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Dai W, Wang R, Zhong H, Li L, Zhang Y, Li J, Wang Q, Cao J, Ho SSH, Zhang T, Zhou J, Liu S, Li G, Tie X. Impact of formaldehyde on ozone formation in Central China: Important role of biogenic emission in forest region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175182. [PMID: 39089373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is an important source for driving tropospheric ozone (O3) formation. This study investigated the combined effects of anthropogenic and biogenic emission on O3 formation in the Guanzhong Basin (GZB), Central China, providing useful information into the mechanisms of O3 formation due to the interaction between anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A severe O3 pollution episode in summer of 2017 was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to examine the impacts of ambient HCHO on ground-level O3. Results showed secondary HCHO dominated ambient levels, peaking in the afternoon (up to 86 %), while primary emissions contributed 14 % on average. This enhanced O3 production by 7.7 % during the morning rush hour and 24.3 % in the afternoon. In addition, HCHO concentration peaked before that of O3, suggesting it plays significant role in O3 formation. Biogenic emission oxidation contributed 3.1 μg m-3 (53.1 %) of HCHO and 5.2 pptv (40.1 %) of hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) in average urban areas, where the downwind regions of the forests had high nitrogen oxides (NOx) levels and favorable conditions for O3 production (17.3 μg m-3, 20.5 %). In forested regions, sustained isoprene oxidation led to elevated oxidized VOCs including HCHO and acetaldehyde downwind, which practiced further photolysis of O3 formation with anthropogenic NOx in urban areas. Sensitivity experiments recommend controlling industrial and traffic NOx emissions, with regional joint prevention and regulation, which are essential to reduce O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Dai
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haobin Zhong
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Lu Li
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States
| | - Ting Zhang
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jiamao Zhou
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guohui Li
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Xuexi Tie
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
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2
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Heald CL, Kroll JH. The fuel of atmospheric chemistry: Toward a complete description of reactive organic carbon. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay8967. [PMID: 32076652 PMCID: PMC7002119 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's atmosphere contains a multitude of emitted (primary) and chemically formed (secondary) gases and particles that degrade air quality and modulate the climate. Reactive organic carbon (ROC) species are the fuel of the chemistry of the atmosphere, dominating short-lived emissions, reactivity, and the secondary production of key species such as ozone, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide. Despite the central importance of ROC, the diversity and complexity of this class of species has been a longstanding obstacle to developing a comprehensive understanding of how the composition of our atmosphere, and the associated environmental implications, will evolve. Here, we characterize the role of ROC in atmospheric chemistry and the challenges inherent in measuring and modeling ROC, and highlight recent progress toward achieving mass closure for the complete description of atmospheric ROC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. H. Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Stockwell WR, Saunders E, Goliff WS, Fitzgerald RM. A perspective on the development of gas-phase chemical mechanisms for Eulerian air quality models. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:44-70. [PMID: 31750791 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1694605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An essential component of a three-dimensional air quality model is its gas-phase mechanism. We present an overview of the necessary atmospheric chemistry and a discussion of the types of mechanisms with some specific examples such as the Master Chemical Mechanism, the Carbon Bond, SAPRC and the Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (RACM). The first versions of the Carbon Bond and SAPRC mechanisms were developed through a hierarchy of chemical species approach that relied heavily on chemical environmental chamber data. Now a new approach has been proposed where the first step is to develop a highly detailed explicit mechanism such as the Master Chemical Mechanism and the second step is to test the detailed explicit mechanism against laboratory and field data. Finally, the detailed mechanism is condensed for use in a three-dimensional air quality model. Here it is argued that the development of highly detailed explicit mechanisms is very valuable for research, but we suggest that combining the hierarchy of chemical species and the detailed explicit mechanism approaches would be better than either alone.Implication: Many gas-phase mechanisms are available for urban, regional and global air quality modeling. A "hierarchy of chemical species approach," relying heavily on smog-chamber data was used for the development of the early series of mechanisms. Now the development of large, explicit master mechanisms that may be condensed is a significant, trend. However, a continuing problem with air quality mechanism development is due to the high complexity of atmospheric chemistry and the current availability of laboratory measurements. This problem requires a balance between completeness and speculation so that models maintain their utility for policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Stockwell
- Department of Physics, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Emily Saunders
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. and Global Modeling Assimilation Office (GMAO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Wendy S Goliff
- Chemistry Department, Riverside City College, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rosa M Fitzgerald
- Department of Physics, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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4
