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Zhai L, An Y, Feng L, Qin X, Xu J. Contrasting the physical and chemical characteristics of dissolved organic matter between glacier and glacial runoff from a mountain glacier on the Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157784. [PMID: 35926601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated melting of mountain glaciers due to global warming has a significant impact on downstream biogeochemical evolution because a large amount of labile dissolved organic matter (DOM) is released. However, the DOM evolution processes from glacier to downstream are not well understood. To investigate these processes, samples from the glacial surface and terminating runoff of a mountain glacier on the Tibetan Plateau were collected simultaneously throughout the melting season. The samples were analyzed to determine the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents and chemical compositions by means of a combination of fluorescence excitation-emission matrix coupled with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). The results indicate that the DOC concentrations were higher in the snow samples than in the glacial runoff samples, although a significantly higher concentration of inorganic ions was found in the glacial runoff samples, suggesting the dominant source of DOM in the glacial runoff was the glacier. The EEM-PARAFAC revealed four fluorescent components in both the snow and glacial runoff samples. However, significantly different ratios between the four components of these two categories of samples suggested chemical, physical and/or biological evolution of DOM during transport. Molecular chemical composition analyses by FT-ICR MS revealed that the DOM composition varied dramatically between the glacier and the glacial runoff. More than 50 % of the molecules were transformed from aliphatic and peptide-like compounds in the snow samples into highly unsaturated and phenolic-like compounds in the glacial runoff samples. The potential chemical transformation of DOM was likely related to biological and/or photolytic evolution during transport. Our results suggest that chemical evolution of glacial DOM could occur during the downstream transport, which is expected to be useful for further research exploring the fate of DOM and carbon cycling from the cryospheric environment and evaluating the biogeochemical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Aba Teachers University, Wenchuan 623002, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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2
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Zhou Y, West CP, Hettiyadura APS, Pu W, Shi T, Niu X, Wen H, Cui J, Wang X, Laskin A. Molecular Characterization of Water-Soluble Brown Carbon Chromophores in Snowpack from Northern Xinjiang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4173-4186. [PMID: 35287433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reports molecular-level characterization of brown carbon (BrC) attributed to water-soluble organic carbon in six snowpack samples collected from northern Xinjiang, China. The molecular composition and light-absorbing properties of BrC chromophores were unraveled by application of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a photodiode array (PDA) detector and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The chromophores were classified into five major types, that is, (1) phenolic/lignin-derivedcompounds, (2) flavonoids, (3) nitroaromatics, (4) oxygenated aromatics, and (5) other chromophores. Identified chromophores account for ∼23-64% of the total light absorption measured by the PDA detector in the wavelength range of 300-370 nm. In the representative samples from urban and remote areas, oxygenated aromatics and nitroaromatics dominate the absorption in the wavelengths below and above 320 nm, respectively. The highly polluted urban sample shows the most complex HPLC-PDA chromatogram, and more other chromophores contribute to the bulk absorption. Phenolic/lignin-derived compounds are the most light-absorbing species in the soil-influenced sample. Chromophores in two remote samples exhibit ultraviolet-visible features distinct from other samples, which are attributed to flavonoids. Identification of individual chromophores and quantitative analysis of their optical properties are helpful for elucidating the roles of BrC in snow radiative balance and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher P West
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anusha P S Hettiyadura
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wei Pu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tenglong Shi
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoying Niu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hui Wen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiecan Cui
