1
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Cheng Z, Morgenstern M, Henning S, Zhang B, Roberts GC, Fraund M, Marcus MA, Lata NN, Fialho P, Mazzoleni L, Wehner B, Mazzoleni C, China S. Cloud condensation nuclei activity of internally mixed particle populations at a remote marine free troposphere site in the North Atlantic Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166865. [PMID: 37690758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports results from research conducted at the Observatory of Mount Pico (OMP), 2225 m above mean sea level on Pico Island in the Azores archipelago in June and July 2017. We investigated the chemical composition, mixing state, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activities of long-range transported free tropospheric (FT) particles. FLEXible PARTicle Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) simulations reveal that most air masses that arrived at the OMP during the sampling period originated in North America and were highly aged (average plume age > 10 days). We probed size-resolved chemical composition, mixing state, and hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of individual particles using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (CCSEM-EDX). Based on the estimated individual particle mass from elemental composition, we calculated the mixing state index, χ. During our study, FT particle populations were internally mixed (χ of samples are between 53 % and 87 %), owing to the long atmospheric aging time. We used data from a miniature Cloud Condensation Nucleus Counter (miniCCNC) to derive the hygroscopicity parameter, κCCNC. Combining κCCNC and FLEXPART, we found that air masses recirculated above the North Atlantic Ocean with lower mean altitude had higher κCCNC due to the higher contribution of sea salt particles. We used CCSEM-EDX and phase state measurements to predict single-particle κ (κCCSEM-EDX) values, which overlap with the lower range of κCCNC measured below 0.15 % SS. Therefore, CCSEM-EDX measurements can be useful in predicting the lower bound of κ, which can be used in climate models to predict CCN activities, especially in remote locations where online CCN measurements are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Megan Morgenstern
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Silvia Henning
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Gregory C Roberts
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse 31400, France; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nurun Nahar Lata
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Paulo Fialho
- Institute of Volcanology and Risk Assessment - IVAR, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Lynn Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Birgit Wehner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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2
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Gregson FKA, Gerrebos NGA, Schervish M, Nikkho S, Schnitzler EG, Schwartz C, Carlsten C, Abbatt JPD, Kamal S, Shiraiwa M, Bertram AK. Phase Behavior and Viscosity in Biomass Burning Organic Aerosol and Climatic Impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14548-14557. [PMID: 37729583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Smoke particles generated by burning biomass consist mainly of organic aerosol termed biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA). BBOA influences the climate by scattering and absorbing solar radiation or acting as nuclei for cloud formation. The viscosity and the phase behavior (i.e., the number and type of phases present in a particle) are properties of BBOA that are expected to impact several climate-relevant processes but remain highly uncertain. We studied the phase behavior of BBOA using fluorescence microscopy and showed that BBOA particles comprise two organic phases (a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic phase) across a wide range of atmospheric relative humidity (RH). We determined the viscosity of the two phases at room temperature using a photobleaching method and showed that the two phases possess different RH-dependent viscosities. The viscosity of the hydrophobic phase is largely independent of the RH from 0 to 95%. We use the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman equation to extrapolate our results to colder and warmer temperatures, and based on the extrapolation, the hydrophobic phase is predicted to be glassy (viscosity >1012 Pa s) for temperatures less than 230 K and RHs below 95%, with possible implications for heterogeneous reaction kinetics and cloud formation in the atmosphere. Using a kinetic multilayer model (KM-GAP), we investigated the effect of two phases on the atmospheric lifetime of brown carbon within BBOA, which is a climate-warming agent. We showed that the presence of two phases can increase the lifetime of brown carbon in the planetary boundary layer and polar regions compared to previous modeling studies. Hence, the presence of two phases can lead to an increase in the predicted warming effect of BBOA on the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence K A Gregson
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Nealan G A Gerrebos
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Meredith Schervish
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sepehr Nikkho
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Elijah G Schnitzler
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Carley Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Saeid Kamal
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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3
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Müller S, Giorio C, Borduas-Dedekind N. Tracking the Photomineralization Mechanism in Irradiated Lab-Generated and Field-Collected Brown Carbon Samples and Its Effect on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Abilities. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2023; 3:164-178. [PMID: 37215437 PMCID: PMC10197166 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols affect the planet's radiative balance by absorbing and scattering light as well as by activating cloud droplets. These organic aerosols contain chromophores, termed brown carbon (BrC), and can undergo indirect photochemistry, affecting their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Here, we investigated the effect of photochemical aging by tracking the conversion of organic carbon into inorganic carbon, termed the photomineralization mechanism, and its effect on the CCN abilities in four different types of BrC samples: (1) laboratory-generated (NH4)2SO4-methylglyoxal solutions, (2) dissolved organic matter isolate from Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA), (3) ambient firewood smoke aerosols, and (4) ambient urban wintertime particulate matter in Padua, Italy. Photomineralization occurred in all BrC samples albeit at different rates, evidenced by photobleaching and by loss of organic carbon up to 23% over a simulated 17.6 h of sunlight exposure. These losses were correlated with the production of CO up to 4% and of CO2 up to 54% of the initial organic carbon mass, monitored by gas chromatography. Photoproducts of formic, acetic, oxalic and pyruvic acids were also produced during irradiation of the BrC solutions, but at different yields depending on the sample. Despite these chemical changes, CCN abilities did not change substantially for the BrC samples. In fact, the CCN abilities were dictated by the salt content of the BrC solution, trumping a photomineralization effect on the CCN abilities for the hygroscopic BrC samples. Solutions of (NH4)2SO4-methylglyoxal, SRFA, firewood smoke, and ambient Padua samples had hygroscopicity parameters κ of 0.6, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6, respectively. As expected, the SRFA solution with a κ of 0.1 was most impacted by the photomineralization mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that the photomineralization mechanism is expected in all BrC samples and can drive changes in the optical properties and chemical composition of aging organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Müller
- Department
of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Nadine Borduas-Dedekind
- Department
of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
