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Hu Q, Ji X, Hong Q, Li J, Li Q, Ou J, Liu H, Xing C, Tan W, Chen J, Chang B, Liu C. Vertical Evolution of Ozone Formation Sensitivity Based on Synchronous Vertical Observations of Ozone and Proxies for Its Precursors: Implications for Ozone Pollution Prevention Strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4291-4301. [PMID: 38385161 PMCID: PMC10919071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical ozone (O3) formation in the atmospheric boundary layer occurs at both the surface and elevated altitudes. Therefore, the O3 formation sensitivity is needed to be evaluated at different altitudes before formulating an effective O3 pollution prevention and control strategy. Herein, we explore the vertical evolution of O3 formation sensitivity via synchronous observations of the vertical profiles of O3 and proxies for its precursors, formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), using multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) in urban areas of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions in China. The sensitivity thresholds indicated by the HCHO/NO2 ratio (FNR) varied with altitude. The VOC-limited regime dominated at the ground level, whereas the contribution of the NOx-limited regime increased with altitude, particularly on heavily polluted days. The NOx-limited and transition regimes played more important roles throughout the entire boundary layer than at the surface. The feasibility of extreme NOx reduction to mitigate the extent of the O3 pollution was evaluated using the FNR-O3 curve. Based on the surface sensitivity, the critical NOx reduction percentage for the transition from a VOC-limited to a NOx-limited regime is 45-72%, which will decrease to 27-61% when vertical evolution is considered. With the combined effects of clean air action and carbon neutrality, O3 pollution in the YRD and PRD regions will transition to the NOx-limited regime before 2030 and be mitigated with further NOx reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihou Hu
- Key
Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute
of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiangguang Ji
- Information
Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Qianqian Hong
- School
of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Institute
of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Qihua Li
- Institute
of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jinping Ou
- The
Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of
Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Institute
of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chengzhi Xing
- Key
Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute
of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Key
Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute
of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bowen Chang
- Institute
of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute
of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Department
of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Center
for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Key
Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher
Education Institutes, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Pei J, Liu P, Feng Z, Chang M, Wang J, Fang H, Wang L, Huang B. Long-term trajectory of ozone impact on maize and soybean yields in the United States: A 40-year spatial-temporal analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123407. [PMID: 38244900 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the long-term change trends of ozone-induced yield losses is crucial for formulating strategies to alleviate ozone damaging effects, aiming towards achieving the Zero Hunger Sustainable Development Goal. Despite a wealth of experimental research indicating that ozone's influence on agricultural production exhibits marked fluctuations and differs significantly across various geographical locations, previous studies using global statistical models often failed to capture this spatial-temporal variability, leading to uncertainties in ozone impact estimation. To address this issue, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the spatial-temporal variability of ozone impacts on maize and soybean yields in the United States (1981-2021) using a geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model. Our results revealed that over the past four decades, ozone pollution has led to average yield losses of -3.5% for maize and -6.1% for soybean, translating into an annual economic loss of approximately $2.6 billion. Interestingly, despite an overall downward trend in ozone impacts on crop yields following the implementation of stringent ozone emission control measures in 1997, our study identified distinct peaks of abnormally high yield reduction rates in drought years. Significant spatial heterogeneity was detected in ozone impacts across the study area, with ozone damage hotspots located in the Southeast Region and the Mississippi River Basin for maize and soybean, respectively. Furthermore, we discovered that hydrothermal factors modulate crop responses to ozone, with maize showing an inverted U-shaped yield loss trend with temperature increases, while soybean demonstrated an upward trend. Both crops experienced amplified ozone-induced yield losses with rising precipitation. Overall, our study highlights the necessity of incorporating spatiotemporal variability into assessments of crop yield losses attributable to ozone pollution. The insights garnered from our findings can contribute to the formulation of region-specific pollutant emission policies, based on the distinct profiles of ozone-induced agricultural damage across different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pei
- School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring in Tropical and Subtropical Area of South China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Pengyu Liu
- School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Ming Chang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Huajun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; The Zhongke-Ji'an Institute for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Ji'an, 343000, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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3
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Aron PG, Li S, Brooks JR, Welker JM, Levin NE. Seasonal Variations in Triple Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Precipitation in the Western and Central United States. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND PALEOCLIMATOLOGY 2023; 38:10.1029/2022pa004458. [PMID: 37990699 PMCID: PMC10659079 DOI: 10.1029/2022pa004458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Triple oxygen isotope ratios Δ ' 17 O offer new opportunities to improve reconstructions of past climate by quantifying evaporation, relative humidity, and diagenesis in geologic archives. However, the utility of Δ ' 17 O in paleoclimate applications is hampered by a limited understanding of how precipitation Δ ' 7 O values vary across time and space. To improve applications of Δ ' 17 O , we present δ 18 O , d-excess, and Δ ' 17 O data from 26 precipitation sites in the western and central United States and three streams from the Willamette River Basin in western Oregon. In this data set, we find that precipitation Δ ' 17 O tracks evaporation but appears insensitive to many controls that govern variation in δ 18 O , including Rayleigh distillation, elevation, latitude, longitude, and local precipitation amount. Seasonality has a large effect on Δ ' 17 O variation in the data set and we observe higher seasonally amount-weighted average precipitation Δ ' 17 O values in the winter (40 ± 15 per meg [± standard deviation]) than in the summer (18 ± 18 per meg). This seasonal precipitation Δ ' 17 O variability likely arises from a combination of sub-cloud evaporation, atmospheric mixing, moisture recycling, sublimation, and/or relative humidity, but the data set is not well suited to quantitatively assess isotopic variability associated with each of these processes. The seasonal Δ ' 17 O pattern, which is absent in d-excess and opposite in sign from δ 18 O , appears in other data sets globally; it showcases the influence of seasonality on Δ ' 17 O values of precipitation and highlights the need for further systematic studies to understand variation in Δ ' 17 O values of precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Aron
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Now at Hazen and Sawyer, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S. Li
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - J. R. Brooks
- Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - J. M. Welker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK, USA
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- University of the Arctic (UArctic), Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - N. E. Levin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Borhani F, Shafiepour Motlagh M, Ehsani AH, Rashidi Y, Ghahremanloo M, Amani M, Moghimi A. Current Status and Future Forecast of Short-lived Climate-Forced Ozone in Tehran, Iran, derived from Ground-Based and Satellite Observations. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2023; 234:134. [PMID: 36819757 PMCID: PMC9930078 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-023-06138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the distribution and alterations of ozone concentrations in Tehran, Iran, in 2021 were investigated. The impacts of precursors (i.e., CO, NO2, and NO) on ozone were examined using the data collected over 12 months (i.e., January 2021 to December 2021) from 21 stations of the Air Quality Control Company (AQCC). The results of monthly heat mapping of tropospheric ozone concentrations indicated the lowest value in December and the highest value in July. The lowest and highest seasonal concentrations were in winter and summer, respectively. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between ozone and its precursors. The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method was then implemented to obtain air pollution zoning maps. Then, ozone concentration modeled by the IDW method was compared with the average monthly change of total column density of ozone derived from Sentinel-5 satellite data in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. A good agreement was discovered despite the harsh circumstances that both ground-based and satellite measurements were subjected to. The results obtained from both datasets showed that the west of the city of Tehran had the highest averaged O3 concentration. In this study, the status of the concentration of ozone precursors and tropospheric ozone in 2022 was also predicted. For this purpose, the Box-Jenkins Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) approach was implemented to predict the monthly air quality parameters. Overall, it was observed that the SARIMA approach was an efficient tool for forecasting air quality. Finally, the results showed that the trends of ozone obtained from terrestrial and satellite observations throughout 2021 were slightly different due to the contribution of the tropospheric ozone precursor concentration and meteorology conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Borhani
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6135 Iran
| | - Majid Shafiepour Motlagh
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6135 Iran
| | - Amir Houshang Ehsani
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6135 Iran
| | - Yousef Rashidi
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghahremanloo
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004 USA
| | - Meisam Amani
- Wood Environment and Infrastructure Solutions, Ottawa, ON K2E 7L5 Canada
| | - Armin Moghimi
- Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, K. N Iran
