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Kawakami Y, Kasakura K, Kawakami T. Histamine-Releasing Factor, a New Therapeutic Target in Allergic Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121515. [PMID: 31779161 PMCID: PMC6952944 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine-releasing activities on human basophils have been studied as potential allergy-causing agents for four decades. An IgE-dependent histamine-releasing factor (HRF) was recently shown to interact with a subset of immunoglobulins. Peptides or recombinant proteins that block the interactions between HRF and IgE have emerged as promising anti-allergic therapeutics, as administration of them prevented or ameliorated type 2 inflammation in animal models of allergic diseases such as asthma and food allergy. Basic and clinical studies support the notion that HRF amplifies IgE-mediated activation of mast cells and basophils. We discuss how secreted HRF promotes allergic inflammation in vitro and in vivo complex disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (Y.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (Y.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (Y.K.); (K.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +85-8-752-6814
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Zuidmeer-Jongejan L, Fernández-Rivas M, Winter MGT, Akkerdaas JH, Summers C, Lebens A, Knulst AC, Schilte P, Briza P, Gadermaier G, van Ree R. Oil body-associated hazelnut allergens including oleosins are underrepresented in diagnostic extracts but associated with severe symptoms. Clin Transl Allergy 2014; 4:4. [PMID: 24484687 PMCID: PMC4015814 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oil body-associated allergens such as oleosins have been reported for important allergenic foods such as peanut, sesame and hazelnut. Here we investigate whether oil body associated proteins (OAPs) are linked with specific clinical phenotypes and whether they are represented in skin prick test (SPT) reagents. METHODS A hazelnut OAP fraction was characterized by mass-spectrometry (MS) to identify its major constituents. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies were generated against hazelnut OAPs. The presence of OAPs in commercially available hazelnut SPTs was studied by immunoblot and spiking experiments. OAP-specific IgE antibodies were measured in sera from patients with a convincing history of hazelnut allergy by RAST (n = 91), immunoblot (n = 22) and basophil histamine release (BHR; n = 14). RESULTS Hazelnut OAPs were analysed by MS and found to be dominated by oleosins at ~14 and ~17 kDa, and a 27 kDa band containing oleosin dimers and unidentified protein. In 36/91 sera specific IgE against hazelnut OAPs was detected, and confirmed to be biologically active by BHR (n = 14). The majority (21/22) recognized the oleosin bands at 17 kDa on immunoblot, of which 11 exclusively. These OAP-specific IgE responses dominated by oleosin were associated with systemic reactions to hazelnut (OR 4.24; p = 0.015) and negative SPT (χ2 6.3, p = 0.012). Immunoblot analysis using OAP-specific rabbit antiserum demonstrated that commercial SPT reagents are virtually devoid of OAPs, sometimes (3/9) resulting in false-negative SPT. Spiking of SPT reagents with OAP restored serum IgE binding of these false-negative patients on immunoblot at mainly 17 kDa. CONCLUSION Hazelnut allergens found in oil bodies dominated by oleosin are associated with more severe systemic reactions and negative SPT. Defatted diagnostic extracts are virtually devoid of these allergens, resulting in poor sensitivity for detection of IgE antibodies against these clinically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurian Zuidmeer-Jongejan
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel GT Winter
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H Akkerdaas
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ans Lebens
- Department Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André C Knulst
- Department Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Schilte
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, TheNetherlands
| | - Peter Briza
