1
|
Zhuang Y, Fu R, Santer BD, Dickinson RE, Hall A. Quantifying contributions of natural variability and anthropogenic forcings on increased fire weather risk over the western United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2111875118. [PMID: 34725162 PMCID: PMC8609294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111875118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified a recent increase in wildfire activity in the western United States (WUS). However, the extent to which this trend is due to weather pattern changes dominated by natural variability versus anthropogenic warming has been unclear. Using an ensemble constructed flow analogue approach, we have employed observations to estimate vapor pressure deficit (VPD), the leading meteorological variable that controls wildfires, associated with different atmospheric circulation patterns. Our results show that for the period 1979 to 2020, variation in the atmospheric circulation explains, on average, only 32% of the observed VPD trend of 0.48 ± 0.25 hPa/decade (95% CI) over the WUS during the warm season (May to September). The remaining 68% of the upward VPD trend is likely due to anthropogenic warming. The ensemble simulations of climate models participating in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project suggest that anthropogenic forcing explains an even larger fraction of the observed VPD trend (88%) for the same period and region. These models and observational estimates likely provide a lower and an upper bound on the true impact of anthropogenic warming on the VPD trend over the WUS. During August 2020, when the August Complex "Gigafire" occurred in the WUS, anthropogenic warming likely explains 50% of the unprecedented high VPD anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhuang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
| | - Benjamin D Santer
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Robert E Dickinson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alex Hall
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun Y, Gu L, Dickinson RE, Pallardy SG, Baker J, Cao Y, DaMatta FM, Dong X, Ellsworth D, Van Goethem D, Jensen AM, Law BE, Loos R, Martins SCV, Norby RJ, Warren J, Weston D, Winter K. Asymmetrical effects of mesophyll conductance on fundamental photosynthetic parameters and their relationships estimated from leaf gas exchange measurements. Plant Cell Environ 2014; 37:978-94. [PMID: 24117476 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide measurements of nearly 130 C3 species covering all major plant functional types are analysed in conjunction with model simulations to determine the effects of mesophyll conductance (g(m)) on photosynthetic parameters and their relationships estimated from A/Ci curves. We find that an assumption of infinite g(m) results in up to 75% underestimation for maximum carboxylation rate V(cmax), 60% for maximum electron transport rate J(max), and 40% for triose phosphate utilization rate T(u) . V(cmax) is most sensitive, J(max) is less sensitive, and T(u) has the least sensitivity to the variation of g(m). Because of this asymmetrical effect of g(m), the ratios of J(max) to V(cmax), T(u) to V(cmax) and T(u) to J(max) are all overestimated. An infinite g(m) assumption also limits the freedom of variation of estimated parameters and artificially constrains parameter relationships to stronger shapes. These findings suggest the importance of quantifying g(m) for understanding in situ photosynthetic machinery functioning. We show that a nonzero resistance to CO2 movement in chloroplasts has small effects on estimated parameters. A non-linear function with gm as input is developed to convert the parameters estimated under an assumption of infinite gm to proper values. This function will facilitate gm representation in global carbon cycle models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station #C9000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi M, Yang ZL, Lawrence DM, Dickinson RE, Subin ZM. Spin-up processes in the Community Land Model version 4 with explicit carbon and nitrogen components. Ecol Modell 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
4
|
|
5
|
|
6
|
|
7
|
|
8
|
|
9
|
Samanta A, Knyazikhin Y, Xu L, Dickinson RE, Fu R, Costa MH, Saatchi SS, Nemani RR, Myneni RB. Seasonal changes in leaf area of Amazon forests from leaf flushing and abscission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
10
|
Duncan WC, McDonald SE, Dickinson RE, Shaw JLV, Lourenco PC, Wheelhouse N, Lee KF, Critchley HOD, Horne AW. Expression of the repulsive SLIT/ROBO pathway in the human endometrium and Fallopian tube. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:950-9. [PMID: 20651036 PMCID: PMC2992050 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether the repulsive SLIT/ROBO pathway is expressed in the endometrium and is negatively regulated during implantation. We also examined whether deficient expression in the Fallopian tube (FT) may predispose to ectopic pregnancy (EP). Endometrium (n = 21) and FT (n = 17) were collected across the menstrual cycle from fertile women with regular cycles. Decidualized endometrium (n = 6) was obtained from women undergoing termination, and FT (n = 6) was obtained from women with EP. SLIT/ROBO expression was quantified by reverse transcription-PCR and protein localized by immunohistochemistry. The regulation of SLIT/ROBO expression in vitro, by sex steroids and hCG, was assessed in endometrial (hTERT-EEpC) epithelial cells, and the effects of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and smoking were studied in oviductal (OE-E6/E7) epithelial cells. Endometrial SLIT3 was highest in the mid-secretory phase (P = 0.0003) and SLIT1,2 and ROBO1 showed a similar trend. ROBO2 was highest in proliferative phase (P = 0.027) and ROBO3,4 showed a similar trend. SLIT2,3 and ROBO1, 4 were lower in decidua compared with mid-secretory endometrium (P < 0.05). SLITs and ROBOs, excepting ROBO2, were expressed in FT but there were no differences across the cycle or in EP. SLIT/ROBO proteins were localized to endometrial and FT epithelium. Treatment of hTERT-EEpC with a combination of estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate inhibited ROBO1 expression (P < 0.01) but hCG had no effect. Acute treatment of OE-E6/E7 with smoking metabolite, cotinine, and C. trachomatis had no effect. These findings imply a regulated role for the endometrial SLIT/ROBO interaction during normal development and pregnancy but that it may not be important in the aetiology of EP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W C Duncan
- Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang K, Dickinson RE, Wild M, Liang S. Evidence for decadal variation in global terrestrial evapotranspiration between 1982 and 2002: 1. Model development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Wang K, Dickinson RE, Wild M, Liang S. Evidence for decadal variation in global terrestrial evapotranspiration between 1982 and 2002: 2. Results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
13
|
Su H, Yang ZL, Dickinson RE, Wilson CR, Niu GY. Multisensor snow data assimilation at the continental scale: The value of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment terrestrial water storage information. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Dickinson RE, Zhou L, Tian Y, Liu Q, Lavergne T, Pinty B, Schaaf CB, Knyazikhin Y. A three-dimensional analytic model for the scattering of a spherical bush. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Zhang Y, Fu R, Yu H, Dickinson RE, Juarez RN, Chin M, Wang H. A regional climate model study of how biomass burning aerosol impacts land-atmosphere interactions over the Amazon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
17
|
Cooper WN, Dickinson RE, Dallol A, Hesson LB, Bieche I, Clark GJ, Maher ER, Zabarovsky ER, Latif F. RASSF2 can suppress the growth of breast cancer cell lines and is epigenetically inactivated in breast tumours. Breast Cancer Res 2008. [PMCID: PMC3300712 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
18
|
Su H, Yang ZL, Niu GY, Dickinson RE. Enhancing the estimation of continental-scale snow water equivalent by assimilating MODIS snow cover with the ensemble Kalman filter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
Cooper WN, Dickinson RE, Dallol A, Grigorieva EV, Pavlova TV, Hesson LB, Bieche I, Broggini M, Maher ER, Zabarovsky ER, Clark GJ, Latif F. Epigenetic regulation of the ras effector/tumour suppressor RASSF2 in breast and lung cancer. Oncogene 2008; 27:1805-11. [PMID: 17891178 PMCID: PMC2948550 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RASSF2 is a recently identified member of a class of novel tumour suppressor genes, all containing a ras-association domain. RASSF2 resides at 20p13, a region frequently lost in human cancers. In this report we investigated methylation status of the RASSF2 promoter CpG island in a series of breast, ovarian and non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). RASSF2 was frequently methylated in breast tumour cell lines (65%, 13/20) and in primary breast tumours (38%, 15/40). RASSF2 expression could be switched back on in methylated breast tumour cell lines after treatment with 5'-aza-2'deoxycytidine. RASSF2 was also frequently methylated in NSCLC tumours (44%, (22/50). The small number of corresponding normal breast and lung tissue DNA samples analysed were unmethylated. We also did not detect RASSF2 methylation in ovarian tumours (0/17). Furthermore no mutations were found in the coding region of RASSF2 in these ovarian tumours. We identified a highly conserved putative bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) and demonstrated that endogenous RASSF2 localized to the nucleus. Mutation of the putative NLS abolished the nuclear localization. RASSF2 suppressed breast tumour cell growth in vitro and in vivo, while the ability of NLS-mutant RASSF2 to suppress growth was much diminished. Hence we demonstrate that RASSF2 has a functional NLS that is important for its tumour suppressor gene function. Our data from this and a previous report indicate that RASSF2 is frequently methylated in colorectal, breast and NSCLC tumours. We have identified RASSF2 as a novel methylation marker for multiple malignancies and it has the potential to be developed into a valuable marker for screening several cancers in parallel using promoter hypermethylation profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W N Cooper