- Institute of Photogrammetry and GeoInformation, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Li J, Kohno N, Sakamoto Y, Pham HG, Murano K, Sato K, Nakayama T, Kajii Y. Potential Factors Contributing to Ozone Production in AQUAS-Kyoto Campaign in Summer 2020: Natural Source-Related Missing OH Reactivity and Heterogeneous HO 2/RO 2 Loss. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12926-12936. [PMID: 36069610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study presents total OH reactivity, ancillary trace species, HO2 reactivity, and complex isoprene-derived RO2 reactivity due to ambient aerosols measured during the air quality study (AQUAS)-Kyoto campaign in September, 2020. Observations were conducted during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic (associated with reduced anthropogenic emissions). The spatial distribution of missing OH reactivity highlights that the origin of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be from natural-emission areas. For the first time, the real-time loss rates of HO2 and RO2 onto ambient aerosols were measured continuously and alternately. Ozone production sensitivity was investigated considering unknown trace species and heterogeneous loss effects of XO2 (≡HO2 + RO2) radicals. Missing OH reactivity enhanced the ozone production potential by a factor of 2.5 on average. Heterogeneous loss of radicals could markedly suppress ozone production under low NO/NOx conditions with slow gas-phase reactions of radicals and change the ozone regime from VOC- to NOx-sensitive conditions. This study quantifies the relationship of missing OH reactivity and aerosol uptake of radicals with ozone production in Kyoto, a low-emission suburban area. The result has implications for future NOx-reduction policies. Further studies may benefit from the combination of chemical transport models and inverse modeling over a wide spatiotemporal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru Li
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Regional Environment Conservation Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Nanase Kohno
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Regional Environment Conservation Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
| | - Huy Gia Pham
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Murano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Regional Environment Conservation Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakayama
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Kajii
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Regional Environment Conservation Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
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6
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Mathur R, Kang D, Napelenok SL, Xing J, Hogrefe C, Sarwar G, Itahashi S, Henderson BH. How have Divergent Global Emission Trends Influenced Long-range Transported Ozone to North America? JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:0. [PMID: 36275858 PMCID: PMC9580341 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd036926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Several locations across the United States in non-compliance with the national standard for ground-level ozone (O3) are thought to have sizeable influences from distant extra-regional emission sources or natural stratospheric O3, which complicates design of local emission control measures. To quantify the amount of long-range transported O3 (LRT O3), its origin, and change over time, we conduct and analyze detailed sensitivity calculations characterizing the response of O3 to emissions from different source regions across the Northern Hemisphere in conjunction with multi-decadal simulations of tropospheric O3 distributions and changes. Model calculations show that the amount of O3 at any location attributable to sources outside North America varies both spatially and seasonally. On a seasonal-mean basis, during 1990-2010, LRT O3 attributable to international sources steadily increased by 0.06-0.2 ppb yr-1 at locations across the United States and arose from superposition of unequal and contrasting trends in individual source-region contributions, which help inform attribution of the trend evident in O3 measurements. Contributions of emissions from Europe steadily declined through 2010, while those from Asian emissions increased and remained dominant. Steadily rising NOx emissions from international shipping resulted in increasing contributions to LRT O3, comparable to those from Asian emissions in recent years. Central American emissions contribute a significant fraction of LRT O3 in southwestern United States. In addition to the LRT O3 attributable to emissions outside of North America, background O3 across the continental United States is comprised of a sizeable and spatially variable fraction that is of stratospheric origin (29-78%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Daiwen Kang
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Sergey L. Napelenok
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Syuichi Itahashi
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Japan
| | - Barron H. Henderson
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
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Davey RL, Mattson EJ, Huffman JA. Heterogeneous nitration reaction of BSA protein with urban air: improvements in experimental methodology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4347-4358. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Chen W, Wang W, Jia S, Mao J, Yan F, Zheng L, Wu Y, Zhang X, Dong Y, Kong L, Zhong B, Chang M, Shao M, Wang X. A New Index Developed for Fast Diagnosis of Meteorological Roles in Ground-Level Ozone Variations. ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2022; 39:403-414. [PMID: 35079193 PMCID: PMC8773386 DOI: 10.1007/s00376-021-1257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED China experienced worsening ground-level ozone (O3) pollution from 2013 to 2019. In this study, meteorological parameters, including surface temperature (T 2 ), solar radiation (SW), and wind speed (WS), were classified into two aspects, (1) Photochemical Reaction Condition (PRC = T 2 × SW) and (2) Physical Dispersion Capacity (PDC = WS). In this way, a Meteorology Synthetic Index (MSI = PRC/PDC) was developed for the quantification of meteorology-induced ground-level O3 pollution. The positive linear relationship between the 90th percentile of MDA8 (maximum daily 8-h average) O3 concentration and MSI determined that the contribution of meteorological changes to ground-level O-3 varied on a latitudinal gradient, decreasing from ∼40% in southern China to 10%-20% in northern China. Favorable photochemical reaction conditions were more important for ground-level O3 pollution. This study proposes a universally applicable index for fast diagnosis of meteorological roles in ground-level O3 variability, which enables the assessment of the observed effects of precursor emissions reductions that can be used for designing future control policies. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s00376-021-1257-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Chen
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Weiwen Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Shiguo Jia
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Jingying Mao
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Fenghua Yan
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Lianming Zheng
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Yongkang Wu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Xingteng Zhang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Yutong Dong
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Lingbin Kong
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Buqing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Ming Chang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Min Shao
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
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9
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Trends and Variability of Ozone Pollution over the Mountain-Basin Areas in Sichuan Province during 2013–2020: Synoptic Impacts and Formation Regimes. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12121557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sichuan Province, the most industrialized and populated region in southwestern China, has been experiencing severe ozone pollution in the boreal warm season (April–September). With a surface ozone monitoring network and reanalysis dataset, we find that nearly all cities in Sichuan Province showed positive increasing trends in the warm-season ozone levels. The warm-season daily maximum 8-h average (MDA8) ozone levels increased by 2.0 ppb (4.8%) year−1 as a whole, with slightly larger trends in some sites such as a site in Zigong (5.2 ppb year−1). Seasonally, the monthly ozone level in Sichuan peaks from May to August (varies with year). The predominant warm-season synoptic patterns were objectively identified based on concurrent hourly meteorological fields from ERA5. High-pressure systems promote ozone production and result in high ozone concentrations, due to strong solar radiation as well as hot and dry atmospheric conditions. The increased occurrence of high-pressure patterns probably drives the ozone increase in Sichuan. When ozone pollution is relatively weak (with MDA8 ozone around 170 μg m−3), the air quality standard could be achieved in the short term by a 25% reduction of NOx and VOCs emissions. Strengthened emission control is needed when ozone pollution is more severe. Our study provides implications for effective emission control of ozone pollution in Sichuan.
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Yan Q, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Li J. Summertime Clean-Background Ozone Concentrations Derived from Ozone Precursor Relationships are Lower than Previous Estimates in the Southeast United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12852-12861. [PMID: 34546042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Background ozone in this study is defined as the amount of ozone that is not affected by the emissions of ozone precursors in the region of study and is transported from the distant troposphere or the stratosphere. It is one of the factors that must be considered in regional ozone control strategies. Different methods have been applied to define the background ozone level. We develop a new method based on the O3-CO-HCHO relationships, which can be applied to both observation and modeling data for regions with high isoprene emission ozone, such as the Southeast United States. We make use of the extensive aircraft and surface observations in the Southeast in the summer of 2013. Compared to the diagnostic results using the relationship of O3-NOz (total reactive nitrogen excluding nitrogen oxides), zero-emission (model-only), and 5th percentile methods, the new method is most consistent using observation or model data and the resulting background ozone concentrations are 4-50% lower than the other methods for field campaigns. Using this method, we find that the summertime background ozone at the surface is in the range of 10-15 ppbv in the inland areas of the Southeast, which is lower than that reported in previous studies. This background ozone tends to increase from urban centers to rural regions and from the surface to higher altitude due to changing ozone lifetime driven by anthropogenic emissions and dry deposition to the surface. The better quantification of background ozone using the new method highlights the importance of the contributions by natural emissions to ozone and the necessity to control anthropogenic emissions in ozone nonattainment areas of the Southeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Yan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ye Cheng
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jianfeng Li
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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11
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Observed Relationship between Ozone and Temperature for Urban Nonattainment Areas in the United States. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the observed relationship between ozone (O3) and temperature using data from 1995 to 2020 at 20 cities across the United States (U.S.) that exceed the O3 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). The median slope of the O3 versus temperature relationship decreased from 2.8 to 1.5 parts per billion per degrees Celsius (ppb °C−1) in the eastern U.S., 2.2 to 1.3 ppb °C−1 in the midwestern U.S., and 1.7 to 1.1 ppb °C−1 in the western U.S. O3 in the eastern and midwestern U.S. has become less correlated with temperature due to emission controls. In the western U.S., O3 concentrations have declined more slowly and the correlation between O3 and temperature has changed negligibly due to the effects of high background O3 and wildfire smoke. This implies that meeting the O3 NAAQS in the western U.S. will be more challenging compared with other parts of the country.