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Dimerization of TCTP and its clinical implications for allergy. Biochimie 2013; 95:659-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Xie L, Schroeder JT, Langdon JM, Sora-Scott RS, Kawakami T, MacDonald SM. Human IgE+ and IgE- are not equivalent to mouse highly cytokinergic IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1027-33. [PMID: 18234322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously defined IgE+ as the IgE on basophils from a subset of highly allergic asthmatic subjects that release histamine after stimulation with histamine-releasing factor (HRF). The mechanism of IgE+ remains an enigma. Recently, there have been reports of monomeric highly cytokinergic IgEs causing mediator release, cytokine release, and phosphorylation events in cultured rodent and human mast cells in the absence of antigen. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether human IgE+ might exist as highly cytokinergic IgE in the human system. METHODS IgE+ was defined as causing greater than 10% histamine release by using HRF as a stimulus of human basophils. By definition, IgE- did not support histamine release to HRF. Once defined, serum and various purified human IgEs were used to stimulate purified human basophils or cultured human mast cells. The cells were examined for histamine release, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, and IL-13 secretion. RESULTS We found that neither IgE+ nor IgE- induced ERK phosphorylation, histamine release, and IL-13 release from freshly isolated basophils in the absence of a specific antigen. However, human IgE alone did stimulate ERK phosphorylation in cultured human mast cells and IL-3-primed human basophils. CONCLUSION Human IgE+ is not an equivalent of the mouse highly cytokinergic IgE. However, human IgE did have effects on cultured mast cells and basophils. The effect of highly cytokinergic IgE on ERK phosphorylation and cytokine secretion might be due to the priming effect of human basophils and mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xie
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sancho AI, van Ree R, van Leeuwen A, Meulenbroek BJ, van de Weg EW, Gilissen LJWJ, Puehringer H, Laimer M, Martinelli A, Zaccharini M, Vazquez-Cortés S, Fernandez-Rivas M, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Mills ENC, Zuidmeer L. Measurement of lipid transfer protein in 88 apple cultivars. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 146:19-26. [PMID: 18087158 DOI: 10.1159/000112499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruits are a major cause of food allergy in adults. Lipid transfer proteins (LTP) are implicated in severe allergic reactions to fruits, but little is known about LTP content in different cultivars. OBJECTIVE Determination of the levels of LTP in a wide range of apple cultivars. METHODS LTP was measured in apples from 53 cultivars grown in Italy and 35 grown in The Netherlands, using three different immunoassays: a competitive ELISA (cELISA), a sandwich ELISA (sELISA) and a RAST inhibition (RI). Selected cultivars were evaluated using the basophil histamine release test (BHR), skin prick test (SPT) and double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC). RESULTS LTP levels measured with the three immunoassays were significantly correlated, as judged by Pearson's correlation (0.61 < Rp < 0.65; p < 0.0001), but differed with respect to the actual quantities: 3.4-253.2 (sELISA), 2.7-120.2 (cELISA) and 0.4-47.3 microg/g tissue (RI). Between cultivars, LTP titers varied over about a two-log range. Pilot in vitro and in vivo biological testing (BHR, SPT and DBPCFC) with selected cultivars supported the observed differences in LTP levels. CONCLUSIONS Around 100-fold differences in LTP levels exist between apple cultivars. Whether the lowest observed levels of LTP warrant designation as hypo-allergenic requires more extensive confirmation by oral challenges. Determination of cultivar variation in LTP levels provides important information for growers and consumers. Comparison to earlier reported Mal d 1 levels in the same cultivars reveals that a designation as low allergenic does not always coincide for both allergens.
