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Zhang Y, Xu B. Fidelity of the 210Pb dating method, a subaquatic sediment perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161972. [PMID: 36739011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, 210Pb has been extensively used as a powerful dating and sedimentation rate-determining tool for sediments deposited over the past ~150 years. However, the conditional assumptions underlying this application have not been explicitly validated, and are always challenged by multiple factors. Here, we synthesize all the possible factors that may limit the accuracy of 210Pb as a geochronometer and bring together related evidence from observations, measurements, and sediment records. It was demonstrated that by affecting the initial 210Pb activity and challenging closed deposition system, particle affinity preference, physical/biological mixing, sedimentation events, and 210Pb post-depositional mobility are the four main contributors to its compromising accuracy. By systematically deepening the knowledge of the 210Pb dating method, this study highlights the necessity of testing the assumption before using it, provides a framework for interpreting non-steady-state accumulation profiles from various sediments, and identifies future research opportunities for chronology improvement and 210Pb application development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Renard Centre of Marine Geology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Baiqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Gao CY, Heald CL, Katich JM, Luo G, Yu F. Remote Aerosol Simulated During the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) Campaign and Implications for Aerosol Lifetime. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD036524. [PMID: 36582200 PMCID: PMC9787353 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd036524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate and assess how well a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulates submicron aerosol mass concentrations in the remote troposphere. The simulated speciated aerosol (organic aerosol (OA), black carbon, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) mass concentrations are evaluated against airborne observations made during all four seasons of the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) deployments over the remote Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Such measurements over pristine environments offer fresh insights into the spatial (Northern [NH] and Southern Hemispheres [SH], Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans) and temporal (all seasons) variability in aerosol composition and lifetime, away from continental sources. The model captures the dominance of fine OA and sulfate aerosol mass concentrations in all seasons. There is a high bias across all species in the ATom-2 (NH winter) simulations; implementing recent updates to the wet scavenging parameterization improves our simulations, eliminating the large ATom-2 (NH winter) bias, improving the ATom-1 (NH summer) and ATom-3 (NH fall) simulations, but producing a model underestimate in aerosol mass concentrations for the ATom-4 (NH spring) simulations. Following the wet scavenging updates, simulated global annual mean aerosol lifetimes vary from 1.9 to 4.0 days, depending on species. Aerosol lifetimes in each hemisphere vary by season, and are longest for carbonaceous aerosol during the southern hemispheric fire season. The updated wet scavenging parameterization brings simulated concentrations closer to observations and reduces global aerosol lifetime for all species, indicating the sensitivity of global aerosol lifetime and burden to wet removal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Yuchao Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Now at Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Joseph M. Katich
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)University of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL)BoulderCOUSA
- Now at Ball AerospaceBoulderCOUSA
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research CenterUniversity at AlbanyAlbanyNYUSA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research CenterUniversity at AlbanyAlbanyNYUSA
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3
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Sunlight can convert atmospheric aerosols into a glassy solid state and modify their environmental impacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208121119. [PMID: 36269861 PMCID: PMC9618061 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol is well known to affect Earth's climate, regional weather, visibility, and public health. Once these aerosols are formed, they are transported throughout the atmosphere for days or even weeks. We show that exposure of secondary organic aerosols to UV solar radiation leads to a surprising and remarkable increase in viscosity by as much as five orders of magnitude. We also show that this UV exposure can lead to an increased abundance of aerosols that are in the glassy solid state in the troposphere, with important implications for climate predictions. Overall, our results clearly demonstrate that aging by exposure to solar radiation needs to be considered when predicting the environmental impacts of secondary organic aerosols. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) plays a critical, yet uncertain, role in air quality and climate. Once formed, SOA is transported throughout the atmosphere and is exposed to solar UV light. Information on the viscosity of SOA, and how it may change with solar UV exposure, is needed to accurately predict air quality and climate. However, the effect of solar UV radiation on the viscosity of SOA and the associated implications for air quality and climate predictions is largely unknown. Here, we report the viscosity of SOA after exposure to UV radiation, equivalent to a UV exposure of 6 to 14 d at midlatitudes in summer. Surprisingly, UV-aging led to as much as five orders of magnitude increase in viscosity compared to unirradiated SOA. This increase in viscosity can be rationalized in part by an increase in molecular mass and oxidation of organic molecules constituting the SOA material, as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that UV-aging can lead to an increased abundance of aerosols in the atmosphere in a glassy solid state. Therefore, UV-aging could represent an unrecognized source of nuclei for ice clouds in the atmosphere, with important implications for Earth’s energy budget. We also show that UV-aging increases the mixing times within SOA particles by up to five orders of magnitude throughout the troposphere with important implications for predicting the growth, evaporation, and size distribution of SOA, and hence, air pollution and climate.