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Nielsen JE, Pawson S, Molod A, Auer B, da Silva AM, Douglass AR, Duncan B, Liang Q, Manyin M, Oman LD, Putman W, Strahan SE, Wargan K. Chemical Mechanisms and Their Applications in the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Earth System Model. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2017; 9:3019-3044. [PMID: 29497478 PMCID: PMC5815385 DOI: 10.1002/2017ms001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Earth System Model (ESM) is a modular, general circulation model (GCM), and data assimilation system (DAS) that is used to simulate and study the coupled dynamics, physics, chemistry, and biology of our planet. GEOS is developed by the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. It generates near-real-time analyzed data products, reanalyses, and weather and seasonal forecasts to support research targeted to understanding interactions among Earth System processes. For chemistry, our efforts are focused on ozone and its influence on the state of the atmosphere and oceans, and on trace gas data assimilation and global forecasting at mesoscale discretization. Several chemistry and aerosol modules are coupled to the GCM, which enables GEOS to address topics pertinent to NASA's Earth Science Mission. This paper describes the atmospheric chemistry components of GEOS and provides an overview of its Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF)-based software infrastructure, which promotes a rich spectrum of feedbacks that influence circulation and climate, and impact human and ecosystem health. We detail how GEOS allows model users to select chemical mechanisms and emission scenarios at run time, establish the extent to which the aerosol and chemical components communicate, and decide whether either or both influence the radiative transfer calculations. A variety of resolutions facilitates research on spatial and temporal scales relevant to problems ranging from hourly changes in air quality to trace gas trends in a changing climate. Samples of recent GEOS chemistry applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Eric Nielsen
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Andrea Molod
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Benjamin Auer
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Arlindo M. da Silva
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Anne R. Douglass
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Bryan Duncan
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Qing Liang
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Goddard Earth Science and Technology Center, Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Michael Manyin
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Luke D. Oman
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - William Putman
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Susan E. Strahan
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Goddard Earth Science and Technology Center, Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Krzysztof Wargan
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
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5
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Guo Y, Liu J, Mauzerall DL, Li X, Horowitz LW, Tao W, Tao S. Long-Lived Species Enhance Summertime Attribution of North American Ozone to Upwind Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5017-5025. [PMID: 28350955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3), harmful to most living things, is produced from both domestic and foreign emissions of anthropogenic precursors. Previous estimates of the linkage from distant sources rely on the sensitivity approach (i.e., modeling the change of ozone concentrations that result from modifying precursor emissions) as well as the tagging approach (i.e., tracking ozone produced from specific O3 precursors emitted from one region). Here, for the first time, we tag all O3 precursors (i.e., nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) from East Asia and explicitly track their physicochemical evolution without perturbing the nonlinear O3 chemistry. We show that, even in summer, when intercontinental influence on ozone has typically been found to be weakest, nearly 3 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) seasonal average surface O3 over North America can be attributed to East Asian anthropogenic emissions, compared with 0.7 ppbv using the sensitivity approach and 0.5 ppbv by tagging reactive nitrogen oxides. Considering the acute effects of O3 exposure, approximately 670 cardiovascular and 300 respiratory premature mortalities within North America could be attributed to East Asia. CO and longer-lived VOCs, largely overlooked in previous studies, extend the influence of regional ozone precursors emissions and, thus, greatly enhance O3 attribution to source region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Larry W Horowitz
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory , Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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6
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Ma Q, Huang MQ, Liu XY, Gai YB, Lin XX, Yang CQ, Sheng LS, Shan XB, Zhang WJ. Theoretical Study of Isoprene Dissociative Photoionization. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/30/cjcp1606131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ma
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ming-qiang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Xian-yun Liu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yan-bo Gai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiao-xiao Lin
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Cheng-qiang Yang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liu-si Sheng
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Xiao-bin Shan
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Wei-jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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7
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Highly functionalized organic nitrates in the southeast United States: Contribution to secondary organic aerosol and reactive nitrogen budgets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1516-21. [PMID: 26811465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508108113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Speciated particle-phase organic nitrates (pONs) were quantified using online chemical ionization MS during June and July of 2013 in rural Alabama as part of the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study. A large fraction of pONs is highly functionalized, possessing between six and eight oxygen atoms within each carbon number group, and is not the common first generation alkyl nitrates previously reported. Using calibrations for isoprene hydroxynitrates and the measured molecular compositions, we estimate that pONs account for 3% and 8% of total submicrometer organic aerosol mass, on average, during the day and night, respectively. Each of the isoprene- and monoterpenes-derived groups exhibited a strong diel trend consistent with the emission patterns of likely biogenic hydrocarbon precursors. An observationally constrained diel box model can replicate the observed pON assuming that pONs (i) are produced in the gas phase and rapidly establish gas-particle equilibrium and (ii) have a short particle-phase lifetime (∼2-4 h). Such dynamic behavior has significant implications for the production and phase partitioning of pONs, organic aerosol mass, and reactive nitrogen speciation in a forested environment.