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Wallowitz ML, Chen RJY, Tzen JTC, Teuber SS. Ses i 6, the sesame 11S globulin, can activate basophils and shows cross-reactivity with walnut in vitro. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:929-38. [PMID: 17517107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sesame allergy is increasingly being reported, and multi-sensitization to peanut and tree nuts has been described. The clinical relevance and cross-reactivity of many sesame proteins, such as Ses i 6, are unknown. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to perform a preliminary examination of the cross-reactivity of Ses i 6 in vitro, examine the ability of Ses i 6 to activate basophils in a modified basophil activation test (mBAT), and assess whether such an assay may help to distinguish between potentially relevant and irrelevant IgE reactivity towards 11S globulin proteins. METHODS Inhibition immunoblotting and chicken anti-rJug r 4 antibodies were used to determine the cross-reactivity of rSes i 6. Basophils from atopic donors were stripped of resident IgE before passive sensitization with food-allergic sera and challenged with protein extracts or recombinant protein. Basophil activation was measured using two activation markers, CD203c and CD63, via flow cytometry. RESULTS IgE immunoblotting showed cross-reactivity between rJug r 4 and rSes i 6 using sera from two human donors and chicken IgY. Additionally, rSes i 6 activated basophils passively sensitized with sesame-allergic sera. Cross-reactive serum from a sesame-allergic but walnut-tolerant donor was not able to activate basophils when challenged by walnut extract despite IgE reactivity to walnut determined by immunoblotting. CONCLUSIONS The sesame 11S globulin shows partial immunological cross-reactivity with walnut, and although it is classified as a minor allergen, activated basophils sensitized with serum from seven out of eleven sesame-allergic donors. Additionally, the mBAT may help distinguish between clinically relevant and irrelevant in vitro IgE cross-reactivity of seed storage proteins in nuts and seeds and thus warrants use in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Wallowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Bolhaar STHP, Zuidmeer L, Ma Y, Ferreira F, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, van Ree R, Knulst AC. A mutant of the major apple allergen, Mal d 1, demonstrating hypo-allergenicity in the target organ by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 35:1638-44. [PMID: 16393331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific immunotherapy for food allergy has been hindered by severe side-effects in the past. Well-characterized hypo-allergenic recombinant food allergens potentially offer a safe solution. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate hypo-allergenicity of a mutated major food allergen from apple, Mal d 1, in vitro and in vivo. METHODS A mutant of the major apple allergen, Mal d 1, was obtained by site-directed mutagenesis exchanging five amino acid residues. Fourteen patients with combined birch pollen-related apple allergy were included in the study. Hypo-allergenicity of the mutant rMal d 1 (rMal d 1mut) compared with rMal d 1 was assessed by in vitro methods, i.e. RAST (inhibition), immunoblotting and basophil histamine release (BHR) and in vivo by skin prick test and double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC). RESULTS RAST analysis (n = 14) revealed that IgE reactivity to rMal d 1mut was twofold lower than that of the wild-type molecule (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7-2.4). RAST inhibition (n = 6) showed a 7.8-fold decrease in IgE-binding potency (95% CI: 3.0-12.6). In contrast to this moderate decrease in IgE-binding potency, the biological activity of rMal d 1mut assessed by SPT and BHR decreased 10-200-fold. Hypo-allergenicity was confirmed by DBPCFC (n = 2) with both recombinant molecules. CONCLUSION A moderate decrease in IgE-binding potency translates into a potent inhibition of biological activity. This is the first study that confirms by DBPCFC that a mutated recombinant major food allergen is clinically hypo-allergenic. This paves the way towards safer immunotherapy for the treatment of food-allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T H P Bolhaar
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Sancho AI, Rigby NM, Zuidmeer L, Asero R, Mistrello G, Amato S, González-Mancebo E, Fernández-Rivas M, van Ree R, Mills ENC. The effect of thermal processing on the IgE reactivity of the non-specific lipid transfer protein from apple, Mal d 3. Allergy 2005; 60:1262-8. [PMID: 16134992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are involved in allergy to fresh and processed fruits. We have investigated the effect of thermal treatment and glycation on the physico-chemical and IgE-binding properties of the LTP from apple (Mal d 3). METHODS Mal d 3 was purified from apple peel and the effect of heating in the absence and presence of glucose investigated by CD spectroscopy, electrospray and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. IgE reactivity was determined by RAST and immunoblot inhibition, SPT and