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Huang Z, Yu X, Liu Q, Maki T, Alam K, Wang Y, Xue F, Tang S, Du P, Dong Q, Wang D, Huang J. Bioaerosols in the atmosphere: A comprehensive review on detection methods, concentration and influencing factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168818. [PMID: 38036132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, especially since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the effects of atmospheric bioaerosols on human health, the environment, and climate have received great attention. To evaluate the impacts of bioaerosols quantitatively, it is crucial to determine the types of bioaerosols in the atmosphere and their spatial-temporal distribution. We provide a concise summary of the online and offline observation strategies employed by the global research community to sample and analyze atmospheric bioaerosols. In addition, the quantitative distribution of bioaerosols is described by considering the atmospheric bioaerosols concentrations at various time scales (daily and seasonal changes, for example), under various weather, and different underlying surfaces. Finally, a comprehensive summary of the reasons for the spatiotemporal distribution of bioaerosols is discussed, including differences in emission sources, the impact process of meteorological factors and environmental factors. This review of information on the latest research progress contributes to the emergence of further observation strategies that determine the quantitative dynamics of public health and ecological effects of bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinrong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiantao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Teruya Maki
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Khan Alam
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Yongkai Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fanli Xue
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shihan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengyue Du
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qing Dong
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Danfeng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Navarro-Barboza H, Pandolfi M, Guevara M, Enciso S, Tena C, Via M, Yus-Díez J, Reche C, Pérez N, Alastuey A, Querol X, Jorba O. Uncertainties in source allocation of carbonaceous aerosols in a Mediterranean region. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108252. [PMID: 38157608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the atmospheric processes involving carbonaceous aerosols (CAs) is crucial for assessing air pollution impacts on human health and climate. The sources and formation mechanisms of CAs are not well understood, making it challenging to quantify impacts in models. Studies suggest residential wood combustion (RWC) and traffic significantly contribute to CAs in Europe's urban and rural areas. Here, we used an atmospheric chemistry model (MONARCH) and three different emission inventories (two versions of the European-scale emission inventory CAMS-REG_v4 and the HERMESv3 detailed national inventory for Spain) to assess the uncertainties in CAs simulation and source allocation (from traffic, RWC, shipping, fires and others) in Northeast Spain. For this, black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA) measurements performed at three supersites representing different environments (urban, regional and remote) were used. Our findings show the importance of model resolution and detailed emission input data in accurately reproducing BC/OA observations. Even though emissions of total particulate matter are rather consistent between inventories in Spain, we found discrepancies between them mainly related to the spatiotemporal disaggregation (particularly relevant for traffic and RWC) and the treatment of the condensable fraction of CAs in RWC (changes in the speciation of elemental/organic carbon). The main source contribution to BC concentrations in the urban site is traffic, accounting for 71.1%/65.2% (January/July) in close agreement with the fossil contribution derived from observations (78.8%/84.2%), followed by RWC (12.8%/3%) and shipping emissions (5.4%/13.8%). An over-representation of RWC (winter) and shipping (summer) is obtained with CAMS-REG_v4. Noteworthy uncertainties arise in OA results due to condensables in emissions and a limited secondary aerosol production in the model. These findings offer insights into MONARCH's effectiveness in simulating CAs concentrations and source contribution in Northeast Spain. The study highlights the benefits of combining new datasets and modeling techniques to refine emission inventories and better understand and mitigate air pollution impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, c/Jordi-Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Marc Guevara
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Plaça Eusebi Güell 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Santiago Enciso
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Plaça Eusebi Güell 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Carles Tena
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Plaça Eusebi Güell 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Marta Via
