1
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Wada R, Tonokura K, Koba S, Imamura T, Nakai K, Ushiyama H, Yamashita K, Matsumi Y, Enami S, Seakins PW. Theoretical study on the enthalpies of adduct formation between alkyl iodides and chlorine atoms. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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2
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Sarkar S, Fan WH, Jia S, Blake DR, Reid JS, Lestari P, Yu LE. A quantitative assessment of distributions and sources of tropospheric halocarbons measured in Singapore. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:528-544. [PMID: 29156272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the first ground-based atmospheric measurements of 26 halocarbons in Singapore, an urban-industrial city-state in Southeast (SE) Asia. A total of 166 whole air canister samples collected during two intensive 7 Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) campaigns (August-October 2011 and 2012) were analyzed for C1-C2 halocarbons using gas chromatography-electron capture/mass spectrometric detection. The halocarbon dataset was supplemented with measurements of selected non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), C1-C5 alkyl nitrates, sulfur gases and carbon monoxide to better understand sources and atmospheric processes. The median observed atmospheric mixing ratios of CFCs, halons, CCl4 and CH3CCl3 were close to global tropospheric background levels, with enhancements in the 1-17% range. This provided the first measurement evidence from SE Asia of the effectiveness of Montreal Protocol and related national-scale regulations instituted in the 1990s to phase-out ozone depleting substances (ODS). First- and second-generation CFC replacements (HCFCs and HFCs) dominated the atmospheric halocarbon burden with HFC-134a, HCFC-22 and HCFC-141b exhibiting enhancements of 39-67%. By combining near-source measurements in Indonesia with receptor data in Singapore, regionally transported peat-forest burning smoke was found to impact levels of several NMHCs (ethane, ethyne, benzene, and propane) and short-lived halocarbons (CH3I, CH3Cl, and CH3Br) in a subset of the receptor samples. The strong signatures of these species near peat-forest fires were potentially affected by atmospheric dilution/mixing during transport and by mixing with substantial urban/regional backgrounds at the receptor. Quantitative source apportionment was carried out using positive matrix factorization (PMF), which identified industrial emissions related to refrigeration, foam blowing, and solvent use in chemical, pharmaceutical and electronics industries as the major source of halocarbons (34%) in Singapore. This was followed by marine and terrestrial biogenic activity (28%), residual levels of ODS from pre-Montreal Protocol operations (16%), seasonal incidences of peat-forest smoke (13%), and fumigation related to quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS) applications (7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Sarkar
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
| | - Wei Hong Fan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Shiguo Jia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Reid
- Naval Research Laboratory, Marine Meteorology Division, 7 Grace Hopper Avenue Stop 2, Monterey, CA 93943-5502, USA
| | - Puji Lestari
- Environmental Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, JL. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Liya E Yu
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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3
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Wang P, Zhao N, Tang Y. Halogen Bonding in the Complexes of CH3I and CCl4 with Oxygen-Containing Halogen-Bond Acceptors. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5045-5055. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Wang
- Environment
Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100 Shandong, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Environment
Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100 Shandong, China
| | - Yizhen Tang
- School
of Environmental and municipal engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, 266033 Qingdao, China
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4
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Enami S, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Halogen Radical Chemistry at Aqueous Interfaces. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6242-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b04219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- Linde
Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - A. J. Colussi
- Linde
Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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5