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4
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Berriban I, Azahra M, Chham E, Ferro-García MA, Milena-Pérez A, Nouayti A, Orza JAG, Brattich E, Tositti L, Piñero-García F, El Bardouni T, Ziani H, El Yaakoubi H, El Barbari M. PSCF and CWT methods as a tool to identify potential sources of 7Be and 210Pb aerosols in Granada, Spain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 251-252:106977. [PMID: 36029737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This research is focused on studying the preferred source regions and the pathways of the air masses with high particulate concentrations impacting on the activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb aerosols in Granada atmosphere. For this purpose, three different source-receptor methods have been used: Cluster Analysis, Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF), and Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT). Air filter samples were weekly collected and analysed in Granada university (Spain 37.177N, 3.598 W, 687m a.s.l.) during 12 years (2006-2017) for the activity concentration of 7Be, and during 5 years (2010-2014) for the one of 210Pb. The time series of the collected data indicate that the concentration of both radiotracers present a cyclical and seasonal pattern, in association with their origins and atmospheric conditions. Clustering analysis showed that the air masses arriving to Granada can be classified as: (1) tropical continental air masses coming from the Mediterranean Sea, (2) tropical and warm polar maritime air masses produced over the Atlantic Ocean, and (3) continental air masses originated over Europe and Northern Africa. The PSCF and CWT methods confirmed that the main source areas of 7Be are located in the Atlantic coast of southern Morocco, and Northern Africa. On the other hand, southern France and the Algerian desert were found to be the main region sources of 210Pb. In addition, the Mediterranean Basin has been postulated as a strong source region for 7Be and 210Pb. Furthermore, the PSCF and CWT models show that the regions with larger 7Be/210Pb ratios are located in the Atlantic Ocean, due to frequent stratospheric intrusions specially during the winter months.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Berriban
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - M Azahra
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - E Chham
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - M A Ferro-García
- Radiochemistry and Environmental Radiology Laboratory, Inorganic Chemical Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, 18077, Spain
| | - A Milena-Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - A Nouayti
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - J A G Orza
- SCOLAb, Fisica Aplicada, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, 03202, Spain
| | - E Brattich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - L Tositti
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - F Piñero-García
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - T El Bardouni
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - H Ziani
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - H El Yaakoubi
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - M El Barbari
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
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Yu Z, Guoxin Y, Liyi D, Ling C, Yanan W, Jiexiu Z, Zhenming Z. Removal ability of different underlying surfaces to near-surface particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:1899-1910. [PMID: 31630639 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1683613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter is a wide-ranging environmental pollutant that can cause serious harm and poses a serious threat to public health. In this study, the near-surface particulate matter removal ability was quantitatively analyzed and compared for different land types under different pollution levels. The results showed that the concentrations of particulate matter 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10) and 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5) were higher in the morning and lower in the afternoon and that the seasonal variation was autumn > winter > spring > summer at a forest site. The diurnal concentration of particulate matter at a wetland site decreased continuously, with a seasonal variation of winter > autumn > spring > summer. The annual variation in the particulate matter concentration was higher in 2017 than in 2016 at both the forest and wetland sites. Forests remove particulate matter via plant leaves and root absorption, and wetlands rely on the enhancement of the relative air humidity to promote the absorption and accumulation of particles. For different air pollution levels, the deposition flux of PM2.5 increased with the pollution gradient. For the same air quality pollution level, the deposition flux of PM2.5 at the forest site was approximately 1.29 times higher than that at the wetland site. Data concerning PM10 in forests and wetlands are lacking. The results show that the deposition effect of the forest on particulate matter was better than that of the wetland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yu
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guoxin
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dai Liyi
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Ling
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Yanan
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhai Jiexiu
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Zhenming
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Aba A, Ismaeel A, Al-Boloushi O, Al-Shammari H, Al-Boloushi A, Malak M. Atmospheric residence times and excess of unsupported 210Po in aerosol samples from the Kuwait bay-northern gulf. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127690. [PMID: 32736243 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of cosmogenic radionuclide 7Be and the naturally occurring radionuclide 222Rn and its progenies 210Pb, 210Po, and 214Pb were measured in the ground surface air in the urban area of the northern Arabian Gulf close to Kuwait Bay. A high-volume air sampler connected with a five-stage cascade impactor was used to collect approximately 1800 cubic meter weekly for a period of one year. The concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po varied from 0.35 to 1.65 mBq m-3 and from 0.23 to 3.2 mBq m-3, respectively; the 210Po/210Pb activity ratio was close to one. The average concentration of 7Be was 6.24 mBq m-3, ranging from 3 to 10 mBq m-3. The temporal variations of 210Pb, 210Po and 7Be showed maximum concentrations of 210Po and 7Be in occurred summer months. The observed excess of 210Po concentrations can be attributed to the local and long-range transport of suspended dust with 210Pb and 210Po in radioactive equilibrium state, oil industry emissions, local resuspended dust and the sea-salt-aerosols from the Arabian Gulf. The range of the residence time estimation using the 222Rn/210Pb and 214Pb/210Pb activity ratio methods ranged from three to five days. Moreover, the estimated residence time by the application of 7Be from the activity median aerodynamic diameter method was 4.2 days. The method of using the 210Po/210Pb activity ratio was invalid because of the excess 210Po sources of anthropogenic origin. Therefore, extensive accurate diurnal measurements of 214Pb and 222Rn can be applied in hot arid regions for better aerosols residence time estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aba
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait.
| | - A Ismaeel
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - O Al-Boloushi
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - H Al-Shammari
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - A Al-Boloushi
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Mariam Malak
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
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7
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Silva SJ, Ridley DA, Heald CL. Exploring the Constraints on Simulated Aerosol Sources and Transport Across the North Atlantic With Island-Based Sun Photometers. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 7:e2020EA001392. [PMID: 33381616 PMCID: PMC7757267 DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol over the North Atlantic Ocean impacts regional clouds and climate. In this work, we use a set of sun photometer observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) located on the Graciosa and Cape Verde islands, along with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to investigate the sources of these aerosol and their transport over the North Atlantic Ocean. At both locations, the largest simulated contributor to aerosol extinction is the local source of sea-salt aerosol. In addition to this large source, we find that signatures consistent with long-range transport of anthropogenic, biomass burning, and dust emissions are apparent throughout the year at both locations. Model simulations suggest that this signal of long-range transport in AOD is more apparent at higher elevation locations; the influence of anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosol extinction is particularly pronounced at the height of Pico Mountain, near the Graciosa Island site. Using a machine learning approach, we further show that simulated observations at these three sites (near Graciosa, Pico Mountain, and Cape Verde) can be used to predict the simulated background aerosol imported into cities on the European mainland, particularly during the local winter months, highlighting the utility of background AOD monitoring for understanding downwind air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam J. Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Now at: Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - David A. Ridley
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Now at: California Air Resources BoardSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
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8
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Tsai CW, Hsiao YR, Lin ML, Hsu Y. Development of a noise-assisted multivariate empirical mode decomposition framework for characterizing PM 2.5 air pollution in Taiwan and its relation to hydro-meteorological factors. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105669. [PMID: 32278196 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To better understand air pollution problems, the relationships between PM2.5 and hydro-meteorological variables are studied using a state-of-the-art multivariate nonlinear and non-stationary filtering method, noise-assisted multivariate empirical mode decomposition (NAMEMD), and the time-dependent intrinsic correlation (TDIC) algorithm. Three characteristic scales (annual, diurnal and semi-diurnal) are shown to be significant to PM2.5 characterization, based on using NAMEMD filtering. Temporal fluctuations of local correlations among PM2.5 and hydro-meteorological variables are presented. On diurnal and semi-diurnal scales, seasonal variation of the local correlation between temperature and humidity is observed. A combined wind speed and direction analysis can be conducted using the NAMEMD-based algorithm. The pollutant roses that are generated from the reconstructed wind directions reveal the sources of PM2.5 on different scales. PM2.5 is found to be related to land breeze at the diurnal scale and to winter monsoons at the annual scale. The scale-dependent wind direction that contributes to the increase of PM2.5 can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina W Tsai
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - You-Ren Hsiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Liang Lin
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yaowen Hsu
- Master Program in Statistics and College of Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Abstract
Fungi move between habitats by dispersing small spores through the atmosphere. We ask what causes some species to release spores at a specific time every day versus irregularly. We find that timing of spore release dictates how long spores remain in the atmosphere before returning to the ground: Spores released at night are likely to travel for hours while spores released during the day may linger for days. Drivers are stronger in lower, warmer latitudes. Because spores in the open atmosphere are likely to die from prolonged exposure to light and air, the timing of spore release will impact survival. We have discovered a constraint likely to shape observed patterns of spore liberation. Fungi disperse spores to move across landscapes and spore liberation takes different patterns. Many species release spores intermittently; others release spores at specific times of day. Despite intriguing evidence of periodicity, why (and if) the timing of spore release would matter to a fungus remains an open question. Here we use state-of-the-art numerical simulations of atmospheric transport and meteorological data to follow the trajectory of many spores in the atmosphere at different times of day, seasons, and locations across North America. While individual spores follow unpredictable trajectories due to turbulence, in the aggregate patterns emerge: Statistically, spores released during the day fly for several days, whereas spores released at night return to ground within a few hours. Differences are caused by intense turbulence during the day and weak turbulence at night. The pattern is widespread but its reliability varies; for example, day/night patterns are stronger in southern regions. Results provide testable hypotheses explaining both intermittent and regular patterns of spore release as strategies to maximize spore survival in the air. Species with short-lived spores reproducing where there is strong turbulence during the day, for example in Mexico, maximize survival by releasing spores at night. Where cycles are weak, for example in Canada during fall, there is no benefit to releasing spores at the same time every day. Our data challenge the perception of fungal dispersal as risky, wasteful, and beyond control of individuals; our data suggest the timing of spore liberation may be finely tuned to maximize fitness during atmospheric transport.