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12
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Robinson MA, Decker ZCJ, Barsanti KC, Coggon MM, Flocke FM, Franchin A, Fredrickson CD, Gilman JB, Gkatzelis GI, Holmes CD, Lamplugh A, Lavi A, Middlebrook AM, Montzka DM, Palm BB, Peischl J, Pierce B, Schwantes RH, Sekimoto K, Selimovic V, Tyndall GS, Thornton JA, Van Rooy P, Warneke C, Weinheimer AJ, Brown SS. Variability and Time of Day Dependence of Ozone Photochemistry in Western Wildfire Plumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10280-10290. [PMID: 34255503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the efficiency and variability of photochemical ozone (O3) production from western wildfire plumes is important to accurately estimate their influence on North American air quality. A set of photochemical measurements were made from the NOAA Twin Otter research aircraft as a part of the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) experiment. We use a zero-dimensional (0-D) box model to investigate the chemistry driving O3 production in modeled plumes. Modeled afternoon plumes reached a maximum O3 mixing ratio of 140 ± 50 ppbv (average ± standard deviation) within 20 ± 10 min of emission compared to 76 ± 12 ppbv in 60 ± 30 min in evening plumes. Afternoon and evening maximum O3 isopleths indicate that plumes were near their peak in NOx efficiency. A radical budget describes the NOx volatile - organic compound (VOC) sensitivities of these plumes. Afternoon plumes displayed a rapid transition from VOC-sensitive to NOx-sensitive chemistry, driven by HOx (=OH + HO2) production from photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) (48 ± 20% of primary HOx) and formaldehyde (HCHO) (26 ± 9%) emitted directly from the fire. Evening plumes exhibit a slower transition from peak NOx efficiency to VOC-sensitive O3 production caused by a reduction in photolysis rates and fire emissions. HOx production in evening plumes is controlled by HONO photolysis (53 ± 7%), HCHO photolysis (18 ± 9%), and alkene ozonolysis (17 ± 9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Zachary C J Decker
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kelley C Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Frank M Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Alessandro Franchin
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Carley D Fredrickson
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Georgios I Gkatzelis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher D Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Avi Lavi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Ann M Middlebrook
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Denise M Montzka
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brad Pierce
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Rebecca H Schwantes
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Vanessa Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Geoffrey S Tyndall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Paul Van Rooy
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Andrew J Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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13
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Craig K, Erdakos G, Chang SY, Baringer L. Air quality and source apportionment modeling of year 2017 ozone episodes in Albuquerque/Bernalillo County, New Mexico. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:1101-1120. [PMID: 32412852 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1764879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Albuquerque/Bernalillo County, New Mexico, is currently in attainment of the 2015 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone (70 ppb), but its ozone design values have increased in recent years. Air quality and source apportionment modeling with the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) was conducted for Albuquerque/Bernalillo County to develop a refined understanding of ozone source apportionment in the region, estimate ozone concentrations in the year 2025 based on projected changes in anthropogenic emissions, and evaluate the sensitivity of future ozone concentrations to various changes in local and non-local emissions. The study focused on two ozone episodes during June and July 2017 when 8-hr average ozone concentrations were greater than 70 ppb. Based on the modeling results, ozone during the June 2017 episode was found to be driven largely by contributions from non-local and regional emissions, whereas ozone during the July 2017 episode was driven more strongly by local emissions from within Albuquerque/Bernalillo County. On high ozone days, anthropogenic emissions from within Albuquerque/Bernalillo County contributed between 8% and 19% (6-14 ppb) of total ozone. Half of this local ozone contribution was from on-road mobile sources. Fire emissions contributed as much as 2 ppb of ozone on a given day. Contributions from large power plants in New Mexico were as large as 1 ppb on a given day but less than 0.5 ppb on most days. Modeled ozone concentrations in Albuquerque/Bernalillo County were also sensitive to emissions from oil and gas emissions in New Mexico. If projected emission reductions by 2025 materialize, these reductions could reduce future peak 8-hr average ozone concentrations by as much as 3-4% compared to 2017 values. Implications: The results of this study have important implications for air quality management in Albuquerque/Bernalillo County. Ozone in Albuquerque/Bernalillo County is the result of local and non-local emissions, is impacted by wildfires, and is sensitive to statewide oil and gas emissions. The magnitude of modeled contributions from anthropogenic emissions within Albuquerque/Bernalillo County is strongly influenced by meteorological conditions, transport pathways, and the presence of wildfire. This modeling is important for understanding the potential effectiveness of local emission controls in Albuquerque/Bernalillo County, and can serve as a basis for testing future regional and local emission control options.
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14
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Pozzer A, Schultz MG, Helmig D. Impact of U.S. Oil and Natural Gas Emission Increases on Surface Ozone Is Most Pronounced in the Central United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12423-12433. [PMID: 32902267 PMCID: PMC7547866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Observations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a surface sampling network and simulation results from the EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy for Atmospheric Chemistry) model were analyzed to assess the impact of increased emissions of VOCs and nitrogen oxides from U.S. oil and natural gas (O&NG) sources on air quality. In the first step, the VOC observations were used to optimize the magnitude and distribution of atmospheric ethane and higher-alkane VOC emissions in the model inventory for the base year 2009. Observation-based increases of the emissions of VOCs and NOx stemming from U.S. oil and natural gas (O&NG) sources during 2009-2014 were then added to the model, and a set of sensitivity runs was conducted for assessing the influence of the increased emissions on summer surface ozone levels. For the year 2014, the added O&NG emissions are predicted to affect surface ozone across a large geographical scale in the United States. These emissions are responsible for an increased number of days when the averaged 8-h ozone values exceed 70 ppb, with the highest sensitivity being in the central and midwestern United States, where most of the O&NG growth has occurred. These findings demonstrate that O&NG emissions significantly affect the air quality across most of the United States, can regionally offset reductions of ozone precursor emissions made in other sectors, and can have a determining influence on a region's ability to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) obligations for ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pozzer
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin G. Schultz
- Jülich
Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Street, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Detlev Helmig
- Institute
of Arctic and Alpine Research, University
of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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15
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Rana MS, Guzman MI. Oxidation of Phenolic Aldehydes by Ozone and Hydroxyl Radicals at the Air–Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8822-8833. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sohel Rana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Marcelo I. Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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16
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Itahashi S, Mathur R, Hogrefe C, Zhang Y. Modeling stratospheric intrusion and trans-Pacific transport on tropospheric ozone using hemispheric CMAQ during April 2010 - Part 1: Model evaluation and air mass characterization for stratosphere-troposphere transport. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:3373-3396. [PMID: 32328089 PMCID: PMC7180063 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-3373-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stratospheric intrusion and trans-Pacific transport have been recognized as a potential source of tropospheric ozone over the US. The state-of-the-science Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system has recently been extended for hemispheric-scale modeling applications (referred to as H-CMAQ). In this study, H-CMAQ is applied to study the stratospheric intrusion and trans-Pacific transport during April 2010. The results will be presented in two companion papers. In this Part 1 paper, model evaluation for tropospheric ozone (O3) is presented. Observations at the surface, by ozonesondes and airplane, and by satellite across the Northern Hemisphere are used to evaluate the model performance for O3. H-CMAQ is able to capture surface and boundary layer (defined as surface to 750hPa) O3 with a normalized mean bias (NMB) of -10%; however, a systematic underestimation with an NMB up to -30% is found in the free troposphere (defined as 750-250hPa). In addition, a new air mass characterization method is developed to distinguish influences of stratosphere-troposphere transport (STT) from the effects of photochemistry on O3 levels. This method is developed based on the ratio of O3 and an inert tracer indicating stratospheric O3 to examine the importance of photochemistry, and sequential intrusion from upper layer. During April 2010, on a monthly average basis, the relationship between surface O3 mixing ratios and estimated stratospheric air masses in the troposphere show a slight negative slope, indicating that high surface O3 values are primarily affected by other factors (i.e., emissions), whereas this relationship shows a slight positive slope at elevated sites, indicating that STT has a possible impact at elevated sites. STT shows large day-to-day variations, and STT impacts can either originate from the same air mass over the entire US with an eastward movement found during early April, or stem from different air masses at different locations indicated during late April. Based on this newly established air mass characterization technique, this study can contribute to understanding the role of STT and also the implied importance of emissions leading to high surface O3. Further research focused on emissions is discussed in a subsequent paper (Part 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuichi Itahashi
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270–1194, Japan
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences (MEAS), North Carolina State University (NCSU), Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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17