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Hu Q, Xie Z, Wang X, Yu J, Zhang Y. Methyl iodine over oceans from the Arctic Ocean to the maritime Antarctic. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26007. [PMID: 27184471 PMCID: PMC4868973 DOI: 10.1038/srep26007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies about methyl iodide (CH3I), an important atmospheric iodine species over oceans, had been conducted in some maritime regions, but the understanding of the spatial distribution of CH3I on a global scale is still limited. In this study, we reports atmospheric CH3I over oceans during the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Research Expeditions. CH3I varied considerably with the range of 0.17 to 2.9 pptv with absent of ship emission. The concentration of CH3I generally decreased with increasing latitudes, except for higher levels in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere than in the low latitudes. For sea areas, the Norwegian Sea had the highest CH3I concentrations with a median of 0.91 pptv, while the Central Arctic Ocean had the lowest concentrations with all values below 0.5 pptv. CH3I concentration over oceans was affected by many parameters, including sea surface temperature, salinity, dissolved organic carbon, biogenic emissions and input from continents, with distinctive dominant factor in different regions, indicating complex biogeochemical processes of CH3I on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Juan Yu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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6
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Airborne measurements of organic bromine compounds in the Pacific tropical tropopause layer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13789-93. [PMID: 26504212 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511463112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Very short-lived brominated substances (VSLBr) are an important source of stratospheric bromine, an effective ozone destruction catalyst. However, the accurate estimation of the organic and inorganic partitioning of bromine and the input to the stratosphere remains uncertain. Here, we report near-tropopause measurements of organic brominated substances found over the tropical Pacific during the NASA Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment campaigns. We combine aircraft observations and a chemistry-climate model to quantify the total bromine loading injected to the stratosphere. Surprisingly, despite differences in vertical transport between the Eastern and Western Pacific, VSLBr (organic + inorganic) contribute approximately similar amounts of bromine [∼6 (4-9) parts per trillion] [corrected] to the stratospheric input at the tropical tropopause. These levels of bromine cause substantial ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere, and any increases in future abundances (e.g., as a result of aquaculture) will lead to larger depletions.
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7
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Sharma RC, Blitz M, Wada R, Seakins PW. HCl yield and chemical kinetics study of the reaction of Cl atoms with CH3I at the 298K temperature using the infra-red tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 128:176-182. [PMID: 24667422 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed ArF excimer laser (193 nm)-CW infrared (IR) tunable diode laser Herriott type absorption spectroscopic technique has been made for the detection of product hydrochloric acid HCl. Absorption spectroscopic technique is used in the reaction chlorine atoms with methyl iodide (Cl+CH3I) to the study of kinetics on reaction Cl+CH3I and the yield of (HCl). The reaction of Cl+CH3I has been studied with the support of the reaction Cl+C4H10 (100% HCl) at temperature 298 K. In the reaction Cl+CH3I, the total pressure of He between 20 and 125 Torr at the constant concentration of [CH3I] 7.0×10(14) molecule cm(-3). In the present work, we estimated adduct formation is very important in the reaction Cl+CH3I and reversible processes as well and CH3I molecule photo-dissociated in the methyl [CH3] radical. The secondary chemistry has been studied as CH3+CH3ICl = product, and CH3I+CH3ICl = product2. The system has been modeled theoretically for secondary chemistry in the present work. The calculated and experimentally HCl yield nearly 65% at the concentration 1.00×10(14) molecule cm(-3) of [CH3I] and 24% at the concentration 4.0×10(15) molecule cm(-3) of [CH3I], at constant concentration 4.85×10(12) molecule cm(-3) of [CH3], and at 7.3×10(12) molecule cm(-3) of [Cl]. The pressure dependent also studied product of HCl at the constant [CH3], [Cl] and [CH3I]. The experimental results are also very good matching with the modelling work at the reaction CH3+CH3ICl = product (k = (2.75±0.35)×10(-10) s(-1)) and CH3I+CH3ICl = product2 (k = 1.90±0.15)×10(-12) s(-1). The rate coefficients of the reaction CH3+CH3ICl and CH3I+CH3ICl has been made in the present work. The experimental results has been studied by two method (1) phase locked and (2) burst mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Sharma
- Lasers Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS 2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - M Blitz
- Lasers Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS 2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - R Wada
- Lasers Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS 2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - P W Seakins
- Lasers Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS 2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Saiz-Lopez A, Plane JMC, Baker AR, Carpenter LJ, von Glasow R, Gómez Martín JC, McFiggans G, Saunders RW. Atmospheric Chemistry of Iodine. Chem Rev 2011; 112:1773-804. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200029u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Climate Science (CIAC), CSIC, Toledo, Spain
| | - John M. C. Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex R. Baker
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy J. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Roland von Glasow
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gordon McFiggans
- School of Earth, Atmospheric & Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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9
