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Ervens B. Average Cloud Droplet Size and Composition: Good Assumptions for Predicting Oxidants in the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase? J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8295-8304. [PMID: 36318926 PMCID: PMC9662182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chemical models that describe the atmospheric multiphase (gas/aqueous) system often include detailed kinetic and mechanistic schemes describing chemical reactions in both phases. The present study explores the importance of properties including the chemical composition of droplet populations, such as pH value and iron present in only a few droplets, as well as droplet size and their distribution. It is found that the assumption of evenly distributed iron in all cloud droplets leads to an underestimate by up to 1 order of magnitude of OH concentrations in the aqueous phase, whereas the predicted iron(II)/iron(total) ratio is overestimated by up to a factor of 2. While the sulfate mass formed in cloud droplets is not largely affected by any of the assumptions, the predicted secondary organic aerosol mass varies by an order of magnitude. This sensitivity study reveals that multiphase chemistry model studies should focus not only on chemical mechanism development but also on careful considerations of droplet properties to comprehensively describe the atmospheric multiphase chemical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ervens
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000Clermont-Ferrand, France
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2
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Lee JY, Peterson PK, Vear LR, Cook RD, Sullivan AP, Smith E, Hawkins LN, Olson NE, Hems R, Snyder PK, Pratt KA. Wildfire Smoke Influence on Cloud Water Chemical Composition at Whiteface Mountain, New York. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD037177. [PMID: 36590830 PMCID: PMC9787799 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd037177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires significantly impact air quality and climate, including through the production of aerosols that can nucleate cloud droplets and participate in aqueous-phase reactions. Cloud water was collected during the summer months (June-September) of 2010-2017 at Whiteface Mountain, New York and examined for biomass burning influence. Cloud water samples were classified by their smoke influence based on backward air mass trajectories and satellite-detected smoke. A total of 1,338 cloud water samples collected over 485 days were classified by their probability of smoke influence, with 49% of these days categorized as having moderate to high probability of smoke influence. Carbon monoxide and ozone levels were enhanced during smoke influenced days at the summit of Whiteface Mountain. Smoke-influenced cloud water samples were characterized by enhanced concentrations of potassium, sulfate, ammonium, and total organic carbon, compared to samples lacking identified influence. Five cloud water samples were examined further for the presence of dissolved organic compounds, insoluble particles, and light-absorbing components. The five selected cloud water samples contained the biomass burning tracer levoglucosan at 0.02-0.09 μM. Samples influenced by air masses that remained aloft, above the boundary layer during transport, had lower insoluble particle concentrations, larger insoluble particle diameters, and larger oxalate:sulfate ratios, suggesting cloud processing had occurred. These findings highlight the influence that local and long-range transported smoke have on cloud water composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamy Y. Lee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Peter K. Peterson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Now at Department of ChemistryWhittier CollegeWhittierCAUSA
| | - Logan R. Vear
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Ryan D. Cook
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Amy P. Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Ellie Smith
- Department of ChemistryHarvey Mudd CollegeClaremontCAUSA
| | | | | | - Rachel Hems
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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3
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Sha T, Ma X, Wang J, Tian R, Zhao J, Cao F, Zhang YL. Improvement of inorganic aerosol component in PM 2.5 by constraining aqueous-phase formation of sulfate in cloud with satellite retrievals: WRF-Chem simulations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150229. [PMID: 34798748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of PM2.5 in China have caused severe visibility degradation and health problems. However, it is still challenging to accurately predict PM2.5 and its chemical components in numerical models. In this study, we compared the inorganic aerosol components of PM2.5 (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA)) simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model fully coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) model with in-situ data in a heavy haze-fog event during November 2018 in Nanjing, China. Comparisons show that the model underestimates sulfate concentrations by 81% and fails to reproduce the significant increase of sulfate from early morning to noon, which corresponds to the timing of fog dissipation that suggests the model underestimates the aqueous-phase formation of sulfate in clouds. In addition, the model overestimates both nitrate and ammonium concentrations by 