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Abstract
Alkaline fluids venting from chimneys of the Lost City hydrothermal field flow from a potentially vast microbial habitat within the seafloor where energy and organic molecules are released by chemical reactions within rocks uplifted from Earth's mantle. In this study, we investigated hydrothermal fluids venting from Lost City chimneys as windows into subseafloor environments where the products of geochemical reactions, such as molecular hydrogen (H2), formate, and methane, may be the only available sources of energy for biological activity. Our deep sequencing of metagenomes and metatranscriptomes from these hydrothermal fluids revealed a few key species of archaea and bacteria that are likely to play critical roles in the subseafloor microbial ecosystem. We identified a population of Thermodesulfovibrionales (belonging to phylum Nitrospirota) as a prevalent sulfate-reducing bacterium that may be responsible for much of the consumption of H2 and sulfate in Lost City fluids. Metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) classified as Methanosarcinaceae and Candidatus Bipolaricaulota were also recovered from venting fluids and represent potential methanogenic and acetogenic members of the subseafloor ecosystem. These genomes share novel hydrogenases and formate dehydrogenase-like sequences that may be unique to hydrothermal environments where H2 and formate are much more abundant than carbon dioxide. The results of this study include multiple examples of metabolic strategies that appear to be advantageous in hydrothermal and subsurface alkaline environments where energy and carbon are provided by geochemical reactions. IMPORTANCE The Lost City hydrothermal field is an iconic example of a microbial ecosystem fueled by energy and carbon from Earth's mantle. Uplift of mantle rocks into the seafloor can trigger a process known as serpentinization that releases molecular hydrogen (H2) and creates unusual environmental conditions where simple organic carbon molecules are more stable than dissolved inorganic carbon. This study provides an initial glimpse into the kinds of microbes that live deep within the seafloor where serpentinization takes place, by sampling hydrothermal fluids exiting from the Lost City chimneys. The metabolic strategies that these microbes appear to be using are also shared by microbes that inhabit other sites of serpentinization, including continental subsurface environments and natural springs. Therefore, the results of this study contribute to a broader, interdisciplinary effort to understand the general principles and mechanisms by which serpentinization-associated processes can support life on Earth and perhaps other worlds.
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Strontium, Hydrogen and Oxygen Behavior in Vent Fluids and Plumes from the Kueishantao Hydrothermal Field Offshore Northeast Taiwan: Constrained by Fluid Processes. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10070845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Strontium (Sr), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) in vent fluids are important for understanding the water–rock interaction and hydrothermal flux in hydrothermal systems. We have analyzed the Sr, H and O isotopic compositions of seawater, vent fluid and hydrothermal plume samples in the Kueishantao hydrothermal field, as well as their calcium (Ca), total sulfur (S), Sr, arsenic (As), stibium (Sb), chlorine (Cl) and manganese (Mn) concentrations for understanding the origin and processes of fluids. The results suggest that most As, Sb and Mn are leached from andesitic rocks into the fluids, and most Ca and Cl remained in the deep reaction zone during the fluid–andesitic rock interaction. The ranges of 87Sr/86Sr, δDV-SMOW and δ18OV-SMOW values in the yellow spring, white spring and plumes are small. The 87Sr/86Sr, δDV-SMOW and δ18OV-SMOW values of fluids and plumes are like those of ambient seawater, indicating that the Sr, H and O of vent fluids and hydrothermal plumes are derived primarily from seawater. This suggests that the interaction of andesite and subseafloor fluid is of short duration and results in the majority of As, Sb and Mn being released into fluids, while most Ca and Cl remained in the deep reaction zone. In addition, there was no significant variation of Sr, H and O isotopic compositions in the upwelling fluid, keeping the similar isotopic compositions of seawater. There are obvious correlations among the pH values, As and Sb concentrations, and H isotopic compositions of the vent fluids and hydrothermal plumes, implying that the As and Sb concentrations and H isotopic compositions can trace the dispersion of plumes in the ambient seawater. According to the Sr concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr values, the water/rock ratios are 3076~8124, which is consistent with the idea that the interaction between fluid and andesite at the subseafloor is of short duration. The hydrothermal flux of Sr discharged from the yellow spring into the seawater is between 2.06 × 104 and 2.26 × 104 mol/yr, and the white spring discharges 1.18 × 104~1.26 × 104 mol/yr Sr if just andesites appear in the reaction zone.