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Zhang S, Strekowski RS, Bosland L, Monod A, Zetzsch C. Kinetic study of the reaction of OH with CH3
I revisited. INT J CHEM KINET 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Yokouchi Y, Saito T, Ooki A, Mukai H. Diurnal and seasonal variations of iodocarbons (CH2ClI, CH2I2, CH3I, and C2H5I) in the marine atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Wang L, Moore RM, Cullen JJ. Methyl iodide in the NW Atlantic: Spatial and seasonal variation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jc004626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Bravo-Linares CM, Mudge SM. Temporal trends and identification of the sources of volatile organic compounds in coastal seawater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:628-41. [DOI: 10.1039/b814260m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Wada R, Sharma RC, Blitz MA, Seakins PW. Studies on the Cl + C2H5I reaction; site specific abstraction reactions and thermodynamics of adduct formation studied by observation of HCL product. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:10417-26. [PMID: 19890528 DOI: 10.1039/b907793f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Wada
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK LS2 9JT
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14
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Tsukada H, Takeda A, Tagami K, Uchida S. Uptake and distribution of iodine in rice plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2008; 37:2243-7. [PMID: 18948477 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were cultivated in an experimental field and separated at harvest into different components, including polished rice, rice bran, hull, straw, and root. The contents of iodine in these components and the soil were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and radiochemical neutron activation analysis, respectively. Iodine content varied by more than three orders of magnitude among the plant components. Mean concentration of iodine in the entire plants was 20 mg kg(-1) dry weight, and the concentration of iodine in the surface soil (0-20 cm depth) was 48 mg kg(-1). The highest concentration of iodine (53 mg kg(-1) dry weight) was measured in root and the lowest concentration (0.034 mg kg(-1) dry weight) in polished rice. While the edible component (polished rice) accounted for 32% of the total dry weight, it contained only 0.055% of iodine found in the entire rice plants. Atmospheric gaseous iodine (5.9 ng m(-3)) was estimated to contribute <0.2% of the total iodine content in the biomass of rice plants; therefore nearly all of the iodine in the rice plants was a result of the uptake of iodine from the soil. The content of iodine in the aboveground part of rice plants was 16 mg kg(-1) dry weight and the percentage of iodine transferred per cropping from the soil into the aboveground biomass corresponded to 0.27% (20 mg m(-2)) of the upper soil layer content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tsukada
- Inst. for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan.
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15
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Yokouchi Y, Osada K, Wada M, Hasebe F, Agama M, Murakami R, Mukai H, Nojiri Y, Inuzuka Y, Toom-Sauntry D, Fraser P. Global distribution and seasonal concentration change of methyl iodide in the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Dookwah-Roberts V, Nicovich JM, Wine PH. Spectroscopic and Kinetic Study of the Gas-Phase CH3I−Cl and C2H5I−Cl Adducts. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:9535-43. [PMID: 18517179 DOI: 10.1021/jp800270r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Dookwah-Roberts
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - J. M. Nicovich
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - P. H. Wine
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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18
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Amachi S. Microbial Contribution to Global Iodine Cycling: Volatilization, Accumulation, Reduction, Oxidation, and Sorption of Iodine. Microbes Environ 2008; 23:269-76. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me08548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Amachi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University
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19
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Bravo-Linares CM, Mudge SM, Loyola-Sepulveda RH. Occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Liverpool Bay, Irish Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2007; 54:1742-53. [PMID: 17889034 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface seawater samples were collected in the Irish Sea and Liverpool Bay area from the R.V. Prince Madog during the period of 25-31 of March 2006. VOCs were purged with nitrogen, pre-concentrated on a SPME fibre and analysed immediately on a GC-MS. Target compounds quantified were halogenated (0.2-1400 ng L(-1)), BTEXs and mono-aromatics (1.5-2900 ng L(-1)), aliphatic hydrocarbons and others (0.6-15,800 ng L(-1)). Day and night sampling was performed at a single station and suggested that factors such as sunlight and tide affect the presence of many of these compounds. Sample variability was high due to the variable weather conditions at the station. Poor correlations were found between marine phytopigments and selected VOCs. Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis showed that chlorinated compounds such as 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene and carbon tetrachloride, predominantly from anthropogenic sources, originated from the River Mersey. Other brominated and iodinated compounds quantified were more likely to be from biogenic sources including novel marine compounds such as 2-chloropropane, 1-bromoethane and 1-chlorobutane.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Bravo-Linares
