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Merging Perspectives on Secondary Minerals on Mars: A Review of Ancient Water-Rock Interactions in Gale Crater Inferred from Orbital and In-Situ Observations. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11090986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Phyllosilicates, sulfates, and Fe oxides are the most prevalent secondary minerals detected on Mars from orbit and the surface, including in the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover’s field site at Gale crater. These records of aqueous activity have been investigated in detail in Gale crater, where Curiosity’s X-ray diffractometer allows for direct observation and detailed characterization of mineral structure and abundance. This capability provides critical ground truthing to better understand how to interpret Martian mineralogy inferred from orbital datasets. Curiosity is about to leave behind phyllosilicate-rich strata for more sulfate-rich terrains, while the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover is in its early exploration of ancient sedimentary strata in Jezero crater. It is thus an appropriate time to review Gale crater’s mineral distribution from multiple perspectives, utilizing the range of chemical, mineralogical, and spectral measurements provided by orbital and in situ observations. This review compares orbital predictions of composition in Gale crater with higher fidelity (but more spatially restricted) in situ measurements by Curiosity, and we synthesize how this information contributes to our understanding of water-rock interaction in Gale crater. In the context of combining these disparate spatial scales, we also discuss implications for the larger understanding of martian surface evolution and the need for a wide range of data types and scales to properly reconstruct ancient geologic processes using remote methods.
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Fraeman AA, Johnson JR, Arvidson RE, Rice MS, Wellington DF, Morris RV, Fox VK, Horgan BHN, Jacob SR, Salvatore MR, Sun VZ, Pinet P, Bell JF, Wiens RC, Vasavada AR. Synergistic Ground and Orbital Observations of Iron Oxides on Mt. Sharp and Vera Rubin Ridge. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2020; 125:e2019JE006294. [PMID: 33042722 PMCID: PMC7539960 DOI: 10.1029/2019je006294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Visible/short-wave infrared spectral data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) show absorptions attributed to hematite at Vera Rubin ridge (VRR), a topographic feature on northwest Mt. Sharp. The goals of this study are to determine why absorptions caused by ferric iron are strongly visible from orbit at VRR and to improve interpretation of CRISM data throughout lower Mt. Sharp. These goals are achieved by analyzing coordinated CRISM and in situ spectral data along the Curiosity Mars rover's traverse. VRR bedrock within areas that have the deepest ferric absorptions in CRISM data also has the deepest ferric absorptions measured in situ. This suggests strong ferric absorptions are visible from orbit at VRR because of the unique spectral properties of VRR bedrock. Dust and mixing with basaltic sand additionally inhibit the ability to measure ferric absorptions in bedrock stratigraphically below VRR from orbit. There are two implications of these findings: (1) Ferric absorptions in CRISM data initially dismissed as noise could be real, and ferric phases are more widespread in lower Mt. Sharp than previously reported. (2) Patches with the deepest ferric absorptions in CRISM data are, like VRR, reflective of deeper absorptions in the bedrock. One model to explain this spectral variability is late-stage diagenetic fluids that changed the grain size of ferric phases, deepening absorptions. Curiosity's experience highlights the strengths of using CRISM data for spectral absorptions and associated mineral detections and the caveats in using these data for geologic interpretations and strategic path planning tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Fraeman
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - J. R. Johnson
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesWashington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
| | - M. S. Rice
- Geology Department, Physics and Astronomy DepartmentWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWAUSA
| | - D. F. Wellington
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | | | - V. K. Fox
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - B. H. N. Horgan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - S. R. Jacob
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - M. R. Salvatore
- Department of Astronomy and Planetary ScienceNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZUSA
| | - V. Z. Sun
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - P. Pinet
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNESToulouseFrance
| | - J. F. Bell
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - R. C. Wiens
- Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNMUSA
| | - A. R. Vasavada
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
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Sklute EC, Kashyap S, Dyar MD, Holden JF, Tague T, Wang P, Jaret SJ. Spectral and morphological characteristics of synthetic nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS 2018; 45:1-26. [PMID: 30135614 PMCID: PMC6101973 DOI: 10.1007/s00269-017-0897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides are ubiquitous on Earth, globally distributed on Mars, and likely present on numerous other rocky solar system bodies. They are often structurally and, therefore, spectrally distinct from iron (oxyhydr)oxide bulk phases. Because their spectra vary with grain size, they can be difficult to identify or distinguish unless multiple analysis techniques are used in tandem. Yet, most literature reports fail to use multiple techniques or adequately parameterize sample morphology, making it difficult to understand how morphology affects spectral characteristics across techniques. Here, we present transmission electron microscopy, Raman, visible and near-infrared, and mid-infrared attenuated total