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10
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Temporal variation of atmospheric 7Be and 210Pb concentrations and their activity size distributions at Astana, Kazakhstan in Central Asia. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Requia WJ, Jhun I, Coull BA, Koutrakis P. Climate impact on ambient PM 2.5 elemental concentration in the United States: A trend analysis over the last 30 years. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104888. [PMID: 31302483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Weather impacts on the chemical composition of PM2.5 varies significantly over space and time given the diversity of particle components and the complex mechanisms governing particle formation and removal. In this study, we employed generalized additive models (GAMs) to estimate weather-associated changes in PM2.5 composition in the US during 1988-2017. We considered seven components of ambient PM2.5, which included elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, and silicon. The impact of long-term weather changes on each PM2.5 component was defined in our study as "weather penalty". During our study period, temperature increased in four regions, including the Industrial Midwest and Northeast during the warm and cold season; and Upper Midwest and West in the cold season. Wind speed decreased in the both seasons. Relative humidity increased in the warm season and decreased in the cold season. The weather changes between 1988 and 2017 were associated with most PM2.5 components during both warm and cold seasons. The direction and the magnitude of the weather penalty varied considerably over the space and season. In the warm season, our findings suggest a nationwide weather penalty for EC, OC, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, and silicon of 0.04, 0.21, 0.04, 0.35, -0.01, 0.05, and 0.01 μg/m3, respectively. In the cold season, the estimated total penalty was 0.04, 0.21, 0.06, 0.04, -0.01, -0.02, and 0.02 μg/m3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weeberb J Requia
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Iny Jhun
- Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brent A Coull
- Harvard University, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Kikaj D, Chambers SD, Vaupotič J. Radon-based atmospheric stability classification in contrasting sub-Alpine and sub-Mediterranean environments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 203:125-134. [PMID: 30901740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A recently-developed radon-based technique is used to investigate relative changes in summertime atmospheric stability at two sites in Slovenia with contrasting geographical settings. Although atmospheric stability for both sites (50 km apart) was shown to be governed by similar synoptic conditions, their contrasting settings caused differences in mixing conditions for each stability category. At the urban sub-Alpine site Ljubljana, situated within a topographic basin, wind speeds associated with the most stable conditions were 0.2-0.3 m s-1. By comparison, corresponding wind speeds for the near-coastal sub-Mediterranean site Ajdovščina, located at the foothills of the Trnovski gozd barrier, were 0-0.2 m s-1. The wind direction at Ljubljana under stable conditions (∼80°) was consistent with drainage flow into the basin along the Sava River valley. The corresponding wind direction at Ajdovščina was 20-40°, consistent with gentle katabatic drainage from the flanks of the Trnovski gozd barrier. After removing fetch effects on radon variability at each site, a large contrast in local contributions to the radon signal was noted: the diurnal amplitude of the local radon signal increased from ∼24 Bq m-3 at Ljubljana to ∼47 Bq m-3 at Ajdovščina. This difference was attributed to a greater nocturnal radon accumulation rate at Ajdovščina (3.5 Bq m-3 h-1 vs 2.1 Bq m-3 h-1) due to higher radon fluxes from flysch and carbonate rocks compared to the sea and lake sediments in the Ljubljana Basin. The ability of radon to consistently distinguish subtle changes in atmospheric mixing at sites with contrasting topographic settings indicates that it will be a powerful tool for characterising air quality in these complex environments. Specifically, diurnal radon cycles indicate that the capability of the atmosphere to dilute primary pollutants is considerably less in the basin environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafina Kikaj
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Scott D Chambers
- ANSTO, Environmental Research, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Janja Vaupotič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Lau WKM, Yuan C, Li Z. Origin, Maintenance and Variability of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL): The Roles of Monsoon Dynamics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3960. [PMID: 29500395 PMCID: PMC5834455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Using NASA MERRA2 daily data, we investigated the origin, maintenance and variability of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) in relation to variations of the Asia Monsoon Anticyclone (AMA) during the summer of 2008. During May-June, abundant quantities of carbon monoxide (CO), carbonaceous aerosols (CA) and dusts are found in the mid- and upper troposphere over India and China, arising from enhanced biomass burning emissions, as well as westerly transport from the Middle East deserts. During July-August, large quantities of dusts transported from the deserts are trapped and accumulate over the southern and eastern foothills of the Tibetan Plateau. Despite strong precipitation washout, ambient CO, CA and dust are lofted by orographically forced deep convection to great elevations, 12-16 km above sea level, via two key pathways over heavily polluted regions: a) the Himalayas-Gangetic Plain, and b) the Sichuan Basin. Upon entering the upper-troposphere-lower-stratosphere, the pollutants are capped by a stable layer near the tropopause, advected and dispersed by the anticyclonic circulation of AMA, forming the ATAL resembling a planetary-scale "double-stem chimney cloud". The development and variability of the ATAL are strongly linked to the seasonal march and intraseasonal (20-30 days and higher frequency) oscillations of the Asian monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K M Lau
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanqing Li
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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14
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Yu K, Keller CA, Jacob DJ, Molod AM, Eastham SD, Long MS. Errors and improvements in the use of archived meteorological data for chemical transport modeling: an analysis using GEOS-Chem v11-01 driven by GEOS-5 meteorology. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 11:305-319. [PMID: 30420911 PMCID: PMC6225068 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-305-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Global simulations of atmospheric chemistry are commonly conducted with off-line chemical transport models (CTMs) driven by archived meteorological data from general circulation models (GCMs). The off-line approach has advantages of simplicity and expediency, but incurs errors due to temporal averaging in the meteorological archive and the inability to reproduce the GCM transport algorithms exactly. The CTM simulation is also often conducted at coarser grid resolution than the parent GCM. Here we investigate this cascade of CTM errors by using 222Rn-210Pb-7Be chemical tracer simulations offline in the GEOS-Chem CTM at rectilinear 0.25° ×0.3125° (≈25 km) and 2° ×2.5° (≈200 km) resolutions, and on-line in the parent GEOS-5 GCM at cubed-sphere c360 (≈25 km) and c48 (≈200 km) horizontal resolutions. The c360 GEOS-5 GCM meteorological archive, updated every 3 hours and remapped to 0.25° ×0.3125°, is the standard operational product generated by the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) and used as input by GEOS-Chem. We find that the GEOS-Chem 222Rn simulation at native 0.25° ×0.3125° resolution is affected by vertical transport errors of up to 20% relative to the GEOS-5 c360 on-line simulation, in part due to loss of transient organized vertical motions in the GCM (resolved convection) that are temporally averaged out in the 3-hour meteorological archive. There is also significant error caused by operational remapping of the meteorological archive from cubed-sphere to rectilinear grid. Decreasing the GEOS-Chem resolution from 0.25°×0.3125° to 2°×2.5° induces further weakening of vertical transport as transient vertical motions are averaged out spatially as well as temporally. The resulting 222Rn concentrations simulated by the coarse-resolution GEOS-Chem are overestimated by up to 40% in surface air relative to the on-line c360 simulations, and underestimated by up to 40% in the upper troposphere, while the tropospheric lifetimes of 210Pb and 7Be against aerosol deposition are affected by 5-10%. The lost vertical transport in the coarse-resolution GEOS-Chem simulation can be partly restored by re-computing the convective mass fluxes at the appropriate resolution to replace the archived convective mass fluxes, and by correcting for bias 20 in spatial averaging of boundary layer mixing depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Yu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christoph A Keller
