/IGB) composite production using in situ method, the BC/IGB composite was successfully produced by in situ modification of BC in both HS medium and corncob hydrolysate. The results showed that the BC/IGB composite obtained in HS medium (one classical medium for BC production) had a higher water holding capacity, but the water retention capacity of the BC/IGB composite obtained in corncob hydrolysate was better. The performance of BC/IGB composite depended on the environment of in situ modification. Using different media showed significant influence on the sugar utilization and BC yield. In addition, BC/IGB composite produced by in situ method was compared with that produced by ex situ method, and the results shows that water holding capacity of BC/IGB composite obtained through in situ method was better. XRD results showed the crystallinity of BC/IGB composite related little to its performance as water absorbent. Overall, in situ modification is appropriate for further production of BC composite and other clay materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Gao-Xiang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 China ; R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuyi, 211700 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Hai-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 China ; R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuyi, 211700 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 China ; R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuyi, 211700 People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 China ; R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuyi, 211700 People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 China ; R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuyi, 211700 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-De Chen
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 China ; R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuyi, 211700 People's Republic of China
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12
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Ujiie K, Tanaka H, Saito T, Tsutsumi A, Mori JJ, Kameda J, Brodsky EE, Chester FM, Eguchi N, Toczko S. Low coseismic shear stress on the Tohoku-Oki megathrust determined from laboratory experiments. Science 2013; 342:1211-4. [PMID: 24311683 DOI: 10.1126/science.1243485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Large coseismic slip was thought to be unlikely to occur on the shallow portions of plate-boundary thrusts, but the 11 March 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake [moment magnitude (Mw) = 9.0] produced huge displacements of ~50 meters near the Japan Trench with a resultant devastating tsunami. To investigate the mechanisms of the very large fault movements, we conducted high-velocity (1.3 meters per second) friction experiments on samples retrieved from the plate-boundary thrust associated with the earthquake. The results show a small stress drop with very low peak and steady-state shear stress. The very low shear stress can be attributed to the abundance of weak clay (smectite) and thermal pressurization effects, which can facilitate fault slip. This behavior provides an explanation for the huge shallow slip that occurred during the earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Ujiie
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Tesei T, Collettini C, Carpenter BM, Viti C, Marone C. Frictional strength and healing behavior of phyllosilicate-rich faults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jb009204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Ikari MJ, Niemeijer AR, Marone C. The role of fault zone fabric and lithification state on frictional strength, constitutive behavior, and deformation microstructure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Popek MA, Saffer DM. Heat advection by groundwater flow through a heterogeneous permeability crust: A potential cause of scatter in surface heat flow near Parkfield, California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb008081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Elkhoury JE, Niemeijer A, Brodsky EE, Marone C. Laboratory observations of permeability enhancement by fluid pressure oscillation of in situ fractured rock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Kitajima H, Chester JS, Chester FM, Shimamoto T. High-speed friction of disaggregated ultracataclasite in rotary shear: Characterization of frictional heating, mechanical behavior, and microstructure evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb007038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Tembe S, Lockner DA, Wong TF. Effect of clay content and mineralogy on frictional sliding behavior of simulated gouges: Binary and ternary mixtures of quartz, illite, and montmorillonite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Smith SAF, Faulkner DR. Laboratory measurements of the frictional properties of the Zuccale low-angle normal fault, Elba Island, Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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