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4
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Lee JY, Peterson PK, Vear LR, Cook RD, Sullivan AP, Smith E, Hawkins LN, Olson NE, Hems R, Snyder PK, Pratt KA. Wildfire Smoke Influence on Cloud Water Chemical Composition at Whiteface Mountain, New York. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD037177. [PMID: 36590830 PMCID: PMC9787799 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd037177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires significantly impact air quality and climate, including through the production of aerosols that can nucleate cloud droplets and participate in aqueous-phase reactions. Cloud water was collected during the summer months (June-September) of 2010-2017 at Whiteface Mountain, New York and examined for biomass burning influence. Cloud water samples were classified by their smoke influence based on backward air mass trajectories and satellite-detected smoke. A total of 1,338 cloud water samples collected over 485 days were classified by their probability of smoke influence, with 49% of these days categorized as having moderate to high probability of smoke influence. Carbon monoxide and ozone levels were enhanced during smoke influenced days at the summit of Whiteface Mountain. Smoke-influenced cloud water samples were characterized by enhanced concentrations of potassium, sulfate, ammonium, and total organic carbon, compared to samples lacking identified influence. Five cloud water samples were examined further for the presence of dissolved organic compounds, insoluble particles, and light-absorbing components. The five selected cloud water samples contained the biomass burning tracer levoglucosan at 0.02-0.09 μM. Samples influenced by air masses that remained aloft, above the boundary layer during transport, had lower insoluble particle concentrations, larger insoluble particle diameters, and larger oxalate:sulfate ratios, suggesting cloud processing had occurred. These findings highlight the influence that local and long-range transported smoke have on cloud water composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamy Y. Lee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Peter K. Peterson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Now at Department of ChemistryWhittier CollegeWhittierCAUSA
| | - Logan R. Vear
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Ryan D. Cook
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Amy P. Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Ellie Smith
- Department of ChemistryHarvey Mudd CollegeClaremontCAUSA
| | | | | | - Rachel Hems
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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5
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Al-Abadleh HA, Motaghedi F, Mohammed W, Rana MS, Malek KA, Rastogi D, Asa-Awuku AA, Guzman MI. Reactivity of aminophenols in forming nitrogen-containing brown carbon from iron-catalyzed reactions. Commun Chem 2022; 5:112. [PMID: 36697654 PMCID: PMC9814260 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing organic carbon (NOC) in atmospheric particles is an important class of brown carbon (BrC). Redox active NOC like aminophenols received little attention in their ability to form BrC. Here we show that iron can catalyze dark oxidative oligomerization of o- and p-aminophenols under simulated aerosol and cloud conditions (pH 1-7, and ionic strength 0.01-1 M). Homogeneous aqueous phase reactions were conducted using soluble Fe(III), where particle growth/agglomeration were monitored using dynamic light scattering. Mass yield experiments of insoluble soot-like dark brown to black particles were as high as 40%. Hygroscopicity growth factors (κ) of these insoluble products under sub- and super-saturated conditions ranged from 0.4-0.6, higher than that of levoglucosan, a prominent proxy for biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA). Soluble products analyzed using chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed the formation of ring coupling products of o- and p-aminophenols and their primary oxidation products. Heterogeneous reactions of aminophenol were also conducted using Arizona Test Dust (AZTD) under simulated aging conditions, and showed clear changes to optical properties, morphology, mixing state, and chemical composition. These results highlight the important role of iron redox chemistry in BrC formation under atmospherically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind A. Al-Abadleh
- grid.268252.90000 0001 1958 9263Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5 Canada
| | - Fatemeh Motaghedi
- grid.268252.90000 0001 1958 9263Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5 Canada
| | - Wisam Mohammed
- grid.268252.90000 0001 1958 9263Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5 Canada
| | - Md Sohel Rana
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, 40506 USA
| | - Kotiba A. Malek
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Dewansh Rastogi
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Akua A. Asa-Awuku
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Marcelo I. Guzman
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, 40506 USA
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6
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Adam MG, Tran PTM, Bolan N, Balasubramanian R. Biomass burning-derived airborne particulate matter in Southeast Asia: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124760. [PMID: 33341572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Smoke haze episodes, resulting from uncontrolled biomass burning (BB) including forest and peat fires, continue to occur in Southeast Asia (SEA), affecting air quality, atmospheric visibility, climate, ecosystems, hydrologic cycle and human health. The pollutant of major concern in smoke haze is airborne particulate matter (PM). A number of fundamental laboratory, field and modeling studies have been conducted in SEA from 2010 to 2020 to investigate potential environmental and health impacts of BB-induced PM. The goal of this review is to bring together the most recent developments in our understanding of various aspects of BB-derived PM based on 127 research articles published from 2010 to 2020, which have not been conveyed in previous reviews. Specifically, this paper discusses the physical, chemical, toxicological and radiative properties of BB-derived PM. It also provides insights into the environmental and health impacts of BB-derived PM, summarizes the approaches taken to do the source apportionment of PM during BB events and discusses the mitigation of exposure to BB-derived PM. Suggestions for future research priorities are outlined. Policies needed to prevent future BB events in the SEA region are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max G Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Phuong T M Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; Faculty of Environment, University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City, Viet Nam
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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7
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Jahl LG, Brubaker TA, Polen MJ, Jahn LG, Cain KP, Bowers BB, Fahy WD, Graves S, Sullivan RC. Atmospheric aging enhances the ice nucleation ability of biomass-burning aerosol. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabd3440. [PMID: 33627419 PMCID: PMC7904250 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in biomass-burning aerosol (BBA) that affect cloud glaciation, microphysics, precipitation, and radiative forcing were recently found to be driven by the production of mineral phases. BBA experiences extensive chemical aging as the smoke plume dilutes, and we explored how this alters the ice activity of the smoke using simulated atmospheric aging of authentic BBA in a chamber reactor. Unexpectedly, atmospheric aging enhanced the ice activity for most types of fuels and aging schemes. The removal of organic carbon particle coatings that conceal the mineral-based ice-active sites by evaporation or oxidation then dissolution can increase the ice activity by greater than an order of magnitude. This represents a different framework for the evolution of INPs from biomass burning where BBA becomes more ice active as it dilutes and ages, making a larger contribution to the INP budget, resulting cloud microphysics, and climate forcing than is currently considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia G Jahl
