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Xiong Y, Du K. Source-resolved attribution of ground-level ozone formation potential from VOC emissions in Metropolitan Vancouver, BC. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137698. [PMID: 32169644 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The common regulatory approach for managing ground-level ozone (O3) formation is based upon reducing the emission of total VOC in VOC limited regions, and the emission of NOx in NOx limited regions. However, the characteristic VOC species emitted from different sources are of different ozone formation potentials (OFP). Without an in-depth understanding of the relative OFP contributions from specific sources, the effectiveness of the existing approach for controlling ground-level O3 at the regional scale is limited. This study collected and analyzed five years (2012-2016) of monitoring data for 56 most photochemically reactive VOC species at Port Moody, an industrial city in Metro Vancouver, Canada that has experienced elevated O3 levels in its ambience. Source-specific contributions to OFP were quantified for major VOC emitters to deliberate the underlying causes of elevated O3 recently observed in this populated region. Six sources were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, consisting of fuel production and combustion, fuel evaporation, vehicle exhaust, industrial coatings/solvents, petrochemical source, and other industrial emission. Although the top three contributors to total VOCs are fuel production and combustion (34.5%), fuel evaporation (21.4%), and vehicle exhaust (20.6%), the top three contributors to OFP are fuel production and combustion (27.1%), vehicle exhaust (23.7%), and industrial coatings/solvents (17.2%). Additionally, potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis was conducted to generate the geographical distribution of VOC and OFP sources in different seasons. The results revealed that, in the Metro Vancouver area, the OFP hotspots have been significantly different from the VOC emission hotspots. In general, regional sources, especially those located in the northeastern direction of Metro Vancouver, have greater influence on the VOCs levels. However, OFP has been predominantly affected by transportation and industrial sources at the local scale. Therefore, to formulate effective strategies for reducing ground-level O3, the seasonal and spatial variations of major OFP sources should be assessed by the regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Yadav R, Sahu LK, Tripathi N, Pal D, Beig G, Jaaffrey SNA. Investigation of emission characteristics of NMVOCs over urban site of western India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:245-255. [PMID: 31153029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to characterize the variation and emission of C2-C5 non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) in a semi-urban site of western India based on measurements during February-December 2015. Anthropogenic NMVOCs show clear seasonal dependence with highest in winter and lowest in monsoon season. Biogenic NMVOCs likes isoprene show highest mixing ratios in the pre-monsoon season. The diurnal variation of NMVOC species can be described by elevated values from night till morning and lower values in the afternoon hours. The elevated levels of NMVOCs during night and early morning hours were caused mainly by weaker winds, temperature inversion and reduced chemical loss. The correlations between NMVOCs, CO and NOx indicate the dominant role of various local emission sources. Use and leakage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) contributed to the elevated levels of propane and butanes. Mixing ratios of ethylene, propylene, CO, NOx, etc. show predominant emissions from combustion of fuels in automobiles and industries. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source apportionments were performed for the seven major emission sectors (i.e. Vehicular exhaust, Mixed industrial emissions, Biomass/Fired brick kilns/Bio-fuel, Petrochem, LPG, Gas evaporation, Biogenic). Emissions from vehicle exhaust and industry-related sources contributed to about 19% and 40% of the NMVOCs, respectively. And the rest (41%) was attributed to the emissions from biogenic sources, LPG, gasoline evaporation and biomass burning. Diurnal and seasonal variations of NMVOCs were controlled by local emissions, meteorology, OH concentrations, long-range transport and planetary boundary layer height. This study provides a good reference for framing environmental policies to improve the air quality in western region of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Space and Atmospheric Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - L K Sahu
- Space and Atmospheric Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nidhi Tripathi
- Space and Atmospheric Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India; Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Palaj, Gandhinagar, India
| | - D Pal
- Space and Atmospheric Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India; McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - G Beig
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