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Kang D, Mathur R, Pouliot GA, Gilliam RC, Wong DC. Significant ground-level ozone attributed to lightning-induced nitrogen oxides during summertime over the Mountain West States. NPJ CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE 2020; 3:6. [PMID: 32181370 PMCID: PMC7075249 DOI: 10.1038/s41612-020-0108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Using lightning flash data from the National Lightning Detection Network with an updated lightning nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission estimation algorithm in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, we estimate the hourly variations in lightning NOx emissions for the summer of 2011 and simulate its impact on distributions of tropospheric ozone (O3) across the continental United States. We find that typical summer-time lightning activity across the U.S. Mountain West States (MWS) injects NOx emissions comparable to those from anthropogenic sources into the troposphere over the region. Comparison of two model simulation cases with and without lightning NOx emissions show that significant amount of ground-level O3 in the MWS during the summer can be attributed to the lightning NOX emissions. The simulated surface-level O3 from a model configuration incorporating lightning NOx emissions showed better agreement with the observed values than the model configuration without lightning NOx emissions. The time periods of significant reduction in bias in simulated O3 between these two cases strongly correlate with the time periods when lightning activity occurred in the region. The inclusion of lightning NOx increased daily maximum 8 h O3 by up to 17 ppb and improved model performance relative to measured surface O3 mixing ratios in the MWS region. Analysis of model results in conjunction with lidar measurements at Boulder, Colorado during July 2014 corroborated similar impacts of lightning NOx emissions on O3 emissions estimated for other summers is comparable to the 2011 air quality. The magnitude of lightning NOx estimates suggesting that summertime surface-level O3 levels in the MWS region could be significantly influenced by lightning NOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiwen Kang
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - George A. Pouliot
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert C. Gilliam
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David C. Wong
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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18
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Liu P, Hogrefe C, Im U, Christensen JH, Bieser J, Nopmongcol U, Yarwood G, Mathur R, Roselle S, Spero T. Attributing differences in the fate of lateral boundary ozone in AQMEII3 models to physical process representations. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:17157-17175. [PMID: 31396266 PMCID: PMC6687296 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-17157-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing emphasis has been placed on characterizing the contributions and the uncertainties of ozone imported from outside the US. In chemical transport models (CTMs), the ozone transported through lateral boundaries (referred to as LB ozone hereafter) undergoes a series of physical and chemical processes in CTMs, which are important sources of the uncertainty in estimating the impact of LB ozone on ozone levels at the surface. By implementing inert tracers for LB ozone, the study seeks to better understand how differing representations of physical processes in regional CTMs may lead to differences in the simulated LB ozone that eventually reaches the surface across the US. For all the simulations in this study (including WRF/CMAQ, WRF/CAMx, COSMO-CLM/CMAQ, and WRF/DEHM), three chemically inert tracers that generally represent the altitude ranges of the planetary boundary layer (BC1), free troposphere (BC2), and upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (BC3) are tracked to assess the simulated impact of LB specification. Comparing WRF/CAMx with WRF/CMAQ, their differences in vertical grid structure explain 10 %-60 % of their seasonally averaged differences in inert tracers at the surface. Vertical turbulent mixing is the primary contributor to the remaining differences in inert tracers across the US in all seasons. Stronger vertical mixing in WRF/CAMx brings more BC2 downward, leading to higher BCT (BCT = BC1+BC2+BC3) and BC2/BCT at the surface in WRF/CAMx. Meanwhile, the differences in inert tracers due to vertical mixing are partially counteracted by their difference in sub-grid cloud mixing over the southeastern US and the Gulf Coast region during summer. The process of dry deposition adds extra gradients to the spatial distribution of the differences in DM8A BCT by 5-10 ppb during winter and summer. COSMO-CLM/CMAQ and WRF/CMAQ show similar performance in inert tracers both at the surface and aloft through most seasons, which suggests similarity between the two models at process level. The largest difference is found in summer. Sub-grid cloud mixing plays a primary role in their differences in inert tracers over the southeastern US and the oceans in summer. Our analysis of the vertical profiles of inert tracers also suggests that the model differences in dry deposition over certain regions are offset by the model differences in vertical turbulent mixing, leading to small differences in inert tracers at the surface in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- NRC Research Associate, in the National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Ulas Im
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jesper H. Christensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Johannes Bieser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | | | - Greg Yarwood
- Ramboll, 7250 Redwood Boulevard, Suite 105, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Shawn Roselle
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Tanya Spero
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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19
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Astitha M, Kioutsioukis I, Fisseha GA, Bianconi R, Bieser J, Christensen JH, Cooper OR, Galmarini S, Hogrefe C, Im U, Johnson B, Liu P, Nopmongcol U, Petropavlovskikh I, Solazzo E, Tarasick DW, Yarwood G. Seasonal ozone vertical profiles over North America using the AQMEII3 group of air quality models: model inter-comparison and stratospheric intrusions. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:13925-13945. [PMID: 30800155 PMCID: PMC6382018 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-13925-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates simulated vertical ozone profiles produced in the framework of the third phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII3) against ozonesonde observations in North America for the year 2010. Four research groups from the United States (US) and Europe have provided modeled ozone vertical profiles to conduct this analysis. Because some of the modeling systems differ in their meteorological drivers, wind speed and temperature are also included in the analysis. In addition to the seasonal ozone profile evaluation for 2010, we also analyze chemically inert tracers designed to track the influence of lateral boundary conditions on simulated ozone profiles within the modeling domain. Finally, cases of stratospheric ozone intrusions during May-June 2010 are investigated by analyzing ozonesonde measurements and the corresponding model simulations at Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) experiment sites in the western United States. The evaluation of the seasonal ozone profiles reveals that, at a majority of the stations, ozone mixing ratios are underestimated in the 1-6 km range. The seasonal change noted in the errors follows the one seen in the variance of ozone mixing ratios, with the majority of the models exhibiting less variability than the observations. The analysis of chemically inert tracers highlights the importance of lateral boundary conditions up to 250 hPa for the lower-tropospheric ozone mixing ratios (0-2 km). Finally, for the stratospheric intrusions, the models are generally able to reproduce the location and timing of most intrusions but underestimate the magnitude of the maximum mixing ratios in the 2-6 km range and overestimate ozone up to the first kilometer possibly due to marine air influences that are not accurately described by the models. The choice of meteorological driver appears to be a greater predictor of model skill in this altitude range than the choice of air quality model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Astitha
- University of Connecticut, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Storrs, CT 06269-3037, USA
| | | | - Ghezae Araya Fisseha
- University of Connecticut, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Storrs, CT 06269-3037, USA
| | | | - Johannes Bieser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), National Aeronautics and Space Center, Weßling, Germany
| | - Jesper H. Christensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Owen R. Cooper
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | | | - Christian Hogrefe
- Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ulas Im
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bryan Johnson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- NRC Fellowship Participant at Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Irina Petropavlovskikh
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - David W. Tarasick
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg Yarwood
- Ramboll, 773 San Marin Dr., Suite 2115, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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20
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Mathur R, Hogrefe C, Hakami A, Zhao S, Szykman J, Hagler G. A Call for an Aloft Air Quality Monitoring Network: Need, Feasibility, and Potential Value. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10903-10908. [PMID: 30180558 PMCID: PMC6261453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Changing precursor emission patterns in conjunction with stringent health protective air quality standards necessitate accurate quantification of nonlocal contributions to ozone pollution at a location due to atmospheric transport, that by nature predominantly occurs aloft nocturnally. Concerted efforts to characterize ozone aloft on a continuous basis to quantify its contribution to ground-level concentrations, however, are lacking. By applying our classical understanding of air pollution dynamics to analyze variations in widespread surface-level ozone measurements, in conjunction with process-based interpretation from a comprehensive air pollution modeling system and detailed backward-sensitivity calculations that quantitatively link surface-level and aloft pollution, we show that accurate quantification of the amount of ozone in the air entrained from aloft every morning as the atmospheric boundary layer grows is the key missing component for characterizing background pollution at a location, and we propose a cost-effective continuous aloft ozone measurement strategy to address critical scientific gaps in current air quality management. Continuous aloft air pollution measurements can be achieved cost-effectively through leveraging advances in sensor technology and proliferation of tall telecommunications masts. Resultant improvements in ozone distribution characterization at 400-500 m altitude are estimated to be 3-4 times more effective in characterizing the surface-level daily maximum 8-h average ozone (DM8O3) than improvements from surface measurements since they directly quantify the amount of pollution imported to a location and furnish key missing information on processes and sources regulating background ozone and its modulation of ground-level concentrations. Since >80% of the DM8O3 sensitivity to tropospheric ozone is potentially captured through measurements between 200 and 1200 m altitude (a possible design goal for future remote sensing instrumentation), their assimilation will dramatically improve air quality forecast and health advisories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Amir Hakami
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shunliu Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - James Szykman