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Thomas A Brubaker
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael J Polen
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Leif G Jahn
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kerrigan P Cain
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bailey B Bowers
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - William D Fahy
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sara Graves
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ryan C Sullivan
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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8
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Takeishi A, Storelvmo T, Fierce L. Disentangling the Microphysical Effects of Fire Particles on Convective Clouds Through A Case Study. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:e2019JD031890. [PMID: 32714719 PMCID: PMC7379315 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol emissions from forest fires may impact cloud droplet activation through an increase in particle number concentrations ("the number effect") and also through a decrease in the hygroscopicity κ of the entire aerosol population ("the hygroscopicity effect") when fully internal mixing is assumed in models. This study investigated these effects of fire particles on the properties of simulated deep convective clouds (DCCs), using cloud-resolving simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry for a case study in a partly idealized setting. We found that the magnitude of the hygroscopicity effect was in some cases strong enough to entirely offset the number/size effect, in terms of its influence on modeled droplet and ice crystal concentrations. More specifically, in the case studied here, the droplet number concentration was reduced by about 37% or more due solely to the hygroscopicity effect. In the atmosphere, by contrast, fire particles likely have a much weaker impact on the hygroscopicity of the pre-existing background aerosol, as such a strong impact would occur only if the fire particles mixed immediately and uniformly with the background. We also show that the differences in the number of activated droplets eventually led to differences in the optical thickness of the clouds aloft, though this finding is limited to only a few hours of the initial development stage of the DCCs. These results suggest that accurately and rigorously representing aerosol mixing and κ in models is an important step toward accurately simulating aerosol-cloud interactions under the influence of fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Takeishi
- Department of Geology and GeophysicsYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Currently at Laboratoire d'AérologieUniversity of Toulouse/CNRSToulouseFrance
| | | | - Laura Fierce
- Environmental and Climate Sciences DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
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9
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Criteria-Based Identification of Important Fuels for Wildland Fire Emission Research. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the emissions from wildland fires are important for understanding the role of these events in the production, transport, and fate of emitted gases and particulate matter, and, consequently, their impact on atmospheric and ecological processes, and on human health and wellbeing. Wildland fire emission research provides the quantitative information needed for the understanding and management of wildland fire emissions impacts based on human needs. Recent work to characterize emissions from specific fuel types, or those from specific areas, has implicitly been driven by the recognition of the importance of those fuel types in the context of wildland fire science; however, the importance of specific fuels in driving investigations of biomass-burning emissions has not been made explicit thus far. Here, we make a first attempt to discuss the development and application of criteria to answer the question, “What are the most important fuels for biomass-burning emissions investigations to inform wildland fire science and management?” Four criteria for fuel selection are proposed: “(1) total emissions, (2) impacts, (3) availability and uncertainty, and (4) potential for future importance.” Attempting to develop and apply these criteria, we propose a list of several such fuels, based on prior investigations and the body of wildland-fire emission research.
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10
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Jaffe DA, O’Neill SM, Larkin NK, Holder AL, Peterson DL, Halofsky JE, Rappold AG. Wildfire and prescribed burning impacts on air quality in the United States. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:583-615. [PMID: 32240055 PMCID: PMC7932990 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1749731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Air quality impacts from wildfires have been dramatic in recent years, with millions of people exposed to elevated and sometimes hazardous fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) concentrations for extended periods. Fires emit particulate matter (PM) and gaseous compounds that can negatively impact human health and reduce visibility. While the overall trend in U.S. air quality has been improving for decades, largely due to implementation of the Clean Air Act, seasonal wildfires threaten to undo this in some regions of the United States. Our understanding of the health effects of smoke is growing with regard to respiratory and cardiovascular consequences and mortality. The costs of these health outcomes can exceed the billions already spent on wildfire suppression. In this critical review, we examine each of the processes that influence wildland fires and the effects of fires, including the natural role of wildland fire, forest management, ignitions, emissions, transport, chemistry, and human health impacts. We highlight key data gaps and examine the complexity and scope and scale of fire occurrence, estimated emissions, and resulting effects on regional air quality across the United States. The goal is to clarify which areas are well understood and which need more study. We conclude with a set of recommendations for future research. IMPLICATIONS In the recent decade the area of wildfires in the United States has increased dramatically and the resulting smoke has exposed millions of people to unhealthy air quality. In this critical review we examine the key factors and impacts from fires including natural role of wildland fire, forest management, ignitions, emissions, transport, chemistry and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Jaffe
- School of STEM and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Amara L. Holder
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David L. Peterson
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Jessica E. Halofsky
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Ana G. Rappold
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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11