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sebastian D Eastham
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Long
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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15
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Huang M, Zhang J, Cai S, Liao Y, Zhao W, Hu C, Gu X, Fang L, Zhang W. Characterization of particulate products for aging of ethylbenzene secondary organic aerosol in the presence of ammonium sulfate seed aerosol. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 47:219-229. [PMID: 27593289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles formed from OH- initiated oxidation of ethylbenzene in the presence of high mass (100-300μg/m(3)) concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 seed aerosol was investigated in a home-made smog chamber in this study. The chemical composition of aged ethylbenzene SOA particles was measured using an aerosol laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ALTOFMS) coupled with a Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering algorithm. Experimental results showed that nitrophenol, ethyl-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, methyl glyoxylic acid, 5-ethyl-6-oxo-2,4-hexadienoic acid, 2-ethyl-2,4-hexadiendioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-5-ethyl-6-oxo-4-hexenoic acid, 1H-imidazole, hydrated N-glyoxal substituted 1H-imidazole, hydrated glyoxal dimer substituted imidazole, 1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde, N-glyoxal substituted hydrated 1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde and high-molecular-weight (HMW) components were the predominant products in the aged particles. Compared to the previous aromatic SOA aging studies, imidazole compounds, which can absorb solar radiation effectively, were newly detected in aged ethylbenzene SOA in the presence of high concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 seed aerosol. These findings provide new information for discussing aromatic SOA aging mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Huang
- College of Chemistry & Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou 363105, China.
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Shunyou Cai
- College of Chemistry & Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Yingmin Liao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou 363105, China
| | - Weixiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Changjin Hu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xuejun Gu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Li Fang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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16
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Evangeliou N, Zibtsev S, Myroniuk V, Zhurba M, Hamburger T, Stohl A, Balkanski Y, Paugam R, Mousseau TA, Møller AP, Kireev SI. Resuspension and atmospheric transport of radionuclides due to wildfires near the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 2015: An impact assessment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26062. [PMID: 27184191 PMCID: PMC4869032 DOI: 10.1038/srep26062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In April and August 2015, two major fires in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ) caused concerns about the secondary radioactive contamination that might have spread over Europe. The present paper assessed, for the first time, the impact of these fires over Europe. About 10.9 TBq of (137)Cs, 1.5 TBq of (90)Sr, 7.8 GBq of (238)Pu, 6.3 GBq of (239)Pu, 9.4 GBq of (240)Pu and 29.7 GBq of (241)Am were released from both fire events corresponding to a serious event. The more labile elements escaped easier from the CEZ, whereas the larger refractory particles were removed more efficiently from the atmosphere mainly affecting the CEZ and its vicinity. During the spring 2015 fires, about 93% of the labile and 97% of the refractory particles ended in Eastern European countries. Similarly, during the summer 2015 fires, about 75% of the labile and 59% of the refractory radionuclides were exported from the CEZ with the majority depositing in Belarus and Russia. Effective doses were above 1 mSv y(-1) in the CEZ, but much lower in the rest of Europe contributing an additional dose to the Eastern European population, which is far below a dose from a medical X-ray.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Evangeliou
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research (ATMOS), Kjeller, Norway
| | - S. Zibtsev
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - V. Myroniuk
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - M. Zhurba
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - T. Hamburger
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research (ATMOS), Kjeller, Norway
| | - A. Stohl
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research (ATMOS), Kjeller, Norway
| | - Y. Balkanski
- CEA-UVSQ-CNRS UMR 8212, Institut Pierre et Simon Laplace, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), L’Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - R. Paugam
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - T. A. Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - A. P. Møller
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 362, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - S. I. Kireev
- Deputy General Director of the State Enterprise “Chernobyl Special Kombinat”, Chernobyl city, 6 Shkolna street, Ukraine
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17
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Evangeliou N, Balkanski Y, Florou H, Eleftheriadis K, Cozic A, Kritidis P. Global deposition and transport efficiencies of radioactive species with respect to modelling credibility after Fukushima (Japan, 2011). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 149:164-175. [PMID: 26254209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study we conduct a detailed comparison of the modelling response of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident with global and local observations. We use five different model versions characterized by different horizontal and vertical resolutions of the same General Circulation Model (GCM). Transport efficiencies of (137)Cs across the world are presented as an indication of the expected radioactive impact. Activity concentrations were well represented showing lower Normalized Mean Biases (NMBs) when the better resolved versions of the GCM were used. About 95% of the results using the zoom configuration over Europe (zEur) remained within a factor of 10 from the observations. Close to Japan, the model reproduced well (137)Cs concentrations using the zoom version over Asia (zAsia) showing high correlations, while more than 64% of the modelling results were found within a factor of two from the observations and more than 92% within a factor of 10. Labile and refractory rare radionuclides calculated indirectly showed larger deviations, with about 60% of the simulated concentrations within a factor of 10 from the observations. We estimate that around 23% of the released (137)Cs remained into Japan, while 76% deposited in the oceans. Around 163 TBq deposited over North America, among which 95 TBq over USA, 40 TBq over Canada and 5 TBq over Greenland). About 14 TBq deposited over Europe (mostly in the European part of Russia, Sweden and Norway) and 47 TBq over Asia (mostly in the Asian part of Russia, Philippines and South Korea), while traces were observed over Africa, Oceania and Antarctica. Since the radioactive plume followed a northward direction before its arrival to USA and then to Europe, a significant amount of about 69 TBq deposited in the Arctic, as well. These patterns of deposition are fully consistent with the most recent reports for the accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Evangeliou
- CEA-CNRS-UVSQ UMR 8212, IPSL/LSCE (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement), L'Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Yves Balkanski