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, c/Jordi-Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Jesus Yus-Díez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, c/Jordi-Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, c/Jordi-Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Noemi Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, c/Jordi-Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, c/Jordi-Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, c/Jordi-Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Oriol Jorba
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Plaça Eusebi Güell 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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Polezer G, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Oliveira A, Martins LD, Santos-Silva JC, Moreira CAB, Pauliquevis T, Godoi AFL, Tadano Y, Yamamoto CI, Godoi RHM. The new WHO air quality guidelines for PM 2.5: predicament for small/medium cities. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1841-1860. [PMID: 35713838 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of disease estimated that approximately 7.1 million deaths worldwide were related to air pollution in 2016. However, only a limited number of small- and middle-sized cities have air quality monitoring networks. To date, air quality in terms of particulate matter is still mainly focused on mass concentration, with limited compositional monitoring even in mega cities, despite evidence indicating differential toxicity of particulate matter. As this evidence is far from conclusive, we conducted PM2.5 bioaccessibility studies of potentially harmful elements in a medium-sized city, Londrina, Brazil. The data was interpreted in terms of source apportionment, the health risk evaluation and the bioaccessibility of inorganic contents in an artificial lysosomal fluid. The daily average concentration of PM2.5 was below the WHO guideline, however, the chemical health assessment indicated a considerable health risk. The in vitro evaluation showed different potential mobility when compared to previous studies in large-sized cities, those with 1 million inhabitants or more (Curitiba and Manaus). The new WHO guideline for PM2.5 mass concentration puts additional pressure on cities where air pollution monitoring is limited and/or neglected, because decision making is mainly revenue-driven and not socioeconomic-driven. Given the further emerging evidence that PM chemical composition is as, or even more, important than mass concentration levels, the research reported in the paper could pave the way for the necessary inter- and intra-city collaborations that are needed to address this global health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Polezer
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
- Departament of Technology, State University of Maringá, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Molecular Science Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrea Oliveira
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leila D Martins
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jéssica C Santos-Silva
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila A B Moreira
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Theotonio Pauliquevis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Ana F L Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Yara Tadano
- Mathematics Department, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Experimental Characterization of Particulate and Gaseous Emissions from Biomass Burning of Six Mediterranean Species and Litter. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires across the Mediterranean ecosystems are associated with safety concerns due to their emissions. The type of biomass determines the composition of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous compounds emitted during the fire event. This study investigated simulated fire events and analysed biomass samples of six Mediterranean species and litter in a combustion chamber. The main aims are the characterization of PM realized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), the quantification of gaseous emissions through gas chromatography (GC-MS) and, consequently, identification of the species that are potentially more dangerous. For PM, three size fractions were considered (PM10, 2.5 and 1), and their chemical composition was used for particle source-apportionment. For gaseous components, the CO, CO2, benzene, toluene and xylene (BTXs) emitted were quantified. All samples were described and compared based on their peculiar particulate and gaseous emissions. The primary results show that (a) Acacia saligna was noticeable for the highest number of particles emitted and remarkable values of KCl; (b) tree species were related to the fine windblown particles as canopies intercept PM10 and reemit it during burning; (c) shrub species were related to the particles resuspended from soil; and (d) benzene and toluene were the dominant aromatic compounds emitted. Finally, the most dangerous species identified during burning were Acacia saligna, for the highest number of particles emitted, and Pistacia lentiscus for its high density of particles, the presence of anthropogenic markers, and the highest emissions of all gaseous compounds.
