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Wan Z, Zhu C, Francisco JS. Molecular Insights into the Spontaneous Generation of Cl 2O in the Reaction of ClONO 2 and HOCl at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17478-17484. [PMID: 37522957 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical processes involving chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) at the surface of stratospheric aerosols are crucial to ozone depletion. Herein, we show a reaction route for the formation of Cl2O, which is a source of stratospheric chlorine, in the ClONO2 + HOCl reaction at the air-water interface. Our ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations show that the (ClONO2)Cl···O(HOCl) halogen bond plays a key role in the reaction and is the main interaction between ClONO2 and HOCl both at the air-water interface and in the bulk liquid water. Furthermore, metadynamics-based AIMD simulations reveal two pathways: (i) The OCl fragment of HOCl binds to the Cl atom in ClONO2, resulting in the formation of Cl2O and NO3-. Simultaneously, the remaining hydrogen atom is transferred to a water molecule to form H3O+. (ii) HOCl acts as a bridge for Cl atom transfer from ClONO2 to the O atom of a water molecule, and this water molecule transfers one of its H atoms to another water molecule, forming two HOCl molecules, NO3-, and H3O+. Free-energy calculations show that the former is the energetically more favorable process. More importantly, the free-energy barrier for Cl2O formation at the air-water interface is only ∼0.8 kcal/mol, and the reaction is exothermic. These findings provide insights into the importance of fundamental chlorine chemistry and the broader implications of the aerosol air-water interface for atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Wan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Chongqin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Wan Z, Fang Y, Liu Z, Francisco JS, Zhu C. Mechanistic Insights into the Reactive Uptake of Chlorine Nitrate at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:944-952. [PMID: 36595549 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that the aqueous-phase processing of chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) plays a crucial role in ozone depletion. However, many of the physical and chemical properties of ClONO2 at the air-water interface or in bulk water are unknown or not understood on a microscopic scale. Here, the solvation and hydrolysis of ClONO2 at the air-water interface and in bulk water at 300 K were investigated by classical and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations combined with free energy methods. Our results revealed that ClONO2 prefers to accumulate at the air-water interface rather than in the bulk phase. Specifically, halogen bonding interactions (ClONO2)Cl···O(H2O) were found to be the predominant interactions between ClONO2 and H2O. Moreover, metadynamics-biased AIMD simulations revealed that ClONO2 hydrolysis is catalyzed at the air-water interface with an activation barrier of only ∼0.2 kcal/mol; additionally, the difference in free energy between the product and reactant is only ∼0.1 kcal/mol. Surprisingly, the near-barrierless reaction and the comparable free energies of the reactant and product suggested that the ClONO2 hydrolysis at the air-water interface is reversible. When the temperature is lowered from 300 to 200 K, the activation barrier for the ClONO2 hydrolysis at the air-water interface is increased to ∼5.4 kcal/mol. These findings have important implications for the interpretation of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Wan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Yeguang Fang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States.,Department of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Chongqin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
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Manion JA, Fittschen CM, Golden DM, Williams LR, Tolbert MA. Heterogeneous Reactions of Chlorine Nitrate and Dinitrogen Pentoxide on Sulfuric Acid Surfaces Representative of Global Stratospheric Aerosol Particles. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199400039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Drdla K, Turco RP, Elliott S. Heterogeneous chemistry on Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds: A microphysical estimate of the extent of chemical processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Dentener FJ, Crutzen PJ. Reaction of N2O5on tropospheric aerosols: Impact on the global distributions of NOx, O3, and OH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rood RB, Douglass AR, Kaye JA, Considine DB. Characteristics of wintertime and autumn nitric acid chemistry as defined by Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Hofmann DJ, Oltmans SJ. Anomalous Antarctic ozone during 1992: Evidence for Pinatubo volcanic aerosol effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Douglass AR, Rood RB, Weaver CJ, Cerniglia MC, Brueske KF. Implications of three-dimensional tracer studies for two-dimensional assessments of the impact of supersonic aircraft on stratospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tolbert MA, Pfaff J, Jayaweera I, Prather MJ. Uptake of formaldehyde by sulfuric acid solutions: Impact on stratospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Talukdar RK, Burkholder JB, Roberts JM, Portmann RW, Ravishankara AR. Heterogeneous Interaction of N2O5 with HCl Doped H2SO4 under Stratospheric Conditions: ClNO2 and Cl2 Yields. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6003-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210960z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit K. Talukdar