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Zhang Y, Li R, Fu H, Zhou D, Chen J. Observation and analysis of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in a typical petrochemical area in Yangtze River Delta, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 71:233-248. [PMID: 30195682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a kind of important precursors for ozone photochemical formation. In this study, VOCs were measured from November 5th, 2013 to January 6th, 2014 at the Second Jinshan Industrial Area, Shanghai, China. The results showed that the measured VOCs were dominated by alkanes (41.8%), followed by aromatics (20.1%), alkenes (17.9%), and halo-hydrocarbons (12.5%). The daily trend of the VOC concentration showed a bimodal feature due to the rush-hour traffic in the morning and at nightfall. Based on the VOC concentration, a receptor model of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) coupled with the information related to VOC sources was applied to identify the major VOC emissions. The result showed five major VOC sources: solvent use and industrial processes were responsible for about 30% of the ambient VOCs, followed by rubber chemical industrial emissions (23%), refinery and petrochemical industrial emissions (21%), fuel evaporations (13%) and vehicular emissions (13%). The contribution of generalized industrial emissions was about 74% and significantly higher than that made by vehicle exhaust. Using a propylene-equivalent method, alkenes displayed the highest concentration, followed by aromatics and alkanes. Based on a maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method, the average hourly ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs is 220.49 ppbv. The most significant source for ozone chemical formation was identified to be rubber chemical industrial emissions, following one by vehicular emission. The data shown herein may provide useful information to develop effective VOC pollution control strategies in industrialized area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Dong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Akob DM, Sutton JM, Fierst JL, Haase KB, Baesman S, Luther GW, Miller LG, Oremland RS. Acetylenotrophy: a hidden but ubiquitous microbial metabolism? FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:5026170. [PMID: 29933435 PMCID: PMC7190893 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylene (IUPAC name: ethyne) is a colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon, composed of two triple bonded carbon atoms attached to hydrogens (C2H2). When microbiologists and biogeochemists think of acetylene, they immediately think of its use as an inhibitory compound of certain microbial processes and a tracer for nitrogen fixation. However, what is less widely known is that anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms can degrade acetylene, using it as a sole carbon and energy source and providing the basis of a microbial food web. Here, we review what is known about acetylene degrading organisms and introduce the term 'acetylenotrophs' to refer to the microorganisms that carry out this metabolic pathway. In addition, we review the known environmental sources of acetylene and postulate the presence of an hidden acetylene cycle. The abundance of bacteria capable of using acetylene and other alkynes as an energy and carbon source suggests that there are energy cycles present in the environment that are driven by acetylene and alkyne production and consumption that are isolated from atmospheric exchange. Acetylenotrophs may have developed to leverage the relatively high concentrations of acetylene in the pre-Cambrian atmosphere, evolving later to survive in specialized niches where acetylene and other alkynes were produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Akob
- U. S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, MS 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA
| | - John M Sutton
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 2328, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - Janna L Fierst
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 2328, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - Karl B Haase
- U. S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, MS 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA
| | - Shaun Baesman
- U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 480, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - George W Luther
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Road, Cannon Laboratory 218, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
| | - Laurence G Miller
- U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 480, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Ronald S Oremland
- U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 480, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
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Biological and Chemical Diversity of Biogenic Volatile Organic Emissions into the Atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/786290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emitted by terrestrial ecosystems into the atmosphere play an important role in determining atmospheric constituents including the oxidants and aerosols that control air quality and climate. Accurate quantitative estimates of BVOC emissions are needed to understand the processes controlling the earth system and to develop effective air quality and climate management strategies. The large uncertainties associated with BVOC emission estimates must be reduced, but this is challenging due to the large number of compounds and biological sources. The information on the immense biological and chemical diversity of BVOC is reviewed with a focus on observations that have been incorporated into the MEGAN2.1 BVOC emission model. Strategies for improving current BVOC emission modeling approaches by better representations of this diversity are presented. The current gaps in the available data for parameterizing emission models and the priorities for future measurements are discussed.