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Carrion-Matta A, Kang CM, Gaffin JM, Hauptman M, Phipatanakul W, Koutrakis P, Gold DR. Classroom indoor PM 2.5 sources and exposures in inner-city schools. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104968. [PMID: 31295642 PMCID: PMC6728184 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Children spend over 6 h a day in schools and have higher asthma morbidity from school environmental exposures. The present study aims to determine indoor and outdoor possible sources affecting indoor PM2.5 in classrooms. Weeklong indoor PM2.5 samples were collected from 32 inner-city schools from a Northeastern U.S. community during three seasons (fall, winter and spring) during the years 2009 to 2013. Concurrently, daily outdoor PM2.5 samples were taken at a central monitoring site located at a median distance of 4974 m (range 1065-11,592 m) from the schools. Classroom indoor concentrations of PM2.5 (an average of 5.2 μg/m3) were lower than outdoors (an average of 6.5 μg/m3), and these averages were in the lower range compared to the findings in other schools' studies. The USEPA PMF model was applied to the PM2.5 components measured simultaneously from classroom indoor and outdoor to estimate the source apportionment. The major sources (contributions) identified across all seasons of indoor PM2.5 were secondary pollution (41%) and motor vehicles (17%), followed by Calcium (Ca)-rich particles (12%), biomass burning (15%), soil dust (6%), and marine aerosols (4%). Likewise, the major sources of outdoor PM2.5 across all seasons were secondary pollution (41%) and motor vehicles (26%), followed by biomass burning (17%), soil dust (7%), road dust (3%), and marine aerosols (1%). Secondary pollution was the greatest contributor to indoor and outdoor PM2.5 over all three seasons, with the highest contribution during spring with 53% to indoor PM2.5 and 45% to outdoor PM2.5. Lower contributions of this source during fall and winter are most likely attributed to less infiltration indoors. In contrast, the indoor contribution of motor vehicles source was highest in the fall (29%) and winter (25%), which was presumably categorized by a local source. From the relationship between indoor-to-outdoor sulfur ratios and each source contribution, we also estimated the local and regional influence on indoor PM2.5 concentration. Overall, the observed differences to indoor PM2.5 are related to seasonality, and the distinct characteristics and behavior of each classroom/school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleshka Carrion-Matta
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gaffin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marissa Hauptman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane R Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Polezer G, Tadano YS, Siqueira HV, Godoi AFL, Yamamoto CI, de André PA, Pauliquevis T, Andrade MDF, Oliveira A, Saldiva PHN, Taylor PE, Godoi RHM. Assessing the impact of PM 2.5 on respiratory disease using artificial neural networks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:394-403. [PMID: 29306807 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact on human health during peak episodes in air pollution is invaluable for policymakers. Particles less than PM2.5 can penetrate the respiratory system, causing cardiopulmonary and other systemic diseases. Statistical regression models are usually used to assess air pollution impacts on human health. However, when there are databases missing, linear statistical regression may not process well and alternative data processing should be considered. Nonlinear Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are not employed to research environmental health pollution even though another advantage in using ANN is that the output data can be expressed as the number of hospital admissions. This research applied ANN to assess the impact of air pollution on human health. Three well-known ANN were tested: Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Extreme Learning Machines (ELM) and Echo State Networks (ESN), to assess the influence of PM2.5, temperature, and relative humidity on hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases. Daily PM2.5 levels were monitored, and hospital admissions for respiratory illness were obtained, from the Brazilian hospital information system for all ages during two sampling campaigns (2008-2011 and 2014-2015) in Curitiba, Brazil. During these periods, the daily number of hospital admissions ranged from 2 to 55, PM2.5 concentrations varied from 0.98 to 54.2 μg m-3, temperature ranged from 8 to 26 °C, and relative humidity ranged from 45 to 100%. Of the ANN used in this study, MLP gave the best results showing a significant influence of PM2.5, temperature and humidity on hospital attendance after one day of exposure. The Anova Friedman's test showed statistical difference between the appliance of each ANN model (p < .001) for 1 lag day between PM2.5 exposure and hospital admission. ANN could be a more sensitive method than statistical regression models for assessing the effects of air pollution on respiratory health, and especially useful when there is limited data available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Polezer
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, 210 Francisco H. dos Santos St., Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Yara S Tadano
- Mathematics Department, Federal University of Technology, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hugo V Siqueira
- Electronic Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana F L Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, 210 Francisco H. dos Santos St., Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo A de André
- Department of Pathology, LPAE (Air Pollution Lab), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Theotonio Pauliquevis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Oliveira
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, LPAE (Air Pollution Lab), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philip E Taylor
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, 210 Francisco H. dos Santos St., Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil.