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhou L, Dickinson RE, Tian Y, Vose RS, Dai Y. Impact of vegetation removal and soil aridation on diurnal temperature range in a semiarid region: application to the Sahel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:17937-42. [PMID: 17986620 PMCID: PMC2084275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700290104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased clouds and precipitation normally decrease the diurnal temperature range (DTR) and thus have commonly been offered as explanation for the trend of reduced DTR observed for many land areas over the last several decades. Observations show, however, that the DTR was reduced most in dry regions and especially in the West African Sahel during a period of unprecedented drought. Furthermore, the negative trend of DTR in the Sahel appears to have stopped and may have reversed after the rainfall began to recover. This study develops a hypothesis with climate model sensitivity studies showing that either a reduction in vegetation cover or a reduction in soil emissivity would reduce the DTR by increasing nighttime temperature through increased soil heating and reduced outgoing longwave radiation. Consistent with empirical analyses of observational data, our results suggest that vegetation removal and soil aridation would act to reduce the DTR during periods of drought and human mismanagement over semiarid regions such as the Sahel and to increase the DTR with more rainfall and better human management. Other mechanisms with similar effects on surface energy balance, such as increased nighttime downward longwave radiation due to increased greenhouse gases, aerosols, and clouds, would also be expected to have a larger impact on DTR over drier regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhou
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fang H, Liang S, Kim HY, Townshend JR, Schaaf CL, Strahler AH, Dickinson RE. Developing a spatially continuous 1 km surface albedo data set over North America from Terra MODIS products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Niu GY, Yang ZL, Dickinson RE, Gulden LE, Su H. Development of a simple groundwater model for use in climate models and evaluation with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
23
|
Myneni RB, Yang W, Nemani RR, Huete AR, Dickinson RE, Knyazikhin Y, Didan K, Fu R, Negrón Juárez RI, Saatchi SS, Hashimoto H, Ichii K, Shabanov NV, Tan B, Ratana P, Privette JL, Morisette JT, Vermote EF, Roy DP, Wolfe RE, Friedl MA, Running SW, Votava P, El-Saleous N, Devadiga S, Su Y, Salomonson VV. Large seasonal swings in leaf area of Amazon rainforests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4820-3. [PMID: 17360360 PMCID: PMC1820882 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611338104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite early speculation to the contrary, all tropical forests studied to date display seasonal variations in the presence of new leaves, flowers, and fruits. Past studies were focused on the timing of phenological events and their cues but not on the accompanying changes in leaf area that regulate vegetation-atmosphere exchanges of energy, momentum, and mass. Here we report, from analysis of 5 years of recent satellite data, seasonal swings in green leaf area of approximately 25% in a majority of the Amazon rainforests. This seasonal cycle is timed to the seasonality of solar radiation in a manner that is suggestive of anticipatory and opportunistic patterns of net leaf flushing during the early to mid part of the light-rich dry season and net leaf abscission during the cloudy wet season. These seasonal swings in leaf area may be critical to initiation of the transition from dry to wet season, seasonal carbon balance between photosynthetic gains and respiratory losses, and litterfall nutrient cycling in moist tropical forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranga B. Myneni
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Wenze Yang
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ramakrishna R. Nemani
- Ecosystem Science and Technology Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 242-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035
| | - Alfredo R. Huete
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Robert E. Dickinson
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Yuri Knyazikhin
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Kamel Didan
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Rong Fu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Robinson I. Negrón Juárez
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Sasan S. Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Hirofumi Hashimoto
- California State University at Monterey Bay and Ecosystem Science and Technology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 242-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035
| | - Kazuhito Ichii
- San Jose State University and Ecosystem Science and Technology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 242-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035
| | - Nikolay V. Shabanov
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Piyachat Ratana
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Jeffrey L. Privette
- Biospheric Sciences Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8600 Greenbelt Road, Mail Code 614.4, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Jeffrey T. Morisette
- Terrestrial Information Systems Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8600 Greenbelt Road, Mail Code 614.5, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Eric F. Vermote