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Zheng G, Sedlacek AJ, Aiken AC, Feng Y, Watson TB, Raveh-Rubin S, Uin J, Lewis ER, Wang J. Long-range transported North American wildfire aerosols observed in marine boundary layer of eastern North Atlantic. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105680. [PMID: 32272293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire is a major source of biomass burning aerosols, which greatly impact Earth climate. Tree species in North America (NA) boreal forests can support high-intensity crown fires, resulting in elevated injection height and longer lifetime (on the order of months) of the wildfire aerosols. Given the long lifetime, the properties of aged NA wildfire aerosols are required to understand and quantify their effects on radiation and climate. Here we present comprehensive characterization of climatically relevant properties, including optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activities of aged NA wildfire aerosols, emitted from the record-breaking Canadian wildfires in August 2017. Despite the extreme injection height of ~12 km, some of the wildfire plumes descended into the marine boundary layer in the eastern North Atlantic over a period of ~2 weeks, owing to the dry intrusions behind mid-latitude cyclones. The aged wildfire aerosols have high single scattering albedos at 529 nm (ω529; 0.92-0.95) while low absorption Ångström exponents (Åabs) at 464 nm/648 nm (0.7-0.9). In comparison, Åabs of fresh/slightly aged ones are typically 1.4-3.5. This low Åabs indicates a nearly complete loss of brown carbon, likely due to bleaching and/or evaporation, during the long-range transport. The nearly complete loss suggests that on global average, direct radiative forcing of BrC may be minor. Combining Mie calculations and the measured aerosol hygroscopicity, volatility and size distributions, we show that the high ω529 and low Åabs values are best explained by an external mixture of non-absorbing organic particles and absorbing particles of large BC cores (>~110 nm diameter) with thick non-absorbing coatings. The accelerated descent of the wildfire plume also led to strong increase of CCN concentration at the supersaturation levels representative of marine low clouds. The hygroscopicity parameter, κCCN, of the aged wildfire aerosols varies from 0.2 to 0.4, substantially lower than that of background marine boundary layer aerosols. However, the high fraction of particles with large diameter (i.e., within accumulation size ranges, ~100-250 nm) compensates for the low values of κ, and as a result, the aged NA wildfire aerosols contribute more efficiently to CCN population. These results provide direct evidence that the long-range transported NA wildfires can strongly influence CCN concentration in remote marine boundary layer, therefore the radiative properties of marine low clouds. Given the expected increases of NA wildfire intensity and frequency and regular occurrence of dry intrusion following mid-latitude cyclones, the influence of NA wildfire aerosols on CCN and clouds in remote marine environment need to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Zheng
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Arthur J Sedlacek
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Allison C Aiken
- Earth System Observations, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Thomas B Watson
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Shira Raveh-Rubin
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Janek Uin
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Ernie R Lewis
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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Mehadi A, Moosmüller H, Campbell DE, Ham W, Schweizer D, Tarnay L, Hunter J. Laboratory and field evaluation of real-time and near real-time PM 2.5 smoke monitors. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:158-179. [PMID: 31403397 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1654036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Increases in large wildfire frequency and intensity and a longer fire season in the western United States are resulting in a significant increase in air pollution, including concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) that pose significant health risks to nearby communities. During wildfires, government agencies monitor PM2.5 mass concentrations providing information and actions needed to protect affected communities; this requires continuously measuring instruments. This study assessed the performance of seven candidate instruments: (1) Met One Environmental beta attenuation monitor (EBAM), (2) Met One ES model 642 (ES642), (3) Grimm Environmental Dust Monitor 164 (EDM), (4) Thermo ADR 1500 (ADR), (5) TSI DRX model 8543 (DRX), (6) Dylos 1700 (Dylos), and (7) Purple Air II (PA-II) in comparison with a BAM 1020 (BAM) reference instrument. With the exception of the EBAM, all candidates use light scattering to determine PM2.5 mass concentrations. Our comparison study included environmental chamber and field components, with two of each candidate instrument operating next to the reference instrument. The chamber component involved 6 days of comparisons for biomass combustion emissions. The field component involved operating all instruments in an air monitoring station for 39.5 days with hourly average relative humidity (RH) ranging from 19% to 98%. Goals were to assess instrument precision and accuracy and effects of RH, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC) concentrations. All replicate candidate instruments showed high hourly correlations (R2 ≥ 0.80) and higher daily average correlations (R2 ≥ 0.90), where all instruments correlated well (R2 ≥ 0.80) with the reference. The DRX and Purple Air overestimated PM2.5 mass concentrations by a factor of ~two. Differences between candidates and reference were more pronounced at higher PM2.5 concentrations. All optical instruments were affected by high RH and by the EC/OC ratio. Equations to convert candidate instruments data to FEM BAM type data are provided to enhance the usability of data from candidate instruments.Implications: This study tested the performance of seven candidate PM2.5 mass concentration measuring instruments in two settings - environmental chamber and field. The instruments were tested to determine their suitability for use during biomass combustion events and the effects of RH, PM mass concentrations, and concentrations of EC and OC on their performance. The accuracy and precision of each monitor and effect of RH, PM concentration, EC and OC concentrations are varied. The data show that most of these candidate instruments are suitable for measuring PM2.5 concentration during biomass combustions with a proper correction factor for each instrument type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mehadi
- Monitoring and Laboratory Division, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hans Moosmüller
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, USA
| | - David E Campbell
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Walter Ham
- Monitoring and Laboratory Division, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Donald Schweizer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Bishop, CA, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Leland Tarnay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region Remote Sensing Lab, McClellan, CA, USA
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13
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Hodshire AL, Akherati A, Alvarado MJ, Brown-Steiner B, Jathar SH, Jimenez JL, Kreidenweis SM, Lonsdale CR, Onasch TB, Ortega AM, Pierce JR. Aging Effects on Biomass Burning Aerosol Mass and Composition: A Critical Review of Field and Laboratory Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10007-10022. [PMID: 31365241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a major source of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) with impacts on health, climate, and air quality. The particles and vapors within biomass burning plumes undergo chemical and physical aging as they are transported downwind. Field measurements of the evolution of PM with plume age range from net decreases to net increases, with most showing little to no change. In contrast, laboratory studies tend to show significant mass increases on average. On the other hand, similar effects of aging on the average PM composition (e.g., oxygen-to-carbon ratio) are reported for lab and field studies. Currently, there is no consensus on the mechanisms that lead to these observed similarities and differences. This review summarizes available observations of aging-related biomass burning aerosol mass concentrations and composition markers, and discusses four broad hypotheses to explain variability within and between field and laboratory campaigns: (1) variability in emissions and chemistry, (2) differences in dilution/entrainment, (3) losses in chambers and lines, and (4) differences in the timing of the initial measurement, the baseline from which changes are estimated. We conclude with a concise set of research needs for advancing our understanding of the aging of biomass burning aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Hodshire
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Ali Akherati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Matthew J Alvarado