reflectance data on synthetic, nanophase akaganéite, lepidocrocite, goethite, hematite, ferrihydrite, magnetite, and maghemite. Feature positions are tabulated and compared to those for bulk (oxyhydr)oxides and other nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides from the literature. The utility and limitations of each technique in analyzing nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides are discussed. Raman, mid-infrared, and visible near-infrared spectra show broadening, loss of some spectral features, and shifted positions compared to bulk phases. Raman and mid-infrared spectroscopies are useful in identifying and distinguishing akaganéite, lepidocrocite, goethite, and hematite, though ferrihydrite, magnetite, and maghemite have overlapped band positions. Visible near-infrared spectroscopy can identify and distinguish among ferrihydrite, magnetite, and maghemite in pure spectra, though akaganéite, lepidocrocite, and goethite can have overlapping bands. It is clear from this work that further understanding of variable spectral features in nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides must await additional studies to robustly assess effects of morphology. This study establishes a template for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Sklute
- Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
| | - Srishti Kashyap
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, N418 Morrill Science Center IV North, 639 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - M. Darby Dyar
- Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
- Planetary Science Institute, 1700 East Fort Lowell, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719-2395, USA
| | - James F. Holden
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, N418 Morrill Science Center IV North, 639 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Thomas Tague
- Bruker Optics Inc., 19 Fortune Dr., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Bruker Optics Inc., 19 Fortune Dr., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Steven J. Jaret
- Department of Geoscience, Stony Brook University, 255 Earth and Space Science Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA
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Sklute EC, Jensen HB, Rogers AD, Reeder RJ. Morphological, structural, and spectral characteristics of amorphous iron sulfates. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2015; 120:809-830. [PMID: 29675340 PMCID: PMC5903680 DOI: 10.1002/2014je004784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Current or past brine hydrologic activity on Mars may provide suitable conditions for the formation of amorphous ferric sulfates. Once formed, these phases would likely be stable under current Martian conditions, particularly at low- to mid-latitudes. Therefore, we consider amorphous iron sulfates (AIS) as possible components of Martian surface materials. Laboratory AIS were created through multiple synthesis routes and characterized with total X-ray scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, visible/near-infrared (VNIR), thermal infrared (TIR), and Mössbauer techniques. We synthesized amorphous ferric sulfates (Fe(III)2(SO4)3 · ~ 6-8H2O) from sulfate-saturated fluids via vacuum dehydration or exposure to low relative humidity (<11%). Amorphous ferrous sulfate (Fe(II)SO4 · ~1H2O) was synthesized via vacuum dehydration of melanterite. All AIS lack structural order beyond 11 Å. The short-range (<5 Å) structural characteristics of amorphous ferric sulfates resemble all crystalline reference compounds; structural characteristics for the amorphous ferrous sulfate are similar to but distinct from both rozenite and szomolnokite. VNIR and TIR spectral data for all AIS display broad, muted features consistent with structural disorder and are spectrally distinct from all crystalline sulfates considered for comparison. Mössbauer spectra are also distinct from crystalline phase spectra available for comparison. AIS should be distinguishable from crystalline sulfates based on the position of their Fe-related absorptions in the visible range and their spectral characteristics in the TIR. In the NIR, bands associated with hydration at ~1.4 and 1.9 μm are significantly broadened, which greatly reduces their detectability in soil mixtures. AIS may contribute to the amorphous fraction of soils measured by the Curiosity rover.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. C. Sklute
- Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Now at Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts, USA
| | - H. B. Jensen
- Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - A. D. Rogers
- Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - R. J. Reeder
- Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Núñez JI, Farmer JD, Sellar RG, Swayze GA, Blaney DL. Science applications of a multispectral microscopic imager for the astrobiological exploration of Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2014; 14:132-69. [PMID: 24552233 PMCID: PMC3929460 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Future astrobiological missions to Mars are likely to emphasize the use of rovers with in situ petrologic capabilities for selecting the best samples at a site for in situ analysis with onboard lab instruments or for caching for potential return to Earth. Such observations are central to an understanding of the potential for past habitable conditions at a site and for identifying samples most likely to harbor fossil biosignatures. The Multispectral Microscopic Imager (MMI) provides multispectral reflectance images of geological samples at the microscale, where each image pixel is composed of a visible/shortwave infrared spectrum ranging from 0.46 to 1.73 μm. This spectral range enables the discrimination of a wide variety of rock-forming minerals, especially Fe-bearing phases, and the detection of hydrated minerals. The MMI advances beyond the capabilities of current microimagers on Mars by extending the spectral range into the infrared and increasing the number of spectral bands. The design employs multispectral light-emitting diodes and an uncooled indium gallium arsenide focal plane array to achieve a very low mass and high reliability. To better understand and demonstrate the capabilities of the MMI for future surface missions to Mars, we analyzed samples from Mars-relevant analog environments with the MMI. Results indicate that the MMI images faithfully resolve the fine-scale microtextural features of samples and provide important information to help constrain mineral composition. The use of spectral endmember mapping reveals the distribution of Fe-bearing minerals (including silicates and oxides) with high fidelity, along with the presence of hydrated minerals. MMI-based petrogenetic interpretations compare favorably with laboratory-based analyses, revealing the value of the MMI for future in situ rover-mediated astrobiological exploration of Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I. Núñez