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Gayle Hagler
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
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21
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Influence of Cold Fronts on Variability of Daily Surface O3 over the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria Area in Texas USA during 2003–2016. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9050159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Davidson C, Spink D. Alternate approaches for assessing impacts of oil sands development on air quality: A case study using the First Nation Community of Fort McKay. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:308-328. [PMID: 28945508 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1377648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous analyses of continuously measured compounds in Fort McKay, an indigenous community in the Athabasca Oil Sands, have detected increasing concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total hydrocarbons (THC), but not of sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), total reduced sulfur compounds (TRS), or particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm; PM2.5). Yet the community frequently experiences odors, dust, and reduced air quality. The authors used Fort McKay's continuously monitored air quality data (1998-2014) as a case study to assess techniques for air quality analysis that make no assumptions regarding type of change. Linear trend analysis detected increasing concentrations of higher percentiles of NO2, nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), and THC. However, comparisons of all compounds between an early industrial expansion period (1998-2001) and current day (2011-2014) show that concentrations of NO2, SO2, THC, TRS, and PM2.5 have significantly increased, whereas concentrations of O3 are significantly lower. An assessment of the frequency and duration of periods when concentrations of each compound were above a variety of thresholds indicated that the frequency of air quality events is increasing for NO2 and THC. Assessment of change over time with odds ratios of the 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentile concentrations for each compound compared with an estimate of natural background variability showed that concentrations of TRS, SO2, and THC are dynamic, higher than background, and changes are nonlinear and nonmonotonic. An assessment of concentrations as a function of wind direction showed a clear and generally increasing influence of industry on air quality. This work shows that evaluating air quality without assumptions of linearity reveals dynamic changes in air quality in Fort McKay, and that it is increasingly being affected by oil sands operations. IMPLICATIONS Understanding the nature and types of air quality changes occurring in a community or region is essential for the development of appropriate air quality management policies. Time-series trending of air quality data is a common tool for assessing air quality changes and is often used to assess the effectiveness of current emission management programs. The use of this tool, in the context of oil sands development, has significant limitations, and alternate air quality change analysis approaches need to be applied to ensure that the impact of this development on air quality is fully understood so that appropriate emission management actions can be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Spink
- b Pravid St. Albert , St. Albert , Alberta , Canada
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23
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Understanding Long-Term Variations in Surface Ozone in United States (U.S.) National Parks. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term surface ozone observations at 25 National Park Service sites across the United States were analyzed for processes on varying time scales using a time scale decomposition technique, the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD). Time scales of interest include the seasonal cycle, large-scale climate oscillations, and long-term (>10 years) trends. Emission reductions were found to have a greater impact on sites that are nearest major urban areas. Multidecadal trends in surface ozone were increasing at a rate of 0.07 to 0.37 ppbv year−1 before 2004 and decreasing at a rate of −0.08 to −0.60 ppbv year−1 after 2004 for sites in the East, Southern California, and Northwestern Washington. Sites in the Intermountain West did not experience a reversal of trends from positive to negative until the mid- to late 2000s. The magnitude of the annual amplitude (=annual maximum–minimum) decreased at eight sites, two in the West, two in the Intermountain West, and four in the East, by 5–20 ppbv and significantly increased at three sites; one in Alaska, one in the West, and one in the Intermountain West, by 3–4 ppbv. Stronger decreases in the annual amplitude occurred at a greater proportion of sites in the East (4/6 sites) than in the West/Intermountain West (4/19 sites). The date of annual maximums and/or minimums has changed at 12 sites, occurring 10–60 days earlier in the year. There appeared to be a link between the timing of the annual maximum and the decrease in the annual amplitude, which was hypothesized to be related to a decrease in ozone titration resulting from NOx emission reductions. Furthermore, it was found that a phase shift of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), from positive to negative, in 1998–1999 resulted in increased occurrences of La Niña-like conditions. This shift had the effect of directing more polluted air masses from East Asia to higher latitudes over the North American continent. The change in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)/El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) regime influenced surface ozone at an Alaskan site over its nearly 30-year data record.
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24
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Lefohn AS, Malley CS, Smith L, Wells B, Hazucha M, Simon H, Naik V, Mills G, Schultz MG, Paoletti E, De Marco A, Xu X, Zhang L, Wang T, Neufeld HS, Musselman RC, Tarasick D, Brauer M, Feng Z, Tang H, Kobayashi K, Sicard P, Solberg S, Gerosa G. Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research. ELEMENTA (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2018; 1:1. [PMID: 30345319 PMCID: PMC6192432 DOI: 10.1525/elementa.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of spatial and temporal variation in the impacts of ozone on human health, vegetation, and climate requires appropriate metrics. A key component of the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) is the consistent calculation of these metrics at thousands of monitoring sites globally. Investigating temporal trends in these metrics required that the same statistical methods be applied across these ozone monitoring sites. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall test (for significant trends) and the Theil-Sen estimator (for estimating the magnitude of trend) were selected to provide robust methods across all sites. This paper provides the scientific underpinnings necessary to better understand the implications of and rationale for selecting a specific TOAR metric for assessing spatial and temporal variation in ozone for a particular impact. The rationale and underlying research evidence that influence the derivation of specific metrics are given. The form of 25 metrics (4 for model-measurement comparison, 5 for characterization of ozone in the free troposphere, 11 for human health impacts, and 5 for vegetation impacts) are described. Finally, this study categorizes health and vegetation exposure metrics based on the extent to which they are determined only by the highest hourly ozone levels, or by a wider range of values. The magnitude of the metrics is influenced by both the distribution of hourly average ozone concentrations at a site location, and the extent to which a particular metric is determined by relatively low, moderate, and high hourly ozone levels. Hence, for the same ozone time series, changes in the distribution of ozone concentrations can result in different changes in the magnitude and direction of trends for different metrics. Thus, dissimilar conclusions about the effect of changes in the drivers of ozone variability (e.g., precursor emissions) on health and vegetation exposure can result from the selection of different metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher S. Malley
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment
Department, University of York, York, UK
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik,
UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK
| | - Luther Smith
- Alion Science and Technology, Inc., Research
Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Benjamin Wells
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Milan Hazucha
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung
Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, US
| | - Heather Simon
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Vaishali Naik
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory,
Princeton, NJ, US
| | - Gina Mills
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology,
Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection,
National Research Council, Florence, IT
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New
Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, IT
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of
Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing,
CN
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, CN
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, CN
| | | | | | - David Tarasick
- Air Quality Research Division,
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Downsview, ON, CA
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public
Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CA
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN
| | - Haoye Tang
- Institute of Soil Sciences,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, CN
| | - Kazuhiko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JP
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin
Montard BP234, Sophia Antipolis, FR
| | - Sverre Solberg
- Norwegian Institute for Air
Research (NILU), Kjeller, NO
| | - Giacomo Gerosa
- Dipartimento di Matematica
e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia, IT
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25
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Jaff DA, Cooper OR, Fiore AM, Henderson BH, Tonnesen GS, Russell AG, Henze DK, Langford AO, Lin M, Moore T. Scientific assessment of background ozone over the U.S.: Implications for air quality management. ELEMENTA (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2018; 6:56. [PMID: 30364819 PMCID: PMC6198683 DOI: 10.1525/elementa.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a key air pollutant that is produced from precursor emissions and has adverse impacts on human health and ecosystems. In the U.S., the Clean Air Act (CAA) regulates O3 levels to protect public health and welfare, but unraveling the origins of surface O3 is complicated by the presence of contributions from multiple sources including background sources like stratospheric transport, wildfies, biogenic precursors, and international anthropogenic pollution, in addition to U.S. anthropogenic sources. In this report, we consider more than 100 published studies and assess current knowledge on the spatial and temporal distribution, trends, and sources of background O3 over the continental U.S., and evaluate how it inflattainment of the air quality standards. We conclude that spring and summer seasonal mean U.S. background O3 (USB O3), or O3 formed from natural sources plus anthropogenic sources in countries outside the U.S., is greatest at high elevation locations in the western U.S., with monthly mean maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) mole fractions approaching 50 parts per billion (ppb) and annual 4th highest MDA8s exceeding 60 ppb, at some locations. At lower elevation sites, e.g., along the West and East Coasts, seasonal mean MDA8 USB O3 is in the range of 20-40 ppb, with generally smaller contributions on the highest O3 days. The uncertainty in U.S. background O3 is around ±10 ppb for seasonal mean values and higher for individual days. Noncontrollable O3 sources, such as stratospheric intrusions or precursors from wildfires, can make significant contributions to O3 on some days, but it is challenging to quantify accurately these contributions. We recommend enhanced routine observations, focused fi studies, process-oriented modeling studies, and greater emphasis on the complex photochemistry in smoke plumes as key steps to reduce the uncertainty associated with background O3 in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Jaff