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - James B. Burkholder
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
| | - James M. Roberts
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
| | - Robert W. Portmann
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
| | - A. R. Ravishankara
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
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Abbatt JPD, Lee AKY, Thornton JA. Quantifying trace gas uptake to tropospheric aerosol: recent advances and remaining challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6555-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Leu MT. Laboratory studies of interaction between trace gases and sulphuric acid or sulphate aerosols using flow-tube reactors. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235031000087282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Taun Leu
- a Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA , 91109 , USA
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Jurkat T, Voigt C, Arnold F, Schlager H, Aufmhoff H, Schmale J, Schneider J, Lichtenstern M, Dörnbrack A. Airborne stratospheric ITCIMS measurements of SO2, HCl, and HNO3in the aged plume of volcano Kasatochi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Asaf D, Tas E, Pedersen D, Peleg M, Luria M. Long-term measurements of NO3 radical at a semiarid urban site: 2. Seasonal trends and loss mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:5901-5907. [PMID: 20586447 DOI: 10.1021/es100967z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first to present long-term measurements of the nitrate radical in an urban location. Extensive nitrate radical measurements were conducted together with ancillary parameters during a continuous two year campaign (2005-2007) in the semiarid location of Jerusalem. The average nighttime NO3 concentration was 27.3+/-43.5 ppt, the highest ever reported, with a seasonal average peak during summer (33.3+/-55.8 pptv) with maximum levels exceeding 800 pptv. Significant diurnal changes in NO3 concentrations were observed, caused by an unusual nighttime increase in ozone concentrations. The NO3 loss processes exhibited strong seasonal variability. Homogeneous gas-phase losses were the main removal processes during summer and spring. The heterogeneous losses of N2O5, averaged over the entire campaign, contributed to less than half of the direct losses even though they dominated the winter seasons and part of the autumn months. Statistical regression analysis showed that NO3 was inversely correlated with relative humidity and positively correlated with temperature and to a lesser extent with NO2 and O3, indicating that the heterogeneous removal processes were also important. The diurnal behavior of NO3 was examined using a one-dimensional chemical transport model. The simulations showed that NO3 trends and concentrations were influenced mainly by changes in ozone and nitrogen oxide levels and that the very high levels of NO3 can be explained by the entrainment of fresh ozone from the upper atmospheric levels. After sunset and in the early morning, the homogeneous processes are the major loss pathways, while the heterogeneous N2O5 removal pathway dominates the intermediate times.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Asaf
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmud-Safra Campus, Givat-Ram, Israel.
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Supercooled Sulfuric Acid Droplets: Perturbed Stratospheric Chemistry in Early Winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Park SC, Burden DK, Nathanson GM. The Inhibition of N2O5 Hydrolysis in Sulfuric Acid by 1-Butanol and 1-Hexanol Surfactant Coatings. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:2921-9. [PMID: 17388402 DOI: 10.1021/jp068228h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gas-liquid scattering experiments are used to measure the fraction of N2O5 molecules that are converted to HNO3 after colliding with 72 wt % H2SO4 containing 1-hexanol or 1-butanol at 216 K. These alcohols segregate to the surface of the acid, with saturation coverages estimated to be 60% of a close-packed monolayer for 1-hexanol and 44% of a close-packed monolayer for 1-butanol. We find that the alkyl films reduce the conversion of N2O5 to HNO3 from 0.15 on bare acid to 0.06 on the hexyl-coated acid and to 0.10 on the butyl-coated acid. The entry of HCl and HBr, however, is enhanced by the hexanol and butanol films. The hydrolysis of N2O5 may be inhibited because the alkyl chains restrict the transport of this large molecule and because the alcohol OH groups dilute the surface region, suppressing reaction between N2O5 and near-interfacial H3O+ or H2O. In contrast, the interfacial alcohol OH groups provide additional binding sites for HCl and HBr and help initiate ionization. These and previous scattering experiments indicate that short-chain alcohol surfactants impede or enhance sulfuric acid-mediated reactions in ways that depend on the chain length, liquid phase acidity, and nature of the gas molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Chan Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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20