- Biospheric Sciences Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8600 Greenbelt Road, Mail Code 614.4, Greenbelt, MD 20771
- Department of Geography, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - David P. Roy
- Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, Wecota Hall, Box 506B, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Robert E. Wolfe
- Raytheon Technology Services Corporation at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8600 Greenbelt Road, Mail Code 614.5, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Mark A. Friedl
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Petr Votava
- California State University at Monterey Bay and Ecosystem Science and Technology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 242-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035
| | - Nazmi El-Saleous
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8600 Greenbelt Road, Mail Code 614.5, Greenbelt, MD 20771; and
| | - Sadashiva Devadiga
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8600 Greenbelt Road, Mail Code 614.5, Greenbelt, MD 20771; and
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Vincent V. Salomonson
- Department of Geography and Meteorology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0110
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang Y, Chameides WL, Dickinson RE. Direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic aerosols on regional precipitation over east Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
25
|
Tsvetsinskaya EA, Schaaf CB, Gao F, Strahler AH, Dickinson RE. Spatial and temporal variability in Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer–derived surface albedo over global arid regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
26
|
Fu R, Hu Y, Wright JS, Jiang JH, Dickinson RE, Chen M, Filipiak M, Read WG, Waters JW, Wu DL. Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5664-9. [PMID: 16585523 PMCID: PMC1458630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601584103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During boreal summer, much of the water vapor and CO entering the global tropical stratosphere is transported over the Asian monsoon/Tibetan Plateau (TP) region. Studies have suggested that most of this transport is carried out either by tropical convection over the South Asian monsoon region or by extratropical convection over southern China. By using measurements from the newly available National Aeronautics and Space Administration Aura Microwave Limb Sounder, along with observations from the Aqua and Tropical Rainfall-Measuring Mission satellites, we establish that the TP provides the main pathway for cross-tropopause transport in this region. Tropospheric moist convection driven by elevated surface heating over the TP is deeper and detrains more water vapor, CO, and ice at the tropopause than over the monsoon area. Warmer tropopause temperatures and slower-falling, smaller cirrus cloud particles in less saturated ambient air at the tropopause also allow more water vapor to travel into the lower stratosphere over the TP, effectively short-circuiting the slower ascent of water vapor across the cold tropical tropopause over the monsoon area. Air that is high in water vapor and CO over the Asian monsoon/TP region enters the lower stratosphere primarily over the TP, and it is then transported toward the Asian monsoon area and disperses into the large-scale upward motion of the global stratospheric circulation. Thus, hydration of the global stratosphere could be especially sensitive to changes of convection over the TP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fu
- *School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0340
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Yuanlong Hu
- *School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0340
| | - Jonathon S. Wright
- *School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0340
| | - Jonathan H. Jiang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109; and
| | - Robert E. Dickinson
- *School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0340
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Mingxuan Chen
- *School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0340
| | - Mark Filipiak
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Science, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JN Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - William G. Read
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109; and
| | - Joe W. Waters
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109; and
| | - Dong L. Wu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109; and
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
A regional coupled climate-chemistry-aerosol model is developed to examine the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on surface temperature and precipitation over East Asia. Besides their direct and indirect reduction of short-wave solar radiation, the increased cloudiness and cloud liquid water generate a substantial downward positive long-wave surface forcing; consequently, nighttime temperature in winter increases by +0.7 degrees C, and the diurnal temperature range decreases by -0.7 degrees C averaged over the industrialized parts of China. Confidence in the simulated results is limited by uncertainties in model cloud physics. However, they are broadly consistent with the observed diurnal temperature range decrease as reported in China, suggesting that changes in downward long-wave radiation at the surface are important in understanding temperature changes from aerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li W, Fu R, Dickinson RE. Rainfall and its seasonality over the Amazon in the 21st century as assessed by the coupled models for the IPCC AR4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Abstract