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Ji Z, Dai R, Zhang Z. Characterization of fine particulate matter in ambient air by combining TEM and multiple spectroscopic techniques--NMR, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:552-560. [PMID: 25597896 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00678j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a systematic study of the microstructures and spectroscopic characteristics of PM2.5 and its potential sources in Beijing by combining transmission electron microscopy and multiple spectroscopic techniques: nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. TEM images showed that dominant components of PM2.5 are airborne organic substances with many trace metal elements which are associated with combustion sources. NMR spectra precisely determined the percentage of carbonaceous speciation in both PM2.5 (with spatial and temporal distribution) and its potential sources, and distinguished the similarities and differences among them. In FTIR spectra, a remarkable peak at 1390 cm(-1) that appeared only in PM2.5 samples was attributed to NH4NO3, representing the occurrence of secondary processes. Raman spectra revealed certain inorganic compounds including sulfate and nitrate ions. Based on the analysis of the decomposition of Raman spectra, spectral parameters provided structural information and helped to find potential sources of PM2.5. In the space of carbon aromaticity index and ID1/IG, PM2.5 points followed a linear distribution which may also be useful in source tracing. The result shows that the combined non-destructive methods are efficient to trace the sources of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhurun Ji
- School of The Gifted Young, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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8
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Srinivas B, Sarin MM. PM₂.₅., EC and OC in atmospheric outflow from the Indo-Gangetic Plain: temporal variability and aerosol organic carbon-to-organic mass conversion factor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:196-205. [PMID: 24784744 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Temporal variability (November'09-March'10) in the mass concentrations of PM2.5, mineral dust, organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC and EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and inorganic species (WSIS) has been studied in the atmospheric outflow to the Bay of Bengal from a sampling site [Kharagpur: 22.02°N, 87.11°E] in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Based on diagnostic ratios of carbonaceous species [OC/EC ≈ 7.0 ± 2.2, WSOC/OC ≈ 0.52 ± 0.16, and K(+)/EC≈0.48±0.17], we document dominant impact from biomass burning emissions (wood-fuel and post-harvest agricultural-waste burning) in the IGP-outflow. Relatively high concentration of sulphate (SO4(2-) ≈ 6.9-25.3 μg m(-3); SO4(2-)/ΣWSIS=45-77%) and characteristic ratios of nss-SO4(2-)/EC (3.9 ± 2.1) and nss-SO4(2-)/OC (0.61 ± 0.46) provide information on absorption/scattering properties of aerosols. Based on quantitative assessment of individual components of PM2.5, we document aerosol organic carbon-to-organic mass (OC to OM) conversion factor centring at 1.5 ± 0.2 (range: 1.3-2.7) in the atmospheric outflow from IGP. The aerosol composition over the Bay of Bengal shows striking similarity with the diagnostic ratios documented for the IGP-outflow. Relatively high conversion factor for assessing the mass of organic aerosols over the Bay of Bengal (1.1-3.7) provides evidence for their oxidation during long-range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikkina Srinivas
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India; Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M M Sarin
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India.
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9
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Pöhlker C, Wiedemann KT, Sinha B, Shiraiwa M, Gunthe SS, Smith M, Su H, Artaxo P, Chen Q, Cheng Y, Elbert W, Gilles MK, Kilcoyne ALD, Moffet RC, Weigand M, Martin ST, Pöschl U, Andreae MO. Biogenic potassium salt particles as seeds for secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon. Science 2012; 337:1075-8. [PMID: 22936773 DOI: 10.1126/science.1223264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The fine particles serving as cloud condensation nuclei in pristine Amazonian rainforest air consist mostly of secondary organic aerosol. Their origin is enigmatic, however, because new particle formation in the atmosphere is not observed. Here, we show that the growth of organic aerosol particles can be initiated by potassium-salt-rich particles emitted by biota in the rainforest. These particles act as seeds for the condensation of low- or semi-volatile organic compounds from the atmospheric gas phase or multiphase oxidation of isoprene and terpenes. Our findings suggest that the primary emission of biogenic salt particles directly influences the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei and affects the microphysics of cloud formation and precipitation over the rainforest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pöhlker
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55020, Germany.
