Petrochemical and Industrial Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds Analyzed via Regional Wind-Driven Network in Shanghai

Due to the development of industrialization and urbanization, secondary pollution is becoming increasingly serious in the Yangtze River Delta. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key precursors of the near-surface ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), and other secondary pollutants. In this study, we chose a serious ozone pollution period (01 May–31 July 2017) in Jinshan, which is a petrochemical and industrial area in Shanghai. We explored the VOCs distribution characteristics and contribution to secondary pollutants via constructing a regional network based on wind patterns. We determined that dense pollutants were accumulated at adjacent sites under local circulation (LC), and pollution from petrochemical discharge was more serious than industry for all sites under southeast (SE) wind. We also found that cyclopentane, o-xylene, m/p-xylene, 1-3-butadiene, and 1-hexene were priority-controlled species as they were most vital to form secondary pollutants. This study proves that regional network analysis can be successfully applied to explore pollution characteristics and regional secondary pollutants formation.

Strong impact of wildfires on the abundance and aging of black carbon in the lowermost stratosphere

Unique information about the abundance and evolution of wildfire-emitted black carbon (BC) in the lowermost part of the stratosphere (LMS) was obtained from long-term airborne measurements made in cooperation with Lufthansa through the Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container (CARIBIC) project, part of the In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) framework. Our results demonstrate that wildfires can dramatically increase BC mass concentration in the LMS, substantially enhance regional climate forcing, and are a challenge for model simulations. Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and spread of wildfires. Thus, recording a present-day baseline with extensive and long-term measurements should help to constrain model estimations of the climate impact of BC and foster our fundamental understanding of future climate change.

Wildfires inject large amounts of black carbon (BC) particles into the atmosphere, which can reach the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) and cause strong radiative forcing. During a 14-month period of observations on board a passenger aircraft flying between Europe and North America, we found frequent and widespread biomass burning (BB) plumes, influencing 16 of 160 flight hours in the LMS. The average BC mass concentrations in these plumes (∼140 ng·m⁻³, standard temperature and pressure) were over 20 times higher than the background concentration (∼6 ng·m⁻³) with more than 100-fold enhanced peak values (up to ∼720 ng·m⁻³). In the LMS, nearly all BC particles were covered with a thick coating. The average mass equivalent diameter of the BC particle cores was ∼120 nm with a mean coating thickness of ∼150 nm in the BB plume and ∼90 nm with a coating of ∼125 nm in the background. In a BB plume that was encountered twice, we also found a high diameter growth rate of ∼1 nm·h⁻¹ due to the BC particle coatings. The observed high concentrations and thick coatings of BC particles demonstrate that wildfires can induce strong local heating in the LMS and may have a significant influence on the regional radiative forcing of climate.

Severe aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in the Arctic town of Longyearbyen (Svalbard) caused by snowmobile emissions

The aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene and C2-benzenes (ethyl benzene and m,p,o-xylene) (BTEX) were measured during a 2-month monitoring campaign in 2007 in the Arctic town of Longyearbyen (Spitsbergen, Svalbard). Reflecting the remoteness of the location, very low mixing ratios were observed during night and in windy conditions. In late spring (April-May), however, the high frequency of guided snowmobile tours resulted in "rush-hour" maximum values of more than 10 ppb of BTEX. These concentration levels are comparable to those in European towns and are caused predominately by the outdated 2-stroke engines, which are still used by approximately 30% of the snowmobiles in Longyearbyen. During summer, peak events were about a factor of 100 lower compared to those during the snowmobile season. Emissions in summer were mainly caused by diesel-fueled heavy duty vehicles (HDVs), permanently used for coal transport from the adjacent coal mines. The documented high BTEX mixing ratios from snowmobiles in the Arctic provide an obvious incentive to change the regulation practice to a cleaner engine technology.

Source identification of reactive hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs in the summertime in Beijing

It is important to identify the sources of reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Beijing for effective ground-level ozone abatement. In this paper, semihourly measurements of hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were taken at an urban site in Beijing in August2005. C2-C5 alkenes, isoprene, and C1-C3 aldehydes were determined as "key reactive species" by their OH loss rates. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to define the major sources of reactive species and to classify the dominant air mass types at the sampling site. Vehicle exhaust was the largest contributor to reactive alkenes. More aged air masses with enriched OVOCs traveled mainly from the east or southeast of Beijing. The OVOC sources were estimated by a least-squares fit approach and included primary emissions, secondary sources, and background. Approximately half of the C1-C3 aldehydes were attributed to secondary sources, while regional background accounted for 21-23% of the mixing ratios of aldehydes. Primary anthropogenic emissions were comparable to biogenic contributions (10-16%).