- CEA-CNRS-UVSQ UMR 8212, IPSL/LSCE (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement), L'Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Heleni Florou
- NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Anne Cozic
- CEA-CNRS-UVSQ UMR 8212, IPSL/LSCE (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement), L'Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Panayotis Kritidis
- NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, 15310 Athens, Greece
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18
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Kroll JH, Lim CY, Kessler SH, Wilson KR. Heterogeneous Oxidation of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol: Kinetics of Changes to the Amount and Oxidation State of Particle-Phase Organic Carbon. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10767-83. [PMID: 26381466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation reactions are known to affect the chemical composition of organic aerosol (OA) particles over timescales of several days, but the details of such oxidative aging reactions are poorly understood. In this study we examine the rates and products of a key class of aging reaction, the heterogeneous oxidation of particle-phase organic species by the gas-phase hydroxyl radical (OH). We compile and reanalyze a number of previous studies from our laboratories involving the oxidation of single-component organic particles. All kinetic and product data are described on a common basis, enabling a straightforward comparison among different chemical systems and experimental conditions. Oxidation chemistry is described in terms of changes to key ensemble properties of the OA, rather than to its detailed molecular composition, focusing on two quantities in particular, the amount and the oxidation state of the particle-phase carbon. Heterogeneous oxidation increases the oxidation state of particulate carbon, with the rate of increase determined by the detailed chemical mechanism. At the same time, the amount of particle-phase carbon decreases with oxidation, due to fragmentation (C-C scission) reactions that form small, volatile products that escape to the gas phase. In contrast to the oxidation state increase, the rate of carbon loss is nearly uniform among most systems studied. Extrapolation of these results to atmospheric conditions indicates that heterogeneous oxidation can have a substantial effect on the amount and composition of atmospheric OA over timescales of several days, a prediction that is broadly in line with available measurements of OA evolution over such long timescales. In particular, 3-13% of particle-phase carbon is lost to the gas phase after one week of heterogeneous oxidation. Our results indicate that oxidative aging represents an important sink for particulate organic carbon, and more generally that fragmentation reactions play a major role in the lifecycle of atmospheric OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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19
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Jhun I, Coull BA, Schwartz J, Hubbell B, Koutrakis P. The impact of weather changes on air quality and health in the United States in 1994-2012. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS : ERL [WEB SITE] 2015; 10:084009. [PMID: 27570539 PMCID: PMC4996129 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/084009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Air quality is heavily influenced by weather conditions. In this study, we assessed the impact of long-term weather changes on air quality and health in the US during 1994-2012. We quantified past weather-related increases, or 'weather penalty', in ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and thereafter estimated the associated excess deaths. Using statistical regression methods, we derived the weather penalty as the additional increases in air pollution relative to trends assuming constant weather conditions (i.e., weather-adjusted trends). During our study period, temperature increased and wind speed decreased in most US regions. Nationally, weather-related 8 h max O3 increases were 0.18 ppb per year (95% CI: 0.06, 0.31) in the warm season (May-October) and 0.07 ppb per year (95% CI: 0.02, 0.13) in the cold season (November-April). The weather penalties on O3 were relatively larger than PM2.5 weather penalties, which were 0.056 µg m-3 per year (95% CI: 0.016, 0.096) in warm months and 0.027 µg m-3 per year (95% CI: 0.010, 0.043) in cold months. Weather penalties on O3 and PM2.5 were associated with 290 (95% CI: 80, 510) and 770 (95% CI: 190, 1350) excess annual deaths, respectively. Over a 19-year period, this amounts to 20 300 excess deaths (5600 from O3, 14 700 from PM2.5) attributable to the weather penalty on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iny Jhun
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bryan Hubbell
- Office of Air Quality, Planning, and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC27711, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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20
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Vernier JP, Fairlie TD, Natarajan M, Wienhold FG, Bian J, Martinsson BG, Crumeyrolle S, Thomason LW, Bedka KM. Increase in upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric aerosol levels and its potential connection with Asian pollution. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2015; 120:1608-1619. [PMID: 26691186 PMCID: PMC4672967 DOI: 10.1002/2014jd022372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Satellite observations have shown that the Asian Summer Monsoon strongly influences the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) aerosol morphology through its role in the formation of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II solar occultation and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar observations show that summertime UTLS Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) between 13 and 18 km over Asia has increased by three times since the late 1990s. Here we present the first in situ balloon measurements of aerosol backscatter in the UTLS from Western China, which confirm high aerosol levels observed by CALIPSO since 2006. Aircraft in situ measurements suggest that aerosols at lower altitudes of the ATAL are largely composed of carbonaceous and sulfate materials (carbon/sulfur elemental ratio ranging from 2 to 10). Back trajectory analysis from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization observations indicates that deep convection over the Indian subcontinent supplies the ATAL through the transport of pollution into the UTLS. Time series of deep convection occurrence, carbon monoxide, aerosol, temperature, and relative humidity suggest that secondary aerosol formation and growth in a cold, moist convective environment could play an important role in the formation of ATAL. Finally, radiative calculations show that the ATAL layer has exerted a short-term regional forcing at the top of the atmosphere of -0.1 W/m2 in the past 18 years. KEY POINTS Increase of summertime upper tropospheric aerosol levels over Asia since the 1990s Upper tropospheric enhancement also observed by in situ backscatter measurements Significant regional radiative forcing of -0.1 W/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Vernier
- Science Systems and Applications, IncHampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
- Correspondence to: J.-P. Vernier,,
| | - T D Fairlie
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
| | - M Natarajan
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
| | - F G Wienhold
- Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZurich, Switzerland
| | - J Bian
- LAGEO, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | | | - S Crumeyrolle
- LOA, CNRS–Université Lille1Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - L W Thomason
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
| | - K M Bedka
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
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21