- School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales-Bangor, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
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20
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Archer SD, Goldson LE, Liddicoat MI, Cummings DG, Nightingale PD. Marked seasonality in the concentrations and sea-to-air flux of volatile iodocarbon compounds in the western English Channel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jc003963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Kos G, Ariya PA. Determination of a wide range of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in snow by use of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME). Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:57-66. [PMID: 16544130 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantification and transformation of organic compounds are pivotal in understanding atmospheric processes, because such compounds contribute to the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and drive climate change. It has recently been recognized that chemical reactions in snow play a role in the production or destruction of photolabile volatile organic compounds (VOC). We present an environmentally friendly method for determination of VOC and semi-VOC in snow collected at three sites-remote, urban, and (sub-)arctic. A solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) procedure was developed and (semi-)VOC were identified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). A broad spectrum of (semi-)VOC was found in snow samples, including aldehydes, and aromatic and halogenated compounds. Quantification was performed for 12 aromatic and/or oxygenated compounds frequently observed in snow by use of neat standard solutions. The concentrations detected were between 0.12 (styrene and ethylbenzene) and 316 microg L(-1) (toluene) and limits of detection varied between 0.11 (styrene) and 1.93 microg L(-1) (benzaldehyde). These results indicate that the SPME technique presented is a broad but selective, versatile, solvent-free, ecological, economical, and facile method of analysis for (semi-)VOC in natural snow samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Kos
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada.
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22
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Aldahan A, Kekli A, Possnert G. Distribution and sources of (129)I in rivers of the Baltic region. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2006; 88:49-73. [PMID: 16527378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of (129)I was measured in 54 river waters discharging into the Baltic Sea from Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Germany. Sample collection was performed during a well-bracketed time interval (June-July 1999), thus allowing comparison of the rivers over a wide latitude range without the effect of long temporal spread. Although there is no direct input of anthropogenic (129)I in the watersheds, the concentration of the isotope is about two to three orders of magnitude higher than the expected pre-nuclear era natural values in the rivers of Finland and northern Sweden, and in the rivers of southern Sweden, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Poland and Germany; the (129)I concentration may reach five orders of magnitude higher. Furthermore, there are significant correlations between the (129)I concentration and latitude and/or distance from the North Sea and between (129)I and Cl. These findings suggest seawater as a main source of (129)I to the rivers through atmospheric transport. Of the many chemical parameters investigated, the pH may account for some of the variability in (129)I concentrations of the rivers. The contribution from nuclear weapon tests and the Chernobyl accident to the riverine (129)I is insignificant compared to the releases from the nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities. The total flux of (129)I by rivers to the Baltic Sea and related basins represents minor amounts of the isotope pool in these marine waters. External radioactivity hazards from (129)I are considered to be negligible in the Baltic region. However, as the main (129)I intake to the human body is likely through water, due to the large amount of daily water consumption, more concern should be given to internal radioactivity hazard that may be associated with the isotope's localized elevated concentration in the human organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aldahan
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villav. 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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23