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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Feng L, An Y, Xu J, Li X, Jiang B, Liao Y. Biochemical evolution of dissolved organic matter during snow metamorphism across the ablation season for a glacier on the central Tibetan Plateau. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6123. [PMID: 32273519 PMCID: PMC7145860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The metamorphism of snow (snowmelt process) has a potential influence on chemical and physical process occurring within it. This study carried out a detailed study on the variation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in different stages of snowmelt in a typical mountain glacier located at Tibetan Plateau through collecting four different surface snow/ice categories, i.e., fresh snow, fine firn, coarse firn, and granular ice during May to October in 2015. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was observed by lost 44% from fresh snow to fine firn and enriched 129% from fine firn to granular ice, reflecting the dynamic variability in DOC concentration during snow metamorphism. The absorbance properties of each snow category are positively correlated with DOC concentration. The result of excitation emission matrix fluorescence with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) highlighted the domination of lipid- and protein-like compounds in glacial-derived DOM. The molecular composition of the DOM also exhibited a new N-containing molecular formula (CHON classes) that was enriched during snow metamorphism. This study suggests that snow metamorphism could induce a loss of DOM as well as enrich and modify the DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Aba Teachers University, Wenchuan, 623002, China
| | - Yanqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xiaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuhong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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4
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Li X, Yang K, Han J, Ying Q, Hopke PK. Sources of humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM 2.5 in Beijing: Receptor modeling approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:765-775. [PMID: 30939329 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has identified the presence of humic-like substances (HULIS) in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Beijing, China and that residential coal combustion as well as biomass burning are significant contributors to its presence. These results were based on the characterization of emissions from representative stoves and modeling of the aerosol with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) chemical transport model. The CMAQ source apportionment estimated that residential coal and biofuel burning and secondary aerosol formation were important annual sources of ambient HULIS, contributing 47.1%, 15.1%, and 38.9%, respectively. In this study, chemical composition data including concentrations of water-soluble organic carbon and HULIS across four seasons during 2012-2013 were analyzed with positive matrix factorization (PMF) to provide a complementary source apportionment. The PMF results indicate that the identified sources were Traffic, Biomass Burning, Nitrate/Sulfate, Incineration, Sulfate, Coal Combustion/Ammonium Chloride, Residential Coal/Biofuel Combustion, and Road Dust/Soil with mass contributions (fractions) to PM2.5 of 12.35 (10.4%), 8.70 (8.9%), 24.51 (22.4%), 5.64 (7.2%), 25.14 (24.5%), 7.10 (6.2%), 14.18 (15.4%), and 5.33 μg/m3 (5.0%), respectively. The contributions to the observed HULIS concentrations were 0.63 (10.9%), 0.38 (6.4%), 0.07 (1.7%), 0.00 (0%), 1.12 (28.8%), 0.00 (0%), 1.50 (52.2%), and 0.01 μg/m3 (0.3%), respectively. These PMF modeling results were in reasonable agreement with the CMAQ values supporting the attribution of significant amounts of primary HULIS to residential coal and biofuel combustion. Currently, efforts are underway in China to replace solid fuel combustion for heating and cooking with natural gas and electricity by 2020. Thus, future studies should be able to see substantial reductions in both PM2.5 and HULIS in the near term future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Li
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kaiqiang Yang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junzan Han
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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5
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Malley PPA, Grossman JN, Kahan TF. Effects of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter on Anthracene Photolysis Kinetics in Aqueous Solution and Ice. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:7619-7626. [PMID: 28902519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We measured photolysis kinetics of the PAH anthracene in aqueous solution, in bulk ice, and at ice surfaces in the presence and absence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Self-association, which occurs readily at ice surfaces, may be responsible for the faster anthracene photolysis observed there. Photolysis rate constants in liquid water increased under conditions where anthracene self-association was observed. Concomitantly, kinetics changed from first-order to second-order, indicating that the photolysis mechanism at ice surfaces might be different than that in aqueous solution. Other factors that could lead to faster photolysis at ice surfaces were also investigated. Increased photon fluxes due to scattering in the ice samples can account for at most 20% of the observed rate increase, and other factors including singlet oxygen (1O2*) production and changes in pH and polarity were determined not to be responsible for the faster photolysis. CDOM (in the form of fulvic acid (FA)) did not affect anthracene photolysis kinetics in aqueous solution but suppressed photolysis in ice cubes and ice granules (by 30% and 56%, respectively). This was primarily due to competitive photon absorption (the inner filter effect). Freeze-concentration (or "salting out") appears to slightly increase the suppressing effects of FA on anthracene photolysis. This may be due to increased competitive photon absorption or to physical interactions between anthracene and FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P A Malley