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Huey LG. Measurement of trace atmospheric species by chemical ionization mass spectrometry: speciation of reactive nitrogen and future directions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:166-84. [PMID: 17243143 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) has proven to be a powerful method for sensitive, fast time response (t approximately 1 sec) measurements of various atmospheric compounds with limits of detection (LOD) of the order of tens of pptv and lower. The rapid time response of CIMS is particularly well suited for airborne measurements and its application has largely grown out of airborne measurements in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. This work reviews some of the advances in CIMS technology that have occurred in the past decade. In particular, CIMS methods for selective measurement of reactive nitrogen species (e.g., HNO3, HO2NO2, PAN, and NH3) in the lower atmosphere (altitudes approximately 0-8 km) are described. In addition, recent developments in CIMS technology for the selective measurement of gas-phase hydroperoxides and aerosol chemical composition are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
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21
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Bartels-Rausch T, Huthwelker T, Gäggeler HW, Ammann M. Atmospheric Pressure Coated-Wall Flow-Tube Study of Acetone Adsorption on Ice. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:4531-9. [PMID: 16833789 DOI: 10.1021/jp045187l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An atmospheric pressure variant of the coated-wall flow-tube technique in combination with a Monte Carlo simulation is presented. In a performance test of simple first-order wall loss, the Monte Carlo simulation, which uses a simplified model of transport in laminar flow, reproduced results of an analytical solution of the transport equations in a flow tube. This technique was then used to investigate the reversible adsorption of acetone on ice films between 203 and 223 K and a surface coverage of below 5% of a formal monolayer. Simulation of the experimental uptake traces allowed retrieving an adsorption enthalpy of -46 +/- 3 kJ mol(-1) for acetone on ice, which is in good agreement with other static and flow-tube methods. For the experimental conditions adopted here, the transport of acetone molecules along the ice film is governed by equilibrium thermodynamics. Therefore, the surface accommodation coefficient, S(0), and the preexponential factor, tau(0), for the activated desorption cannot be independently determined. These two main microphysical parameters describing partitioning can rather be estimated through their relation to the adsorption entropy. A first estimate for S(0) of acetone on ice in the range of 0.004-0.043 is given.
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22
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Rinsland CP. Post-Mount Pinatubo eruption ground-based infrared stratospheric column measurements of HNO3, NO, and NO2and their comparison with model calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Takigawa M. Simulation of stratospheric sulfate aerosols using a Center for Climate System Research/National Institute for Environmental Studies atmospheric GCM with coupled chemistry 1. Nonvolcanic simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Kathmann SM, Hale BN. Monte Carlo Simulations of Small Sulfuric Acid−Water Clusters. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0116499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Kathmann
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99353, and Physics Department, University of MissouriRolla, Rolla, Missouri 65409
| | - B. N. Hale
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99353, and Physics Department, University of MissouriRolla, Rolla, Missouri 65409
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25
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Shi Q, Jayne JT, Kolb CE, Worsnop DR, Davidovits P. Kinetic model for reaction of ClONO2with H2O and HCl and HOCl with HCl in sulfuric acid solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Tie X, Brasseur G, Emmons L, Horowitz L, Kinnison D. Effects of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants: A global model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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McNamara JP, Hillier IH. Mechanism of the Hydrolysis of Halogen Nitrates in Small Water Clusters Studied by Electronic Structure Methods. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian H. Hillier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
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28
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Kane SM, Caloz F, Leu MT. Heterogeneous Uptake of Gaseous N2O5 by (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, and H2SO4 Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010490x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Kane
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Francois Caloz
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Ming-Taun Leu
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
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29
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Longfellow CA, Ravishankara AR, Hanson DR. Reactive and nonreactive uptake on hydrocarbon soot: HNO3, O3, and N2O5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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McNamara JP, Hillier IH. The facile hydrolysis of chlorine nitrate in aqueous sulfate aerosols. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Hallquist M, Stewart DJ, Baker J, Cox RA. Hydrolysis of N2O5 on Submicron Sulfuric Acid Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9939625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Hallquist
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - David J. Stewart
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jacob Baker
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - R. Anthony Cox
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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32