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Brine Formation and Mobilization in Submarine Hydrothermal Systems: Insights from a Novel Multiphase Hydrothermal Flow Model in the System H2O–NaCl. Transp Porous Media 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-020-01499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNumerical models have become indispensable tools for investigating submarine hydrothermal systems and for relating seafloor observations to physicochemical processes at depth. Particularly useful are multiphase models that account for phase separation phenomena, so that model predictions can be compared to observed variations in vent fluid salinity. Yet, the numerics of multiphase flow remain a challenge. Here we present a novel hydrothermal flow model for the system H2O–NaCl able to resolve multiphase flow over the full range of pressure, temperature, and salinity variations that are relevant to submarine hydrothermal systems. The method is based on a 2-D finite volume scheme that uses a Newton–Raphson algorithm to couple the governing conservation equations and to treat the non-linearity of the fluid properties. The method uses pressure, specific fluid enthalpy, and bulk fluid salt content as primary variables, is not bounded to the Courant time step size, and allows for a direct control of how accurately mass and energy conservation is ensured. In a first application of this new model, we investigate brine formation and mobilization in hydrothermal systems driven by a transient basal temperature boundary condition—analogue to seawater circulation systems found at mid-ocean ridges. We find that basal heating results in the rapid formation of a stable brine layer that thermally insulates the driving heat source. While this brine layer is stable under steady-state conditions, it can be mobilized as a consequence of variations in heat input leading to brine entrainment and the venting of highly saline fluids.
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Tao C, Seyfried WE, Lowell RP, Liu Y, Liang J, Guo Z, Ding K, Zhang H, Liu J, Qiu L, Egorov I, Liao S, Zhao M, Zhou J, Deng X, Li H, Wang H, Cai W, Zhang G, Zhou H, Lin J, Li W. Deep high-temperature hydrothermal circulation in a detachment faulting system on the ultra-slow spreading ridge. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1300. [PMID: 32157084 PMCID: PMC7064610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15062-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupled magmatic and tectonic activity plays an important role in high-temperature hydrothermal circulation at mid-ocean ridges. The circulation patterns for such systems have been elucidated by microearthquakes and geochemical data over a broad spectrum of spreading rates, but such data have not been generally available for ultra-slow spreading ridges. Here we report new geophysical and fluid geochemical data for high-temperature active hydrothermal venting at Dragon Horn area (49.7°E) on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Twin detachment faults penetrating to the depth of 13 ± 2 km below the seafloor were identified based on the microearthquakes. The geochemical composition of the hydrothermal fluids suggests a long reaction path involving both mafic and ultramafic lithologies. Combined with numerical simulations, our results demonstrate that these hydrothermal fluids could circulate ~ 6 km deeper than the Moho boundary and to much greater depths than those at Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse and Logachev-1 hydrothermal fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Magmatic and tectonic activity at mid-oceanic ridges can give detailed insights into high-temperature hydrothermal circulation of fluids. The authors here present geochemical and geophysical datasets that suggest a hydrothermal system penetrating the upper lithospheric mantle at an ultra-slow spreading mid-oceanic ridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Tao
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China. .,School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - W E Seyfried
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - R P Lowell
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 42061, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China.,College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, 130026, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhikui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kang Ding
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 572000, Sanya, China
| | - Huatian Zhang
- Department of Geophysics, School of Earth & Space Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China
| | - Igor Egorov
- The Federal State Budgetary Institution, Academician I.S. Gramberg All-Russia Scientific Research Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the Ocean, Saint-Petersburg, 190121, Russia
| | - Shili Liao
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510301, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huaiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanchuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoyin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510301, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, MNR, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, 310012, Hangzhou, China