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Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons in Guangzhou, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:1859-73. [PMID: 22754478 PMCID: PMC3386592 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9051859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, high ambient ozone concentrations have become one of the major regional air quality issues in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), as key precursors of ozone, were found to be the limiting factor in photochemical ozone formation for large areas in the PRD. For source apportioning of NMHCs as well as ozone pollution control strategies, it is necessary to obtain typical seasonal and diurnal patterns of NMHCs with a large pool of field data. To date, few studies have focused on seasonal and diurnal variations of NMHCs in urban areas of Guangzhou. This study explored the seasonal variations of most hydrocarbons concentrations with autumn maximum and spring minimum in Guangzhou. The diurnal variations of most anthropogenic NMHCs typically showed two-peak pattern with one at 8:00 in the morning and another at 20:00 in the evening, both corresponding to traffic rush hours in Guangzhou, whereas isoprene displayed a different bimodal diurnal curve. Propene, ethene, m, p-xylene and toluene were the four largest contributors to ozone formation in Guangzhou, based on the evaluation of individual NMHCs’ photochemical reactivity. Therefore, an effective strategy for controlling ozone pollution may be achieved by the reduction of vehicle emissions in Guangzhou.
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Kourtchev I, Hellebust S, Bell JM, O'Connor IP, Healy RM, Allanic A, Healy D, Wenger JC, Sodeau JR. The use of polar organic compounds to estimate the contribution of domestic solid fuel combustion and biogenic sources to ambient levels of organic carbon and PM2.5 in Cork Harbour, Ireland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:2143-2155. [PMID: 21420721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PM(2.5) samples collected at Cork Harbour, Ireland during summer, autumn, late autumn and winter, 2008-2009 were analyzed for polar organic compounds that are useful markers for aerosol source characterization. The determined compounds include tracers for biomass burning primary particles, fungal spores, markers for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from isoprene, α-/β-pinene, and d-limonene. Seasonal and temporal variations and other characteristic features of the detected tracers are discussed in terms of aerosol sources and processes. The biogenic species were detected only during the summer period where the contributions of isoprene SOA and fungal spores to the PM(2.5) organic carbon (OC) were estimated to be 1.6% and 1% respectively. The biomass burning markers, and in particular levoglucosan, were present in all samples and attributed to the combustion of cellulose-containing fuels including wood, peat, bituminous and smokeless coal. The contribution of domestic solid fuel (DSF) burning to the measured OC mass concentration was estimated at 10.8, 50, 66.4 and 74.9% for summer, autumn, late autumn and winter periods, respectively, based on factors derived from a series of burning experiments on locally available fuels. Application of an alternative approach, namely principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), to the measured concentrations of the polar organic marker compounds used in conjunction with real-time air quality data provided similar trends and estimates for DSF combustion during all seasons except summer. This study clearly demonstrates that, despite the ban on the sale of bituminous coal in Cork and other large urban areas in Ireland, DSF combustion is still the major source of OC during autumn and winter periods and also makes a significant contribution to PM(2.5) levels. The developed marker approach for estimating the contribution of DSF combustion to ambient OC concentrations can, in principle, also be applied to other locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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8
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Sicard P, Coddeville P, Galloo JC. Near-surface ozone levels and trends at rural stations in France over the 1995-2003 period. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 156:141-57. [PMID: 18665450 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable interest in quantifying near-surface ozone concentrations and associated trends, as they serve to define the impacts on ozone of the anthropogenic precursors reductions and to evaluate the effects of emission control strategies. A statistical test has been used to the ozone air concentrations measured in the French rural monitoring network stations, called MERA, in order to bring out spatio-temporal trends in air quality in France over the 1995-2003 period. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test has been developed for detecting and estimating monotonic trends in the time series and applied in our study at annual values: mean, 98th percentile and median based on hourly averaged ozone concentrations and applied to daily maxima. In France, when averaged overall 9 stations between 1995 and 2003, a slight increasing trend of the O(3) levels (+0.6 +/- 1.3% year( - 1)) is observed, which is strongly influenced by the concentrations of the high altitude stations. In stations below 1000 m a mean rate of -0.48% year( - 1) from annual average concentrations, of -0.45% year( - 1) for medians and of +0.56% year( - 1) for P.98 over the 1995-2003 period were obtained. In stations above 1,000 m a mean rate of +1.75% year( - 1) from annual averages values, of +4.05% year( - 1) for medians and of +2.55% year( - 1) for P.98 were calculated over the 1997-2003 period. This situation is comparable to the one observed in other countries. In Europe and in France a reduction of precursor emissions is observed whereas a slight increasing trend of the O(3) levels is observed over the 1995-2003 period. One reason is the non-linearity of chemical ozone production with respect to precursor emissions. Possible explanations are an increase in near-surface ozone values caused by a reduced ozone titration by reduced NO( x ), the meteorological parameters change, an increase in bio-geogenic compound concentrations, the intercontinental transport from North America and Asia and the influence of stratospheric-tropospheric exchanges. These possible explanations must be interpreted carefully as on the short time scales considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- Département Chimie et Environnement, Ecole des Mines de Douai, 941 rue Charles Bourseul, BP 838, 59508 Douai, France.
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Tang JH, Chan LY, Chang CC, Liu S, Li YS. Characteristics and sources of non-methane hydrocarbons in background atmospheres of eastern, southwestern, and southern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Helmig D, Tanner DM, Honrath RE, Owen RC, Parrish DD. Nonmethane hydrocarbons at Pico Mountain, Azores: 1. Oxidation chemistry in the North Atlantic region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Khwaja HA, Narang A. Carbonyls and non-methane hydrocarbons at a rural mountain site in northeastern United States. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:2030-2043. [PMID: 18420251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of carbonyls and C(2)-C(6) non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were made in ambient air at a rural site at the summit of Whiteface Mountain (WFM) in New York State. Alkanes dominated in the samples, with ethane and propane making up about 55% of the total on a carbon-atom basis. Ethane, the longest-lived of the NMHCs, showed a mixing ratio in the range of 0.86-2.1 ppbv. Photochemical ageing analysis indicated an anthropogenic influence on the NMHC levels. The photochemical reactivity of the hydrocarbons, calculated in terms of propylene-equivalent concentration, was dominated by alkenes (propene and ethene), which accounted for 74% of the total NMHC sum. Air mass back-trajectories have been used to investigate the origin of the observed NMHCs and carbonyls. Higher concentrations were found when air masses arrived from the midwestern US corridor. Acetone was the most abundant species, comprising from 31% to 53% of the total detected carbonyls, followed by MEK (15-53%), HCHO (7-39%), and CH(3)CHO (7-19%). Average concentrations were determined to be 1.61 ppbv for CH(3)C(O)CH(3), 1.40 ppbv for MEK, 1.16 ppbv for HCHO, and 0.49 ppbv for CH(3)CHO. The variations in carbonyl concentrations were observed to follow patterns similar to variations in O(3) concentrations, typical of secondary products. Correlations and statistical analysis of the carbonyls and NMHCs were performed, and showed that most of the compounds derived from mixing and photochemical transformation of long-range transported pollutants from the major source areas. Ranking of the carbonyls with respect to removal of the OH radical showed HCHO to be the most important species, followed by CH(3)CHO, MEK, and CH(3)C(O)CH(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider A Khwaja
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
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You XI, Senthilselvan A, Cherry NM, Kim HGMI, Burstyn I. Determinants of airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds in rural areas of Western Canada. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2008; 18:117-28. [PMID: 17327851 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We estimated the level and determinants of airborne concentrations of 26 volatile organic compounds (VOC) in rural Western Canada. A multisite, multimonth unbalanced two-factorial design was used to collect air samples at 1206 fixed sites across a geographic area associated with primary oil and gas industry in Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, and central and southern Saskatchewan from April 2001 to December 2002. Principal component factor analysis was used to group VOC into three mixtures. Factor I was a group of compounds dominated by benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, xylenes, and hexane. Factor II was mainly a group of vegetation-related monoterpenes and dichlorobenzenes. Factor III was a group of chlorinated VOC. Linear mixed effects models were applied to identify the determinants of airborne concentrations of VOC and evaluate the association between these factors and oil and gas facilities. Our results indicated that the studied VOC were present in small (ng/m3) quantities. Components of Factor I VOC showed a seasonal variation with maxima in winter and minima in summer, whereas components of Factor II displayed an opposite seasonal trend. Components of Factor III did not show a clear seasonal pattern. We observed that oil and gas facilities only contribute to airborne concentrations of components of Factor I. Proximity to batteries (within 2 km) was most influential in determining monthly airborne concentrations of components of Factor I, followed by gas and oil wells. Modification of batteries to reduce evaporation and leakage might be considered as a measure to control airborne concentrations of compounds such as benzene and toluene.