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421 , United States
| | - Benjamin Brown-Steiner
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421 , United States
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Sonia M Kreidenweis
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Chantelle R Lonsdale
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421 , United States
| | - Timothy B Onasch
- Aerodyne Research Inc. , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | - Amber M Ortega
- Dept. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Department and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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14
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Chen J, Lee WC, Itoh M, Kuwata M. A Significant Portion of Water-Soluble Organic Matter in Fresh Biomass Burning Particles Does Not Contribute to Hygroscopic Growth: An Application of Polarity Segregation by 1-Octanol-Water Partitioning Method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10034-10042. [PMID: 31361952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The importance of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) on the hygroscopic growth of particles is recognized, yet roles of different categories of WSOM are under debate. We segregated WSOM from Indonesian biomass burning particles by the 1-octanol-water partitioning method. The method is based on the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW), which correlates with water solubility. The segregated WSOM was analyzed using the humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) and time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ToF-ACSM). Both the hygroscopicity parameter κ and the fractional contribution of m/z 44 (f44), which serves as a metric for degree of oxygenation, increased with polarity. This result experimentally evidenced that highly polar/water-soluble OM is highly hygroscopic/oxygenated. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified three factors from the ToF-ACSM data. Deconvolution of κ by PMF factors demonstrated that the less polar fractions, which occupy approximately 20-60% of WSOM dependent on the biomass type, almost do not contribute to water uptake under subsaturated conditions. This result highlights that categorization of WSOM will be needed to understand how hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Earth Observatory of Singapore , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme , Singapore 138602
| | - Wen-Chien Lee
- Earth Observatory of Singapore , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- School of Human Science and Environment , University of Hyogo , Hyogo 651-2103 , Japan
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Earth Observatory of Singapore , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme , Singapore 138602
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- Asian School of Environment , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
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15
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Bhandari J, China S, Chandrakar KK, Kinney G, Cantrell W, Shaw RA, Mazzoleni LR, Girotto G, Sharma N, Gorkowski K, Gilardoni S, Decesari S, Facchini MC, Zanca N, Pavese G, Esposito F, Dubey MK, Aiken AC, Chakrabarty RK, Moosmüller H, Onasch TB, Zaveri RA, Scarnato BV, Fialho P, Mazzoleni C. Extensive Soot Compaction by Cloud Processing from Laboratory and Field Observations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11824. [PMID: 31413342 PMCID: PMC6694138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soot particles form during combustion of carbonaceous materials and impact climate and air quality. When freshly emitted, they are typically fractal-like aggregates. After atmospheric aging, they can act as cloud condensation nuclei, and water condensation or evaporation restructure them to more compact aggregates, affecting their optical, aerodynamic, and surface properties. Here we survey the morphology of ambient soot particles from various locations and different environmental and aging conditions. We used electron microscopy and show extensive soot compaction after cloud processing. We further performed laboratory experiments to simulate atmospheric cloud processing under controlled conditions. We find that soot particles sampled after evaporating the cloud droplets, are significantly more compact than freshly emitted and interstitial soot, confirming that cloud processing, not just exposure to high humidity, compacts soot. Our findings have implications for how the radiative, surface, and aerodynamic properties, and the fate of soot particles are represented in numerical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janarjan Bhandari
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
| | - Swarup China
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kamal Kant Chandrakar
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Greg Kinney
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Will Cantrell
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Raymond A Shaw
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Lynn R Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Giulia Girotto
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Noopur Sharma
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kyle Gorkowski
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Stefano Decesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Zanca
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Rome, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giulia Pavese
- Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (CNR-IMAA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Manvendra K Dubey
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Allison C Aiken
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Rajan K Chakrabarty
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Paulo Fialho
- Instituto de Investigação em Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos - IVAR, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal
| | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
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16
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Xu J, Jia C, He J, Xu H, Tang YT, Ji D, Yu H, Xiao H, Wang C. Biomass burning and fungal spores as sources of fine aerosols in Yangtze River Delta, China - Using multiple organic tracers to understand variability, correlations and origins. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:155-165. [PMID: 31078087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research is restricted regarding impacts of biomass burning (BB) on fine aerosol (PM2.5), due mainly to lack of specific BB tracers. This study aims to characterize the variability, distributions, and contributions of BB and fungal spores as sources of PM2.5 using a multiple organic tracer approach. PM2.5 samples were collected at four representative sites in Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China every 6 days for one year. In the laboratory, samples were analyzed for three anhydrides (levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan), two sugar alcohols (arabitol and mannitol), water-soluble inorganic ions, and elemental/organic carbon (EC/OC). Levoglucosan was the most abundant BB tracer (mean concentration = 81 ng/m3), and fungal spore tracers arabitol and mannitol had similar abundances (5.6 and 5.7 ng/m3, respectively). Anhydrides and sugar alcohols had high within-group correlations, indicating their respective common sources. Concentrations of tracers displayed large temporal variations but small spatial variations, suggesting strong seasonality in BB and fungal spore sources. BB sources were burning of grass, pine needles, hardwood and crop straw, which were originated from transboundary/cross-region transport and local fire spots. PCA analyses revealed that the common sources of fine aerosols in YRD were secondary inorganic aerosols, soil dust, BB and fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsha Xu
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre (IDIC), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China
| | - Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Jun He
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre (IDIC), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China.
