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Gao Z, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Zhao B, Chen D, Kersten M, Guo H. Groundwater irrigation induced variations in DOM fluorescence and arsenic mobility. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135229. [PMID: 39024759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a predominant role in groundwater arsenic (As) mobility. However, the temporal-spatial variations in DOM fluorescent characteristics and their effects on As mobility induced by groundwater irrigation remain unclear. To address these issues, groundwater from multilevel and irrigation wells in Zones I and II (with low- and high-As groundwater irrigation, respectively) from the Hetao Basin, China, were monitored in both non-irrigation (NIG) and irrigation (IG) seasons. Upon irrigation, the irrigation return increased the relative abundance of protein- and humic-like DOM in shallow groundwater from Zone I with Ca-type groundwater and Zone II with Na-type groundwater irrigation, respectively. The introduced dissolved oxygen by irrigation return decreased As concentrations by 22 % and 6 % on average in shallow groundwater from Zones I and II, respectively. However, the pumping-induced lateral recharge of lower- and higher-As groundwater led to an average 17 % decrease and 38 % increase in As concentrations in deeper groundwater from the two zones, respectively. The increased degradation of protein-like DOM may also contribute to the elevated As concentrations in deep groundwater from Zone II. The study provides insights into the dependence of irrigation-induced variations in DOM fluorescence and As concentrations on geochemicals of irrigation groundwater and aquifer hydrogeological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution & School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongshe Zhang
- Zhejiang Industry Polytechnic College, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Tianjin Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution & School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dou Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution & School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Michael Kersten
- Environmental Geochemistry Group, Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55099, Germany
| | - Huaming Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution & School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
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Pond ZA, Hernandez CS, Adams PJ, Pandis SN, Garcia GR, Robinson AL, Marshall JD, Burnett R, Skyllakou K, Garcia Rivera P, Karnezi E, Coleman CJ, Pope CA. Cardiopulmonary Mortality and Fine Particulate Air Pollution by Species and Source in a National U.S. Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7214-7223. [PMID: 34689559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to estimate cardiopulmonary mortality associations for long-term exposure to PM2.5 species and sources (i.e., components) within the U.S. National Health Interview Survey cohort. Exposures were estimated through a chemical transport model for six species (i.e., elemental carbon (EC), primary organic aerosols (POA), secondary organic aerosols (SOA), sulfate (SO4), ammonium (NH4), nitrate (NO3)) and five sources of PM2.5 (i.e., vehicles, electricity-generating units (EGU), non-EGU industrial sources, biogenic sources (bio), "other" sources). In single-pollutant models, we found positive, significant (p < 0.05) mortality associations for all components, except POA. After adjusting for remaining PM2.5 (total PM2.5 minus component), we found significant mortality associations for EC (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.36; 95% CI [1.12, 1.64]), SOA (HR = 1.11; 95% CI [1.05, 1.17]), and vehicle sources (HR = 1.06; 95% CI [1.03, 1.10]). HRs for EC, SOA, and vehicle sources were significantly larger in comparison to those for remaining PM2.5 (per unit μg/m3). Our findings suggest that cardiopulmonary mortality associations vary by species and source, with evidence that EC, SOA, and vehicle sources are important contributors to the PM2.5 mortality relationship. With further validation, these findings could facilitate targeted pollution regulations that more efficiently reduce air pollution mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachari A Pond
- Department of Economics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carlos S Hernandez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Peter J Adams
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Spyros N Pandis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - George R Garcia
- Department of Economics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
- Stanford Law School, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Richard Burnett
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ksakousti Skyllakou
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Pablo Garcia Rivera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Eleni Karnezi
- Earth Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Carver J Coleman
- Department of Economics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - C Arden Pope