basophil histamine release test. RESULTS The identity and IgE reactivity of purified Mal d 3 was confirmed. Mild heat treatment (90 degrees C, 20 min) in the absence or presence of glucose did not alter its IgE reactivity. More severe heat treatment (100 degrees C, 2 h) induced minor changes in protein structure, but a significant decrease in IgE-binding (30-fold) and biological activity (100- to 1000-fold). Addition of glucose resulted in up to four glucose residues attached to Mal d 3 and only a 2- and 10-fold decrease of IgE-binding and biological activity, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Only severe heat treatment caused a significant decrease in the allergenicity of Mal d 3 but glycation had a protective effect. The presence of sugars in fruits may contribute to the thermostability of the allergenic activity of LTP in heat-processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Sancho
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, UK
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de Leon MP, Drew AC, Glaspole IN, Suphioglu C, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE. Functional analysis of cross-reactive immunoglobulin E antibodies: peanut-specific immunoglobulin E sensitizes basophils to tree nut allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:1056-64. [PMID: 16120088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut and tree nuts are a major cause of food-induced anaphylaxis with an appreciable mortality. Co-sensitization to peanuts and tree nuts is a common clinical observation and may be because of peanut-specific serum IgE antibodies that cross-react with tree nut allergens. It is, however, unclear whether these cross-reactive IgE antibodies are involved in effector-cell activation. OBJECTIVE To determine if cross-reactivity of peanut-specific IgE antibodies with tree nuts can cause effector cell activation using an in vitro basophil activation assay. METHODS Two peanut allergic subjects with positive specific IgE for peanut and tree nuts (as measured by CAP-FEIA) were studied. Basophil activation to peanut and tree nuts, as indicated by CD63 expression, was assessed by flow cytometry to confirm co-sensitization to peanut and tree nuts. Inhibition ELISA using sera from the subjects was performed to detect peanut-specific IgE antibodies that cross-reacted with tree nut proteins. To determine whether cross-reactive tree nut allergens can induce effector-cell activation, peanut-specific antibodies were affinity purified from the subject sera and used to resensitize non-peanut/tree nut allergic donor basophils stripped of surface IgE. Basophil activation was then measured following stimulation with peanut and tree nut extracts. RESULTS The two peanut allergic subjects in this study showed positive basophil activation to the peanut and tree nut extracts. Inhibition ELISA demonstrated that pre-incubation of the peanut allergic subject sera with almond, Brazil nut and hazelnut extracts inhibited IgE binding to peanut extract. IgE-stripped basophils from non-peanut/tree nut allergic subjects resensitized with affinity-purified peanut-specific antibodies from the peanut allergic subject sera became activated following stimulation with peanut, almond and Brazil nut extracts, demonstrating biological activity of cross-reactive IgE antibodies. CONCLUSION Peanut-specific IgE antibodies that cross-react with tree nut allergens can cause effector-cell activation and may contribute to the manifestation of tree nut allergy in peanut allergic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P de Leon
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Zuidmeer L, van Leeuwen WA, Budde IK, Cornelissen J, Bulder I, Rafalska I, Besolí NT, Akkerdaas JH, Asero R, Fernandez Rivas M, Rivas MF, Gonzalez Mancebo E, Mancebo EG, van Ree R. Lipid transfer proteins from fruit: cloning, expression and quantification. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 137:273-81. [PMID: 15970634 DOI: 10.1159/000086420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid transfer proteins (LTP) are stable, potentially life-threatening allergens in fruits and many other vegetable foods. The aim of this study was to clone and express recombinant apple LTP (Mal d 3), as has previously been done for peach LTP (Pru p 3) and set up quantitative tests for measuring fruit LTPs. METHODS cDNA for Mal d 3 and Pru p 3 was cloned, expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris and the resulting proteins were purified via cation exchange chromatography. The immune reactivity of rMal d 3 was compared to nMal d 3 by RAST (inhibition), immunoblotting and basophil histamine release testing. To obtain monoclonal and monospecific polyclonal antibodies, mice and rabbits were immunized with purified nMal d 3. RESULTS The deduced amino acid sequence of Mal d 3 was identical to the published sequence, Pru p 3 differed at two positions (S9A and S76H). The rMal d 3 had an IgE-binding potency and biological activity close to its natural counterpart. One sandwich ELISA selectively detecting apple LTP and another cross-reactive with cherry, nectarine and hazelnut LTP were developed. In addition, a competitive RIA was developed with polyclonal rabbit antiserum and labeled nMal d 3. CONCLUSION rMal d 3 (as shown before for rPru p 3) may be a useful tool for application in component-resolved diagnosis of food allergy. Assays for the measurement of LTP will increase the traceability of this potentially dangerous allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurian Zuidmeer