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10
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Rosário NE, Yamasoe MA, Brindley H, Eck TF, Schafer J. Downwelling solar irradiance in the biomass burning region of the southern Amazon: Dependence on aerosol intensive optical properties and role of water vapor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Biomass burning in Amazonia: Emissions, long-range transport of smoke and its regional and remote impacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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Artaxo P, Rizzo LV, Paixão M, de Lucca S, Oliveira PH, Lara LL, Wiedemann KT, Andreae MO, Holben B, Schafer J, Correia AL, Pauliquevis TM. Aerosol particles in Amazonia: Their composition, role in the radiation balance, cloud formation, and nutrient cycles. AMAZONIA AND GLOBAL CHANGE 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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13
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Roth E, Kehrli D, Bonnot K, Trouvé G. Size distributions of fine and ultrafine particles in the city of Strasbourg: correlation between number of particles and concentrations of NO(x) and SO(2) gases and some soluble ions concentration determination. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2008; 86:282-90. [PMID: 17275982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) was used during spring and autumn 2003 in the centre of Strasbourg for the measurement of atmospheric aerosols size distribution. The concentration of NO(x) and SO(2) in air was simultaneously measured with specific analysers. Samples were collected in the range 0.007-10 microm in equivalent aerodynamic diameter size. Number distributions are representative of a pollution originating from urban traffic with a particle size distribution exhibiting a nucleation mode below 29 nm and an accumulation mode around 80 nm in size. A mean particle density equal to 39000+/-35000 total particles per cm(3) with a size ranging from 7 to 10 microm was obtained after a sampling period of 2 weeks in spring. About 86.9% of the number of particles have an aerodynamic diameter below 0.1 microm and 13.1% between 0.1 and 1 microm. Correlation coefficients between the number of particles impacted on each ELPI plate and gas concentrations (SO(2) and NO(x)) showed that the numbers of particles with diameter between 0.10 and 0.62 microm are highly related to the NO(x) concentration. This result indicates that particles are traffic induced since NO(x) is mainly emitted by cars as shown by measurements on various sites. Particles are less clearly correlated to the SO(2) concentration. Particle analysis on different ELPI plates for a sampling period of 2 weeks in autumn showed high level of soluble NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-) and NH(4)(+) ions. Indeed, up to 90% b.w. of these three species were found in the particle range 0.1-1 microm. The formation of particulate NH(4)NO(3) is favoured by high NO(x) concentration, which induces the formation of gaseous HNO(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Roth
- Groupe de Spectrométrie Moléculaire Atmosphérique (GSMA), Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 REIMS Cedex 2, France
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Myneni RB, Yang W, Nemani RR, Huete AR, Dickinson RE, Knyazikhin Y, Didan K, Fu R, Negrón Juárez RI, Saatchi SS, Hashimoto H, Ichii K, Shabanov NV, Tan B, Ratana P, Privette JL, Morisette JT, Vermote EF, Roy DP, Wolfe RE, Friedl MA, Running SW, Votava P, El-Saleous N, Devadiga S, Su Y, Salomonson VV. Large seasonal swings in leaf area of Amazon rainforests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4820-3. [PMID: 17360360 PMCID: PMC1820882 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611338104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite early speculation to the contrary, all tropical forests studied to date display seasonal variations in the presence of new leaves, flowers, and fruits. Past studies were focused on the timing of phenological events and their cues but not on the accompanying changes in leaf area that regulate vegetation-atmosphere exchanges of energy, momentum, and mass. Here we report, from analysis of 5 years of recent satellite data, seasonal swings in green leaf area of approximately 25% in a majority of the Amazon rainforests. This seasonal cycle is timed to the seasonality of solar radiation in a manner that is suggestive of anticipatory and opportunistic patterns of net leaf flushing during the early to mid part of the light-rich dry season and net leaf abscission during the cloudy wet season. These seasonal swings in leaf area may be critical to initiation of the transition from dry to wet season, seasonal carbon balance between photosynthetic gains and respiratory losses, and litterfall nutrient cycling in moist tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranga B. Myneni
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Wenze Yang
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ramakrishna R. Nemani
- Ecosystem Science and Technology Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 242-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035
| | - Alfredo R. Huete
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Robert E. Dickinson
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Yuri Knyazikhin
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Kamel Didan
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Rong Fu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Robinson I. Negrón Juárez