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Kourtchev I, Ruuskanen TM, Keronen P, Sogacheva L, Dal Maso M, Reissell A, Chi X, Vermeylen R, Kulmala M, Maenhaut W, Claeys M. Determination of isoprene and alpha-/beta-pinene oxidation products in boreal forest aerosols from Hyytiälä, Finland: diel variations and possible link with particle formation events. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2008; 10:138-149. [PMID: 18211553 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-964945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as isoprene and alpha-/beta-pinene, are photo-oxidized in the atmosphere to non-volatile species resulting in secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The goal of this study was to examine time trends and diel variations of oxidation products of isoprene and alpha-/beta-pinene in order to investigate whether they are linked with meteorological parameters or trace gases. Separate day-night aerosol samples (PM(1)) were collected in a Scots pine dominated forest in southern Finland during 28 July-11 August 2005 and analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, inorganic trace gases (SO(2), CO, NO(x), and O(3)), meteorological parameters, and the particle number concentration were monitored. The median total concentration of terpenoic acids (i.e., pinic acid, norpinic acid, and two novel compounds, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid and 2-hydroxy-4-isopropyladipic acid) was 65 ng m(-3), while that of isoprene oxidation products (i.e., 2-methyltetrols and C(5) alkene triols) was 17.2 ng m(-3). The 2-methyltetrols exhibited day/night variations with maxima during day-time, while alpha-/beta-pinene oxidation products did not show any diel variation. The sampling period was marked by a relatively high condensation sink, caused by pre-existing aerosol particles, and no nucleation events. In general, the concentration trends of the SOA compounds reflected those of the inorganic trace gases, meteorological parameters, and condensation sink. Both the isoprene and alpha-/beta-pinene SOA products were strongly influenced by SO(2), which is consistent with earlier reports that acidity plays a role in SOA formation. The results support previous proposals that oxygenated VOCs contribute to particle growth processes above boreal forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kourtchev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (Campus Drie Eiken), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Parrish DD, Stohl A, Forster C, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Goldan PD, Kuster WC, de Gouw JA. Effects of mixing on evolution of hydrocarbon ratios in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. D. Parrish
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Stohl
- Department of Regional and Global Pollution Issues; Norwegian Institute for Air Research; Kjeller Norway
| | - C. Forster
- Department of Regional and Global Pollution Issues; Norwegian Institute for Air Research; Kjeller Norway
| | - E. L. Atlas
- Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science; University of Miami; Miami Florida USA
| | - D. R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - P. D. Goldan
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - W. C. Kuster
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. A. de Gouw
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
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15
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Pollmann J, Helmig D, Hueber J, Tanner D, Tans PP. Evaluation of solid adsorbent materials for cryogen-free trapping—gas chromatographic analysis of atmospheric C2–C6 non-methane hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:1-15. [PMID: 17010353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nine commercial solid adsorbent materials (in order of decreasing surface area: Carboxen 1000, Carbosieve S III, molecular sieve 5A, molecular sieve 4A, silica gel, Carboxen 563, activated alumina, Carbotrap and Carboxen 1016) were investigated for their ability to trap and release C2-C6 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in atmospheric samples for subsequent thermal desorption gas chromatography-flame ionization detection analysis (GC-FID). Recovery rates for 23 NMHCs and methyl chloride (CH3Cl) were determined. A microtrap filled with the three adsorbents Carbosieve S III, Carboxen 563 and Carboxen 1016 was found to allow for the analysis of the widest range of target analytes. A detection limit of approximately 3pptC [parts per trillion (carbon)] in a 1l air sample and a linear response over a wide range of volatilities and sample volumes was determined for this configuration. Water vapor in the sample air was found to causes interference in trapping and subsequent chromatographic analysis of light NMHCs. A Peltier-cooled, regenerable water trap inserted into the sample flow path was found to mitigate these problems and to allow quantitative and reproducible results for all analytes at all tested humidity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pollmann