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Noordmann J, Weyer S, Georg RB, Jöns S, Sharma M. (238)U/(235)U isotope ratios of crustal material, rivers and products of hydrothermal alteration: new insights on the oceanic U isotope mass balance. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2015; 52:141-163. [PMID: 26085006 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2015.1047449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the U isotope composition, n((238)U)/n((235)U), of major components of the upper continental crust, including granitic rocks of different age and post-Archaean shales, as well as that of rivers (the major U source to the oceans) was investigated. Furthermore, U isotope fractionation during the removal of U at mid-ocean ridges, an important sink for U from the oceans, was investigated by the analyses of hydrothermal water samples (including low- and high-temperature fluids), low-temperature altered basalts and calcium carbonate veins. All analysed rock samples from the continental crust fall into a limited range of δ(238)U between -0.45 and -0.21 ‰ (relative to NBL CRM 112-A), with an average of -0.30 ± 0.15 ‰ (2 SD, N = 11). Despite differences in catchment lithologies, all major rivers define a relatively narrow range between -0.31 and -0.13 ‰, with a weighted mean isotope composition of -0.27 ‰, which is indistinguishable from the estimate for the upper continental crust (-0.30 ‰). Only some tributary rivers from the Swiss Alps display a slightly larger range in δ(238)U (-0.29 to +0.01 ‰) and lower U concentrations (0.87-3.08 nmol/kg) compared to the investigated major rivers (5.19-11.69 nmol/kg). These findings indicate that only minor net U isotope fractionation occurs during weathering and transport of material from the continental crust to the oceans. Altered basalts display moderately enriched U concentrations (by a factor of 3-18) compared to those typically observed for normal mid-ocean ridge basalts. These, and carbonate veins within altered basalts, show large U isotope fractionation towards both heavy and light U isotope compositions (ranging from -0.63 to +0.27 ‰). Hydrothermal water samples display low U concentrations (0.3-1 nmol/kg) and only limited variations in their U isotope composition (-0.43 ± 0.25 ‰) around the seawater value. Nevertheless, two of the investigated fluids display significantly lower δ(238)U (-0.55 and -0.59 ‰) than seawater (-0.38 ‰). These findings, together with the heavier U isotope composition observed for some altered basalts and carbonate veins support a model, in which redox processes mostly drive U isotope fractionation. This may result in a slightly heavier U isotope composition of U that is removed from seawater during hydrothermal seafloor alteration compared to that of seawater. Using the estimated isotope compositions of rivers and all U sinks from the ocean (of this study and the literature) for modelling of the isotopic U mass balance, this gives reasonable results for recent estimates of the oceanic U budget. It furthermore provides additional constraints on the relative size of the diverse U sinks and respective net isotope fractionation during U removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Noordmann
- a Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Mineralogie , Hannover , Germany
| | - Stefan Weyer
- a Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Mineralogie , Hannover , Germany
| | - R Bastian Georg
- b Trent University, Water Quality Center , Peterborough , ON , Canada
| | - Svenja Jöns
- c Geoscience Department , University of Bremen , Bremen , Germany
| | - Mukul Sharma
- d Department of Earth Sciences , Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA
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Alt JC. Subseafloor Processes in Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothennal Systems. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Von Damm KL. Controls on the Chemistry and Temporal Variability of Seafloor Hydrothermal Fluids. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lupton JE. Hydrothermal Plumes: Near and Far Field. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Modeling Chimney Growth and Associated Fluid Flow at Seafloor Hydrothermal Vent Sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
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Hannington MD, Jonasson IR, Herzig PM, Petersen S. Physical and Chemical Processes of Seafloor Mineralization at Mid-Ocean Ridges. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Baker ET, German CR, Elderfield H. Hydrothermal Plumes Over Spreading-Center Axes: Global Distributions and Geological Inferences. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Seyfried WE, Ding K. Phase Equilibria in Subseafloor Hydrothermal Systems: a Review of the Role of Redox, Temperature, Ph and Dissolved Cl on the Chemistry of Hot Spring Fluids at Mid-Ocean Ridges. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Modeling the Impact of Diffuse Vent Microorganisms Along Mid-Ocean Ridges and Flanks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/178gm11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