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Sasan S. Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Hirofumi Hashimoto
- California State University at Monterey Bay and Ecosystem Science and Technology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 242-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035
| | - Kazuhito Ichii
- San Jose State University and Ecosystem Science and Technology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 242-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035
| | - Nikolay V. Shabanov
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Piyachat Ratana
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Jeffrey L. Privette
- Biospheric Sciences Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8600 Greenbelt Road, Mail Code 614.4, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Jeffrey T. Morisette
- Terrestrial Information Systems Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8600 Greenbelt Road, Mail Code 614.5, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Eric F. Vermote
- Biospheric Sciences Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8600 Greenbelt Road, Mail Code 614.4, Greenbelt, MD 20771
- Department of Geography, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - David P. Roy
- Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, Wecota Hall, Box 506B, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Robert E. Wolfe
- Raytheon Technology Services Corporation at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8600 Greenbelt Road, Mail Code 614.5, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Mark A. Friedl
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Petr Votava
- California State University at Monterey Bay and Ecosystem Science and Technology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 242-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035
| | - Nazmi El-Saleous
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8600 Greenbelt Road, Mail Code 614.5, Greenbelt, MD 20771; and
| | - Sadashiva Devadiga
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8600 Greenbelt Road, Mail Code 614.5, Greenbelt, MD 20771; and
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Vincent V. Salomonson
- Department of Geography and Meteorology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0110
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15
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Knüsel S. ENSO signals of the twentieth century in an ice core from Nevado Illimani, Bolivia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Schaap M. Anthropogenic black carbon and fine aerosol distribution over Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Wiedinmyer C, Guenther A, Harley P, Hewitt N, Geron C, Artaxo P, Steinbrecher R, Rasmussen R. Global Organic Emissions from Vegetation. ADVANCES IN GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2167-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Graham B, Guyon P, Taylor PE, Artaxo P, Maenhaut W, Glovsky MM, Flagan RC, Andreae MO. Organic compounds present in the natural Amazonian aerosol: Characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bim Graham
- Department of Biogeochemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - Pascal Guyon
- Department of Biogeochemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - Philip E. Taylor
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute for Physics; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
| | - M. Michael Glovsky
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
- Asthma and Allergy Center; Huntington Medical Research Institute; Pasadena California USA
| | - Richard C. Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Meinrat O. Andreae
- Department of Biogeochemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
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Graham B, Guyon P, Maenhaut W, Taylor PE, Ebert M, Matthias-Maser S, Mayol-Bracero OL, Godoi RHM, Artaxo P, Meixner FX, Moura MAL, Rocha CHED, Grieken RV, Glovsky MM, Flagan RC, Andreae MO. Composition and diurnal variability of the natural Amazonian aerosol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bim Graham
- Department of Biogeochemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - Pascal Guyon
- Department of Biogeochemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
| | - Philip E. Taylor
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Martin Ebert
- Institute for Mineralogy; Technical University of Darmstadt; Darmstadt Germany
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute for Physics; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Franz X. Meixner
- Department of Biogeochemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | | | | | - Rene Van Grieken
- Micro and Trace Analysis Center; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - M. Michael Glovsky
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
- Asthma and Allergy Center; Huntington Medical Research Institute; Pasadena California USA
| | - Richard C. Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Meinrat O. Andreae
- Department of Biogeochemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
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20
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Pósfai M, Simonics R, Li J, Hobbs PV, Buseck PR. Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 1. Compositions and size distributions of carbonaceous particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Pósfai
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Veszprém; Veszprém Hungary