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Orlando JJ, Piety CA, Nicovich JM, McKee ML, Wine PH. Rates and Mechanisms for the Reactions of Chlorine Atoms with Iodoethane and 2-Iodopropane. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:6659-75. [PMID: 16834018 DOI: 10.1021/jp051715x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of Cl atoms with iodoethane has been studied via a combination of laser flash photolysis/resonance fluorescence (LFP-RF), environmental chamber/Fourier transform (FT)IR, and quantum chemical techniques. Above 330 K, the flash photolysis data indicate that the reaction proceeds predominantly via hydrogen abstraction. The following Arrhenius expressions (in units of cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1)) apply over the temperature range 334-434 K for reaction of Cl with CH3CH2I (k4(H)) and CD3CD2I (k4(D)): k4(H) = (6.53 +/- 3.40) x 10(-11) exp[-(428 +/- 206)/T] and k4(D) = (2.21 +/- 0.44) x 10(-11) exp[-(317 +/- 76)/T]. At room temperature and below, the reaction proceeds both via hydrogen abstraction and via reversible formation of an iodoethane/Cl adduct. Analysis of the LFP-RF data yields a binding enthalpy (0 K) for CD3CD2I x Cl of 57 +/- 10 kJ mol(-1). Calculations using density functional theory show that the adduct is characterized by a C-I-Cl bond angle of 84.5 degrees; theoretical binding enthalpies of 38.2 kJ/mol, G2'[ECP(S)], and 59.0 kJ mol(-1), B3LYP/ECP, are reasonably consistent with the experimentally derived result. Product studies conducted in the environmental chamber show that hydrogen abstraction from both the -CH2I and -CH3 groups occur to a significant extent and also provide evidence for a reaction of the CH3CH2I x Cl adduct with CH3CH2I, leading to CH3CH2Cl formation. Complementary environmental chamber studies of the reaction of Cl atoms with 2-iodopropane, CH3CHICH3, are also presented. As determined by relative rate methods, the reaction proceeds with an effective rate coefficient, k6, of (5.0 +/- 0.6) x 10(-11) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) at 298 K. Product studies indicate that this reaction also occurs via two abstraction channels (from the CH3 groups and from the -CHI- group) and via reversible adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Orlando
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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Enami S, Hashimoto S, Kawasaki M, Nakano Y, Ishiwata T, Tonokura K, Wallington TJ. Observation of Adducts in the Reaction of Cl Atoms with XCH2I (X = H, CH3, Cl, Br, I) Using Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:1587-93. [PMID: 16833481 DOI: 10.1021/jp047297y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of Cl atoms with XCH2I (X = H, CH3, Cl, Br, I) have been studied using cavity ring-down spectroscopy in 25-125 Torr total pressure of N2 diluent at 250 K. Formation of the XCH2I-Cl adduct is the dominant channel in all reactions. The visible absorption spectrum of the XCH2I-Cl adduct was recorded at 405-632 nm. Absorption cross-sections at 435 nm are as follows (in units of 10(-18) cm2 molecule(-1)): 12 for CH3I, 21 for CH3CH2I, 3.7 for CH2ICl, 7.1 for CH2IBr, and 3.7 for CH2I2. Rate constants for the reaction of Cl with CH3I were determined from rise profiles of the CH3I-Cl adduct. k(Cl + CH3I) increases from (0.4 +/- 0.1) x 10(-11) at 25 Torr to (2.0 +/- 0.3) x 10(-11) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) at 125 Torr of N2 diluent. There is no discernible reaction of the CH3I-Cl adduct with 5-10 Torr of O2. Evidence for the formation of an adduct following the reaction of Cl atoms with CF3I and CH3Br was sought but not found. Absorption attributable to the formation of the XCH2I-Cl adduct following the reaction of Cl atoms with XCH2I (X = H, CH3, Br, I) was measured as a function of temperature over the range 250-320 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- Department of Molecular Engineering and Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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25
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Zhou Y, Varner RK, Russo RS, Wingenter OW, Haase KB, Talbot R, Sive BC. Coastal water source of short-lived halocarbons in New England. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Yokouchi Y, Hasebe F, Fujiwara M, Takashima H, Shiotani M, Nishi N, Kanaya Y, Hashimoto S, Fraser P, Toom-Sauntry D, Mukai H, Nojiri Y. Correlations and emission ratios among bromoform, dibromochloromethane, and dibromomethane in the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Enami S, Ueda J, Goto M, Nakano Y, Aloisio S, Hashimoto S, Kawasaki M. Formation of Iodine Monoxide Radical from the Reaction of CH2I with O2. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0481815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- Department of Molecular Engineering and Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Junya Ueda
- Department of Molecular Engineering and Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masashi Goto
- Department of Molecular Engineering and Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakano
- Department of Molecular Engineering and Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Simone Aloisio
- Department of Molecular Engineering and Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Engineering and Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Engineering and Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
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29
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Low JC. Measurements of ambient atmospheric C2H5Cl and other ethyl and methyl halides at coastal California sites and over the Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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31