- University of Washington, School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Bothell, Washington, US
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, US
| | - Owen R Cooper
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, US
| | - Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, US
| | | | | | - Armistead G Russell
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, US
| | - Daven K Henze
- University of Colorado, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boulder, Colorado, US
| | - Andrew O Langford
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, US
| | - Meiyun Lin
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, US
| | - Tom Moore
- Western States Air Resources (WESTAR) Council and Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP), Fort Collins, Colorado, US
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26
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Shen L, Mickley LJ, Leibensperger EM, Li M. Strong Dependence of U.S. Summertime Air Quality on the Decadal Variability of Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 44:12527-12535. [PMID: 29540941 PMCID: PMC5838547 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl075905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We find that summertime air quality in the eastern U.S. displays strong dependence on North Atlantic sea surface temperatures, resulting from large-scale ocean-atmosphere interactions. Using observations, reanalysis data sets, and climate model simulations, we further identify a multidecadal variability in surface air quality driven by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). In one-half cycle (~35 years) of the AMO from cold to warm phase, summertime maximum daily 8 h ozone concentrations increase by 1-4 ppbv and PM2.5 concentrations increase by 0.3-1.0 μg m-3 over much of the east. These air quality changes are related to warmer, drier, and more stagnant weather in the AMO warm phase, together with anomalous circulation patterns at the surface and aloft. If the AMO shifts to the cold phase in future years, it could partly offset the climate penalty on U.S. air quality brought by global warming, an effect which should be considered in long-term air quality planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Mingwei Li
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
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27
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Shen L, Mickley LJ. Effects of El Niño on summertime ozone air quality in the eastern United States. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 44:12543-12550. [PMID: 29622852 PMCID: PMC5880049 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl076150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of El Niño on maximum daily 8-hour average surface ozone over the eastern United States in summer during 1980-2016. El Niño can influence the extra-tropical climate through the propagation of stationary waves, leading to (1) reduced transport of moist, clean air into the mid- and southern Atlantic states and greater subsidence, reduced precipitation, and increased surface solar radiation in this region, as well as (2) intensified southerly flow into the south central states, which here enhances flux of moist and clean air. As a result, each standard deviation increase in the Niño 1+2 index is associated with an increase of 1-2 ppbv ozone in the Atlantic states and a decrease of 0.5-2 ppbv ozone in the south central states. These influences can be predicted 4 month in advance. We show that U.S. summertime ozone responds differently to eastern-type El Niño events compared to central-type events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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28
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Jaeglé L, Wood R, Wargan K. Multi-year composite view of ozone enhancements and stratosphere-to-troposphere transport in dry intrusions of northern hemisphere extratropical cyclones. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:13436-13457. [PMID: 29479506 PMCID: PMC5823518 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We examine the role of extratropical cyclones in stratosphere-to-troposphere (STT) exchange with cyclone-centric composites of O3 retrievals from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), contrasting them to composites obtained with the Modern-Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA and MERRA-2) reanalyses and the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. We identify 15,978 extratropical cyclones in the northern hemisphere (NH) for 2005-2012. The lowermost stratosphere (261 hPa) and middle troposphere (424 hPa) composites feature a 1,000 km-wide O3 enhancement in the dry intrusion (DI) airstream to the southwest of the cyclone center, coinciding with a lowered tropopause, enhanced potential vorticity, and decreased H2O. MLS composites at 261 hPa show that the DI O3 enhancements reach a 210 ppbv maximum in April. At 424 hPa, TES composites display maximum O3 enhancements of 27 ppbv in May. The magnitude and seasonality of these enhancements are captured by MERRA and MERRA-2, but GEOS-Chem is a factor of two too low. The MERRA-2 composites show that the O3-rich DI forms a vertically aligned structure between 300 and 800 hPa, wrapping cyclonically with the warm conveyor belt. In winter and spring DIs, O3 is enhanced by 100 ppbv or 100-130% at 300 hPa, with significant enhancements below 500 hPa (6-20 ppbv or 15-30%). We estimate that extratropical cyclones result in a STT flux of 119±56 Tg O3 yr-1, accounting for 42±20 % of the NH extratropical O3 STT flux. The STT flux in cyclones displays a strong dependence on westerly 300 hPa wind speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyatt Jaeglé
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert Wood
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Krzysztof Wargan
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
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29
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Yendrek CR, Erice G, Montes CM, Tomaz T, Sorgini CA, Brown PJ, McIntyre LM, Leakey ADB, Ainsworth EA. Elevated ozone reduces photosynthetic carbon gain by accelerating leaf senescence of inbred and hybrid maize in a genotype-specific manner. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:3088-3100. [PMID: 29044553 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to elevated tropospheric ozone concentration ([O3 ]) accelerates leaf senescence in many C3 crops. However, the effects of elevated [O3 ] on C4 crops including maize (Zea mays L.) are poorly understood in terms of physiological mechanism and genetic variation in sensitivity. Using free air gas concentration enrichment, we investigated the photosynthetic response of 18 diverse maize inbred and hybrid lines to season-long exposure to elevated [O3 ] (~100 nl L-1 ) in the field. Gas exchange was measured on the leaf subtending the ear throughout the grain filling period. On average over the lifetime of the leaf, elevated [O3 ] led to reductions in photosynthetic CO2 assimilation of both inbred (-22%) and hybrid (-33%) genotypes. There was significant variation among both inbred and hybrid lines in the sensitivity of photosynthesis to elevated [O3 ], with some lines showing no change in photosynthesis at elevated [O3 ]. Based on analysis of inbred line B73, the reduced CO2 assimilation at elevated [O3 ] was associated with accelerated senescence decreasing photosynthetic capacity and not altered stomatal limitation. These findings across diverse maize genotypes could advance the development of more O3 tolerant maize and provide experimental data for parameterization and validation of studies modeling how O3 impacts crop performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Yendrek
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gorka Erice
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Christopher M Montes
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Tiago Tomaz
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Crystal A Sorgini
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Patrick J Brown
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lauren M McIntyre
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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30
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Gantt B, Sarwar G, Xing J, Simon H, Schwede D, Hutzell WT, Mathur R, Saiz-Lopez A. The Impact of Iodide-Mediated Ozone Deposition and Halogen Chemistry on Surface Ozone Concentrations Across the Continental United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1458-1466. [PMID: 28051851 PMCID: PMC6145082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The air quality of many large coastal areas in the United States is affected by the confluence of polluted urban and relatively clean marine airmasses, each with distinct atmospheric chemistry. In this context, the role of iodide-mediated ozone (O3) deposition over seawater and marine halogen chemistry accounted for in both the lateral boundary conditions and coastal waters surrounding the continental U.S. is examined using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Several nested simulations are conducted in which these halogen processes are implemented separately in the continental U.S. and hemispheric CMAQ domains, the latter providing lateral boundary conditions for the former. Overall, it is the combination of these processes within both the continental U.S. domain and from lateral boundary conditions that lead to the largest reductions in modeled surface O3 concentrations. Predicted reductions in surface O3 concentrations occur mainly along the coast where CMAQ typically has large overpredictions. These results suggest that a realistic representation of halogen processes in marine regions can improve model prediction of O3 concentrations near the coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Gantt
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Golam Sarwar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jia Xing
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Heather Simon
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Donna Schwede
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - William T Hutzell
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC , Madrid 28006, Spain
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31