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German CR, Lin J. The Thermal Structure of the Oceanic Crust, Ridge-Spreading and Hydrothermal Circulation: How Well do we Understand their Inter-Connections? MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ultramafic-Hosted Hydrothermal Systems at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Chemical and Physical Controls on pH, Redox and Carbon Reduction Reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Hydrothermal Fluid Composition at Middle Valley, Northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Temporal and Spatial Variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/178gm08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Lowell RP, Crowell BW, Lewis KC, Liu L. Modeling Multiphase, Multicomponent Processes at Oceanic Spreading Centers. MAGMA TO MICROBE: MODELING HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES AT OCEAN SPREADING CENTERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/178gm03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Von Damm KL. Evolution of the Hydrothermal System at East Pacific Rise 9°50´N: Geochemical Evidence for Changes in The Upper Oceanic Crust. MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Beinart RA, Sanders JG, Faure B, Sylva SP, Lee RW, Becker EL, Gartman A, Luther GW, Seewald JS, Fisher CR, Girguis PR. Evidence for the role of endosymbionts in regional-scale habitat partitioning by hydrothermal vent symbioses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E3241-50. [PMID: 23091033 PMCID: PMC3511114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202690109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are populated by dense communities of animals that form symbiotic associations with chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. To date, our understanding of which factors govern the distribution of host/symbiont associations (or holobionts) in nature is limited, although host physiology often is invoked. In general, the role that symbionts play in habitat utilization by vent holobionts has not been thoroughly addressed. Here we present evidence for symbiont-influenced, regional-scale niche partitioning among symbiotic gastropods (genus Alviniconcha) in the Lau Basin. We extensively surveyed Alviniconcha holobionts from four vent fields using quantitative molecular approaches, coupled to characterization of high-temperature and diffuse vent-fluid composition using gastight samplers and in situ electrochemical analyses, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses exposed cryptic host and symbiont diversity, revealing three distinct host types and three different symbiont phylotypes (one ε-proteobacteria and two γ-proteobacteria) that formed specific associations with one another. Strikingly, we observed that holobionts with ε-proteobacterial symbionts were dominant at the northern fields, whereas holobionts with γ-proteobacterial symbionts were dominant in the southern fields. This pattern of distribution corresponds to differences in the vent geochemistry that result from deep subsurface geological and geothermal processes. We posit that the symbionts, likely through differences in chemolithoautotrophic metabolism, influence niche utilization among these holobionts. The data presented here represent evidence linking symbiont type to habitat partitioning among the chemosynthetic symbioses at hydrothermal vents and illustrate the coupling between subsurface geothermal processes and niche availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne A. Beinart
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Jon G. Sanders
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Baptiste Faure
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Marine, Université de la Réunion, 97715 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Sean P. Sylva
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Raymond W. Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164; and
| | - Erin L. Becker
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Amy Gartman
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958
| | - George W. Luther
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958
| | - Jeffrey S. Seewald
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Charles R. Fisher
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Peter R. Girguis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Huber JA, Butterfield DA, Baross JA. Bacterial diversity in a subseafloor habitat following a deep-sea volcanic eruption. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 43:393-409. [PMID: 19719671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The bacterial diversity in a diffuse flow hydrothermal vent habitat at Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge was examined shortly after an eruptive event in 1998 and again in 1999 and 2000 using PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. While considerable overlap with deep-sea background seawater was found within the alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria, unique subseafloor phylotypes were distinguishable. These included diverse members of the epsilon-proteobacteria, high temperature groups such as Desulfurobacterium, Gram-positive bacteria, and members of novel candidate divisions WS6 and ABY1. Phylotype richness was highest in the particle-attached populations from all three sampling periods, and diversity appeared to increase over that time, particularly among the epsilon-proteobacteria. A preliminary model of the subseafloor is presented that relates microbial diversity to temperature, chemical characteristics of diffuse flow fluids and the degree of mixing with seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Huber