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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16
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Chan LY, Chu KW, Zou SC, Chan CY, Wang XM, Barletta B, Blake DR, Guo H, Tsai WY. Characteristics of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in industrial, industrial-urban, and industrial-suburban atmospheres of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of south China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Guo H, Lee SC, Louie PKK, Ho KF. Characterization of hydrocarbons, halocarbons and carbonyls in the atmosphere of Hong Kong. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 57:1363-1372. [PMID: 15519381 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Revised: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air quality measurements of 156 species including 39 alkanes, 32 alkenes, 2 alkynes, 24 aromatic hydrocarbons, 43 halocarbons and 16 carbonyls, were carried out for 120 air samples collected at two sampling stations (CW and TW) in 2001 throughout Hong Kong. Spatial variations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere were investigated. Levels of most alkanes and alkenes at TW site were higher than that at the CW site, while the BTEX concentrations at the two sites were close. The BTEX ratios at CW and TW were 1.6:10.1:1.0:1.6 and 2.1:10.8:1.0:2.0, respectively. For major halogenated hydrocarbons, the mean concentrations of chloromethane, CFCs 12 and 22 did not show spatial variations at the two sites. However, site-specific differences were observed for trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene. Furthermore, there were no significant differences for carbonyls such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone between the two sites. The levels of selected hydrocarbons in winter were 1-5 times that in summer. There were no common seasonal trends for carbonyls in Hong Kong. The ambient level of formaldehyde, the most abundant carbonyl, was higher in summer. However, levels of acetaldehyde, acetone and benzaldehyde in winter were 1.6-3.8 times that in summer. The levels of CFCs 11 and 12, and chloromethane in summer were higher than that in winter. Strong correlation of most hydrocarbons with propene and n-butane suggested that the primary contributors of hydrocarbons were vehicular emissions in Hong Kong. In addition, gasoline evaporation, use of solvents, leakage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas leakage and other industrial emissions, and even biogenic emissions affected the ambient levels of hydrocarbons. The sources of halocarbons were mainly materials used in industrial processes and as solvents. Correlation analysis suggested that photochemical reactions made significant contributions to the ambient levels of carbonyls in summer whereas in winter motor vehicle emissions would be the major sources of the carbonyls. The photochemical reactivity of selected VOCs was estimated in this study. The largest contributors to ozone formation were formaldehyde, toluene, propene, m,p-xylene, acetaldehyde, 1-butene/i-butene, isoprene and n-butane, suggesting that motor vehicles, gasoline evaporation, use of solvents, leakage of LPG, photochemical processes and biogenic emission are sources in the production of ozone. On the other hand, VOCs from vehicles and gasoline evaporation were predominant with respect to reactions with OH radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Guo
- Research Centre for Urban Environmental Technology and Management, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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18
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Application of validation data tests from an on-line volatile organic compound analyser to the detection of air pollution episodes in urban areas. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Allan JD, Bower KN, Coe H, Boudries H, Jayne JT, Canagaratna MR, Millet DB, Goldstein AH, Quinn PK, Weber RJ, Worsnop DR. Submicron aerosol composition at Trinidad Head, California, during ITCT 2K2: Its relationship with gas phase volatile organic carbon and assessment of instrument performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Allan
- Department of Physics; University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; Manchester UK
| | - Keith N. Bower
- Department of Physics; University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; Manchester UK
| | - Hugh Coe
- Department of Physics; University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; Manchester UK
| | | | | | | | - Dylan B. Millet
- Environmental Science, Policy and Management; University of California at Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Environmental Science, Policy and Management; University of California at Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - Patricia K. Quinn
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Rodney J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
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20