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Di Q, Rowland S, Koutrakis P, Schwartz J. A hybrid model for spatially and temporally resolved ozone exposures in the continental United States. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:39-52. [PMID: 27332675 PMCID: PMC5741295 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ground-level ozone is an important atmospheric oxidant, which exhibits considerable spatial and temporal variability in its concentration level. Existing modeling approaches for ground-level ozone include chemical transport models, land-use regression, Kriging, and data fusion of chemical transport models with monitoring data. Each of these methods has both strengths and weaknesses. Combining those complementary approaches could improve model performance. Meanwhile, satellite-based total column ozone, combined with ozone vertical profile, is another potential input. The authors propose a hybrid model that integrates the above variables to achieve spatially and temporally resolved exposure assessments for ground-level ozone. The authors used a neural network for its capacity to model interactions and nonlinearity. Convolutional layers, which use convolution kernels to aggregate nearby information, were added to the neural network to account for spatial and temporal autocorrelation. The authors trained the model with the Air Quality System (AQS) 8-hr daily maximum ozone in the continental United States from 2000 to 2012 and tested it with left out monitoring sites. Cross-validated R2 on the left out monitoring sites ranged from 0.74 to 0.80 (mean 0.76) for predictions on 1 km × 1 km grid cells, which indicates good model performance. Model performance remains good even at low ozone concentrations. The prediction results facilitate epidemiological studies to assess the health effect of ozone in the long term and the short term. IMPLICATIONS Ozone monitors do not provide full data coverage over the United States, which is an obstacle to assess the health effect of ozone when monitoring data are not available. This paper used a hybrid approach to combine satellite-based ozone measurements, chemical transport model simulations, land-use terms, and other auxiliary variables to obtain spatially and temporally resolved ground-level ozone estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Di
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Sebastian Rowland
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
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Ryan WF. The air quality forecast rote: Recent changes and future challenges. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:576-96. [PMID: 26889915 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1151469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Air quality forecasting is a recent development, with most programs initiated only in the last 20 years. During the last decade, forecast preparation procedure-the forecast rote-has changed dramatically. This paper summarizes the unique challenges posed by air quality forecasting, details the current forecast rote, and analyzes prospects for future improvements. Because air quality forecasts must diagnose and predict several pollutants and their precursors in addition to standard meteorological variables, it is, compared with weather forecasts, a higher-uncertainty forecast. Forecasters seek to contain the uncertainty by "anchoring" the forecast, using an a priori field, and then "adjusting" the forecast using additional information. The air quality a priori, or first guess, field is a blend of past, current, and near-term future observations of the pollutants of interest, on both local and regional scales, and is typically coupled with predicted air parcel trajectories. Until recently, statistical methods, based on long-term training data sets, were used to adjust the first guess. However, reductions in precursor emissions in the United States, beginning in the late 1990s and continuing to the present, eroded the stationarity assumption for the training data sets and degraded forecast skill. Beginning in the mid-2000s, output from modified numerical air quality prediction (NAQP) models, originally developed to test pollution control strategies, became available in near real time for forecast support. The current adjustment process begins with the analyses and postprocessing of individual NAQP models and their ad hoc ensembles, often in concert with new statistical techniques. The final adjustment step uses forecaster expertise to assess the impact of mesoscale features not resolved by the NAQP models. It is expected that advances in model resolution, chemical data assimilation, and the formulation of emissions fields will improve mesoscale predictions by NAQP models and drive future changes in the forecast rote. IMPLICATIONS Routine air quality forecasts are now issued for nearly all the major U.S. metropolitan areas. Methods of forecast preparation-the forecast rote-have changed significantly in the last decade. Numerical air quality models have matured and are now an indispensable part of the forecasting process. All forecasting methods, particularly statistically based models, must be continually calibrated to account for ongoing local- and regional-scale emission reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Ryan
- a Department of Meteorology , The Pennsylvania State University, University Park , Pennsylvania , USA
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West JJ, Cohen A, Dentener F, Brunekreef B, Zhu T, Armstrong B, Bell ML, Brauer M, Carmichael G, Costa DL, Dockery DW, Kleeman M, Krzyzanowski M, Künzli N, Liousse C, Lung SCC, Martin RV, Pöschl U, Pope CA, Roberts JM, Russell AG, Wiedinmyer C. "What We Breathe Impacts Our Health: Improving Understanding of the Link between Air Pollution and Health". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4895-904. [PMID: 27010639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution contributes to the premature deaths of millions of people each year around the world, and air quality problems are growing in many developing nations. While past policy efforts have succeeded in reducing particulate matter and trace gases in North America and Europe, adverse health effects are found at even these lower levels of air pollution. Future policy actions will benefit from improved understanding of the interactions and health effects of different chemical species and source categories. Achieving this new understanding requires air pollution scientists and engineers to work increasingly closely with health scientists. In particular, research is needed to better understand the chemical and physical properties of complex air pollutant mixtures, and to use new observations provided by satellites, advanced in situ measurement techniques, and distributed micro monitoring networks, coupled with models, to better characterize air pollution exposure for epidemiological and toxicological research, and to better quantify the effects of specific source sectors and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jason West
- Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Aaron Cohen
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, United States
| | - Frank Dentener
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, I. 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Universiteit Utrecht, and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht , 3584 CJ Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Lab for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ben Armstrong
- Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Gregory Carmichael
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Dan L Costa
- Air, Climate & Energy Research Program, Office of Research & Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27705, United States
| | - Douglas W Dockery
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael Kleeman
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Michal Krzyzanowski
- Environmental Research Group, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Nino Künzli
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Liousse
- Laboratoire d' Aérologie, CNRS-Université de Toulouse , Toulouse 31400, France
| | | | - Randall V Martin
- Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Arden Pope
- Economics, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - James M Roberts
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christine Wiedinmyer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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Baylon PM, Jaffe DA, Pierce RB, Gustin MS. Interannual Variability in Baseline Ozone and Its Relationship to Surface Ozone in the Western U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2994-3001. [PMID: 26882468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Baseline ozone refers to observed concentrations of tropospheric ozone at sites that have a negligible influence from local emissions. The Mount Bachelor Observatory (MBO) was established in 2004 to examine baseline air masses as they arrive to North America from the west. In May 2012, we observed an O3 increase of 2.0-8.5 ppbv in monthly average maximum daily 8-hour average O3 mixing ratio (MDA8 O3) at MBO and numerous other sites in the western U.S. compared to previous years. This shift in the O3 distribution had an impact on the number of exceedance days. We also observed a good correlation between daily MDA8 variations at MBO and at downwind sites. This suggests that under specific meteorological conditions, synoptic variation in O3 at MBO can be observed at other surface sites in the western U.S. At MBO, the elevated O3 concentrations in May 2012 are associated with low CO values and low water vapor values, consistent with transport from the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS). Furthermore, the Real-time Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS) analyses indicate that a large flux of O3 from the UT/LS in May 2012 contributed to the observed enhanced O3 across the western U.S. Our results suggest that a network of mountaintop observations, LiDAR and satellite observations of O3 could provide key data on daily and interannual variations in baseline O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao M Baylon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , 408 Atmospheric Sciences-Geophysics Building, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Daniel A Jaffe
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , 408 Atmospheric Sciences-Geophysics Building, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Washington Bothell , 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, Washington 98011, United States
| | - R Bradley Pierce
- NOAA/NESDIS , Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Advanced Satellite Products Branch, 1225 West Dayton Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Mae S Gustin
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada-Reno , Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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Lapina K, Henze DK, Milford JB, Travis K. Impacts of Foreign, Domestic, and State-Level Emissions on Ozone-Induced Vegetation Loss in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:806-13. [PMID: 26694633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to elevated levels of ozone leads to yield reduction in agricultural crops and biomass loss in trees. Here, we quantify the impact of ozone pollution on two major U.S. crops, wheat and soybean, and two ozone-sensitive tree species, ponderosa pine and quaking aspen, using simulations with the GEOS-Chem model for 2010. Using previously established exposure-response functions, we estimate nationwide relative yield reductions of 4.9% for wheat and 6.7% for soybean, and relative biomass loss of 2.5% and 2.9% for ponderosa pine and aspen seedlings, respectively. Adjoint model sensitivities are used to estimate the impact of emissions sources from different locations, species, and sectors. We find that the nationwide relative loss in each vegetation type is influenced most by domestic anthropogenic NOx (>75%). Long-range transport from foreign sources is small relative to domestic influences. More than half of the anthropogenic NOx responsible for vegetation damage originates from outside the states where the damage occurs. Texas and Missouri are the highest contributors to the nationwide loss of wheat and soybean, respectively. California "exports" ozone damage for all types of vegetation studied, due to its location, high share of anthropogenic NOx, and a relatively low share of vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Lapina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jana B Milford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Katherine Travis