184% and 57%, respectively. These overestimates contribute to the simulated SNA being 77.2% higher than observed. However, cloud water content is also underestimated which is a pathway for important aqueous-phase reactions. Therefore, we constrained the simulated cloud water content based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Liquid Water Path observations. Results show that the simulation with MODIS-corrected cloud water content increases the sulfate by a factor of 3, decreases the Normalized Mean Bias (NMB) by 53.5%, and reproduces its diurnal cycle with the peak concentration occurring at noon. The improved sulfate simulation also improves the simulation of nitrate, which decreases the simulated nitrate bias by 134%. Although the simulated ammonium is still higher than the observations, corrected cloud water content leads to a decrease of the modelled bias in SNA from 77.2% to 14.1%. The strong sensitivity of simulated SNA concentration to the cloud water content provides an explanation for the simulated SNA bias. Hence, uncertainties in cloud water content can contribute to model biases in simulating SNA which are less frequently explored from a process-level perspective and can be reduced by constraining the model with satellite observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sha
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Rong Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianqi Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change and Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change and Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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4
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Hilario MRA, Crosbie E, Bañaga PA, Betito G, Braun RA, Cambaliza MO, Corral AF, Cruz MT, Dibb JE, Lorenzo GR, MacDonald AB, Robinson CE, Shook MA, Simpas JB, Stahl C, Winstead E, Ziemba LD, Sorooshian A. Particulate Oxalate-To-Sulfate Ratio as an Aqueous Processing Marker: Similarity Across Field Campaigns and Limitations. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL096520. [PMID: 35136274 PMCID: PMC8819676 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl096520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging aerosol data from multiple airborne and surface-based field campaigns encompassing diverse environmental conditions, we calculate statistics of the oxalate-sulfate mass ratio (median: 0.0217; 95% confidence interval: 0.0154-0.0296; R = 0.76; N = 2,948). Ground-based measurements of the oxalate-sulfate ratio fall within our 95% confidence interval, suggesting the range is robust within the mixed layer for the submicrometer particle size range. We demonstrate that dust and biomass burning emissions can separately bias this ratio toward higher values by at least one order of magnitude. In the absence of these confounding factors, the 95% confidence interval of the ratio may be used to estimate the relative extent of aqueous processing by comparing inferred oxalate concentrations between air masses, with the assumption that sulfate primarily originates from aqueous processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Paola Angela Bañaga
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Grace Betito
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Now at: Healthy Urban Environments Initiative, Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Maria Obiminda Cambaliza
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Andrea F Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Melliza Templonuevo Cruz
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jack E Dibb
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Genevieve Rose Lorenzo
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Claire E Robinson
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - James Bernard Simpas
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edward Winstead
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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5
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Crosbie E, Shook MA, Ziemba LD, Anderson BE, Braun RA, Brown MD, Jordan CE, MacDonald AB, Moore RH, Nowak JB, Robinson CE, Shingler T, Sorooshian A, Stahl C, Thornhill KL, Wiggins EB, Winstead E. Coupling an online ion conductivity measurement with the particle-into-liquid sampler: Evaluation and modeling using laboratory and field aerosol data. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2020; 54:1542-1555. [PMID: 33204049 PMCID: PMC7668158 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2020.1795499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) was coupled to a flow-through conductivity cell to provide a continuous, nondestructive, online measurement in support of offline ion chromatography analysis. The conductivity measurement provides a rapid assessment of the total ion concentration augmenting slower batch-sample data from offline analysis and is developed primarily to assist airborne measurements, where fast time-response is essential. A conductivity model was developed for measured ions and excellent closure was derived for laboratory-generated aerosols (97% conductivity explained, R2 > 0.99). The PILS-conductivity measurement was extensively tested throughout the NASA Cloud, Aerosol and Monsoon Processes: Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex) during nineteen research flights. A diverse range of ambient aerosol was sampled from biomass burning, fresh and aged urban pollution, and marine sources. Ambient aerosol did not exhibit the same degree of closure as the laboratory aerosol, with measured ions only accountable for 43% of the conductivity. The remaining fraction of the conductivity was examined in combination with ion charge balance and found to provide additional supporting information for diagnosing and modeling particle acidity. An urban plume case study was used to demonstrate the utility of the measurement for supplementing compositional data and augmenting the temporal capability of the PILS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Crosbie