| | - Honghui Xu
- Zhejiang Meteorological Science Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, PR China
| | - Yu-Ting Tang
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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17
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Ma Y, Chen C, Wang J, Jiang Y, Zheng Z, Chen H, Zheng J. Evolution in physiochemical and cloud condensation nuclei activation properties of crop residue burning particles during photochemical aging. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 77:43-53. [PMID: 30573105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a main form of biomass burning in agricultural countries, crop residue burning is a significant source of atmospheric fine particles. In this study, the aging of particles emitted from the burning of four major crop residues in China was investigated in a smog chamber. The particle size distribution, chemical composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity were simultaneously measured. The properties of crop residue burning particles varied substantially among different fuel types. During aging, the particle size and mass concentration increased substantially, suggesting condensational growth by formation of secondary aerosols. The particle composition was dominated by organics. Aging resulted in considerable enhancement of organics and inorganics, with enhancement ratios of 1.24-1.44 and 1.33-1.76 respectively, as well as a continuous increase in the oxidation level of organics. Elevated CCN activity was observed during aging, with the hygroscopicity parameter κ varying from 0.16 to 0.34 for fresh particles and 0.19 to 0.40 for aged particles. Based on the volume mixing rule, the hygroscopicity parameter of organic components (κorg) was derived. κorg exhibited an increasing tendency with aging, which was generally consistent with the tendency of the O:C ratio, indicating that the oxidation level was related to the hygroscopicity and CCN activity of organic aerosols from crop residue burning. Our results indicated that photochemical aging could significantly impact the CCN activation of crop burning aerosols, not only by the production of secondary aerosols, but also by enhancing the hygroscopicity of organic components, thereby contributing to the aerosol indirect climate forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Harvard-NUIST Joint Laboratory for Air Quality and Climate (JLAQC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; NUIST Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Youling Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zewen Zheng
- NUIST Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Harvard-NUIST Joint Laboratory for Air Quality and Climate (JLAQC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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18
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Singla V, Mukherjee S, Kashikar AS, Safai PD, Pandithurai G. Black carbon: source apportionment and its implications on CCN activity over a rural region in Western Ghats, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7071-7081. [PMID: 30645743 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the characteristics of black carbon aerosol (BC) over a high-altitude site, Mahabaleshwar during the monsoon season. The mass concentration of BC exhibits a morning peak and a daytime build-up with a mean mass concentration of 303 ± 142 ng m-3. The simultaneous measurements of aerosol particle number concentration (PNC), cloud condensation nuclei concentration (CCN), and non-refractory particulate matter less than 1 μm size (NR-PM1) were also made by using a Wide-Range Aerosol Spectrometer (WRAS), CCN counter and Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) respectively. The source apportionment using wavelength-dependent light absorption model reveals the dominance by wood burning sources during morning hours and traffic sources during remaining hours of the day. The diurnal variation of PNC follows the variability of BC mass concentration. However, CCN concentrations were high during the morning hours coinciding with the increased fractional contribution of organics. The k-means clustering coupled with fuzzy algorithm highlights the effect of different sources on aerosol size distribution. On the basis of size distribution curve, the 3 clusters were attributed to wood burning (mean diameter range: 50-100 nm), traffic (30-50 nm), and background aerosols (65-95 nm). The combined analysis of k-means clustering, fractional contribution of organics, and kappa variation suggests that higher CCN concentration during morning is mainly attributed to probable emission of the water-soluble organic/inorganic compounds from wood burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyoma Singla
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
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19
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The Cloud Nucleating Properties and Mixing State of Marine Aerosols Sampled along the Southern California Coast. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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20
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Lyu XP, Guo H, Cheng HR, Wang DW. New particle formation and growth at a suburban site and a background site in Hong Kong. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:664-674. [PMID: 29172157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nanoparticles have great impacts on human health and global climate change. The number concentrations and size distributions of nanoparticles in the size range of 5.5-350.4 nm were detected at a background site and a suburban site in Hong Kong from summer to winter in 2011 and in autumn of 2013, respectively. Significantly higher particle number concentrations in all modes were observed at the suburban site (p < 0.05) during the sampling periods, possibly due to stronger primary emissions/regional transport and more intensive new particle formation (NPF). Particle number concentrations were much enhanced under northerly winds at both sites, resulting from regional transport of Aitken and accumulation mode particles, enhanced local NPF and occasionally low condensation sink. NPF was mainly limited by the precursors of condensable vapors and oxidative capacity of the atmosphere at the background site and the suburban site, respectively. In most cases, the formation rate of 5.5 nm particles was a function of sulfuric acid vapor to the power of 1.32 ± 0.34 at the background site and 0.81 ± 0.31 at the suburban site, abiding by the cluster activation theory. However, ozonolysis of monoterpenes (particularly α-pinene) might also drive NPF, particularly in the afternoon. These reactions also contributed to the growth of nucleation mode particles, which was largely explained by sulfuric acid vapor (73.6 ± 10% at the background site and 60.4 ± 9.8% at the suburban site). In contrast, the oxidations of isoprene, β-pinene and aromatics (particularly xylenes and trimethylbenzenes) were found to participate in the growth of Aitken mode particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - H Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - H R Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - D W Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Meskhidze N, Royalty TM, Phillips BN, Dawson KW, Petters MD, Reed R, Weinstein JP, Hook DA, Wiener RW. Continuous flow hygroscopicity-resolved relaxed eddy accumulation (Hy-Res REA) method of measuring size-resolved sodium chloride particle fluxes. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2018; 52:433-450. [PMID: 35615466 PMCID: PMC9127749 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2017.1423174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The accurate representation of aerosols in climate models requires direct ambient measurement of the size- and composition-dependent particle production fluxes. Here, we present the design, testing, and analysis of data collected through the first instrument capable of measuring hygroscopicity-based, size-resolved particle fluxes using a continuous-flow Hygroscopicity-Resolved Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (Hy-Res REA) technique. The Hy-Res REA system used in this study includes a 3D sonic anemometer, two fast-response solenoid valves, two condensation particle counters, a scanning mobility particle sizer, and a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer. The different components of the instrument were tested inside the US Environmental Protection Agency's Aerosol Test Facility for sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particle fluxes. The new REA system design does not require particle accumulation, and therefore avoids the diffusional wall losses associated with long residence times of particles inside the air collectors of traditional REA devices. A linear relationship was found between the sodium chloride particle fluxes measured by eddy covariance and REA techniques. The particle detection limit of the Hy-Res REA flux system is estimated to be ~3 × 105 m-2 s-1. The estimated sodium chloride particle classification limit, for the mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particles of comparable concentrations, is ~6 × 106 m-2 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Meskhidze
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - T. M. Royalty
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - B. N. Phillips
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - K. W. Dawson
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. D. Petters
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - R. Reed
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - J. P. Weinstein
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - D. A. Hook
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - R. W. Wiener