- Department of Economics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Zhang Y, Liao H, Ding X, Jo D, Li K. Implications of RCP emissions on future concentration and direct radiative forcing of secondary organic aerosol over China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1187-1204. [PMID: 30021284 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study applies the nested-grid version of Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to examine future changes (2000-2050) in SOA concentration and associated direct radiative forcing (DRF) over China under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The projected changes in SOA concentrations over 2010-2050 generally follow future changes in emissions of toluene and xylene. On an annual mean basis, the largest increase in SOA over eastern China is simulated to be 25.1% in 2020 under RCP2.6, 20.4% in 2020 under RCP4.5, 56.3% in 2050 under RCP6.0, and 44.6% in 2030 under RCP8.5. The role of SOA in PM2.5 increases with each decade in 2010-2050 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, with a maximum ratio of concentration of SOA to that of PM2.5 of 16.3% in 2050 under RCP4.5 as averaged over eastern China (20°-45°N, 100°-125°E). Concentrations of SOA are projected to be able to exceed those of sulfate, ammonium, and black carbon (BC) in the future. The future changes in SOA levels over eastern China are simulated to lead to domain-averaged (20°-45°N, 100°-125°E) DRFs of +0.19 W m-2, +0.12 W m-2, - 0.28 W m-2, and -0.17 W m-2 in 2050 relative to 2000 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5, respectively. Model results indicate that future changes in SOA owing to future changes in anthropogenic precursor emissions are important for future air quality planning and climate mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Duseong Jo
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ke Li
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Julin J, Murphy BN, Patoulias D, Fountoukis C, Olenius T, Pandis SN, Riipinen I. Impacts of Future European Emission Reductions on Aerosol Particle Number Concentrations Accounting for Effects of Ammonia, Amines, and Organic Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:692-700. [PMID: 29185762 PMCID: PMC6056894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although they are currently unregulated, atmospheric ultrafine particles (<100 nm) pose health risks because of, e.g., their capability to penetrate deep into the respiratory system. Ultrafine particles, often minor contributors to atmospheric particulate mass, typically dominate aerosol particle number concentrations. We simulated the response of particle number concentrations over Europe to recent estimates of future emission reductions of aerosol particles and their precursors. We used the chemical transport model PMCAMx-UF, with novel updates including state-of-the-art descriptions of ammonia and dimethylamine new particle formation (NPF) pathways and the condensation of organic compounds onto particles. These processes had notable impacts on atmospheric particle number concentrations. All three emission scenarios (current legislation, optimized emissions, and maximum technically feasible reductions) resulted in substantial (10-50%) decreases in median particle number concentrations over Europe. Consistent reductions were predicted in Central Europe, while Northern Europe exhibited smaller reductions or even increased concentrations. Motivated by the improved NPF descriptions for ammonia and methylamines, we placed special focus on the potential to improve air quality by reducing agricultural emissions, which are a major source of these species. Agricultural emission controls showed promise in reducing ultrafine particle number concentrations, although the change is nonlinear with particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Julin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benjamin N Murphy
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David Patoulias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras , GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Fountoukis
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation , P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tinja Olenius
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Spyros N Pandis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras , GR-26504, Patras, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology , GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhao B, Wang S, Donahue NM, Jathar SH, Huang X, Wu W, Hao J, Robinson AL. Quantifying the effect of organic aerosol aging and intermediate-volatility emissions on regional-scale aerosol pollution in China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28815. [PMID: 27350423 PMCID: PMC4923863 DOI: 10.1038/srep28815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is one of the least understood constituents of fine particles; current widely-used models cannot predict its loadings or oxidation state. Recent laboratory experiments demonstrated the importance of several new processes, including aging of SOA from traditional precursors, aging of primary organic aerosol (POA), and photo-oxidation of intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs). However, evaluating the effect of these processes in the real atmosphere is challenging. Most models used in previous studies are over-simplified and some key reaction trajectories are not captured, and model parameters are usually phenomenological and lack experimental constraints. Here we comprehensively assess the effect of organic aerosol (OA) aging and intermediate-volatility emissions on regional-scale OA pollution with a state-of-the-art model framework and experimentally constrained parameters. We find that OA aging and intermediate-volatility emissions together increase OA and SOA concentrations in Eastern China by about 40% and a factor of 10, respectively, thereby improving model-measurement agreement significantly. POA and IVOCs both constitute over 40% of OA concentrations, and IVOCs constitute over half of SOA concentrations; this differs significantly from previous apportionment of SOA sources. This study facilitates an improved estimate of aerosol-induced climate and health impacts, and implies a shift from current fine-particle control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Heo J, Adams PJ, Gao HO. Public Health Costs of Primary PM2.5 and Inorganic PM2.5 Precursor Emissions in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6061-70. [PMID: 27153150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Current methods of estimating the public health effects of emissions are computationally too expensive or do not fully address complex atmospheric processes, frequently limiting their applications to policy research. Using