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8
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Fisher JA, Jacob DJ, Travis KR, Kim PS, Marais EA, Miller CC, Yu K, Zhu L, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Mao J, Wennberg PO, Crounse JD, Teng AP, Nguyen TB, St Clair JM, Cohen RC, Romer P, Nault BA, Wooldridge PJ, Jimenez JL, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Hu W, Shepson PB, Xiong F, Blake DR, Goldstein AH, Misztal PK, Hanisco TF, Wolfe GM, Ryerson TB, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T. Organic nitrate chemistry and its implications for nitrogen budgets in an isoprene- and monoterpene-rich atmosphere: constraints from aircraft (SEAC 4RS) and ground-based (SOAS) observations in the Southeast US. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016; 16:5969-5991. [PMID: 29681921 PMCID: PMC5906813 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-5969-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Formation of organic nitrates (RONO2) during oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs: isoprene, monoterpenes) is a significant loss pathway for atmospheric nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx), but the chemistry of RONO2 formation and degradation remains uncertain. Here we implement a new BVOC oxidation mechanism (including updated isoprene chemistry, new monoterpene chemistry, and particle uptake of RONO2) in the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model with ∼25 × 25 km2 resolution over North America. We evaluate the model using aircraft (SEAC4RS) and ground-based (SOAS) observations of NOx, BVOCs, and RONO2 from the Southeast US in summer 2013. The updated simulation successfully reproduces the concentrations of individual gas- and particle-phase RONO2 species measured during the campaigns. Gas-phase isoprene nitrates account for 25-50% of observed RONO2 in surface air, and we find that another 10% is contributed by gas-phase monoterpene nitrates. Observations in the free troposphere show an important contribution from long-lived nitrates derived from anthropogenic VOCs. During both campaigns, at least 10% of observed boundary layer RONO2 were in the particle phase. We find that aerosol uptake followed by hydrolysis to HNO3 accounts for 60% of simulated gas-phase RONO2 loss in the boundary layer. Other losses are 20% by photolysis to recycle NOx and 15% by dry deposition. RONO2 production accounts for 20% of the net regional NOx sink in the Southeast US in summer, limited by the spatial segregation between BVOC and NOx emissions. This segregation implies that RONO2 production will remain a minor sink for NOx in the Southeast US in the future even as NOx emissions continue to decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Fisher
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - D J Jacob
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K R Travis
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P S Kim
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E A Marais
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C Chan Miller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Yu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Zhu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R M Yantosca
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M P Sulprizio
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Mao
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - P O Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J D Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A P Teng
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - T B Nguyen
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Now at Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J M St Clair
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Now at Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA and Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P Romer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - B A Nault
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Now at Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P J Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D A Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - W Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - F Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - D R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - G M Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Lab, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Pusede SE, Steiner AL, Cohen RC. Temperature and recent trends in the chemistry of continental surface ozone. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3898-918. [PMID: 25950502 DOI: 10.1021/cr5006815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison L Steiner
- §Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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10
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Lee BH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Mohr C, Kurtén T, Worsnop DR, Thornton JA. An iodide-adduct high-resolution time-of-flight chemical-ionization mass spectrometer: application to atmospheric inorganic and organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6309-17. [PMID: 24800638 DOI: 10.1021/es500362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A high-resolution time-of-flight chemical-ionization mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) using Iodide-adducts has been characterized and deployed in several laboratory and field studies to measure a suite of organic and inorganic atmospheric species. The large negative mass defect of Iodide, combined with soft ionization and the high mass-accuracy (<20 ppm) and mass-resolving power (R>5500) of the time-of-flight mass spectrometer, provides an additional degree of separation and allows for the determination of elemental compositions for the vast majority of detected ions. Laboratory characterization reveals Iodide-adduct ionization generally exhibits increasing sensitivity toward more polar or acidic volatile organic compounds. Simultaneous retrieval of a wide range of mass-to-charge ratios (m/Q from 25 to 625 Th) at a high frequency (>1 Hz) provides a comprehensive view of atmospheric oxidative chemistry, particularly when sampling rapidly evolving plumes from fast moving platforms like an aircraft. We present the sampling protocol, detection limits and observations from the first aircraft deployment for an instrument of this type, which took place aboard the NOAA WP-3D aircraft during the Southeast Nexus (SENEX) 2013 field campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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11