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Persson BRR, Holm E. (7)Be, (210)Pb, and (210)Po in the surface air from the Arctic to Antarctica. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2014; 138:364-374. [PMID: 24525181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we have investigated the activity concentrations of (210)Pb, (210)Po as well as (7)Be in surface air of the North and South Atlantic (1988-1989), the Arctic Ocean (1991), and along the coastline of Siberia (1994) during succeeding expeditions in the Swedish Polar Research program. During the cruises in the Arctic Ocean during 1991-07-28 to 1991-10-04 the average air concentrations of (7)Be was 0.6 ± 0.4 mBq/m(3), (210)Pb 40 ± 4 μBq/m(3) and (210)Po-38 ± 10 μBq/m(3). During the Swedish-Russian Tundra Ecology-94 expedition along the Siberian coastline the average air concentrations of (7)Be and (210)Pb measured during May-July were 11 ± 3, and 2.4 ± 0.4 mBq/m(3), and during July-September they were 7.2 ± 2 and 2.7 ± 1.1 mBq/m(3) respectively. The results from measurements of the activity concentration of (210)Pb in the air over the Arctic Ocean vary between 75 and 176 μBq/m(3). In the air close to land masses, however, the activity concentration of (210)Pb in the air increases to 269-2712 μBq/m(3). The activity concentration of (7)Be in the South Atlantic during the cruise down to Antarctica varied between 1.3 and 1.7 with an average of 1.5 ± 0.8 mBq/m(3). The activity concentration of (210)Pb in the South Atlantic down to Antarctica varied between 6 and 14 μBq/m(3). At the Equator the activity concentration recorded in November 1988 was 630 μBq/m(3) and in April 1989 it was 260 μBq/m(3). The average activity concentration of (210)Pb during the route Gothenburg-Montevideo in 1988 was 290 and on the return Montevideo-Gothenburg it was 230 μBq/m(3). The activity concentration of (210)Po in the South Atlantic down to Antarctica varied between 15 and 58 μBq/m(3). At the Equator the activity concentration in November 1988 was 170 and in April 1989 it was 70 μBq/m(3). The average activity concentration of (210)Po during the route Gothenburg-Montevideo in 1988 was 63 and on the return Montevideo-Gothenburg it was 60 μBq/m(3). The average of the activity concentrations in the Antarctic air of (210)Pb was 27 ± 10 μBq/m(3) and of (210)Po it was 12 ± 7 μBq/m(3). All our results were compiled together with other published data, and the global latitudinal distribution of (210)Pb was converted to total annual deposition (Bq/m(2)/a) and fitted to a 4th degree polynomial. By using the global latitudinal distribution of (210)Po/(210)Pb-activity ratio from our own results the global latitudinal distribution of (210)Po annual deposition was derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil R R Persson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Barngatan 2, SE 22185, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Elis Holm
- Department of radiation physics, Sahlgren Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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22
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Simsek V, Pozzoli L, Unal A, Kindap T, Karaca M. Simulation of ¹³⁷Cs transport and deposition after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident and radiological doses over the Anatolian peninsula. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 499:74-88. [PMID: 25173864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) accident occurred on April 26 of 1986, it is still an episode of interest, due to the large amount of radionuclides dispersed in the atmosphere. Caesium-137 ((137)Cs) is one of the main radionuclides emitted during the Chernobyl accident, with a half-life of 30years, which can be accumulated in humans and animals, and for this reason the impacts on population are still monitored today. One of the main parameters in order to estimate the exposure of population to (137)Cs is the concentration in the air, during the days after the accident, and the deposition at surface. The transport and deposition of (137)Cs over Europe occurred after the CNPP accident has been simulated using the WRF-HYSPLIT modeling system. Four different vertical and temporal emission rate profiles have been simulated, as well as two different dry deposition velocities. The model simulations could reproduce fairly well the observations of (137)Cs concentrations and deposition, which were used to generate the 'Atlas of Caesium deposition on Europe after the Chernobyl accident' and published in 1998. An additional focus was given on (137)Cs deposition and air concentrations over Turkey, which was one of the main affected countries, but not included in the results of the Atlas. We estimated a total deposition of 2-3.5 PBq over Turkey, with 2 main regions affected, East Turkey and Central Black Sea coast until Central Anatolia, with values between 10 kBq m(-2) and 100 kBq m(-2). Mean radiological effective doses from simulated air concentrations and deposition has been estimated for Turkey reaching 0.15 mSv/year in the North Eastern part of Turkey, even if the contribution from ingestion of contaminated food and water is not considered, the estimated levels are largely below the 1 mSv limit indicated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Simsek
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - L Pozzoli
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Unal
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T Kindap
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - M Karaca
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Chacon-Madrid HJ, Murphy BN, Pandis SN, Donahue NM. Simulations of smog-chamber experiments using the two-dimensional volatility basis set: linear oxygenated precursors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11179-11186. [PMID: 22970932 DOI: 10.1021/es3017232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We use a two-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-VBS) box model to simulate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass yields of linear oxygenated molecules: n-tridecanal, 2- and 7-tridecanone, 2- and 7-tridecanol, and n-pentadecane. A hybrid model with explicit, a priori treatment of the first-generation products for each precursor molecule, followed by a generic 2D-VBS mechanism for later-generation chemistry, results in excellent model-measurement agreement. This strongly confirms that the 2D-VBS mechanism is a predictive tool for SOA modeling but also suggests that certain important first-generation products for major primary SOA precursors should be treated explicitly for optimal SOA predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heber J Chacon-Madrid
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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24
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Stepanov AV, Shestakov DV. A study of the temperature dependence of the rate constant for the reaction of O2 with surface alkoxy radicals. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793112040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Hirose K. 2011 Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident: summary of regional radioactive deposition monitoring results. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2012; 111:13-17. [PMID: 22119330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
After the Great East Japan Earthquake and resulting Tsunami on March 11, 2011, serious accident of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant has been occurred. Huge amounts of radionuclides were released in atmosphere and ocean. Japanese prefectural governments have carried out environmental radioactivity monitoring; external dose rate, radioactivity measurements in environmental samples and others. Since March 18, 2011, daily and monthly deposition samples were collected in 45 stations covering Japanese Islands and radionuclides in the deposition samples were determined. We summarize radioactive deposition data reported by Japanese Government and study the depositional behaviors of the Fukushima-derived radionuclides. The results revealed that Fukushima-derived radioactive cloud dominantly affected in the central and eastern part of Honshu-Island, although it affected all of Japanese land area and also western North Pacific. The temporal change of the Fukushima-derived (137)Cs revealed that the apparent atmospheric residence time of the Fukushima-derived (137)Cs in sites within 300 km from the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPPis about 10 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Hirose
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
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26
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Kessler SH, Nah T, Daumit KE, Smith JD, Leone SR, Kolb CE, Worsnop DR, Wilson KR, Kroll JH. OH-Initiated Heterogeneous Aging of Highly Oxidized Organic Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6358-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212131m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean H. Kessler
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Theodora Nah
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California
94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Kelly E. Daumit
- Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Jared D. Smith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California
94720, United States
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Charles E. Kolb
- Center for
Aerosol and Cloud
Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica,
Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Center for
Aerosol and Cloud
Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica,
Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California
94720, United States
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
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27
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Lozano RL, San Miguel EG, Bolívar JP, Baskaran M. Depositional fluxes and concentrations of7Be and210Pb in bulk precipitation and aerosols at the interface of Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts in Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Fang Y, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Gnanadesikan A, Held I, Chen G, Vecchi G, Levy H. The impacts of changing transport and precipitation on pollutant distributions in a future climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baskaran M. Po-210 and Pb-210 as atmospheric tracers and global atmospheric Pb-210 fallout: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2011; 102:500-13. [PMID: 21093126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past ∼ 5 decades, the distribution of (222)Rn and its progenies (mainly (210)Pb, (210)Bi and (210)Po) have provided a wealth of information as tracers to quantify several atmospheric processes that include: i) source tracking and transport time scales of air masses; ii) the stability and vertical movement of air masses iii) removal rate constants and residence times of aerosols; iv) chemical behavior of analog species; and v) washout ratios and deposition velocities of aerosols. Most of these applications require that the sources and sink terms of these nuclides are well characterized. Utility of (210)Pb, (210)Bi and (210)Po as atmospheric tracers requires that data on the (222)Rn emanation rates is well documented. Due to low concentrations of (226)Ra in surface waters, the (222)Rn emanation rates from the continent is about two orders of magnitude higher than that of the ocean. This has led to distinctly higher (210)Pb concentrations in continental air masses compared to oceanic air masses. The highly varying concentrations of (210)Pb in air as well the depositional fluxes have yielded insight on the sources and transit times of aerosols. In an ideal enclosed air mass (closed system with respect to these nuclides), the residence times of aerosols obtained from the activity ratios of (210)Pb/(222)Rn, (210)Bi/(210)Pb, and (210)Po/(210)Pb are expected to agree with each other, but a large number of studies have indicated discordance between the residence times obtained from these three pairs. Recent results from the distribution of these nuclides in size-fractionated aerosols appear to yield consistent residence time in smaller-size aerosols, possibly suggesting that larger size aerosols are derived from resuspended dust. The residence times calculated from the (210)Pb/(222)Rn, (210)Bi/(210)Pb, and (210)Po/(210)Pb activity ratios published from 1970's are compared to those data obtained in size-fractionated aerosols in this decade and possible reasons for the discordance is discussed with some key recommendations for future studies. The existing global atmospheric inventory data of (210)Pb is re-evaluated and a 'global curve' for the depositional fluxes of (210)Pb is established. A current global budget for atmospheric (210)Po and (210)Pb is also established. The relative importance of dry fallout of (210)Po and (210)Pb at different latitudes is evaluated. The global values for the deposition velocities of aerosols using (210)Po and (210)Pb are synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baskaran
- Department of Geology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI-48202, USA.
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Kourtchev I, Hellebust S, Bell JM, O'Connor IP, Healy RM, Allanic A, Healy D, Wenger JC, Sodeau JR. The use of polar organic compounds to estimate the contribution of domestic solid fuel combustion and biogenic sources to ambient levels of organic carbon and PM2.5 in Cork Harbour, Ireland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:2143-2155. [PMID: 21420721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PM(2.5) samples collected at Cork Harbour, Ireland during summer, autumn, late autumn and winter, 2008-2009 were analyzed for polar organic compounds that are useful markers for aerosol source characterization. The determined compounds include tracers for biomass burning primary particles, fungal spores, markers for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from isoprene, α-/β-pinene, and d-limonene. Seasonal and temporal variations and other characteristic features of the detected tracers are discussed in terms of aerosol sources and processes. The biogenic species were detected only during the summer period where the contributions of isoprene SOA and fungal spores to the PM(2.5) organic carbon (OC) were estimated to be 1.6% and 1% respectively. The biomass burning markers, and in particular levoglucosan, were present in all samples and attributed to the combustion of cellulose-containing fuels including wood, peat, bituminous and smokeless coal. The contribution of domestic solid fuel (DSF) burning to the measured OC mass concentration was estimated at 10.8, 50, 66.4 and 74.9% for summer, autumn, late autumn and winter periods, respectively, based on factors derived from a series of burning experiments on locally available fuels. Application of an alternative approach, namely principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), to the measured concentrations of the polar organic marker compounds used in conjunction with real-time air quality data provided similar trends and estimates for DSF combustion during all seasons except summer. This study clearly demonstrates that, despite the ban on the sale of bituminous coal in Cork and other large urban areas in Ireland, DSF combustion is still the major source of OC during autumn and winter periods and also makes a significant contribution to PM(2.5) levels. The developed marker approach for estimating the contribution of DSF combustion to ambient OC concentrations can, in principle, also be applied to other locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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31
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Bourcier L, Masson O, Laj P, Pichon JM, Paulat P, Freney E, Sellegri K. Comparative trends and seasonal variation of ⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs at two altitude sites in the central part of France. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2011; 102:294-301. [PMID: 21255885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, and ⁷Be were measured over a three-year period at two research stations located less than 12 km apart and at different altitudes (puy de Dôme, 1465 m a.s.l. and Opme, 660 m a.s.l., France). Seasonal trends in all radionuclides were observed at both stations, with high concentration measured during the summer and low concentrations during the winter. The ²¹⁰Pb concentrations at both stations were similar to each other. Higher concentrations of both ⁷Be and ¹³⁷Cs were measured at puy de Dôme than at Opme. These observations can be explained by the stratospheric and upper tropospheric sources of ⁷Be and the long-range transportation of ¹³⁷Cs at high altitudes. Air mass origins during sampling periods were classified into several groups by their route to the stations (marine, marine modified, continental and mediterranean). We observed that ⁷Be concentrations were constant regardless of the air mass origins, unlike ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb concentrations that increased when influenced by continental air masses. Higher ⁷Be concentrations were observed when air masses were arriving from the upper troposphere than from the boundary layer, the opposite was observed for ¹³⁷Cs. The temporal trend in concentrations of ⁷Be shows good agreement with previous modelling studies suggesting that there is a good understanding of its sources and the atmospheric vertical mixing of this radionuclide. The sources and mixing of ²¹⁰Pb, however, seem to be more complex than it appeared to be in previous modelling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bourcier
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Blaise Pascal-CNRS, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France.