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Millet DB, Goldstein AH, Allan JD, Bates TS, Boudries H, Bower KN, Coe H, Ma Y, McKay M, Quinn PK, Sullivan A, Weber RJ, Worsnop DR. Volatile organic compound measurements at Trinidad Head, California, during ITCT 2K2: Analysis of sources, atmospheric composition, and aerosol residence times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B. Millet
- ESPM, Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- ESPM, Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - James D. Allan
- Department of Physics; University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; Manchester UK
| | - Timothy S. Bates
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA; Seattle Washington USA
| | | | - Keith N. Bower
- Department of Physics; University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; Manchester UK
| | - Hugh Coe
- Department of Physics; University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; Manchester UK
| | - Yilin Ma
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Megan McKay
- ESPM, Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Patricia K. Quinn
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Amy Sullivan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Rodney J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
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21
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Gautrois M, Brauers T, Koppmann R, Rohrer F, Stein O, Rudolph J. Seasonal variability and trends of volatile organic compounds in the lower polar troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gautrois
- Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre; Institut II: Troposphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - T. Brauers
- Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre; Institut II: Troposphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - R. Koppmann
- Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre; Institut II: Troposphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - F. Rohrer
- Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre; Institut II: Troposphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - O. Stein
- Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre; Institut II: Troposphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - J. Rudolph
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
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22
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Apel EC, Calvert JG, Gilpin TM, Fehsenfeld F, Lonneman WA. Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Intercomparison Experiment (NOMHICE): Task 4, ambient air. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. C. Apel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. G. Calvert
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. M. Gilpin
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. Fehsenfeld
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - W. A. Lonneman
- National Environmental Research Laboratory, EPA; Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA
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23
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Klonecki A. Seasonal changes in the transport of pollutants into the Arctic troposphere-model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Atlas EL. The Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) Experiment: Introduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Swanson AL. Seasonal variations of C2–C4nonmethane hydrocarbons and C1–C4alkyl nitrates at the Summit research station in Greenland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Blake NJ. The seasonal evolution of NMHCs and light alkyl nitrates at middle to high northern latitudes during TOPSE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Jacob DJ, Field BD, Jin EM, Bey I, Li Q, Logan JA, Yantosca RM, Singh HB. Atmospheric budget of acetone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Jacob
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Brendan D. Field
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Emily M. Jin
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Isabelle Bey
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Qinbin Li
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Jennifer A. Logan
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Robert M. Yantosca
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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28
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Dillon MB, Lamanna MS, Schade GW, Goldstein AH, Cohen RC. Chemical evolution of the Sacramento urban plume: Transport and oxidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Dillon
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. S. Lamanna
- Division of Ecosystem Sciences, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - G. W. Schade
- Division of Ecosystem Sciences, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - A. H. Goldstein
- Division of Ecosystem Sciences, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - R. C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
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29