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Fischer EV, Jacob DJ, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Millet DB, Mao J, Paulot F, Singh HB, Roiger A, Ries L, Talbot R, Dzepina K, Pandey Deolal S. Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): a global budget and source attribution. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2014; 14:2679-2698. [PMID: 33758588 PMCID: PMC7983850 DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2679-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formed in the atmospheric oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) is the principal tropospheric reservoir for nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2). PAN enables the transport and release of NOx to the remote troposphere with major implications for the global distributions of ozone and OH, the main tropospheric oxidants. Simulation of PAN is a challenge for global models because of the dependence of PAN on vertical transport as well as complex and uncertain NMVOC sources and chemistry. Here we use an improved representation of NMVOCs in a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and show that it can simulate PAN observations from aircraft campaigns worldwide. The immediate carbonyl precursors for PAN formation include acetaldehyde (44% of the global source), methylglyoxal (30 %), acetone (7 %), and a suite of other isoprene and terpene oxidation products (19 %). A diversity of NMVOC emissions is responsible for PAN formation globally including isoprene (37 %) and alkanes (14 %). Anthropogenic sources are dominant in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere outside the growing season. Open fires appear to play little role except at high northern latitudes in spring, although results are very sensitive to plume chemistry and plume rise. Lightning NOx is the dominant contributor to the observed PAN maximum in the free troposphere over the South Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R. M. Yantosca
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M. P. Sulprizio
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - J. Mao
- Princeton University, GFDL, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - F. Paulot
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - H. B. Singh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - A. Roiger
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - L. Ries
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R.W. Talbot
- Federal Environment Agency, GAW Global Station Zugspitze/Hohenpeissenberg, Zugspitze, Germany
| | - K. Dzepina
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
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12
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Perring AE, Pusede SE, Cohen RC. An Observational Perspective on the Atmospheric Impacts of Alkyl and Multifunctional Nitrates on Ozone and Secondary Organic Aerosol. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5848-70. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300520x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Perring
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - S. E. Pusede
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - R. C. Cohen
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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13
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Paulot F, Jacob DJ, Henze DK. Sources and processes contributing to nitrogen deposition: an adjoint model analysis applied to biodiversity hotspots worldwide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3226-3233. [PMID: 23458244 DOI: 10.1021/es3027727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic enrichment of reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition is an ecological concern. We use the adjoint of a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to identify the sources and processes that control Nr deposition to an ensemble of biodiversity hotspots worldwide and two U.S. national parks (Cuyahoga and Rocky Mountain). We find that anthropogenic sources dominate deposition at all continental sites and are mainly regional (less than 1000 km) in origin. In Hawaii, Nr supply is controlled by oceanic emissions of ammonia (50%) and anthropogenic sources (50%), with important contributions from Asia and North America. Nr deposition is also sensitive in complicated ways to emissions of SO2, which affect Nr gas-aerosol partitioning, and of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which affect oxidant concentrations and produce organic nitrate reservoirs. For example, VOC emissions generally inhibit deposition of locally emitted NOx but significantly increase Nr deposition downwind. However, in polluted boreal regions, anthropogenic VOC emissions can promote Nr deposition in winter. Uncertainties in chemical rate constants for OH + NO2 and NO2 hydrolysis also complicate the determination of source-receptor relationships for polluted sites in winter. Application of our adjoint sensitivities to the representative concentration pathways (RCPs) scenarios for 2010-2050 indicates that future decreases in Nr deposition due to NOx emission controls will be offset by concurrent increases in ammonia emissions from agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Paulot
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.