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jack D. Farmer
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - R. Glenn Sellar
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Diana L. Blaney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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6
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The effect of experimental conditions on the microstructure of hematite particles precipitated by the forced hydrolysis of FeCl3 solutions. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bell JF, Morris RV, Adams JB. Thermally altered palagonitic tephra: A spectral and process analog to the soil and dust of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92je02367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Morris RV, Agresti DG, Lauer HV, Newcomb JA, Shelfer TD, Murali AV. Evidence for pigmentary hematite on Mars based on optical, magnetic, and Mossbauer studies of superparamagnetic (nanocrystalline) hematite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib03p02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Viscarra Rossel RA, Bui EN, de Caritat P, McKenzie NJ. Mapping iron oxides and the color of Australian soil using visible–near-infrared reflectance spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jf001645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Cloutis EA. Weathered and unweathered surface spectra of rocks from cold deserts: Identification of weathering processes and remote sensing implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/11035899209453883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Cloutis
- a Department of Geology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada , T6G 2E3
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Murchie S, Roach L, Seelos F, Milliken R, Mustard J, Arvidson R, Wiseman S, Lichtenberg K, Andrews-Hanna J, Bishop J, Bibring JP, Parente M, Morris R. Evidence for the origin of layered deposits in Candor Chasma, Mars, from mineral composition and hydrologic modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jain PK, Xiao Y, Walsworth R, Cohen AE. Surface plasmon resonance enhanced magneto-optics (SuPREMO): Faraday rotation enhancement in gold-coated iron oxide nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:1644-50. [PMID: 19351194 DOI: 10.1021/nl900007k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report enhanced optical Faraday rotation in gold-coated maghemite (gamma-Fe(2)O(3)) nanoparticles. The Faraday rotation spectrum measured from 480-690 nm shows a peak at about 530 nm, not present in either uncoated maghemite nanoparticles or solid gold nanoparticles. This peak corresponds to an intrinsic electronic transition in the maghemite nanoparticles and is consistent with a near-field enhancement of Faraday rotation resulting from the spectral overlap of the surface plasmon resonance in the gold with the electronic transition in maghemite. This demonstration of surface plasmon resonance-enhanced magneto-optics (SuPREMO) in a composite magnetic/plasmonic nanosystem may enable design of nanostructures for remote sensing and imaging of magnetic fields and for miniaturized magneto-optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K Jain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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16
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Sutter B, Brown AJ, Stoker CR. Visible-near infrared point spectrometry of drill core samples from Río Tinto, Spain: results from the 2005 Mars Astrobiology Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE) drilling exercise. ASTROBIOLOGY 2008; 8:1049-1060. [PMID: 19105759 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2007.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sampling of subsurface rock may be required to detect evidence of past biological activity on Mars. The Mars Astrobiology Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE) utilized the Río Tinto region, Spain, as a Mars analog site to test dry drilling technologies specific to Mars that retrieve subsurface rock for biological analysis. This work examines the usefulness of visible-near infrared (VNIR) (450-1000 nm) point spectrometry to characterize ferric iron minerals in core material retrieved during a simulated Mars drilling mission. VNIR spectrometry can indicate the presence of aqueously precipitated ferric iron minerals and, thus, determine whether biological analysis of retrieved rock is warranted. Core spectra obtained during the mission with T1 (893-897 nm) and T2 (644-652 nm) features indicate goethite-dominated samples, while relatively lower wavelength T1 (832-880 nm) features indicate hematite. Hematite/goethite molar ratios varied from 0 to 1.4, and within the 880-898 nm range, T1 features were used to estimate hematite/goethite molar ratios. Post-mission X-ray analysis detected phyllosilicates, which indicates that examining beyond the VNIR (e.g., shortwave infrared, 1000-2500 nm) will enhance the detection of other minerals formed by aqueous processes. Despite the limited spectral range of VNIR point spectrometry utilized in the MARTE Mars drilling simulation project, ferric iron minerals could be identified in retrieved core material, and their distribution served to direct core subsampling for biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Sutter
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA.