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rachel A. Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Matthew D. Brown
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Carolyn E. Jordan
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexander B. MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - John B. Nowak
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Claire E. Robinson
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - K. Lee Thornhill
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Wiggins
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward Winstead
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
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6
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Song J, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Fu P, Zheng L, Yuan Q, Wang S, Huang X, Xu W, Cao Z, Gromov S, Lai S. Influence of biomass burning on atmospheric aerosols over the western South China Sea: Insights from ions, carbonaceous fractions and stable carbon isotope ratios. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1800-1809. [PMID: 30093156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Total suspended particle (TSP) samples were collected during a cruise campaign over the western South China Sea (SCS) from August to September 2014. Ten water-soluble ions (WSI), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and stable carbon isotope ratios of total carbon (δ13CTC) were measured. The average concentrations of total WSI, OC and EC were 7.91 ± 3.44 μg/m3, 2.04 ± 1.25 μg/m3 and 0.30 ± 0.22 μg/m3, respectively. Among the investigated WSI, sulfate (SO42-), sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) were the most abundant species, accounting for 39.2%, 24.5% and 14.3% of the total mass of the WSI, respectively. Significantly positive correlations of OC and EC with non-sea-salt potassium (nss-K+), a tracer for biomass burning, suggest that biomass burning is the major source of carbonaceous aerosols. The values of δ13CTC ranged from -26.6‰ to -24.4‰ with an average of -25.3 ± 0.7‰. Based on the literature data of δ13CTC, back-trajectory analysis and satellite fire spots, we propose that C3 plant burning in Southeast Asia significantly contributes to carbonaceous aerosols over the western SCS. This is also supported by a good correlation between δ13CTC and the mass ratios of nss-K+/TC. Furthermore, high Cl- depletion (73 ± 23%) was observed in the aerosols over the western SCS. Given the neutralization of SO42- by ammonium (NH4+), excess nss-SO42- and oxalate (C2O42-) made major contributions to Cl- depletion in the samples strongly influenced by biomass burning. This study provides useful information to better understand the influence of biomass burning on atmospheric aerosols over the SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Environment Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lishan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiang Cao
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sergey Gromov
- Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Senchao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Crosbie E, Brown MD, Shook M, Ziemba L, Moore RH, Shingler T, Winstead E, Lee Thornhill K, Robinson C, MacDonald AB, Dadashazar H, Sorooshian A, Beyersdorf A, Eugene A, Collett J, Straub D, Anderson B. Development and characterization of a high-efficiency, aircraft-based axial cyclone cloud water collector. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2018; 11:5025-5048. [PMID: 33868504 PMCID: PMC8051007 DOI: 10.5194/amt-11-5025-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new aircraft-mounted probe for collecting samples of cloud water has been designed, fabricated, and extensively tested. Following previous designs, the probe uses inertial separation to remove cloud droplets from the airstream, which are subsequently collected and stored for offline analysis. We report details of the design, operation, and modelled and measured probe performance. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to understand the flow patterns around the complex interior geometrical features that were optimized to ensure efficient droplet capture. CFD simulations coupled with particle tracking and multiphase surface transport modelling provide detailed estimates of the probe performance across the entire range of flight operating conditions and sampling scenarios. Physical operation of the probe was tested on a Lockheed C-130 Hercules (fuselage mounted) and de Havilland Twin Otter (wing pylon mounted) during three airborne field campaigns. During C-130 flights on the final field campaign, the probe reflected the most developed version of the design and a median cloud water collection rate of 4.5 mL min-1 was achieved. This allowed samples to be collected over 1-2 min under optimal cloud conditions. Flights on the Twin Otter featured an inter-comparison of the new probe with a slotted-rod collector, which has an extensive airborne campaign legacy. Comparison of trace species concentrations showed good agreement between collection techniques, with absolute concentrations of most major ions agreeing within 30 %, over a range of several orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Matthew D. Brown