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Hendricks J, Lippert E, Petry H, Ebel A. Heterogeneous reactions on and in sulfate aerosols: Implications for the chemistry of the midlatitude tropopause region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Tisdale RT, Glandorf DL, Tolbert MA, Toon OB. Infrared optical constants of low-temperature H2SO4solutions representative of stratospheric sulfate aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Gleitsmann G, Zellner R. A modeling study of the formation of cloud condensation nuclei in the jet regime of aircraft plumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Horn AB, Sodeau JR, Roddis TB, Williams NA. Mechanism of the Heterogeneous Reaction of Hydrogen Chloride with Chlorine Nitrate and Hypochlorous Acid on Water Ice. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp973083n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Horn
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO1 5DD, U.K
| | - John R. Sodeau
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Tristan B. Roddis
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Neil A. Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
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36
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Baldelli S, Schnitzer C, Shultz MJ. First spectroscopic evidence for molecular HCl on a liquid surface with sum frequency generation. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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37
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Hanson DR. Reaction of ClONO2 with H2O and HCl in Sulfuric Acid and HNO3/H2SO4/H2O Mixtures. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp972767s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Hanson
- CIRES and NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328
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Slusser J, Liu X, Stamnes K, Shaw G, Smith R, Storvold R, Murcray F, Lee A, Good P. High-latitude stratospheric NO2and HNO3over Fairbanks (65°N) 1992-1994. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Kotamarthi VR, Rodriguez JM, Sze ND, Kondo Y, Pueschel R, Ferry G, Bradshaw J, Sandholm S, Gregory G, Davis D, Liu S. Evidence of heterogeneous chemistry on sulfate aerosols in stratospherically influenced air masses sampled during PEM-West B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Randeniya LK, Vohralik PF, Plumb IC, Ryan KR. Heterogeneous BrONO2hydrolysis: Effect on NO2columns and ozone at high latitudes in summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tie X, Granier C, Randel W, Brasseur GP. Effects of interannual variation of temperature on heterogeneous reactions and stratospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Liquid and solid particles in polar stratospheric clouds are of central importance for the depletion of stratospheric ozone. Surface-catalyzed reactions on these particles, and diffusion-controlled processes in the bulk of the particles, convert halogens, which derive from compounds of mainly anthropogenic origin, from relatively inert reservoir species into forms that efficiently destroy ozone. The microphysics of these particles under cold stratospheric conditions is still uncertain in many respects, in particular concerning phase transitions such as freezing nucleation and deposition nucleation. Furthermore, there are indications that the rates of key heterogeneous reactions have not yet been established with sufficient accuracy to enable a reliable diagnosis of observed ozone losses by means of global models. The present paper reviews the current (late 1996) knowledge of the physico-chemistry of polar stratospheric clouds and evaluates the remaining uncertainties with respect to their ozone depletion potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Peter
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany
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Preston KE, Jones RL, Roscoe HK. Retrieval of NO2vertical profiles from ground-based UV-visible measurements: Method and validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hofmann DJ, Oltmans SJ, Harris JM, Johnson BJ, Lathrop JA. Ten years of ozonesonde measurements at the south pole: Implications for recovery of springtime Antarctic ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chakrabarty DK, Peshin SK. Behavior of ozone over Indian region after Pinatubo eruption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Robinson GN, Worsnop DR, Jayne JT, Kolb CE, Davidovits P. Heterogeneous uptake of ClONO2and N2O5by sulfuric acid solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gao RS, Fahey DW, Salawitch RJ, Lloyd SA, Anderson DE, DeMajistre R, McElroy CT, Woodbridge EL, Wamsley RC, Donnelly SG, Del Negro LA, Proffitt MH, Stimpfle RM, Kohn DW, Kawa SR, Lait LR, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Keim ER, Dye JE, Wilson JC, Chan KR. Partitioning of the reactive nitrogen reservoir in the lower stratosphere of the southern hemisphere: Observations and modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhao X, Turco RP, Kao CYJ, Elliott S. Aerosol-induced chemical perturbations of stratospheric ozone: Three-dimensional simulations and analysis of mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Behnke W, George C, Scheer V, Zetzsch C. Production and decay of ClNO2from the reaction of gaseous N2O5with NaCl solution: Bulk and aerosol experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kumer JB, Kawa SR, Roche AE, Mergenthaler JL, Smith SE, Taylor FW, Connell PS, Douglass AR. UARS first global N2O5data sets: Application to a stratospheric warming event in January 1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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