a reduced-form model derived from tagged chemical transport model (CTM) simulations, we present PM2.5 mortality costs per tonne of inorganic air pollutants with the 36 km × 36 km spatial resolution of source location in the United States, providing the most comprehensive set of such estimates comparable to CTM-based estimates. Our estimates vary by 2 orders of magnitude. Emission-weighted seasonal averages were estimated at $88,000-130,000/t PM2.5 (inert primary), $14,000-24,000/t SO2, $3,800-14,000/t NOx, and $23,000-66,000/t NH3. The aggregate social costs for year 2005 emissions were estimated at $1.0 trillion dollars. Compared to other studies, our estimates have similar magnitudes and spatial distributions for primary PM2.5 but substantially different spatial patterns for precursor species where secondary chemistry is important. For example, differences of more than a factor of 10 were found in many areas of Texas, New Mexico, and New England states for NOx and of California, Texas, and Maine for NH3. Our method allows for updates as emissions inventories and CTMs improve, enhancing the potential to link policy research to up-to-date atmospheric science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - H Oliver Gao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Composition and Sources of Particulate Matter Measured near Houston, TX: Anthropogenic-Biogenic Interactions. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7050073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhao B, Wang S, Donahue NM, Chuang W, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Ng NL, Wang Y, Hao J. Evaluation of one-dimensional and two-dimensional volatility basis sets in simulating the aging of secondary organic aerosol with smog-chamber experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2245-2254. [PMID: 25581402 DOI: 10.1021/es5048914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the one-dimensional volatility basis set (1D-VBS) and two-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-VBS) in simulating the aging of SOA derived from toluene and α-pinene against smog-chamber experiments. If we simulate the first-generation products with empirical chamber fits and the subsequent aging chemistry with a 1D-VBS or a 2D-VBS, the models mostly overestimate the SOA concentrations in the toluene oxidation experiments. This is because the empirical chamber fits include both first-generation oxidation and aging; simulating aging in addition to this results in double counting of the initial aging effects. If the first-generation oxidation is treated explicitly, the base-case 2D-VBS underestimates the SOA concentrations and O:C increase of the toluene oxidation experiments; it generally underestimates the SOA concentrations and overestimates the O:C increase of the α-pinene experiments. With the first-generation oxidation treated explicitly, we could modify the 2D-VBS configuration individually for toluene and α-pinene to achieve good model-measurement agreement. However, we are unable to simulate the oxidation of both toluene and α-pinene with the same 2D-VBS configuration. We suggest that future models should implement parallel layers for anthropogenic (aromatic) and biogenic precursors, and that more modeling studies and laboratory research be done to optimize the "best-guess" parameters for each layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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Miracolo MA, Drozd GT, Jathar SH, Presto AA, Lipsky EM, Corporan E, Robinson AL. Fuel composition and secondary organic aerosol formation: gas-turbine exhaust and alternative aviation fuels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8493-8501. [PMID: 22732009 DOI: 10.1021/es300350c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate the effects of fuel composition on secondary particulate matter (PM) formation from dilute exhaust from a T63 gas-turbine engine. Tests were performed at idle and cruise loads with the engine fueled on conventional military jet fuel (JP-8), Fischer-Tropsch synthetic jet fuel (FT), and a 50/50 blend of the two fuels. Emissions were sampled into a portable smog chamber and exposed to sunlight or artificial UV light to initiate photo-oxidation. Similar to previous studies, neat FT fuel and a 50/50 FT/JP-8 blend reduced the primary particulate matter emissions compared to neat JP-8. After only one hour of photo-oxidation at typical atmospheric OH levels, the secondary PM production in dilute exhaust exceeded primary PM emissions, except when operating the engine at high load on FT fuel. Therefore, accounting for secondary PM production should be considered when assessing the contribution of gas-turbine engine emissions to ambient PM levels. FT fuel substantially reduced secondary PM formation in dilute exhaust compared to neat JP-8 at both idle and cruise loads. At idle load, the secondary PM formation was reduced by a factor of 20 with the use of neat FT fuel, and a factor of 2 with the use of the blend fuel. At cruise load, the use of FT fuel resulted in no measured formation of secondary PM. In every experiment, the secondary PM was dominated by organics with minor contributions from sulfate when the engine was operated on JP-8 fuel. At both loads, FT fuel produces less secondary organic aerosol than JP-8 because of differences in the composition of the fuels and the resultant emissions. This work indicates that fuel reformulation may be a viable strategy to reduce the contribution of emissions from combustion systems to secondary organic aerosol production and ultimately ambient PM levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Miracolo
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Ahmadov R, McKeen SA, Robinson AL, Bahreini R, Middlebrook AM, de Gouw JA, Meagher J, Hsie EY, Edgerton E, Shaw S, Trainer M. A volatility basis set model for summertime secondary organic aerosols over the eastern United States in 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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