Seasonal variation of toxic benzene emissions in petroleum refinery

Petroleum refineries are largest chemical industries that are responsible for the emission of several pollutants into the atmosphere. Benzene is among the most important air pollutants that are emitted by petroleum refineries, since they are involved in almost every refinery process. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a major group of air pollutants, which play a critical role in atmospheric chemistry. These contribute to toxic oxidants, which are harmful to ecosystem, human health and atmosphere. The variability of pollutants is an important factor in determining human exposure to these chemicals. The ambient air concentrations of benzene were measured in several sites around the Digboi petroleum refinery, near the city of Gowahati in northeast India, during winter and summer 2004. The seasonal and spatial variations of the ambient air concentrations of this benzene were investigated and analyzed. An estimation of the contribution of the refinery to the measured atmospheric levels of benzene was also performed. The ambient air mixing ratios of benzene in a large area outside the refinery was generally low, in ppbv range, much lower than the ambient air quality standards. This article presents the temporal and spatial variation of air pollution in and around petroleum refinery and showed that no health risk due to benzene is present in the areas adjacent to the refinery.

Is benzene a precursor for secondary organic aerosol?

It is currently assumed that benzene contributes only negligibly to secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmosphere. Our understanding of the capacity of benzene to generate secondary aerosols is based on the work of Izumi and Fukuyama (Atmos. Environ. 1990, 24A, 1433) in which two photosmog experiments with benzene in the presence of NOx were performed and no particle formation was observed. In contrast to the observations of Izumi and Fukuyama, experiments performed in the EUPHORE large outdoor simulation chamber have clearly shown aerosol formation during the photochemical oxidation of benzene in various NOx regimes. The maximum aerosol yields of 8-25% on a mass basis are comparable to yields obtained during the photochemical oxidation of other aromatic compounds under similar conditions. In addition, a density of 1.35+/-0.04 g/cm3 for the secondary organic aerosol from the benzene photochemical oxidation in the presence of NOx has been determined through the simultaneous measurement of aerosol volume and aerosol mass using two independent measurement techniques. Comparing the results in the present work with previous findings underscores the strong influence that the NOx content in the system has on aerosol formation during the photochemical oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons and the importance of performing experiments with NOx concentrations relevant to the atmosphere.

Small scale structure in the atmosphere: implications for chemical composition and observational methods

Non-linearities in chemical processes are recognised as being important in a number of areas of atmospheric science. In this paper we show simulations using an idealised plume model which describes the relaxation of an urban plume into the background atmosphere. As might be anticipated, the initial conditions of NOx, O3 and VOCs within the plume and background are important in determining the chemistry downstream of the source, but crucially for this study, the rate of mixing (on timescales appropriate to the real atmosphere) is found to alter the composition of the atmosphere significantly. The model shows that NO3 chemistry can play a major role in the oxidation of biogenic VOCs present in the background atmosphere. In addition, the reaction of hydrocarbons with NO3 potentially has important implications for NOy speciation because a significant fraction of organic nitrates thus formed are sufficiently long-lived to leave the planetary boundary layer. A particularly critical result of the model is that under certain NOx conditions, O3 surface deposition can be significantly inhibited, with consequent effects on the O3 budget.

C3 to C9 hydrocarbon measurements in the two largest cities of Greece, Athens and Thessaloniki. Calculation of hydrocarbon emissions by species. Derivation of hydroxyl radical concentrations

Non-methane hydrocarbon concentrations (NMHC) were determined in samples collected in electropolished canisters aboard a Falcon aircraft in Athens and Thessaloniki. Some canisters were also collected on the ground in Athens. Chemical analysis by cryoconcentration permitted the speciation of NMHC. The aircraft samples allowed the determination of the background concentrations in the periphery of each city. Concentration ratios were compared with other European cities. The aromatic hydrocarbon fraction dominates the measured species. Using the simple box model modified to account for the chemical destruction of each hydrocarbon, the emissions for each species were determined in Athens and Thessaloniki. The hydroxyl radical concentrations were calculated using hydrocarbon concentration ratios in the urban areas and at a downwind distance.

Characterization of a commercial gas chromatography-flame ionization detection system for the in situ determination of C5-C10 hydrocarbons in ambient air

A commercial automated gas chromatograph with preconcentration on solid adsorbents (AirmoVoc HC1010) was coupled with a mass spectrometer in parallel with the flame ionization detection (FID) system and characterized for its suitability for quasi continuous measurements of atmospheric hydrocarbons (HCs) with a time resolution of 20 min. Of the 50 identified HCs in the range C5-C10, 15 elute in isolated peaks and 20 in groups of two or more HCs. The remaining 15 HCs suffer from coelution by oxygenated and halogenated compounds. Procedures to minimize and quantify the blanks and the memory from the adsorbents are described. Calibration was based on a custom-made diffusion source. The accuracy of this calibration (+/-10%, 2sigma) was verified by analysis of a certified 70-component standard (average deviation: -4.3+/-2%). During a field experiment in Summer 1998, the HC1010 system was compared with a custom-made GC system with cryogenic preconcentration and much better separation properties but lower time resolution. In ambient air, good agreement (2sigma deviation <14% or 10 ppt) was found for HCs and groups of HCs that are free from coelution with oxygenated compounds, whereas large discrepancies (in some cases more than a factor of three) were found for those HCs that coelute with oxygenated compounds, as identified by MS. Analysis of the mass spectra from those peaks via specific target ions showed much better agreement with the FID system of the reference GC within 25%.