| | - Renáta Simonics
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Veszprém; Veszprém Hungary
| | - Jia Li
- Departments of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Peter V. Hobbs
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Peter R. Buseck
- Departments of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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21
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Moore KG. Long-range transport of continental plumes over the Pacific Basin: Aerosol physiochemistry and optical properties during PEM-Tropics A and B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Guyon P. In-canopy gradients, composition, sources, and optical properties of aerosol over the Amazon forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Watson JG, Zhu T, Chow JC, Engelbrecht J, Fujita EM, Wilson WE. Receptor modeling application framework for particle source apportionment. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 49:1093-1136. [PMID: 12492167 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Receptor models infer contributions from particulate matter (PM) source types using multivariate measurements of particle chemical and physical properties. Receptor models complement source models that estimate concentrations from emissions inventories and transport meteorology. Enrichment factor, chemical mass balance, multiple linear regression, eigenvector. edge detection, neural network, aerosol evolution, and aerosol equilibrium models have all been used to solve particulate air quality problems, and more than 500 citations of their theory and application document these uses. While elements, ions, and carbons were often used to apportion TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 among many source types, many of these components have been reduced in source emissions such that more complex measurements of carbon fractions, specific organic compounds, single particle characteristics, and isotopic abundances now need to be measured in source and receptor samples. Compliance monitoring networks are not usually designed to obtain data for the observables, locations, and time periods that allow receptor models to be applied. Measurements from existing networks can be used to form conceptual models that allow the needed monitoring network to be optimized. The framework for using receptor models to solve air quality problems consists of: (1) formulating a conceptual model; (2) identifying potential sources; (3) characterizing source emissions; (4) obtaining and analyzing ambient PM samples for major components and source markers; (5) confirming source types with multivariate receptor models; (6) quantifying source contributions with the chemical mass balance; (7) estimating profile changes and the limiting precursor gases for secondary aerosols; and (8) reconciling receptor modeling results with source models, emissions inventories, and receptor data analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Watson
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
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24
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O'Neill NT, Eck TF, Holben BN, Smirnov A, Royer A, Li Z. Optical properties of boreal forest fire smoke derived from Sun photometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. T. O'Neill
- CARTEL; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke, Quebec Canada
| | - T. F. Eck
- Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center; University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - B. N. Holben
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - A. Smirnov
- Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center; University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - A. Royer
- CARTEL; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke, Quebec Canada
| | - Z. Li
- Canada Centre for Remote Sensing; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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25
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Artaxo P. Physical and chemical properties of aerosols in the wet and dry seasons in Rondônia, Amazonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Zhou J. Submicrometer aerosol particle size distribution and hygroscopic growth measured in the Amazon rain forest during the wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Formenti P, Andreae MO, Lange L, Roberts G, Cafmeyer J, Rajta I, Maenhaut W, Holben BN, Artaxo P, Lelieveld J. Saharan dust in Brazil and Suriname during the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) - Cooperative LBA Regional Experiment (CLAIRE) in March 1998. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Longo KM, Thompson AM, Kirchhoff VWJH, Remer LA, de Freitas SR, Dias MAFS, Artaxo P, Hart W, Spinhirne JD, Yamasoe MA. Correlation between smoke and tropospheric ozone concentration in Cuiabá during Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation-Brazil (SCAR-B). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Andreae MO, Andreae TW, Annegarn H, Beer J, Cachier H, Le Canut P, Elbert W, Maenhaut W, Salma I, Wienhold FG, Zenker T. Airborne studies of aerosol emissions from savanna fires in southern Africa: 2. Aerosol chemical composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Yamasoe MA, Kaufman YJ, Dubovik O, Remer LA, Holben BN, Artaxo P. Retrieval of the real part of the refractive index of smoke particles from Sun/sky measurements during SCAR-B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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