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14
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Marais EA, Jacob DJ, Kurosu TP, Chance K, Murphy JG, Reeves C, Mills G, Casadio S, Millet DB, Barkley MP, Paulot F, Mao J. Isoprene emissions in Africa inferred from OMI observations of formaldehyde columns. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2012; 12:6219-6235. [PMID: 33688332 PMCID: PMC7939075 DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-6219-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We use 2005-2009 satellite observations of formaldehyde (HCHO) columns from the OMI instrument to infer biogenic isoprene emissions at monthly 1 × 1° resolution over the African continent. Our work includes new approaches to remove biomass burning influences using OMI absorbing aerosol optical depth data (to account for transport of fire plumes) and anthropogenic influences using AATSR satellite data for persistent small-flame fires (gas flaring). The resulting biogenic HCHO columns (ΩHCHO) from OMI follow closely the distribution of vegetation patterns in Africa. We infer isoprene emission (E ISOP) from the local sensitivity S = ΔΩHCHO / ΔE ISOP derived with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model using two alternate isoprene oxidation mechanisms, and verify the validity of this approach using AMMA aircraft observations over West Africa and a longitudinal transect across central Africa. Displacement error (smearing) is diagnosed by anomalously high values of S and the corresponding data are removed. We find significant sensitivity of S to NOx under low-NOx conditions that we fit to a linear function of tropospheric column NO2. We estimate a 40% error in our inferred isoprene emissions under high-NOx conditions and 40-90% under low-NOx conditions. Our results suggest that isoprene emission from the central African rainforest is much lower than estimated by the state-of-the-science MEGAN inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Marais
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T. P. Kurosu
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K. Chance
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. G. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - C. Reeves
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - G. Mills
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - S. Casadio
- Instrument Data quality Evaluation and Analysis (IDEAS), Serco Spa Via Sciadonna 24, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - M. P. Barkley
- Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - F. Paulot
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. Mao
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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15
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Crounse JD, Knap HC, Ørnsø KB, Jørgensen S, Paulot F, Kjaergaard HG, Wennberg PO. Atmospheric Fate of Methacrolein. 1. Peroxy Radical Isomerization Following Addition of OH and O2. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5756-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp211560u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological
and Planetary
Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Hasse C. Knap
- Department of Chemistry,
DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian B. Ørnsø
- Department of Chemistry,
DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Solvejg Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry,
DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabien Paulot
- Division
of Engineering and Applied
Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry,
DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological
and Planetary
Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division
of Engineering and Applied
Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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16
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Xu J, Zhang Y, Zheng S, He Y. Aerosol effects on ozone concentrations in Beijing: a model sensitivity study. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:645-656. [PMID: 22894099 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most previous O3 simulations were based only on gaseous phase photochemistry. However, some aerosol-related processes, namely, heterogeneous reactions occurring on the aerosol surface and photolysis rate alternated by aerosol radiative influence, may affect O3 photochemistry under high aerosol loads. A three-dimensional air quality model, Models-3/Community Multi-scale Air Quality-Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization, and Dissolution, was employed to simulate the effects of the above-mentioned processes on O3 formation under typical high O3 episodes in Beijing during summer. Five heterogeneous reactions, i.e., NO2, NO3, N2O5, HO2, and O3, were individually investigated to elucidate their effects on 03 formation. The results showed that the heterogeneous reactions significantly affected O3 formation in the urban plume. NO2 heterogeneous reaction increased O3 to 90 ppb, while HO2 heterogeneous reaction decreased O3 to 33 ppb. In addition, O3 heterogeneous loss decreased O3 to 31 ppb. The effects of NO2, NO3, and N2O5 heterogeneous reactions showed opposite O3 concentration changes between the urban and extra-urban areas because of the response of the reactions to the two types of O3 formation regimes. When the aerosol radiative influence was included, the photolysis rate decreased and O3 decreased significantly to 73 ppb O3. The two aerosol-related processes should be considered in the study of O3 formation because high aerosol concentration is a ubiquitous phenomenon that affects the urban- and regional air quality in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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17