- School of Oceanography and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Koski RA, Jonasson IR, Kadko DC, Smith VK, Wong FL. Compositions, growth mechanisms, and temporal relations of hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate-silica chimneys at the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Butterfield DA, McDuff RE, Mottl MJ, Lilley MD, Lupton JE, Massoth GJ. Gradients in the composition of hydrothermal fluids from the Endeavour segment vent field: Phase separation and brine loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Milligan BN, Tunnicliffe V. Vent and nonvent faunas of Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, and their relations to lava age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chadwick WW, Embley RW. Lava flows from a mid-1980s submarine eruption on the Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Massoth GJ, Baker ET, Lupton JE, Feely RA, Butterfield DA, Von Damm KL, Roe KK, Lebon GT. Temporal and spatial variability of hydrothermal manganese and iron at Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baker ET. A 6-year time series of hydrothermal plumes over the Cleft segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chin CS, Coale KH, Elrod VA, Johnson KS, Massoth GJ, Baker ET. In situ observations of dissolved iron and manganese in hydrothermal vent plumes, Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Trefry JH, Butterfield DB, Metz S, Massoth GJ, Trocine RP, Feely RA. Trace metals in hydrothermal solutions from Cleft segment on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Embley RW, Chadwick WW. Volcanic and hydrothermal processes associated with a recent phase of seafloor spreading at the northern Cleft segment: Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Embley RW, Feely RA, Lupton JE. Introduction to Special Section on Volcanic and Hydrothermal Processes on the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Glover AG, Gooday AJ, Bailey DM, Billett DSM, Chevaldonné P, Colaço A, Copley J, Cuvelier D, Desbruyères D, Kalogeropoulou V, Klages M, Lampadariou N, Lejeusne C, Mestre NC, Paterson GLJ, Perez T, Ruhl H, Sarrazin J, Soltwedel T, Soto EH, Thatje S, Tselepides A, Van Gaever S, Vanreusel A. Temporal change in deep-sea benthic ecosystems: a review of the evidence from recent time-series studies. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2010; 58:1-95. [PMID: 20959156 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381015-1.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Societal concerns over the potential impacts of recent global change have prompted renewed interest in the long-term ecological monitoring of large ecosystems. The deep sea is the largest ecosystem on the planet, the least accessible, and perhaps the least understood. Nevertheless, deep-sea data collected over the last few decades are now being synthesised with a view to both measuring global change and predicting the future impacts of further rises in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. For many years, it was assumed by many that the deep sea is a stable habitat, buffered from short-term changes in the atmosphere or upper ocean. However, recent studies suggest that deep-seafloor ecosystems may respond relatively quickly to seasonal, inter-annual and decadal-scale shifts in upper-ocean variables. In this review, we assess the evidence for these long-term (i.e. inter-annual to decadal-scale) changes both in biologically driven, sedimented, deep-sea ecosystems (e.g. abyssal plains) and in chemosynthetic ecosystems that are partially geologically driven, such as hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. We have identified 11 deep-sea sedimented ecosystems for which published analyses of long-term biological data exist. At three of these, we have found evidence for a progressive trend that could be potentially linked to recent climate change, although the evidence is not conclusive. At the other sites, we have concluded that the changes were either not significant, or were stochastically variable without being clearly linked to climate change or climate variability indices. For chemosynthetic ecosystems, we have identified 14 sites for which there are some published long-term data. Data for temporal changes at chemosynthetic ecosystems are scarce, with few sites being subjected to repeated visits. However, the limited evidence from hydrothermal vents suggests that at fast-spreading centres such as the East Pacific Rise, vent communities are impacted on decadal scales by stochastic events such as volcanic eruptions, with associated fauna showing complex patterns of community succession. For the slow-spreading centres such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, vent sites appear to be stable over the time periods measured, with no discernable long-term trend. At cold seeps, inferences based on spatial studies in the Gulf of Mexico, and data on organism longevity, suggest that these sites are stable over many hundreds of years. However, at the Haakon Mosby mud volcano, a large, well-studied seep in the Barents Sea, periodic mud slides associated with gas and fluid venting may disrupt benthic communities, leading to successional sequences over time. For chemosynthetic ecosystems of biogenic origin (e.g. whale-falls), it is likely that the longevity of the habitat depends mainly on the size of the carcass and the ecological setting, with large remains persisting as a distinct seafloor habitat for up to 100 years. Studies of shallow-water analogs of deep-sea ecosystems such as marine caves may also yield insights into temporal processes. Although it is obvious from the geological record that past climate change has impacted deep-sea faunas, the evidence that recent climate change or climate variability has altered deep-sea benthic communities is extremely limited. This mainly reflects the lack of remote sensing of this vast seafloor habitat. Current and future advances in deep-ocean benthic science involve new remote observing technologies that combine a high temporal resolution (e.g. cabled observatories) with spatial capabilities (e.g. autonomous vehicles undertaking image surveys of the seabed).