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Anderson DC, Nicely JM, Salawitch RJ, Canty TP, Dickerson RR, Hanisco TF, Wolfe GM, Apel EC, Atlas E, Bannan T, Bauguitte S, Blake NJ, Bresch JF, Campos TL, Carpenter LJ, Cohen MD, Evans M, Fernandez RP, Kahn BH, Kinnison DE, Hall SR, Harris NRP, Hornbrook RS, Lamarque JF, Le Breton M, Lee JD, Percival C, Pfister L, Pierce RB, Riemer DD, Saiz-Lopez A, Stunder BJB, Thompson AM, Ullmann K, Vaughan A, Weinheimer AJ. A pervasive role for biomass burning in tropical high ozone/low water structures. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10267. [PMID: 26758808 PMCID: PMC4735513 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Air parcels with mixing ratios of high O3 and low H2O (HOLW) are common features in the tropical western Pacific (TWP) mid-troposphere (300-700 hPa). Here, using data collected during aircraft sampling of the TWP in winter 2014, we find strong, positive correlations of O3 with multiple biomass burning tracers in these HOLW structures. Ozone levels in these structures are about a factor of three larger than background. Models, satellite data and aircraft observations are used to show fires in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia are the dominant source of high O3 and that low H2O results from large-scale descent within the tropical troposphere. Previous explanations that attribute HOLW structures to transport from the stratosphere or mid-latitude troposphere are inconsistent with our observations. This study suggest a larger role for biomass burning in the radiative forcing of climate in the remote TWP than is commonly appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Anderson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Julie M Nicely
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Timothy P Canty
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Russell R Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Thomas F Hanisco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Glenn M Wolfe
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.,Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Eric C Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Elliot Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA
| | - Thomas Bannan
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Nicola J Blake
- Deparment of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - James F Bresch
- Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Teresa L Campos
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Lucy J Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mark D Cohen
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Mathew Evans
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.,National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain.,Department of Natural Science, National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza 5501, Argentina
| | - Brian H Kahn
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Douglas E Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Samuel R Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Neil R P Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rebecca S Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Lamarque
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.,Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Michael Le Breton
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - James D Lee
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Carl Percival
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Leonhard Pfister
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
| | - R Bradley Pierce
- NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Daniel D Riemer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | | | - Anne M Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Adam Vaughan
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrew J Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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Bishop GA, Stedman DH. Reactive Nitrogen Species Emission Trends in Three Light-/Medium-Duty United States Fleets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11234-11240. [PMID: 26322956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Repeated, fuel-specific, emission measurements in Denver (2005/2013), Los Angeles (LA) (2008/2013), and Tulsa (2005/2013) provide long-term trends in on-road reactive nitrogen emissions from three light-/medium-duty U.S. fleets. Reductions in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions ranged from 21% in Denver (from 5.6 ± 1.3 to 4.4 ± 0.2 g of NOx/kg of fuel) to 43% in Tulsa (from 4.4 ± 0.3 to 2.5 ± 0.1 g of NOx/kg of fuel) since 2005, while decreases in fleet ammonia (NH3) emissions ranged from no change in Denver (from 0.45 ± 0.09 to 0.44 ± 0.02 g of NH3/kg of fuel) since 2005 to a 28% decrease in LA (from 0.80 ± 0.02 to 0.58 ± 0.02 g of NH3/kg of fuel) since 2008. The majority of the reduction in gasoline vehicle NOx emissions occurred prior to the full implementation of the Tier II emission standards in 2009. High in-use NOx emissions from small-engine diesel passenger vehicles produced a significant contribution to the fleet means despite their small numbers. NH3 emissions decreased at a slower rate than NOx emissions as a result of modest NH3 emission reduction among the newest vehicles and increased emissions from a growing number of older vehicles with active catalytic converters. In addition, the reactive nitrogen emissions from many new model year vehicles are now dominated by NH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Bishop
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver , Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Donald H Stedman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver , Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
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Fiore AM, Naik V, Leibensperger EM. Air quality and climate connections. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2015; 65:645-85. [PMID: 25976481 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple linkages connect air quality and climate change. Many air pollutant sources also emit carbon dioxide (CO2), the dominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). The two main contributors to non-attainment of U.S. ambient air quality standards, ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), interact with radiation, forcing climate change. PM warms by absorbing sunlight (e.g., black carbon) or cools by scattering sunlight (e.g., sulfates) and interacts with clouds; these radiative and microphysical interactions can induce changes in precipitation and regional circulation patterns. Climate change is expected to degrade air quality in many polluted regions by changing air pollution meteorology (ventilation and dilution), precipitation and other removal processes, and by triggering some amplifying responses in atmospheric chemistry and in anthropogenic and natural sources. Together, these processes shape distributions and extreme episodes of O3 and PM. Global modeling indicates that as air pollution programs reduce SO2 to meet health and other air quality goals, near-term warming accelerates due to "unmasking" of warming induced by rising CO2. Air pollutant controls on CH4, a potent GHG and precursor to global O3 levels, and on sources with high black carbon (BC) to organic carbon (OC) ratios could offset near-term warming induced by SO2 emission reductions, while reducing global background O3 and regionally high levels of PM. Lowering peak warming requires decreasing atmospheric CO2, which for some source categories would also reduce co-emitted air pollutants or their precursors. Model projections for alternative climate and air quality scenarios indicate a wide range for U.S. surface O3 and fine PM, although regional projections may be confounded by interannual to decadal natural climate variability. Continued implementation of U.S. NOx emission controls guards against rising pollution levels triggered either by climate change or by global emission growth. Improved accuracy and trends in emission inventories are critical for accountability analyses of historical and projected air pollution and climate mitigation policies. IMPLICATIONS The expansion of U.S. air pollution policy to protect climate provides an opportunity for joint mitigation, with CH4 a prime target. BC reductions in developing nations would lower the global health burden, and for BC-rich sources (e.g., diesel) may lessen warming. Controls on these emissions could offset near-term warming induced by health-motivated reductions of sulfate (cooling). Wildfires, dust, and other natural PM and O3 sources may increase with climate warming, posing challenges to implementing and attaining air quality standards. Accountability analyses for recent and projected air pollution and climate control strategies should underpin estimated benefits and trade-offs of future policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M Fiore
- a Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University , Palisades , NY , USA
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Berlin SR, Langford AO, Estes M, Dong M, Parrish DD. Magnitude, decadal changes, and impact of regional background ozone transported into the greater Houston, Texas, area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:13985-13992. [PMID: 24246133 DOI: 10.1021/es4037644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two independent analyses of the daily maximum 8 h average ozone concentrations measured during the high ozone season (May through October) at Continuous Ambient Monitoring Stations are used to quantify the regional background ozone transported into the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria (HGB) area. The dependence on wind direction is examined, and long-term trends are determined using measurements made between 1998 and 2012. Both analyses show that the regional background ozone has declined during periods of continental outflow: i.e., the conditions associated with most high ozone episodes in HGB. The changes in regional background ozone found for northeasterly and southeasterly flow are -0.50 ± 0.54 and -0.79 ± 0.65 (95% confidence limit) ppbv yr(-1), respectively, which correspond to decreases of ∼7-11 ppbv between 1998 and 2012. This finding is consistent with the summertime downward trend of -0.45 ppbv yr(-1) (range of sites: -0.87 to +0.07 ppbv yr(-1)) for ozone in the eastern U.S. between 1990 and 2010 reported by Cooper et al. and shows that changing background concentrations are at least partially responsible for the decreased surface ozone in the HGB area over the past decade. Baseline ozone concentrations in air flowing into Texas from the Gulf of Mexico have not changed significantly over this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaena R Berlin
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA ESRL , 325 Broadway R/CSD7, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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40
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Susaya J, Kim KH, Shon ZH, Brown RJC. Demonstration of long-term increases in tropospheric O3 levels: causes and potential impacts. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1520-1528. [PMID: 23756130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) is a well-known atmospheric pollutant with its adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Here, the tropospheric O3 concentrations monitored in seven major cities in Korea at monthly intervals over a 22-year period (1989-2010) are presented, and their long-term variability examined. The analysis of annual mean values of O3 (in nmolmol(-1), or ppb) showed a noticeable increase of 118±69% in all seven cities over the two decades (p<0.01). Changes in O3 levels are closely associated with both environmental (e.g., NOx (NO+NO2), SO2, CO, and total suspended particles (TSPs) (p<0.01), temperature, and sunshine hours) and common anthropogenic variables (e.g., population density and number of vehicles). Evidence collected in this study suggests that the atmospheric conditions in most major cities of Korea should be volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sensitive or NOx saturated with respect to O3 formation. As such, establishment of a proper management strategy seems a sensible approach to control tropospheric ozone concentrations in densely populated cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Susaya
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
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