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17
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Bibring JP, Arvidson RE, Gendrin A, Gondet B, Langevin Y, Le Mouelic S, Mangold N, Morris RV, Mustard JF, Poulet F, Quantin C, Sotin C. Coupled Ferric Oxides and Sulfates on the Martian Surface. Science 2007; 317:1206-10. [PMID: 17673623 DOI: 10.1126/science.1144174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Exploration Rover (MER), Opportunity, showed that layered sulfate deposits in Meridiani Planum formed during a period of rising acidic ground water. Crystalline hematite spherules formed in the deposits as a consequence of aqueous alteration and were concentrated on the surface as a lag deposit as wind eroded the softer sulfate rocks. On the basis of Mars Express Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité (OMEGA) orbital data, we demonstrate that crystalline hematite deposits are associated with layered sulfates in other areas on Mars, implying that Meridiani-like ground water systems were indeed widespread and representative of an extensive acid sulfate aqueous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Bibring
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Batiment 121, 91405 Orsay Campus, France.
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Murchie S, Arvidson R, Bedini P, Beisser K, Bibring JP, Bishop J, Boldt J, Cavender P, Choo T, Clancy RT, Darlington EH, Des Marais D, Espiritu R, Fort D, Green R, Guinness E, Hayes J, Hash C, Heffernan K, Hemmler J, Heyler G, Humm D, Hutcheson J, Izenberg N, Lee R, Lees J, Lohr D, Malaret E, Martin T, McGovern JA, McGuire P, Morris R, Mustard J, Pelkey S, Rhodes E, Robinson M, Roush T, Schaefer E, Seagrave G, Seelos F, Silverglate P, Slavney S, Smith M, Shyong WJ, Strohbehn K, Taylor H, Thompson P, Tossman B, Wirzburger M, Wolff M. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Farrand WH, Bell JF, Johnson JR, Jolliff BL, Knoll AH, McLennan SM, Squyres SW, Calvin WM, Grotzinger JP, Morris RV, Soderblom J, Thompson SD, Watters WA, Yen AS. Visible and near-infrared multispectral analysis of rocks at Meridiani Planum, Mars, by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bell JF, Squyres SW, Herkenhoff KE, Maki JN, Arneson HM, Brown D, Collins SA, Dingizian A, Elliot ST, Hagerott EC, Hayes AG, Johnson MJ, Johnson JR, Joseph J, Kinch K, Lemmon MT, Morris RV, Scherr L, Schwochert M, Shepard MK, Smith GH, Sohl-Dickstein JN, Sullivan RJ, Sullivan WT, Wadsworth M. Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - J. N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - H. M. Arneson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - D. Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. A. Collins
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. Dingizian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. T. Elliot
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - E. C. Hagerott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. G. Hayes
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - M. J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - J. Joseph
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - K. Kinch
- Neils Bohr Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Science; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | | | - L. Scherr
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Schwochert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. K. Shepard
- Department of Geography and Geosciences; Bloomsburg University; Bloomsburg Pennsylvania USA
| | | | | | - R. J. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - W. T. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - M. Wadsworth
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Tang J, Myers M, Bosnick KA, Brus LE. Magnetite Fe3O4 Nanocrystals: Spectroscopic Observation of Aqueous Oxidation Kinetics. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027048e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Matt Myers
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Ken A. Bosnick
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Louis E. Brus
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Abstract
Clues to the history of Mars are recorded in the chemistry and structure of the planet's crust and mantle. The mantle is the rocky, interior region of the planet that transports heat generated during accretion and subsequent core formation. The crust formed by melting of the upper mantle, and has been shaped and re-distributed by impact, volcanism, mantle flow and erosion. Observations point to a dynamically active interior in the early phases of martian history, followed by a rapid fall-off in heat transport that significantly influenced the geological, geophysical and geochemical evolution of the planet, including the history of water and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Zuber
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA.