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Glover
- Zoology Department, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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Charlou JL, Donval JP, Konn C, Ondréas H, Fouquet Y, Jean-Baptiste P, Fourré E. High production and fluxes of H2 and CH4 and evidence of abiotic hydrocarbon synthesis by serpentinization in ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Opatkiewicz AD, Butterfield DA, Baross JA. Individual hydrothermal vents at Axial Seamount harbor distinct subseafloor microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 70:413-24. [PMID: 19796141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial community structure of five geographically distinct hydrothermal vents located within the Axial Seamount caldera, Juan de Fuca Ridge, was examined over 6 years following the 1998 diking eruptive event. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses were used to determine the bacterial and archaeal diversity, and the statistical software primer v6 was used to compare vent microbiology, temperature and fluid chemistry. Statistical analysis of vent fluid temperature and composition shows that there are significant differences between vents in any year, but that the fluid composition changes over time such that no vent maintains a chemical composition completely distinct from the others. In contrast, the subseafloor microbial communities associated with individual vents changed from year to year, but each location maintained a distinct community structure (based on TRFLP and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses) that was significantly different from all other vents included in this study. Epsilonproteobacterial microdiversity is shown to be important in distinguishing vent communities, while archaeal microdiversity is less variable between sites. We propose that persistent venting at diffuse flow vents over time creates the potential to isolate and stabilize diverse microbial community structures between vents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Opatkiewicz
- School of Oceanography and Center for Astrobiology and Early Evolution, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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34
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Coumou D, Driesner T, Weis P, Heinrich CA. Phase separation, brine formation, and salinity variation at Black Smoker hydrothermal systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Chavagnac V, German CR, Taylor RN. Global environmental effects of large volcanic eruptions on ocean chemistry: Evidence from “hydrothermal” sediments (ODP Leg 185, Site 1149B). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Van Ark EM, Detrick RS, Canales JP, Carbotte SM, Harding AJ, Kent GM, Nedimovic MR, Wilcock WSD, Diebold JB, Babcock JM. Seismic structure of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Correlations with seismicity and hydrothermal activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Fontaine FJ, Wilcock WSD. Dynamics and storage of brine in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Gamo T, Ishibashi J, Tsunogai U, Okamura K, Chiba H. Unique geochemistry of submarine hydrothermal fluids from arc-back-arc settings of the western Pacific. BACK-ARC SPREADING SYSTEMS: GEOLOGICAL, BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/166gm08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Kaye JZ, Márquez MC, Ventosa A, Baross JA. Halomonas neptunia sp. nov., Halomonas sulfidaeris sp. nov., Halomonas axialensis sp. nov. and Halomonas hydrothermalis sp. nov.: halophilic bacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal-vent environments. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54:499-511. [PMID: 15023967 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the physiological and phylogenetic diversity of culturable halophilic bacteria in deep-sea hydrothermal-vent environments, six isolates obtained from low-temperature hydrothermal fluids, sulfide rock and hydrothermal plumes in North and South Pacific Ocean vent fields located at 1530–2580 m depth were fully characterized. Three strains were isolated on media that contained oligotrophic concentrations of organic carbon (0·002 % yeast extract). Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that all strains belonged to the genus Halomonas in the γ-subclass of the Proteobacteria. Consistent with previously described species, the novel strains were slightly to moderately halophilic and grew in media containing up to 22–27 % total salts. The isolates grew at temperatures as low as −1 to 2 °C and had temperature optima of 30 or 20–35 °C. Both the minimum and optimum temperatures for growth were similar to those of Antarctic and sea-ice Halomonas species and lower than typically observed for the genus as a whole. Phenotypic tests revealed that the isolates were physiologically versatile and tended to have more traits in common with each other than with closely related Halomonas species, presumably a reflection of their common deep-sea, hydrothermal-vent habitat of origin. The G+C content of the DNA for all strains was 56·0–57·6 mol%, and DNA–DNA hybridization experiments revealed that four strains (Eplume1T, Esulfide1T, Althf1T and Slthf2T) represented novel species and that two strains (Eplume2 and Slthf1) were related to Halomonas meridiana. The proposed new species names are Halomonas neptunia (type strain Eplume1T=ATCC BAA-805T=CECT 5815T=DSM 15720T), Halomonas sulfidaeris (type strain Esulfide1T=ATCC BAA-803T=CECT 5817T=DSM 15722T), Halomonas axialensis (type strain Althf1T=ATCC BAA-802T=CECT 5812T=DSM 15723T) and Halomonas hydrothermalis (type strain Slthf2T=ATCC BAA-800T=CECT 5814T=DSM 15725T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Kaye
- University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - M Carmen Márquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Ventosa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - John A Baross
- University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Embley RW, Lupton JE. Diking, event plumes, and the subsurface biosphere at mid-ocean ridges. THE SUBSEAFLOOR BIOSPHERE AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/144gm06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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41
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Butterfield DA, Roe KK, Lilley MD, Huber JA, Baross JA, Embley RW, Massoth GJ. Mixing, reaction and microbial activity in the sub-seafloor revealed by temporal and spatial variation in diffuse flow vents at axial volcano. THE SUBSEAFLOOR BIOSPHERE AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/144gm17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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42
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Cowen JP, Baker ET, Embley RW. Detection of and response to mid-ocean ridge magmatic events: Implications for the subsurface biosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/144gm15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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43
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Volatiles in submarine environments: Food for life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/144gm11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Seyfried WE, Seewald JS, Berndt ME, Ding K, Foustoukos DI. Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from the Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Geochemical controls in the aftermath of June 1999 seismic events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb001957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. E. Seyfried
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - J. S. Seewald
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
| | - M. E. Berndt
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Kang Ding
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - D. I. Foustoukos
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
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Huber JA, Butterfield DA, Baross JA. Temporal changes in archaeal diversity and chemistry in a mid-ocean ridge subseafloor habitat. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:1585-94. [PMID: 11916672 PMCID: PMC123862 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.4.1585-1594.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal variation in archaeal diversity in vent fluids from a midocean ridge subseafloor habitat was examined using PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and most-probable-number (MPN) cultivation techniques targeting hyperthermophiles. To determine how variations in temperature and chemical characteristics of subseafloor fluids affect the microbial communities, we performed molecular phylogenetic and chemical analyses on diffuse-flow vent fluids from one site shortly after a volcanic eruption in 1998 and again in 1999 and 2000. The archaeal population was divided into particle-attached (>3-microm-diameter cells) and free-living fractions to test the hypothesis that subseafloor microorganisms associated with active hydrothermal systems are adapted for a lifestyle that involves attachment to solid surfaces and formation of biofilms. To delineate between entrained seawater archaea and the indigenous subseafloor microbial community, a background seawater sample was also examined and found to consist only of Group I Crenarchaeota and Group II Euryarchaeota, both of which were also present in vent fluids. The indigenous subseafloor archaeal community