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Blake NJ. Latitudinal, vertical, and seasonal variations of C1-C4alkyl nitrates in the troposphere over the Pacific Ocean during PEM-Tropics A and B: Oceanic and continental sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Bell N, Hsu L, Jacob DJ, Schultz MG, Blake DR, Butler JH, King DB, Lobert JM, Maier-Reimer E. Methyl iodide: Atmospheric budget and use as a tracer of marine convection in global models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Bell
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - L. Hsu
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - M. G. Schultz
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. R. Blake
- University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - J. H. Butler
- NOAA/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. B. King
- NOAA/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. M. Lobert
- Advanced Pollution Instrumentation; San Diego California USA
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33
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Baker AR, Tunnicliffe C, Jickells TD. Iodine speciation and deposition fluxes from the marine atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Yamamoto H, Yokouchi Y, Otsuki A, Itoh H. Depth profiles of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in seawater in the Bay of Bengal. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 45:371-377. [PMID: 11592427 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Measurements were made of bromocarbons (CHBr3 and CH2Br2), iodocarbons (CH2I2 and CH2ClI), and dimethylsulfide (DMS, CH3SCH3) in seawater collected from the Bay of Bengal under tropical stratified conditions. These compounds showed different depth profiles, characteristic of each group. CH2I2 and CH2ClI showed very similar depth profiles to chlorophyll-a, suggesting their production by phytoplankton followed by rapid decay in seawater. The CH2I2 maximum at a depth a little below the CH2ClI maximum was consistent with its more significant photolytic decay. The bromocarbons were less localized in their distributions than were the iodocarbons, suggesting their longer residence time in seawater after their release from phytoplankton. Both of these profiles were different from the pattern of DMS, which had its maxima above the chlorophyll-a maximum layer near the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamamoto
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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35
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Yokouchi Y, Nojiri Y, Barrie LA, Toom-Sauntry D, Fujinuma Y. Atmospheric methyl iodide: High correlation with surface seawater temperature and its implications on the sea-to-air flux. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Carpenter LJ, Liss PS. On temperate sources of bromoform and other reactive organic bromine gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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VENKATRAMAN RAMAIYER, KWIATKOWSKI JÓZEFS, BAKALARSKI GRZEGORZ, LESZCZYNSKI JERZY. Molecular structure and IR spectra of bromomethanes by DFT and post-Hartree-Fock MP2 and CCSD(T) calculations. Mol Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970009483302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Schauffler SM, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Flocke F, Lueb RA, Lee-Taylor JM, Stroud V, Travnicek W. Distributions of brominated organic compounds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Analysis of brominated compounds in background air by gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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41
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Yokouchi Y, Li HJ, Machida T, Aoki S, Akimoto H. Isoprene in the marine boundary layer (southeast Asian Sea, eastern Indian Ocean, and Southern Ocean): Comparison with dimethyl sulfide and bromoform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Campuzano-Jost P, Crowley JN. Kinetics of the Reaction of OH with HI between 246 and 353 K. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp984321x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Campuzano-Jost
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. N. Crowley
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
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43
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Cohan DS, Schultz MG, Jacob DJ, Heikes BG, Blake DR. Convective injection and photochemical decay of peroxides in the tropical upper troposphere: Methyl iodide as a tracer of marine convection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Carpenter LJ, Sturges WT, Penkett SA, Liss PS, Alicke B, Hebestreit K, Platt U. Short-lived alkyl iodides and bromides at Mace Head, Ireland: Links to biogenic sources and halogen oxide production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Quack B, Suess E. Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons over the western Pacific between 43°and 4°N. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Bauer D, Ingham T, Carl SA, Moortgat GK, Crowley JN. Ultraviolet−Visible Absorption Cross Sections of Gaseous HOI and Its Photolysis at 355 nm. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9804300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Bauer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
| | - Trevor Ingham
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shaun A. Carl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
| | - Geert K. Moortgat
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
| | - John N. Crowley
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
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