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Jarod N Grossman
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Tara F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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6
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Niu H, Kang S, Shi X, Paudyal R, He Y, Li G, Wang S, Pu T, Shi X. In-situ measurements of light-absorbing impurities in snow of glacier on Mt. Yulong and implications for radiative forcing estimates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:848-856. [PMID: 28089534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) or the third polar cryosphere borders geographical hotspots for discharges of black carbon (BC). BC and dust play important roles in climate system and Earth's energy budget, particularly after they are deposited on snow and glacial surfaces. BC and dust are two kinds of main light-absorbing impurities (LAIs) in snow and glaciers. Estimating concentrations and distribution of LAIs in snow and glacier ice in the TP is of great interest because this region is a global hotspot in geophysical research. Various snow samples, including surface aged-snow, superimposed ice and snow meltwater samples were collected from a typical temperate glacier on Mt. Yulong in the snow melt season in 2015. The samples were determined for BC, Organic Carbon (OC) concentrations using an improved thermal/optical reflectance (DRI Model 2001) method and gravimetric method for dust concentrations. Results indicated that the LAIs concentrations were highly elevation-dependent in the study area. Higher contents and probably greater deposition at relative lower elevations (generally <5000masl) of the glacier was observed. Temporal difference of LAIs contents demonstrated that LAIs in snow of glacier gradually increased as snow melting progressed. Evaluations of the relative absorption of BC and dust displayed that the impact of dust on snow albedo and radiative forcing (RF) is substantially larger than BC, particularly when dust contents are higher. This was verified by the absorption factor, which was <1.0. In addition, we found the BC-induced albedo reduction to be in the range of 2% to nearly 10% during the snow melting season, and the mean snow albedo reduction was 4.63%, hence for BC contents ranging from 281 to 894ngg-1 in snow of a typical temperate glacier on Mt. Yulong, the associated instantaneous RF will be 76.38-146.96Wm-2. Further research is needed to partition LAIs induced glacial melt, modeling researches in combination with long-term in-situ observations of LAIs in glaciers is also urgent needed in the future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology. 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- College of Earth Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rukumesh Paudyal
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuanqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of China, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyi Shi
- College of Earth Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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7
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Feng L, Xu J, Kang S, Li X, Li Y, Jiang B, Shi Q. Chemical Composition of Microbe-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter in Cryoconite in Tibetan Plateau Glaciers: Insights from Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13215-13223. [PMID: 27993037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryoconite in mountain glaciers plays important roles in glacial ablation and biogeochemical cycles. In this study, the composition and sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in cryoconite from the ablation regions of two Tibetan Plateau glaciers were determined using electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and fluorescence spectrometry. A marked absorbance between 300 and 350 nm in the DOM absorption spectra was observed which was consistent with microbe-derived mycosporine-like amino acids. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices showed that DOM had intense signals at protein-like substance peaks and weak signals at humic-like substance peaks. The high-resolution mass spectra of FT-ICR-MS showed cryoconite DOM from both glaciers contained diverse lignins, lipids, proteins, and unsaturated hydrocarbons. The lipids and proteins were consistent with material from microbial sources, and the lignins and unsaturated hydrocarbons were probably from vascular plant material supplied in atmospheric aerosols and debris from around the glaciers. Almost one-third of the identified DOM molecules had low C/N ratios (≤20), indicating their high bioavailability. Using a conservative cryoconite distribution on Chinese mountain glacier surfaces (6%) and an average debris mass per square meter of cryoconite (292 ± 196 g m-2), we found that the amount of DOC produced in cryoconite on Chinese glaciers as much as 0.23 ± 0.1 Gg per cryoconite formation process. This dissolved organic carbon may absorb solar radiation, accelerate glacial melting, and be an important source of bioavailable DOM to proglacial and downstream aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum , Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum , Beijing 102249, China