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Schlosser JS, Braun RA, Bradley T, Dadashazar H, MacDonald AB, Aldhaif AA, Aghdam MA, Mardi AH, Xian P, Sorooshian A. Analysis of aerosol composition data for western United States wildfires between 2005 and 2015: Dust emissions, chloride depletion, and most enhanced aerosol constituents. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:8951-8966. [PMID: 28955601 PMCID: PMC5611831 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd026547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examines major wildfires in the western United States between 2005 and 2015 to determine which species exhibit the highest percent change in mass concentration on day of peak fire influence relative to preceding nonfire days. Forty-one fires were examined using the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) data set. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) constituents exhibited the highest percent change increase. The sharpest enhancements were for the volatile (OC1) and semivolatile (OC2) OC fractions, suggestive of secondary organic aerosol formation during plume transport. Of the noncarbonaceous constituents, Cl, P, K, NO3-, and Zn levels exhibited the highest percent change. Dust was significantly enhanced in wildfire plumes, based on significant enhancements in fine soil components (i.e., Si, Ca, Al, Fe, and Ti) and PMcoarse (i.e., PM10-PM2.5). A case study emphasized how transport of wildfire plumes significantly impacted downwind states, with higher levels of fine soil and PMcoarse at the downwind state (Arizona) as compared to the source of the fires (California). A global model (Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System, NAAPS) did not capture the dust influence over California or Arizona during this case event because it is not designed to resolve dust dynamics in fires, which motivates improved treatment of such processes. Significant chloride depletion was observed on the peak EC day for almost a half of the fires examined. Size-resolved measurements during two specific fires at a coastal California site revealed significant chloride reductions for particle aerodynamic diameters between 1 and 10 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Schlosser
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Trevor Bradley
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Abdulmonam A Aldhaif
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Peng Xian
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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23
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Petters SS, Pagonis D, Claflin MS, Levin EJT, Petters MD, Ziemann PJ, Kreidenweis SM. Hygroscopicity of Organic Compounds as a Function of Carbon Chain Length and Carboxyl, Hydroperoxy, and Carbonyl Functional Groups. J Phys Chem A 2017. [PMID: 28621942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Suda Petters
- Department
of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1371, United States
| | - Demetrios Pagonis
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0216, United States
| | - Megan S. Claflin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0216, United States
| | - Ezra J. T. Levin
- Department
of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1371, United States
| | - Markus D. Petters
- Department
of Marine Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, United States
| | - Paul J. Ziemann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0216, United States
| | - Sonia M. Kreidenweis
- Department
of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1371, United States
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24
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Wu Z, Zheng J, Wang Y, Shang D, Du Z, Zhang Y, Hu M. Chemical and physical properties of biomass burning aerosols and their CCN activity: A case study in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1260-1268. [PMID: 27914642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning emits large amounts of both trace gases and particles into the atmosphere. It plays a profound role in regional air quality and climate change. In the present study, an intensive campaign was carried out at an urban site in Beijing, China, in June 2014, which covered the winter wheat harvest season over the North China Plain (NCP). Meanwhile, two evident biomass-burning events were observed. A clear burst in ultrafine particles (below 100nm in diameter, PM1) and subsequent particle growth took place during the events. With the growth of the ultrafine particles, the organic fraction of PM1 increased significantly. The ratio of oxygen to carbon (O:C), which had an average value of 0.23±0.04, did not show an obvious enhancement, indicating that a significant chemical aging process of the biomass-burning aerosols was not observed during the course of events. This finding might have been due to the fact that the biomass-burning events occurred in the late afternoon and grew during the nighttime, which is associated with a low atmospheric oxidation capacity. On average, organics and black carbon (BC) were dominant in the biomass-burning aerosols, accounting for 60±10% and 18±3% of PM1. The high organic and BC fractions led to a significant suppression of particle hygroscopicity. Comparisons among hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA)-derived, cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNc)-derived, and aerosol mass spectrometer-based hygroscopicity parameter (κ) values were consistent. The mean κ values of biomass-burning aerosols derived from both HTDMA and CCNc measurements were approximately 0.1, regardless of the particle size, indicating that the biomass-burning aerosols were less active. The burst in particle count during the biomass-burning events resulted in an increased number of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at supersaturation (SS)=0.2-0.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongjie Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhoufei Du
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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25
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Chen J, Li C, Ristovski Z, Milic A, Gu Y, Islam MS, Wang S, Hao J, Zhang H, He C, Guo H, Fu H, Miljevic B, Morawska L, Thai P, Lam YF, Pereira G, Ding A, Huang X, Dumka UC. A review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and climate in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1000-1034. [PMID: 27908624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is a significant air pollution source, with global, regional and local impacts on air quality, public health and climate. Worldwide an extensive range of studies has been conducted on almost all the aspects of BB, including its specific types, on quantification of emissions and on assessing its various impacts. China is one of the countries where the significance of BB has been recognized, and a lot of research efforts devoted to investigate it, however, so far no systematic reviews were conducted to synthesize the information which has been emerging. Therefore the aim of this work was to comprehensively review most of the studies published on this topic in China, including literature concerning field measurements, laboratory studies and the impacts of BB indoors and outdoors in China. In addition, this review provides insights into the role of wildfire and anthropogenic BB on air quality and health globally. Further, we attempted to provide a basis for formulation of policies and regulations by policy makers in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chunlin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Andelija Milic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yuantong Gu
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hefeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Congrong He
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Branka Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yun Fat Lam
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gavin Pereira
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Aijun Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Umesh C Dumka
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Manora Peak, Nainital 263001, India
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26
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Santos GTAD, Santos PSM, Duarte AC. Vanillic and syringic acids from biomass burning: Behaviour during Fenton-like oxidation in atmospheric aqueous phase and in the absence of light. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 313:201-208. [PMID: 27085101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomass combustion is a threat to the environment since it emits to the atmosphere organic compounds, which may react and originate others more aggressive. This work studied the behaviours of vanillic and syringic acids, small aromatic tracers of biomass burning, during Fenton-like oxidation in aqueous phase and absence of light. For both compounds, the extent of oxidation increased with pH decrease from neutral to acid in atmospheric waters, but for vanillic acid the neutral pH was not able of promoting the oxidation. With the oxidation of both acids were formed chromophoric compounds, and the formation rate increased with the degree of electron-donator substituents in benzene ring. The initial and produced compounds were not totally degraded up to 24h of reaction at pH 4.5, suggesting that the night period may be not sufficient for their full degradation in atmospheric waters. The major compounds formed were the 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid for vanillic acid, and the 1,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxybenzene for syringic acid. These findings suggest the occurrence of an ipso attack by the hydroxyl radical preferential to the methoxy and carboxyl groups of vanillic and syringic acids, respectively. It is important to highlight that for both aromatic acids the main compounds produced are also small aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela T A D Santos