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Sumner AL, Shepson PB, Couch TL, Thornberry T, Carroll MA, Sillman S, Pippin M, Bertman S, Tan D, Faloona I, Brune W, Young V, Cooper O, Moody J, Stockwell W. A study of formaldehyde chemistry above a forest canopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Kang D, Aneja VP, Zika RG, Farmer C, Ray JD. Nonmethane hydrocarbons in the rural southeast United States national parks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Rudolph J, Czuba E, Huang L. The stable carbon isotope fractionation for reactions of selected hydrocarbons with OH-radicals and its relevance for atmospheric chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Phadnis MJ, Carmichael GR. Transport and distribution of primary and secondary nonmethane volatile organic compounds in east Asia under continental outflow conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Ariya PA, Sander R, Crutzen PJ. Significance of HOxand peroxides production due to alkene ozonolysis during fall and winter: A modeling study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Spivakovsky CM, Logan JA, Montzka SA, Balkanski YJ, Foreman-Fowler M, Jones DBA, Horowitz LW, Fusco AC, Brenninkmeijer CAM, Prather MJ, Wofsy SC, McElroy MB. Three-dimensional climatological distribution of tropospheric OH: Update and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Apel EC, Calvert JG, Gilpin TM, Fehsenfeld FC, Parrish DD, Lonneman WA. The Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Intercomparison Experiment (NOMHICE): Task 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Wingenter OW, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Sive BC, Rowland FS, Atlas E, Flocke F. Tropospheric hydroxyl and atomic chlorine concentrations, and mixing timescales determined from hydrocarbon and halocarbon measurements made over the Southern Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Tsunogai U, Yoshida N, Gamo T. Carbon isotopic compositions of C2-C5hydrocarbons and methyl chloride in urban, coastal, and maritime atmospheres over the western North Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Jobson BT, McKeen SA, Parrish DD, Fehsenfeld FC, Blake DR, Goldstein AH, Schauffler SM, Elkins JW. Trace gas mixing ratio variability versus lifetime in the troposphere and stratosphere: Observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Riemer D, Pos W, Milne P, Farmer C, Zika R, Apel E, Olszyna K, Kliendienst T, Lonneman W, Bertman S, Shepson P, Starn T. Observations of nonmethane hydrocarbons and oxygenated volatile organic compounds at a rural site in the southeastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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McClenny WA, Daughtrey EH, Adams JR, Oliver KD, Kronmiller KG. Volatile organic compound concentration patterns at the New Hendersonville monitoring site in the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study in the Nashville, Tennessee, area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Parrish DD, Trainer M, Young V, Goldan PD, Kuster WC, Jobson BT, Fehsenfeld FC, Lonneman WA, Zika RD, Farmer CT, Riemer DD, Rodgers MO. Internal consistency tests for evaluation of measurements of anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Worthy DEJ, Levin I, Trivett NBA, Kuhlmann AJ, Hopper JF, Ernst MK. Seven years of continuous methane observations at a remote boreal site in Ontario, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Ariya PA, Jobson BT, Sander R, Niki H, Harris GW, Hopper JF, Anlauf KG. Measurements of C2-C7hydrocarbons during the Polar Sunrise Experiment 1994: Further evidence for halogen chemistry in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Houweling S, Dentener F, Lelieveld J. The impact of nonmethane hydrocarbon compounds on tropospheric photochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Gong Q, Demerjian KL. Measurement and analysis of C2-C10hydrocarbons at Whiteface Mountain, New York. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Blake NJ, Blake DR, Chen TY, Collins JE, Sachse GW, Anderson BE, Rowland FS. Distribution and seasonality of selected hydrocarbons and halocarbons over the western Pacific basin during PEM-West A and PEM-West B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Jaffe DA, Berntsen TK, Isaksen ISA. A global three-dimensional chemical transport model: 2. Nitrogen oxides and nonmethane hydrocarbon results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Young VL, Kieser BN, Chen SP, Niki H. Seasonal trends and local influences on nonmethane hydrocarbon concentrations in the Canadian boreal forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Kleinman LI, Daum PH, Springston SR, Leaitch WR, Banic CM, Isaac GA, Jobson BT, Niki H. Measurement of O3and related compounds over southern Nova Scotia: 2. Photochemical age and vertical transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Beine HJ, Jaffe DA, Blake DR, Atlas E, Harris J. Measurements of PAN, alkyl nitrates, ozone, and hydrocarbons during spring in interior Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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