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Barkley MP, Palmer PI, Ganzeveld L, Arneth A, Hagberg D, Karl T, Guenther A, Paulot F, Wennberg PO, Mao J, Kurosu TP, Chance K, Müller JF, De Smedt I, Van Roozendael M, Chen D, Wang Y, Yantosca RM. Can a “state of the art” chemistry transport model simulate Amazonian tropospheric chemistry? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Fang Y, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Levy H, Hu Y, Russell AG. Sensitivity of the NOybudget over the United States to anthropogenic and lightning NOxin summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Ghosh B, Bugarin A, Connell BT, North SW. Isomer-selective study of the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene in the presence of O(2) and NO: 2. the major OH addition channel. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2553-60. [PMID: 20121059 DOI: 10.1021/jp909052t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the first isomeric-selective study of the dominant isomeric pathway in the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene in the presence of O2 and NO using the laser photolysis-laser induced fluorescence (LP-LIF) technique. The photolysis of monodeuterated/nondeuterated 2-iodo-2-methylbut-3-en-1-ol results exclusively in the dominant OH-isoprene addition product, providing important insight into the oxidation mechanism. On the basis of kinetic analysis of OH cycling experiments, we have determined the rate constant for O2 addition to the hydroxyalkyl radical to be 1.0(-0.5)+1.7 x 10(-12) cm3 s(-1), and we find a value of 8.1-2.3+3.4 x 10(-12) cm3 s(-1) for the overall reaction rate constant of the resulting hydroxyperoxy radical with NO. We also report the first clear experimental evidence of the (E) form of the delta-hydroxyalkoxy channel through isotopic labeling experiments and quantify its branching ratio to be (10 +/- 3)%. This puts a rigorous upper limit on the branching of the (E)-delta-hydroxyalkoxy radical channel. Since our measured isomeric-selective rate constants for the dominant outer channel in OH-initiated isoprene chemistry are similar to the overall rate constants derived from nonisomeric kinetics, we predict that the remaining outer addition channel will have similar reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhadeb Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
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20
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Fang Y, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Gnanadesikan A, Levy H, Hu Y, Russell AG. Estimating the contribution of strong daily export events to total pollutant export from the United States in summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Zhang Y, Wen XY, Wang K, Vijayaraghavan K, Jacobson MZ. Probing into regional O3and particulate matter pollution in the United States: 2. An examination of formation mechanisms through a process analysis technique and sensitivity study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Calculation of conformationally weighted dipole moments useful in ion–molecule collision rate estimates. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Ito A, Sillman S, Penner JE. Global chemical transport model study of ozone response to changes in chemical kinetics and biogenic volatile organic compounds emissions due to increasing temperatures: Sensitivities to isoprene nitrate chemistry and grid resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Vijayaraghavan K, Zhang Y, Seigneur C, Karamchandani P, Snell HE. Export of reactive nitrogen from coal-fired power plants in the U.S.: Estimates from a plume-in-grid modeling study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Velikova V, Fares S, Loreto F. Isoprene and nitric oxide reduce damages in leaves exposed to oxidative stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:1882-1894. [PMID: 18811730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene and nitric oxide (NO) are two volatile molecules that are produced in leaves. Both compounds were suggested to have an important protective role against stresses. We tested, in two isoprene-emitting species, Populus nigra and Phragmites australis, whether: (1) NO emission outside leaves is measurable and is affected by oxidative stresses; and (2) isoprene and NO protect leaves against oxidative stresses, both singularly and in combination. The emission of NO was undetectable, and the compensation point was very low in control poplar leaves. Both emission and compensation point increased dramatically in stressed leaves. NO emission was inversely associated with stomatal conductance. More NO was emitted in leaves that were isoprene-inhibited, and more isoprene was emitted when NO was reduced by NO scavenger c-PTIO. Both isoprene and NO reduced oxidative damages. Isoprene-emitting leaves which were also fumigated with NO, or treated with NO donor, showed low damage to photosynthesis, a reduced accumulation of H(2)O(2) and a reduced membrane denaturation. We conclude that measurable amounts of NO are only produced and emitted by stressed leaves, that both isoprene and NO are effective antioxidant molecules and that an additional protection is achieved when both molecules are released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Velikova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Institute of Plant Physiology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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26
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Choi Y, Wang Y, Zeng T, Cunnold D, Yang ES, Martin R, Chance K, Thouret V, Edgerton E. Springtime transitions of NO2, CO, and O3over North America: Model evaluation and analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Barkley MP, Palmer PI, Kuhn U, Kesselmeier J, Chance K, Kurosu TP, Martin RV, Helmig D, Guenther A. Net ecosystem fluxes of isoprene over tropical South America inferred from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) observations of HCHO columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Fu TM, Jacob DJ, Wittrock F, Burrows JP, Vrekoussis M, Henze DK. Global budgets of atmospheric glyoxal and methylglyoxal, and implications for formation of secondary organic aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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Pfister GG, Emmons LK, Hess PG, Lamarque JF, Orlando JJ, Walters S, Guenther A, Palmer PI, Lawrence PJ. Contribution of isoprene to chemical budgets: A model tracer study with the NCAR CTM MOZART-4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. G. Pfister