In Drosophila, the Slit gene product, a secreted glycoprotein, acts as a midline repellent to guide axonal development during embryogenesis. Three human Slit gene orthologues have been characterised and recently we reported frequent promoter region hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of SLIT2 in lung, breast, colorectal and glioma cell lines and primary tumours. Furthermore, re-expression of SLIT2 inhibited the growth of cancer cell lines so that SLIT2 appears to function as a novel tumour suppressor gene (TSG). We analysed the expression of SLIT3 (5q35–34) and SLIT1 (1q23.3–q24) genes in 20 normal human tissues. Similar to SLIT2 expression profile, SLIT3 is expressed strongly in many tissues, while SLIT1 expression is neuronal specific. We analysed the 5′ CpG island of SLIT3 and SLIT1 genes in tumour cell lines and primary tumours for hypermethylation. SLIT3 was found to be methylated in 12 out of 29 (41%) of breast, one out of 15 (6.7%) lung, two out of six (33%) colorectal and in two out of (29%) glioma tumour cell lines. In tumour cell lines, silenced SLIT3 associated with hypermethylation and was re-expressed after treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. In primary tumours, SLIT3 was methylated in 16% of primary breast tumours, 35% of gliomas and 38% of colorectal tumours. Direct sequencing of bisulphite-modified DNA from methylated tumour cell lines and primary tumours demonstrated that majority of the CpG sites analysed were heavily methylated. Thus, both SLIT2 and SLIT3 are frequently methylated in gliomas and colorectal cancers, but the frequency of SLIT3 methylation in lung and breast cancer is significantly less than that for SLIT2. We also demonstrated SLIT1 promoter region hypermethylation in glioma tumour lines (five out of six; 83%), the methylation frequency in glioma tumours was much lower (two out of 20; 10%). Hence, evidence is accumulating for the involvement of members of the guidance cues molecules and their receptors in tumour development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Dickinson
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - A Dallol
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - I Bieche
- Laboratoire d’Oncogénétique – INSERM E0017, Centre René Huguenin, 35, rue Dailly, F-92210 St-Cloud, France
| | - D Krex
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - D Morton
- Department of Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - E R Maher
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - F Latif
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Niu GY, Yang ZL, Dickinson RE, Gulden LE. A simple TOPMODEL-based runoff parameterization (SIMTOP) for use in global climate models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
32
|
Zhou L, Dickinson RE, Tian Y, Fang J, Li Q, Kaufmann RK, Tucker CJ, Myneni RB. Evidence for a significant urbanization effect on climate in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9540-4. [PMID: 15205480 PMCID: PMC470710 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400357101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
China has experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic economic growth since its reform process started in late 1978. In this article, we present evidence for a significant urbanization effect on climate based on analysis of impacts of land-use changes on surface temperature in southeast China, where rapid urbanization has occurred. Our estimated warming of mean surface temperature of 0.05 degrees C per decade attributable to urbanization is much larger than previous estimates for other periods and locations. The spatial pattern and magnitude of our estimate are consistent with those of urbanization characterized by changes in the percentage of urban population and in satellite-measured greenness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhou
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Buermann W, Anderson B, Tucker CJ, Dickinson RE, Lucht W, Potter CS, Myneni RB. Interannual covariability in Northern Hemisphere air temperatures and greenness associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Buermann
- Department of Geography; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Bruce Anderson
- Department of Geography; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Compton J. Tucker
- Biospheric Sciences Branch; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Robert E. Dickinson
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Wolfgang Lucht
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research; Potsdam Germany
| | - Christopher S. Potter
- Ecosystem Science and Technology Branch; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - Ranga B. Myneni