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8
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Fede A, Grannas AM. Photochemical Production of Singlet Oxygen from Dissolved Organic Matter in Ice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12808-12815. [PMID: 26460930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved natural organic matter (DOM) is a ubiquitous component of natural waters and an important photosensitizer. A variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be produced from DOM photochemistry, including singlet oxygen, 1O2. Recently, it has been determined that humic-like substances and unknown organic chromophores are significant contributors to sunlight absorption in snowpack; however, DOM photochemistry in snow/ice has received little attention in the literature. We recently showed that DOM plays an important role in indirect photolysis processes in ice, producing ROS and leading to the efficient photodegradation of a probe hydrophobic organic pollutant, aldrin.1 ROS scavenger experiments indicated that 1O2 played a significant role in the indirect photodegradation of aldrin. Here we quantitatively examine 1O2 photochemically produced from DOM in frozen and liquid aqueous solutions. Steady-state 1O2 production is enhanced up to nearly 1000 times in frozen DOM samples compared to liquid samples. 1O2 production is dependent on the concentration of DOM, but the nature of the DOM source (terrestrial vs microbial) does not have a significant effect on 1O2 production in liquid or frozen samples, with different source types producing similar steady-state concentrations of 1O2. The temperature of frozen samples also has a significant effect on steady-state 1O2 production in the range of 228-262 K, with colder samples producing more steady-state 1O2. The large enhancement in 1O2 in frozen samples suggests that it may play a significant role in the photochemical processes that occur in snow and ice, and DOM could be a significant, but to date poorly understood, oxidant source in snow and ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Fede
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University , 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Amanda M Grannas
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University , 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
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9
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George C, Ammann M, D’Anna B, Donaldson DJ, Nizkorodov S. Heterogeneous photochemistry in the atmosphere. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4218-58. [PMID: 25775235 PMCID: PMC4772778 DOI: 10.1021/cr500648z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian George
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sergey
A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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10
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Kos G, Kanthasami V, Adechina N, Ariya PA. Volatile organic compounds in Arctic snow: concentrations and implications for atmospheric processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:2592-2603. [PMID: 25249335 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00410h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the snowpack for atmospheric oxidation, gas-particle transfer and aerosol formation remains poorly understood, partly due to a lack of methodology and unavailable data. We deployed solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) gas chromatography with flame ionization detection for measurement of halogenated, aromatic and oxygenated VOC in the snow pack in Alert, NU, Canada, a High Arctic site. Maximum concentrations in snow were 39 ± 6 μg L(-1) (styrene), indicating a potential VOC contribution to atmospheric oxidation and aerosol formation. Concurrently sampled air had concentrations of up to 1.0 ± 0.3 ng L(-1) (trichloroethene). Back trajectory data showed a change of air mass source region during a depletion event of several VOC in snow (e.g., trichloroethene and benzene). Snow profiles showed an enrichment of most compounds close to the surface. During a second study in Barrow, AK, USA VOC were quantified in snow and frost flowers in the Montreal lab. In Barrow work was carried out as part of the extensive OASIS (Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack) field campaign. Maximum VOC concentrations were up to 1.3 ± 0.1 μg L(-1) (acetophenone). Bromoform in frost flowers averaged 0.19 ± 0.04 μg L(-1), indicating the potential to contribute to bromine generation through photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Kos
- McGill University, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada.