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - L. K. Emmons
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. G. Hess
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J.-F. Lamarque
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. J. Orlando
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Walters
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Guenther
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. I. Palmer
- School of GeoSciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - P. J. Lawrence
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES); University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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30
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Rastigejev Y, Brenner MP, Jacob DJ. Spatial reduction algorithm for atmospheric chemical transport models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13875-80. [PMID: 17715302 PMCID: PMC1955770 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705649104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerical modeling of global atmospheric chemical dynamics presents an enormous challenge, associated with simulating hundreds of chemical species with time scales varying from milliseconds to years. Here we present an algorithm that provides a significant reduction in computational cost. Because most of the fast reactants and their quickly decomposing reaction products are localized near emission sources, we use a series of reduced chemical models of decreasing complexity with increasing distance from the source. The algorithm diagnoses the chemical dynamics on-the-run, locally and separately for every species according to its characteristic reaction time. Unlike conventional time-scale separation methods, the spatial reduction algorithm speeds up not only the chemical solver but also advection-diffusion integration. Through several examples we demonstrate that the algorithm can reduce computational cost by at least an order of magnitude for typical atmospheric chemical kinetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Rastigejev
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - M. P. Brenner
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - D. J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139
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31
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Wespes C, Hurtmans D, Herbin H, Barret B, Turquety S, Hadji‐Lazaro J, Clerbaux C, Coheur P. First global distributions of nitric acid in the troposphere and the stratosphere derived from infrared satellite measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Wespes
- Spectroscopie de l’Atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - Daniel Hurtmans
- Spectroscopie de l’Atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - Hervé Herbin
- Spectroscopie de l’Atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - Brice Barret
- Spectroscopie de l’Atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
- Now at Laboratoire d’Aérologie, UMR 5560 CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Observatoire de Midi‐Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Solène Turquety
- Service d’Aéronomie, Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris France
| | - Juliette Hadji‐Lazaro
- Service d’Aéronomie, Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris France
| | - Cathy Clerbaux
- Spectroscopie de l’Atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
- Service d’Aéronomie, Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris France
| | - Pierre‐François Coheur
- Spectroscopie de l’Atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
- Research Associate with the F.N.R.S. Belgium
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32
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Pierce RB, Schaack T, Al-Saadi JA, Fairlie TD, Kittaka C, Lingenfelser G, Natarajan M, Olson J, Soja A, Zapotocny T, Lenzen A, Stobie J, Johnson D, Avery MA, Sachse GW, Thompson A, Cohen R, Dibb JE, Crawford J, Rault D, Martin R, Szykman J, Fishman J. Chemical data assimilation estimates of continental U.S. ozone and nitrogen budgets during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment–North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Horowitz LW, Fiore AM, Milly GP, Cohen RC, Perring A, Wooldridge PJ, Hess PG, Emmons LK, Lamarque JF. Observational constraints on the chemistry of isoprene nitrates over the eastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Hudman RC, Jacob DJ, Turquety S, Leibensperger EM, Murray LT, Wu S, Gilliland AB, Avery M, Bertram TH, Brune W, Cohen RC, Dibb JE, Flocke FM, Fried A, Holloway J, Neuman JA, Orville R, Perring A, Ren X, Sachse GW, Singh HB, Swanson A, Wooldridge PJ. Surface and lightning sources of nitrogen oxides over the United States: Magnitudes, chemical evolution, and outflow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Fu TM, Jacob DJ, Palmer PI, Chance K, Wang YX, Barletta B, Blake DR, Stanton JC, Pilling MJ. Space-based formaldehyde measurements as constraints on volatile organic compound emissions in east and south Asia and implications for ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ito A, Sillman S, Penner JE. Effects of additional nonmethane volatile organic compounds, organic nitrates, and direct emissions of oxygenated organic species on global tropospheric chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Auvray M, Bey I, Llull E, Schultz MG, Rast S. A model investigation of tropospheric ozone chemical tendencies in long-range transported pollution plumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wu S, Mickley LJ, Jacob DJ, Logan JA, Yantosca RM, Rind D. Why are there large differences between models in global budgets of tropospheric ozone? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Roberts JM, Marchewka M, Bertman SB, Goldan P, Kuster W, de Gouw J, Warneke C, Williams E, Lerner B, Murphy P, Apel E, Fehsenfeld FC. Analysis of the isoprene chemistry observed during the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) 2002 intensive experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Mathew Marchewka