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32
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Laurent B, Tegen I, Heinold B, Schepanski K, Weinzierl B, Esselborn M. A model study of Saharan dust emissions and distributions during the SAMUM-1 campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kuykendall JR, Shaw SL, Paustenbach D, Fehling K, Kacew S, Kabay V. Chemicals present in automobile traffic tunnels and the possible community health hazards: a review of the literature. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:747-92. [PMID: 19555229 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802524357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dozens of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds can be detected in vehicle exhaust, along with numerous metals and oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon. While the adverse effects of these chemicals have been extensively studied surrounding open roadways, the hazards to local residents and commuters resulting from the presence of tunnel emission chemicals are less well known. Commuters and workers within tunnels are also exposed to tunnel atmospheres, and the risks have only been evaluated to a limited extent. Approximately 50 studies conducted at more than 35 different international traffic tunnels were reviewed in order to characterize the potential health impact on individuals residing near these tunnels. One objective of this article is to identify those chemicals that deserve further study in order to understand the hazards to humans who work in these tunnels, as well as the risks to those in the surrounding community. The second objective is to present the available information regarding the hazards to those living near these tunnels. The published information, for the most part, indicates that the concentration of most toxicants detected in communities exposed to tunnel emissions are below those concentrations that are generally considered to pose either a significant acute or chronic health hazard. However, there have been no comprehensive studies that have evaluated the concentration of all of the relevant toxicants on a real-time basis or using repetitive time-weighted average sampling. Based on our analysis of the existing information appearing in peer-reviewed literature and government reports, additional information on the variation of concentrations of various chemicals over time near the tunnel exits would be helpful. Optimally, these would be better if evaluated in conjunction with traffic magnitude and vehicle type. It would also be useful to further characterize acute exposures to commuters or tunnel workers during times of heavy volume or slow-moving traffic due to accidents within the tunnel structure, when tunnel pollutant levels would be expected to be substantially elevated. A recent review by the Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council also discusses tunnel and air quality in detail (2008). Nearly 300 references are cited.
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Ganguly D, Ginoux P, Ramaswamy V, Dubovik O, Welton J, Reid EA, Holben BN. Inferring the composition and concentration of aerosols by combining AERONET and MPLNET data: Comparison with other measurements and utilization to evaluate GCM output. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Magi BI, Ginoux P, Ming Y, Ramaswamy V. Evaluation of tropical and extratropical Southern Hemisphere African aerosol properties simulated by a climate model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Su L, Toon OB. Numerical simulations of Asian dust storms using a coupled climate-aerosol microphysical model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Field CV, Schmidt GA. Model-based constraints on interpreting 20th century trends in ice core10Be. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Gross S, Iannone R, Xiao S, Bertram AK. Reactive uptake studies of NO3 and N2O5 on alkenoic acid, alkanoate, and polyalcohol substrates to probe nighttime aerosol chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7792-803. [DOI: 10.1039/b904741g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Kroll JH, Smith JD, Che DL, Kessler SH, Worsnop DR, Wilson KR. Measurement of fragmentation and functionalization pathways in the heterogeneous oxidation of oxidized organic aerosol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8005-14. [DOI: 10.1039/b905289e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Barkley MP, Palmer PI, Kuhn U, Kesselmeier J, Chance K, Kurosu TP, Martin RV, Helmig D, Guenther A. Net ecosystem fluxes of isoprene over tropical South America inferred from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) observations of HCHO columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Rastogi N, Sarin MM. Atmospheric210Pb and7Be in ambient aerosols over low- and high-altitude sites in semiarid region: Temporal variability and transport processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Heald CL, Henze DK, Horowitz LW, Feddema J, Lamarque JF, Guenther A, Hess PG, Vitt F, Seinfeld JH, Goldstein AH, Fung I. Predicted change in global secondary organic aerosol concentrations in response to future climate, emissions, and land use change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Heald
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - D. K. Henze
- Department of Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - L. W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; NOAA; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - J. Feddema
- Department of Geography; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas USA
| | - J.-F. Lamarque
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Guenther
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. G. Hess
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. Vitt
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. H. Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - I. Fung
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; University of California; Berkeley California USA
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43
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Tateda Y, Iwao K. High (210)Po atmospheric deposition flux in the subtropical coastal area of Japan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2008; 99:98-108. [PMID: 17825963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bulk atmospheric deposition fluxes of (210)Po and (210)Pb were measured at three coastal regions of Japan, the Pacific Ocean coastal area of the Japanese mainland (Odawa Bay), the Chinese continental side of Japanese coastal area (Tsuyazaki), and an isolated island near Okinawa (Akajima). Wet and dry fallout collectors were continuously deployed from September 1997 through August 1998 for periods of 3 to 31 days depending on the frequency of precipitation events. Annual (210)Pb deposition fluxes at Odawa Bay (35 degrees N 139 degrees E), Tsuyazaki (33 degrees N 130 degrees E) and Akajima (26 degrees N 127 degrees E) were 73.3+/-8.0, 197+/-35 and 78.5+/-8.0 Bqm(-2)y(-1), respectively. Higher (210)Pb deposition was observed at the Chinese continental side of Japanese coast than at the Pacific Ocean coastal site. The high (210)Pb atmospheric flux at the Chinese continental side coast was thought to be attributable to (222)Rn-rich air-mass transport from the Chinese continent during the winter monsoon. In contrast, the annual (210)Po deposition fluxes at the three study sites were 13.0+/-2.3 (Odawa Bay), 21.9+/-4.4 (Tsuyazaki) and 58.4+/-7.7 (Akajima)Bqm(-2)y(-1), respectively, indicating unusual high (210)Po deposition at Akajima during winter. Anomalous unsupported (210)Po input was observed during summer 1997, suggesting unknown source of (210)Po at this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tateda
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan.
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44
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NISHIZAWA M, NAGAI H, CHINO M, MORIIZUMI J, YOSHIOKA K, OHKURA T, YAMAZAWA H, IIDA T, MUKAI H, TOHJIMA Y, ODA N, SHIMANO F. Development of Three-Dimensional Numerical Model for222Rn and its Decay Products Coupled with a Mesoscale Meteorological Model I. Model Description and Validation. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/18811248.2007.9711393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Generoso S, Bey I, Attié JL, Bréon FM. A satellite- and model-based assessment of the 2003 Russian fires: Impact on the Arctic region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Liu X, Penner JE, Das B, Bergmann D, Rodriguez JM, Strahan S, Wang M, Feng Y. Uncertainties in global aerosol simulations: Assessment using three meteorological data sets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Matichuk RI, Colarco PR, Smith JA, Toon OB. Modeling the transport and optical properties of smoke aerosols from African savanna fires during the Southern African Regional Science Initiative campaign (SAFARI 2000). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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