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11
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Grannas AM, Pagano LP, Pierce BC, Bobby R, Fede A. Role of dissolved organic matter in ice photochemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10725-10733. [PMID: 25157605 DOI: 10.1021/es5023834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we provide evidence that dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in indirect photolysis processes in ice, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leading to the efficient photodegradation of a probe hydrophobic organic pollutant, aldrin. Rates of DOM-mediated aldrin loss are between 2 and 56 times faster in ice than in liquid water (depending on DOM source and concentration), likely due to a freeze-concentration effect that occurs when the water freezes, providing a mechanism to concentrate reactive components into smaller, liquid-like regions within or on the ice. Rates of DOM-mediated aldrin loss are also temperature dependent, with higher rates of loss as temperature decreases. This also illustrates the importance of the freeze-concentration effect in altering reaction kinetics for processes occurring in environmental ices. All DOM source types studied were able to mediate aldrin loss, including commercially available fulvic and humic acids and an authentic Arctic snow DOM sample isolated by solid phase extraction, indicating the ubiquity of DOM in indirect photochemistry in environmental ices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Grannas
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University , Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
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12
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Jacobi HW, Kleffmann J, Villena G, Wiesen P, King M, France J, Anastasio C, Staebler R. Role of nitrite in the photochemical formation of radicals in the snow. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:165-172. [PMID: 24237312 DOI: 10.1021/es404002c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions in snow can have an important impact on the composition of the atmosphere over snow-covered areas as well as on the composition of the snow itself. One of the major photochemical processes is the photolysis of nitrate leading to the formation of volatile nitrogen compounds. We report nitrite concentrations determined together with nitrate and hydrogen peroxide in surface snow collected at the coastal site of Barrow, Alaska. The results demonstrate that nitrite likely plays a significant role as a precursor for reactive hydroxyl radicals as well as volatile nitrogen oxides in the snow. Pollution events leading to high concentrations of nitrous acid in the atmosphere contributed to an observed increase in nitrite in the surface snow layer during nighttime. Observed daytime nitrite concentrations are much higher than values predicted from steady-state concentrations based on photolysis of nitrate and nitrite indicating that we do not fully understand the production of nitrite and nitrous acid in snow. The discrepancy between observed and expected nitrite concentrations is probably due to a combination of factors, including an incomplete understanding of the reactive environment and chemical processes in snow, and a lack of consideration of the vertical structure of snow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Werner Jacobi
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement LGGE, 38041 Grenoble, Rhône-Alpes, France
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Domine F, Bock J, Voisin D, Donaldson DJ. Can We Model Snow Photochemistry? Problems with the Current Approaches. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4733-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3123314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Domine
- Takuvik Joint International
Laboratory, Université Laval (Canada) and CNRS (France), Pavillon Alexandre Vachon, 1045 Avenue de
La Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre Vachon,
1045 Avenue de La Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Josué Bock
- Université Joseph Fourier−Grenoble
1/CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, UMR 5183, Grenoble, F-38041, France
| | - Didier Voisin
- Université Joseph Fourier−Grenoble
1/CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, UMR 5183, Grenoble, F-38041, France
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, and Department of Physical and
Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Voisin D, Jaffrezo JL, Houdier S, Barret M, Cozic J, King MD, France JL, Reay HJ, Grannas A, Kos G, Ariya PA, Beine HJ, Domine F. Carbonaceous species and humic like substances (HULIS) in Arctic snowpack during OASIS field campaign in Barrow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Beine H, Anastasio C, Domine F, Douglas T, Barret M, France J, King M, Hall S, Ullmann K. Soluble chromophores in marine snow, seawater, sea ice and frost flowers near Barrow, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Douglas TA, Domine F, Barret M, Anastasio C, Beine HJ, Bottenheim J, Grannas A, Houdier S, Netcheva S, Rowland G, Staebler R, Steffen A. Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean-atmosphere-sea ice-snow interface: 1. Chemical composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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George C, D’Anna B, Herrmann H, Weller C, Vaida V, Donaldson DJ, Bartels-Rausch T, Ammann M. Emerging Areas in Atmospheric Photochemistry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 339:1-53. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Villena G, Wiesen P, Cantrell CA, Flocke F, Fried A, Hall SR, Hornbrook RS, Knapp D, Kosciuch E, Mauldin RL, McGrath JA, Montzka D, Richter D, Ullmann K, Walega J, Weibring P, Weinheimer A, Staebler RM, Liao J, Huey LG, Kleffmann J. Nitrous acid (HONO) during polar spring in Barrow, Alaska: A net source of OH radicals? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Domine F, Gallet JC, Barret M, Houdier S, Voisin D, Douglas TA, Blum JD, Beine HJ, Anastasio C, Bréon FM. The specific surface area and chemical composition of diamond dust near Barrow, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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