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Michael Shook
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | | | - Taylor Shingler
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Edward Winstead
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - K. Lee Thornhill
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Claire Robinson
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Alexander B. MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Andreas Beyersdorf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Alexis Eugene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jeffrey Collett
- Atmospheric Science Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Derek Straub
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
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8
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Fahey KM, Carlton AG, Pye HOT, Baek J, Hutzell WT, Stanier CO, Baker KR, Appel KW, Jaoui M, Offenberg JH. A framework for expanding aqueous chemistry in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.1. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 10:1587-1605. [PMID: 30147851 PMCID: PMC6104655 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-10-1587-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development and implementation of an extendable aqueous-phase chemistry option (AQCHEM -KMT(I)) for the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system, version 5.1. Here, the Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP), version 2.2.3, is used to generate a Rosenbrock solver (Rodas3) to integrate the stiff system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that describe the mass transfer, chemical kinetics, and scavenging processes of CMAQ clouds. CMAQ's standard cloud chemistry module (AQCHEM) is structurally limited to the treatment of a simple chemical mechanism. This work advances our ability to test and implement more sophisticated aqueous chemical mechanisms in CMAQ and further investigate the impacts of microphysical parameters on cloud chemistry. Box model cloud chemistry simulations were performed to choose efficient solver and tolerance settings, evaluate the implementation of the KPP solver, and assess the direct impacts of alternative solver and kinetic mass transfer on predicted concentrations for a range of scenarios. Month-long CMAQ simulations for winter and summer periods over the US reveal the changes in model predictions due to these cloud module updates within the full chemical transport model. While monthly average CMAQ predictions are not drastically altered between AQCHEM and AQCHEM-KMT, hourly concentration differences can be significant. With added in-cloud secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biogenic epoxides (AQCHEM-KMTI), normalized mean error and bias statistics are slightly improved for 2-methyltetrols and 2-methylglyceric acid at the Research Triangle Park measurement site in North Carolina during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) period. The added in-cloud chemistry leads to a monthly average increase of 11-18 % in "cloud" SOA at the surface in the eastern United States for June 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Fahey
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jaemeen Baek
- formerly at: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - William T. Hutzell
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Charles O. Stanier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kirk R. Baker
- Air Quality Assessment Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K. Wyat Appel
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mohammed Jaoui
- Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John H. Offenberg
- Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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9
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Li PH, Wang Y, Li T, Sun L, Yi X, Guo LQ, Su RH. Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols at Mount Lu in South China: implication for secondary organic carbon formation and long-range transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14189-14199. [PMID: 25966886 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the sources and potential formation processes of atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols in South China, fine particle samples were collected at a high-elevation mountain site--Mount Lu (29°35' N, 115°59' E, 1165 m A.S.L.) during August-September, 2011. Eight carbonaceous fractions from particles were resolved following the IMPROVE thermal/optical reflectance protocol. During the observation campaign, the daily concentrations of PM2.5 at Mount Lu ranged from 7.69 to 116.39 μg/m(3), with an average of 58.76 μg/m(3). The observed average organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations in PM2.5 were 3.78 and 1.28 μg/m(3), respectively. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentration, estimated by EC-tracer method, was 2.07 μg/m(3) on average, accounting for 45.0% of the total OC. The enhancement of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation was observed during cloud/fog processing, and heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reactions may have contributed to SOA formation as well. Back trajectory analysis indicated that air masses were mainly sourced from southern China during observation period, and this air mass source was featured by highest values of OC and effective carbon ratio (ECR). Relation of carbonaceous species and principal component analysis indicated that multiple sources contributed to the carbonaceous aerosols at Mount Lu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-hui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China,