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23
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Cloutis EA, Bell JF. Diaspores and related hydroxides: Spectral-compositional properties and implications for Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bell JF, McSween HY, Crisp JA, Morris RV, Murchie SL, Bridges NT, Johnson JR, Britt DT, Golombek MP, Moore HJ, Ghosh A, Bishop JL, Anderson RC, Brückner J, Economou T, Greenwood JP, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hargraves RM, Hviid S, Knudsen JM, Madsen MB, Reid R, Rieder R, Soderblom L. Mineralogic and compositional properties of Martian soil and dust: Results from Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Morris RV, Golden DC, Bell JF, Shelfer TD, Scheinost AC, Hinman NW, Furniss G, Mertzman SA, Bishop JL, Ming DW, Allen CC, Britt DT. Mineralogy, composition, and alteration of Mars Pathfinder rocks and soils: Evidence from multispectral, elemental, and magnetic data on terrestrial analogue, SNC meteorite, and Pathfinder samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McSween HY, Murchie SL, Crisp JA, Bridges NT, Anderson RC, Bell JF, Britt DT, Brückner J, Dreibus G, Economou T, Ghosh A, Golombek MP, Greenwood JP, Johnson JR, Moore HJ, Morris RV, Parker TJ, Rieder R, Singer R, Wänke H. Chemical, multispectral, and textural constraints on the composition and origin of rocks at the Mars Pathfinder landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98je02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Morris RV, Golden DC, Bell JF. Low-temperature reflectivity spectra of red hematite and the color of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96je03993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bishop JL, Pieters CM. Low-temperature and low atmospheric pressure infrared reflectance spectroscopy of Mars soil analog materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94je03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vempati RK, Morris RV, Lauer HV, Helmke PA. Reflectivity and other physicochemical properties of Mn-substituted goethites and hematites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94je02195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bell JF, Roush TL, Morris RV. Mid-infrared transmission spectra of crystalline and nanophase iron oxides/oxyhydroxides and implications for remote sensing of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94je01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Banin A, Ben-Shlomo T, Margulies L, Blake DF, Mancinelli RL, Gehring AU. The nanophase iron mineral(s) in Mars soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93je02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bishop JL, Pieters CM, Burns RG. Reflectance and Mossbauer spectroscopy of ferrihydrite-montmorillonite assemblages as Mars soil analog materials. GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 1993; 57:4583-4595. [PMID: 11539454 DOI: 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic analyses show that Fe(3+)-doped smectites prepared in the laboratory exhibit important similarities to the soils on Mars. Ferrihydrite has been identified as the interlayer ferric component in Fe(3+)-doped smectites by a low quadrupole splitting and magnetic field strength of approximately 48 tesla in Mossbauer spectra measured at 4.2 K, as well as a crystal field transition at 0.92 micrometer. Ferrihydrite in these smectites explains features in the visible-near infrared region that resemble the energies and band strengths of features in reflectance spectra observed for several bright regions on Mars. Clay silicates have met resistance in the past as Mars soil analogs because terrestrial clay silicates exhibit prominent hydrous spectral features at 1.4, 1.9, and 2.2 micrometers; and these are observed weakly, if at all, in reflectance spectra of Mars. However, several mechanisms can weaken or compress these features, including desiccation under low-humidity conditions. The hydration properties of the interlayer cations also effect band strengths, such that a ferrihydrite-bearing smectite in the Martian environment would exhibit a 1.9 micrometers H2O absorption that is even weaker than the 2.2 micrometers structural OH absorption. Mixing experiments demonstrate that infrared spectral features of clays can be significantly suppressed and that the reflectance can be significantly darkened by mixing with only a few percent of a strongly absorbing opaque material. Therefore, the absolute reflectance of a soil on Mars may be disproportionately sensitive to a minor component. For this reason, the shape and position of spectral features and the chemical composition of potential analogs are of utmost importance in assessing the composition of the soil on Mars. Given the remarkable similarity between visible-infrared reflectance spectra of soils in bright regions on Mars and Fe(3+)-doped montmorillonites, coupled with recent observations of smectites in SNC meteorites and a weak 2.2 micrometers absorption in some Mars soils, ferrihydrite-bearing smectites warrant serious consideration as a Mars soil analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Straub DW, Burns RG, Pratt SF. Spectral signature of oxidized pyroxenes: implications to remote sensing of terrestrial planets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91je01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lenglet M, Bizi M, Jørgensen C. Influence de la distribution cationique et de la nature des interactions magnetiques sur l'intensite des transitions de paires de l'ion Fe3+ dans quelques spinelles mixtes. J SOLID STATE CHEM 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-4596(90)90116-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Burns RG, Fisher DS. Iron-sulfur mineralogy of Mars: Magmatic evolution and chemical weathering products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib09p14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bell JF, McCord TB, Owensby PD. Observational evidence of crystalline iron oxides on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib09p14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Geissler PE, Singer RB, Lucchitta BK. Dark materials in Valles Marineris: Indications of the style of volcanism and magmatism on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib09p14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Krohn MD. Spectral properties (0.4 to 25 microns) of selected rocks associated with disseminated gold and silver deposits in Nevada and Idaho. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/jb091ib01p00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Morris RV, Lauer HV, Lawson CA, Gibson EK, Nace GA, Stewart C. Spectral and other physicochemical properties of submicron powders of hematite (alpha-Fe2O3), maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), goethite (alpha-FeOOH), and lepidocrocite (gamma-FeOOH). JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1985; 90:3126-44. [PMID: 11542003 DOI: 10.1029/jb090ib04p03126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Spectral and other physicochemical properties were determined for a suite of submicron powders of hematite (alpha-Fe2O3), maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), goethite (alpha-FeOOH), and lepidocrocite (gamma-FeOOH). The spectral reflectivity measurements were made between 0.35 and 2.20 micrograms over the temperature interval between about -110 degrees and 20 degrees C. Other physicochemical properties determined were mean particle diameter, particle shape, chemical composition, crystallographic phase, magnetic properties, and Mossbauer properties. Only the magnetite powders have significant departures from the stoichiometric phase; they are actually cation-deficient magnetites having down to about 18.0 wt % FeO as compared with 31.0 wt % FeO for stoichiometric magnetite. A structured absorption edge due to crystal field transitions and extending from weak absorption in the near-IR to intense absorption in the near-UV is characteristic of the ferric oxides and oxyhydroxides and is responsible for their intense color. Particularly for hematite, the number and position of the spectral features are consistent with significant splitting of the degenerate cubic levels by noncubic components of the crystal field. The position of the crystal-field band at lowest energy, assigned to the envelope of the components of the split cubic 4T1 level, is near 0.86, 0.91, 0.92, and 0.98 microgram at room temperature for hematite, goethite, maghemite, and lepidocrocite, respectively. Comparison with Mossbauer data suggests covalent character increases sequentially through the aforementioned series. The positions of the spectra features are relatively independent of temperature down to about -110 degrees C. The maximum shifts observed were on the order of about 0.02 microgram shortward for the ferric oxyhydroxides. Variations in the magnitude of the reflectivity of the hematite powders as a function of mean particle diameter are consistent with scattering theory. The absorption strength of the crystal-field bands increases with increasing mean particle diameter over the range 0.1-0.8 micrometer; visually this corresponds to a change in color from orange to deep purple. The position of the split cubic 4T1 band shifts longward by about 0.02 micrometer with decreasing mean particle diameter over the same range; this trend is consistent with wavelength-dependent scattering. The cation-deficient magnetite powders are very strong absorbers throughout the near-UV, visible and near-IR; their spectral properties are independent of temperature between about -110 and 20 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Morris
- Experimental Planetology Branch, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Banin A, Margulies L, Chen Y. Iron-montmorillonite: a spectral analog of Martian soil. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1985; 90 Suppl Pt 2:C771-4. [PMID: 11542022 DOI: 10.1029/jb090is02p0c771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Light absorption and reflectance by smectite clays containing various adsorbed ions were measured in the UV, VIS, and NIR ranges and compared to Martian dust and surface soil spectra. Structural iron in the octahedral sheet of smectites is responsible for a characteristic absorption feature in the UV at 240-260 nm, resulting from an O2 --> Fe3+ charge transfer that is similar to one observed in the Martian spectrum. Adsorbed iron affects, via crystal field absorptions, the reflectance of montmorillonite in the VIS and NIR (to 1.3 micrometers), causing stronger absorption and higher opacity in the wavelength range 0.4-0.6 micrometer, without developing any specific pronounced absorption feature. In both general appearance and presence of, or lack of, spectral features, the iron-montmorillonite reflectance spectra in the VIS and NIR are similar to the Martian spectra. At present, however, spectral similarity cannot be used as the sole criterion for constraining Martian mineralogy since several other minerals, other than Fe-smectites, show sufficient similitude to the Martian spectra; other properties have to be explored and combined to obtain a definitive identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Banin
- Extraterrestrial Research Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, USA
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Singer RB. Spectral evidence for the mineralogy of high-albedo soils and dust on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib12p10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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