- Department of Geography; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wei X, Hahmann AN, Dickinson RE, Yang ZL, Zeng X, Schaudt KJ, Schaaf CB, Strugnell N. Comparison of albedos computed by land surface models and evaluation against remotely sensed data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
35
|
Jin M, Dickinson RE. A generalized algorithm for retrieving cloudy sky skin temperature from satellite thermal infrared radiances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
36
|
Dickinson RE. How coupling of the atmosphere to ocean and land helps determine the timescales of interannual variability of climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
37
|
Zeng X, Dickinson RE, Walker A, Shaikh M, DeFries RS, Qi J. Derivation and Evaluation of Global 1-km Fractional Vegetation Cover Data for Land Modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0826:daeogk>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
38
|
Zeng X, Zhao M, Dickinson RE, He Y. A multiyear hourly sea surface skin temperature data set derived from the TOGA TAO bulk temperature and wind speed over the tropical Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jc900060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
39
|
Jin M, Dickinson RE. Interpolation of surface radiative temperature measured from polar orbiting satellites to a diurnal cycle: 1. Without clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
40
|
Sellers PJ, Dickinson RE, Randall DA, Betts AK, Hall FG, Berry JA, Collatz GJ, Denning AS, Mooney HA, Nobre CA, Sato N, Field CB, Henderson-Sellers A. Modeling the Exchanges of Energy, Water, and Carbon Between Continents and the Atmosphere. Science 1997; 275:502-9. [PMID: 8999789 DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5299.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric general circulation models used for climate simulation and weather forecasting require the fluxes of radiation, heat, water vapor, and momentum across the land-atmosphere interface to be specified. These fluxes are calculated by submodels called land surface parameterizations. Over the last 20 years, these parameterizations have evolved from simple, unrealistic schemes into credible representations of the global soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer system as advances in plant physiological and hydrological research, advances in satellite data interpretation, and the results of large-scale field experiments have been exploited. Some modern schemes incorporate biogeochemical and ecological knowledge and, when coupled with advanced climate and ocean models, will be capable of modeling the biological and physical responses of the Earth system to global change, for example, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- PJ Sellers
- P. J. Sellers is at the NASA Johnson Space Center, Mail Code CB, Houston, TX 77058, USA. R. E. Dickinson is in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. D. A. Randall is in the Atmospheric Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. A. K. Betts is at Atmospheric Research, Rural Route 3, Box 3125, Pittsford, VT 05763, USA. F. G. Hall and G. J. Collatz are at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. J. A. Berry and C. B. Field are in the Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. A. S. Denning is in the School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA. H. A. Mooney is in the Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. C. A. Nobre is at INPE/CPTEC, Caixa Postal 01, cep 12630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil. N. Sato is in the Numerical Prediction Division, Japan Meteorology Agency, 1-3-4, Ootemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 100. A. Henderson-Sellers is at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Plenty Road, Post Office Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hahmann AN, Ward DM, Dickinson RE. Land surface temperature and radiative fluxes response of the NCAR CCM2/Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme to modifications in the optical properties of clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
42
|
Seth A, Giorgi F, Dickinson RE. Simulating fluxes from heterogeneous land surfaces: Explicit subgrid method employing the biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
43
|
Abstract
An analysis is made of the likely contribution of smoke particles from biomass burning to the global radiation balance. These particles act to reflect solar radiation directly; they also can act as cloud condensation nuclei, increasing the reflectivity of clouds. Together these effects, although uncertain, may add up globally to a cooling effect as large as 2 watts per square meter, comparable to the estimated contribution of sulfate aerosols. Anthropogenic increases of smoke emission thus may have helped weaken the net greenhouse warming from anthropogenic trace gases.
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Pinty B, Verstraete MM, Dickinson RE. A physical model of the bidirectional reflectance of vegetation canopies: 2. Inversion and validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id08p11767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
46
|
|
47
|
Dickinson RE, Sellers PJ, Kimes DS. Albedos of homogeneous semi-infinite canopies: Comparison of two-stream analytic and numerical solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jd092id04p04282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
48
|
|
49
|
|
50
|
|