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Ervens B. Modeling the processing of aerosol and trace gases in clouds and fogs. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4157-98. [PMID: 25898144 DOI: 10.1021/cr5005887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ervens
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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Polkowska Ż, Błaś M, Lech D, Namieśnik J. Study of Cloud Water Samples Collected over Northern Poland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:328-37. [PMID: 25602567 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.05.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The paper gives the results of the first studies on the chemistry of cloud water collected during 3 mo (Aug.-Oct. 2010) in the free atmosphere over the area to the south of the Tri-City (Gdansk-Sopot-Gdynia) conurbation on the Gulf of Gdansk, Poland. Taken from cumulus, stratus, and stratocumulus clouds by means of an aircraft-mounted collector, the water samples were analyzed for the following contaminants: anions (chlorides, fluorides, nitrates, sulfates, and phosphates), cations (lithium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, and magnesium), and trace metals. In addition, pH values were measured, and the type and composition of suspended particulate matter was determined. We discuss the relationship between the concentration of inorganic ions and the type of cloud from which water was sampled. The chemistry is also likely related to the circulation pattern and inflow of clean air masses from the Baltic Sea. Moreover, a relationship was found between the composition of the samples examined and the location of pollutant emission sources.
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Sorooshian A, Wang Z, Coggon MM, Jonsson HH, Ervens B. Observations of sharp oxalate reductions in stratocumulus clouds at variable altitudes: organic acid and metal measurements during the 2011 E-PEACE campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7747-56. [PMID: 23786214 DOI: 10.1021/es4012383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work examines organic acid and metal concentrations in northeastern Pacific Ocean stratocumulus cloudwater samples collected by the CIRPAS Twin Otter between July and August 2011. Correlations between a suite of various monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acid concentrations are consistent with documented aqueous-phase mechanistic relationships leading up to oxalate production. Monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids exhibited contrasting spatial profiles reflecting their different sources; the former were higher in concentration near the continent due to fresh organic emissions. Concentrations of sea salt crustal tracer species, oxalate, and malonate were positively correlated with low-level wind speed suggesting that an important route for oxalate and malonate entry in cloudwater is via some combination of association with coarse particles and gaseous precursors emitted from the ocean surface. Three case flights show that oxalate (and no other organic acid) concentrations drop by nearly an order of magnitude relative to samples in the same vicinity. A consistent feature in these cases was an inverse relationship between oxalate and several metals (Fe, Mn, K, Na, Mg, Ca), especially Fe. By means of box model studies we show that the loss of oxalate due to the photolysis of iron oxalato complexes is likely a significant oxalate sink in the study region due to the ubiquity of oxalate precursors, clouds, and metal emissions from ships, the ocean, and continental sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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Abstract
The study of organic chemistry in atmospheric aerosols and cloud formation is of interest in predictions of air quality and climate change. It is now known that aqueous phase chemistry is important in the formation of secondary organic aerosols. Here, the photoreactivity of pyruvic acid (PA; CH3COCOOH) is investigated in aqueous environments characteristic of atmospheric aerosols. PA is currently used as a proxy for α-dicarbonyls in atmospheric models and is abundant in both the gas phase and the aqueous phase (atmospheric aerosols, fog, and clouds) in the atmosphere. The photoreactivity of PA in these phases, however, is very different, thus prompting the need for a mechanistic understanding of its reactivity in different environments. Although the decarboxylation of aqueous phase PA through UV excitation has been studied for many years, its mechanism and products remain controversial. In this work, photolysis of aqueous PA is shown to produce acetoin (CH3CHOHCOCH3), lactic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and oligomers, illustrating the progression from a three-carbon molecule to four-carbon and even six-carbon molecules through direct photolysis. These products are detected using vibrational and electronic spectroscopy, NMR, and MS, and a reaction mechanism is presented accounting for all products detected. The relevance of sunlight-initiated PA chemistry in aqueous environments is then discussed in the context of processes occurring on atmospheric aerosols.
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