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia S M Santos
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Armando C Duarte
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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27
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Suda SR, Petters MD, Yeh GK, Strollo C, Matsunaga A, Faulhaber A, Ziemann PJ, Prenni AJ, Carrico CM, Sullivan RC, Kreidenweis SM. Influence of functional groups on organic aerosol cloud condensation nucleus activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10182-90. [PMID: 25118824 DOI: 10.1021/es502147y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols in the atmosphere are composed of a wide variety of species, reflecting the multitude of sources and growth processes of these particles. Especially challenging is predicting how these particles act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Previous studies have characterized the CCN efficiency for organic compounds in terms of a hygroscopicity parameter, κ. Here we extend these studies by systematically testing the influence of the number and location of molecular functional groups on the hygroscopicity of organic aerosols. Organic compounds synthesized via gas-phase and liquid-phase reactions were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with scanning flow CCN analysis and thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometry. These experiments quantified changes in κ with the addition of one or more functional groups to otherwise similar molecules. The increase in κ per group decreased in the following order: hydroxyl ≫ carboxyl > hydroperoxide > nitrate ≫ methylene (where nitrate and methylene produced negative effects, and hydroperoxide and nitrate groups produced the smallest absolute effects). Our results contribute to a mechanistic understanding of chemical aging and will help guide input and parametrization choices in models relying on simplified treatments such as the atomic oxygen:carbon ratio to predict the evolution of organic aerosol hygroscopicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Suda
- Department of Marine Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, United States
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28
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Rickards AMJ, Miles REH, Davies JF, Marshall FH, Reid JP. Measurements of the Sensitivity of Aerosol Hygroscopicity and the κ Parameter to the O/C Ratio. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:14120-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jp407991n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James F. Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | | | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
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29
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Giordano MR, Short DZ, Hosseini S, Lichtenberg W, Asa-Awuku AA. Changes in droplet surface tension affect the observed hygroscopicity of photochemically aged biomass burning aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10980-10986. [PMID: 23957441 DOI: 10.1021/es401867j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the hygroscopic and surface tension properties as a function of photochemical aging of the aerosol emissions from biomass burning. Experiments were conducted in a chamber setting at the UC-Riverside Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) Atmospheric Processes Lab using two biomass fuel sources, manzanita and chamise. Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) measurements and off-line filter sample analysis were conducted. The water-soluble organic carbon content and surface tension of the extracted filter samples were measured. Surface tension information was then examined with Köhler theory analysis to calculate the hygroscopicity parameter, κ. Laboratory measurement of biomass burning smoke from two chaparral fuels is shown to depress the surface tension of water by 30% or more at organic matter concentrations relevant at droplet activation. Accounting for surface tension depression can lower the calculated κ by a factor of 2. This work provides evidence for surface tension depression in an important aerosol system and may provide closure for differing sub- and supersaturated κ measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Giordano
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside , Riverside, California United States
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30
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Christensen SI, Petters MD. The Role of Temperature in Cloud Droplet Activation. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9706-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3064454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. I. Christensen
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric
Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, United States
| | - M. D. Petters
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric
Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, United States
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31
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Sahu LK, Kondo Y, Moteki N, Takegawa N, Zhao Y, Cubison MJ, Jimenez JL, Vay S, Diskin GS, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T, Huey LG, Weinheimer AJ, Knapp DJ. Emission characteristics of black carbon in anthropogenic and biomass burning plumes over California during ARCTAS-CARB 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Alonso-Blanco E, Calvo AI, Fraile R, Castro A. The influence of wildfires on aerosol size distributions in rural areas. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:735697. [PMID: 22629191 PMCID: PMC3353560 DOI: 10.1100/2012/735697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of particles and their size distributions were measured in a rural area, during the summer, using a PCASP-X. The aim was to study the influence of wildfires on particle size distributions. The comparative studies carried out reveal an average increase of around ten times in the number of particles in the fine mode, especially in sizes between 0.10 and 0.14 μm, where the increase is of nearly 20 times. An analysis carried out at three different points in time—before, during, and after the passing of the smoke plume from the wildfires—shows that the mean geometric diameter of the fine mode in the measurements affected by the fire is smaller than the one obtained in the measurements carried out immediately before and after (0.14 μm) and presents average values of 0.11 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alonso-Blanco
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB, University of León, León 24071, Spain
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33
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Levin EJT, Prenni AJ, Petters MD, Kreidenweis SM, Sullivan RC, Atwood SA, Ortega J, DeMott PJ, Smith JN. An annual cycle of size-resolved aerosol hygroscopicity at a forested site in Colorado. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Hand JL, Schichtel BA, Pitchford M, Malm WC, Frank NH. Seasonal composition of remote and urban fine particulate matter in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Maruf Hossain AMM, Park S, Kim JS, Park K. Volatility and mixing states of ultrafine particles from biomass burning. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 205-206:189-197. [PMID: 22244973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fine and ultrafine carbonaceous aerosols produced from burning biomasses hold enormous importance in terms of assessing radiation balance and public health hazards. As such, volatility and mixing states of size-selected ultrafine particles (UFP) emitted from rice straw, oak, and pine burning were investigated by using volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (VTDMA) technique in this study. Rice straw combustion produced unimodal size distributions of emitted aerosols, while bimodal size distributions from combustions of oak (hardwood) and pine (softwood) were obtained. A nearness of flue gas temperatures and a lower CO ratio of flaming combustion (FC) to smoldering combustion (SC) were characteristic differences found between softwood and hardwood. SC emitted larger mode particles in higher numbers than smaller mode particles, while the converse was true for FC. Rice straw open burning UFPs exhibited a volatilization behavior similar to that between FC and SC. In addition, internal mixing states were observed for size-selected UFPs in all biomasses for all combustion conditions, while external mixing states were only observed for rice straw combustion. Results for FC and open burning suggested there was an internal mixing of volatile organic carbon (OC) and non-volatile core (e.g., black carbon (BC)), while the SC in rice straw produced UFPs devoid of non-volatile core. Also, it was found that volatility of constituting OC in FC and SC particles was different.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M M Maruf Hossain
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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36
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Suda SR, Petters MD, Matsunaga A, Sullivan RC, Ziemann PJ, Kreidenweis SM. Hygroscopicity frequency distributions of secondary organic aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Ault AP, Williams CR, White AB, Neiman PJ, Creamean JM, Gaston CJ, Ralph FM, Prather KA. Detection of Asian dust in California orographic precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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