- Department of Chemistry; Western Michigan University; Kalamazoo Michigan USA
| | - Steven B. Bertman
- Department of Chemistry; Western Michigan University; Kalamazoo Michigan USA
| | - Paul Goldan
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - William Kuster
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Eric Williams
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Brian Lerner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Paul Murphy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Eric Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Fred C. Fehsenfeld
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
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Millet DB, Goldstein AH, Holzinger R, Williams BJ, Allan JD, Jimenez JL, Worsnop DR, Roberts JM, White AB, Hudman RC, Bertschi IT, Stohl A. Chemical characteristics of North American surface layer outflow: Insights from Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B. Millet
- Division of Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Division of Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Rupert Holzinger
- Division of Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Brent J. Williams
- Division of Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - James D. Allan
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Science; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - José L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | | | - Allen B. White
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Rynda C. Hudman
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Isaac T. Bertschi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences; University of Washington; Bothell Washington USA
| | - Andreas Stohl
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research; Kjeller Norway
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Millet DB, Jacob DJ, Turquety S, Hudman RC, Wu S, Fried A, Walega J, Heikes BG, Blake DR, Singh HB, Anderson BE, Clarke AD. Formaldehyde distribution over North America: Implications for satellite retrievals of formaldehyde columns and isoprene emission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Palmer PI, Abbot DS, Fu TM, Jacob DJ, Chance K, Kurosu TP, Guenther A, Wiedinmyer C, Stanton JC, Pilling MJ, Pressley SN, Lamb B, Sumner AL. Quantifying the seasonal and interannual variability of North American isoprene emissions using satellite observations of the formaldehyde column. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Auvray M. Long-range transport to Europe: Seasonal variations and implications for the European ozone budget. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shim C, Wang Y, Choi Y, Palmer PI, Abbot DS, Chance K. Constraining global isoprene emissions with Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) formaldehyde column measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fiore AM. Evaluating the contribution of changes in isoprene emissions to surface ozone trends over the eastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rotman DA, Atherton CS, Bergmann DJ, Cameron-Smith PJ, Chuang CC, Connell PS, Dignon JE, Franz A, Grant KE, Kinnison DE, Molenkamp CR, Proctor DD, Tannahill JR. IMPACT, the LLNL 3-D global atmospheric chemical transport model for the combined troposphere and stratosphere: Model description and analysis of ozone and other trace gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Rotman
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - C. S. Atherton
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - D. J. Bergmann
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - P. J. Cameron-Smith
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - C. C. Chuang
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - P. S. Connell
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - J. E. Dignon
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - A. Franz
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - K. E. Grant
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - D. E. Kinnison
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - C. R. Molenkamp
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - D. D. Proctor
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - J. R. Tannahill
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
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Lack DA, Tie XX, Bofinger ND, Wiegand AN, Madronich S. Seasonal variability of secondary organic aerosol: A global modeling study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Lack
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT); Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Xuexi X. Tie
- National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR); Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - Aaron N. Wiegand
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT); Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Sasha Madronich
- National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR); Boulder Colorado USA
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Parrish DD. Fraction and composition of NOytransported in air masses lofted from the North American continental boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Li Q. Export of NOyfrom the North American boundary layer: Reconciling aircraft observations and global model budgets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Martin RV. Evaluation of GOME satellite measurements of tropospheric NO2and HCHO using regional data from aircraft campaigns in the southeastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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