consisted of clones related to both mesophilic and hyperthermophilic Methanococcales, as well as many uncultured Euryarchaeota, some of which have been identified in other vent environments. The particle-attached fraction consistently showed greater diversity than the free-living fraction. The fluid and MPN counts indicate that while culturable hyperthermophiles represent less than 1% of the total microbial community, the subseafloor at new eruption sites does support a hyperthermophilic microbial community. The temperature and chemical indicators of the degree of subseafloor mixing appear to be the most important environmental parameters affecting community diversity, and it is apparent that decreasing fluid temperatures correlated with increased entrainment of seawater, decreased concentrations of hydrothermal chemical species, and increased incidence of seawater archaeal sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Huber
- School of Oceanography and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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46
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Chadwick WW, Scheirer DS, Embley RW, Johnson HP. High-resolution bathymetric surveys using scanning sonars: Lava flow morphology, hydrothermal vents, and geologic structure at recent eruption sites on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Cooper MJ, Elderfield H, Schultz A. Diffuse hydrothermal fluids from Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent field: Evidence for a shallow conductively heated system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Wheat CG, Jannasch HW, Plant JN, Moyer CL, Sansone FJ, McMurtry GM. Continuous sampling of hydrothermal fluids from Loihi Seamount after the 1996 event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Embley RW, Chadwick WW, Perfit MR, Smith MC, Delaney JR. Recent eruptions on the CoAxial segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Implications for mid-ocean ridge accretion processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Kaye JZ, Baross JA. High incidence of halotolerant bacteria in Pacific hydrothermal-vent and pelagic environments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2000; 32:249-260. [PMID: 10858584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance of halotolerant microorganisms in hydrothermal-vent and pelagic waters in the North and South Pacific was estimated by the most probable number (MPN) technique using a heterotrophic 16% NaCl medium incubated at 20-24 degrees C. Based on these MPNs and direct counts with epifluorescence microscopy to enumerate the total microbial population, salt-tolerant microbes comprised from <0.01 to >28% of the total microbial community. Fourteen isolates from these MPN enrichments were identified by sequencing a portion of the 16S rRNA gene, and all were found to belong to the genera Halomonas and Marinobacter. The response to salt of mesophilic hydrothermal-vent microbial isolates obtained without selecting for salt tolerance was also examined. Forty-one of 65 strains cultured from hydrothermal plume waters, low-temperature hydrothermal fluids, sulfide rock and an animal specimen at approximately 2000-2200 m depth from the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge were subjected to increasing concentrations of NaCl, and over half grew at a NaCl concentration that is lethal to many commonly isolated marine bacteria. At least 36 of the 65 isolates (>/=55%) grew in the enrichment medium supplemented with 10% NaCl; at least 30 of 65 (>/=46%) grew with 16% NaCl; at least 20 of 65 (>/=31%) tolerated 22% NaCl. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene in nine of these 65 isolates, four belonged to the genus Halomonas. These Halomonas strains tolerated 22-27% NaCl. It is possible that a majority of the other 16 isolates which grew with 22% NaCl are also Halomonas based on their degree of halotolerance, morphology, and apparent abundance as revealed by MPN enrichments. The four Halomonas strains obtained without selecting for halotolerance were further characterized physiologically and metabolically. Overall, they grew between -1 degrees C and 40 degrees C, were facultative aerobes, oxidized between 49 and 70 organic compounds according to Biolog plate substrate utilization matrices, grew with oligotrophic quantities of carbon (0.002% yeast extract) in liquid media, reduced nitrate to nitrite, and tolerated up to 0.05-3 mM Cd(2+). Halomonas is one of the most abundant culturable organisms in the ocean, and its success may be attributed to its metabolic and physiological versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- JZ Kaye
- University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Box 357940, 98195-7940, Seattle, WA, USA
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