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Oort E, Dieker MC, de Heer PG, Peltre G, Aalberse RC, van Ree R. The Major Grass Pollen Group 5 Allergen from Dactylis glomerata and Its C-Terminal Split Product Both Behave as Dimers: Implications for Allergen Standardization. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 136:113-22. [PMID: 15650308 DOI: 10.1159/000083318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On SDS-PAGE grass pollen group-5 allergens migrate as a doublet with an apparent molecular mass (M(r)) of 25 kDa. Immunoblot analysis revealed additional group 5 reactivity at double and half this M(r). The aim of this study was to investigate these group 5 molecular entities and to compare their allergenicity and behavior in quantitative immunoassays. METHODS Group-5-specific monoclonal antibodies were produced and used for the development of a group-5-specific sandwich ELISA. Affinity-purified Dac g 5 was separated by SDS-PAGE/Western blotting; individual bands were analyzed by N-terminal sequencing. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in conjunction with group-5-specific ELISA, competitive RIA and RAST inhibition were used to analyze the size distribution of Dac g 5. Basophil histamine release assays were used to assess biological activity. RESULTS The lower band of the typical group 5 doublet was identified as a truncated form lacking the typical group 5 N-terminus AD(L)/(A)GY, observed in the upper band. The 12-kDa peptide was shown to be the C-terminal half of Dac g 5 (amino acid 127 onwards). SEC in conjunction with competitive RIA revealed that around 45% of Dac g 5 is represented by the 12-kDa peptide. Both the C-terminal half and the whole allergen dimerize under nondenaturing conditions. In competitive RIA and RAST inhibition both forms are equally well detected. In contrast, the half molecule is poorly recognized in sandwich ELISA and displays negligible biological activity in basophil histamine release tests with purified IgE. CONCLUSIONS These observations stress the need to evaluate the performance of allergen standardization protocols in detail, with special attention to allergen size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica van Oort
- Sanquin, Department of Immunopathology and Laboratory for Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Bolhaar STHP, van Ree R, Ma Y, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM, Vieths S, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Knulst AC, Zuidmeer L. Severe allergy to sharon fruit caused by birch pollen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 136:45-52. [PMID: 15591813 DOI: 10.1159/000082584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy to sharon fruit (persimmon) has been only rarely reported. Cross-reactivity with pollen (profilin and Bet v 6) appeared to be involved, but Bet v 1 has not been implicated previously. OBJECTIVE It is our aim to identify whether Bet v 1 sensitization is linked to sharon fruit allergy. METHODS Two patients with a reaction upon first exposure to sharon fruit were included in the study, as well as 7 patients with birch-pollen-related apple allergy. Sensitivity was assessed by skin prick testing (SPT), a radio-allergosorbent test (RAST) and immunoblotting. RAST analysis was performed for Bet v 1, Bet v 2 and Bet v 6. Cross-reactivity was evaluated by RAST and immunoblot inhibitions. Biological activity of IgE was measured by basophil histamine release. Sharon fruit allergy was evaluated by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) or open challenge (OC). RESULTS Both sharon-fruit-allergic patients demonstrated positive reactions in the RAST (8.6 and 6.2 IU/ml, respectively) and SPT (wheal area 37 and 36 mm2). Sharon fruit allergy was confirmed by DBPCFC in 1 patient. The second patient refused a challenge because of the severe initial reaction. Sera from both patients were reactive to Bet v 1 and Bet v 6, which was cross-reactive with sharon fruit by inhibition assays. The patient with the severest reactions was reactive to profilin on immunoblotting. However, profilin did not induce significant histamine release, nor did Bet v 6. Bet v 1 induce approximately 60% histamine release. An OC with sharon fruit in 7 patients allergic to birch pollen and apple, who had not eaten sharon fruit previously, was positive in 6/7 cases. CONCLUSIONS Birch-pollen-related allergy to sharon fruit is mediated by the known cross-reactive pollen allergens including Bet v 1 and may become more of a problem should sharon fruit consumption increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T H P Bolhaar
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Mittag D, Akkerdaas J, Ballmer-Weber BK, Vogel L, Wensing M, Becker WM, Koppelman SJ, Knulst AC, Helbling A, Hefle SL, Van Ree R, Vieths S. Ara h 8, a Bet v 1–homologous allergen from peanut, is a major allergen in patients with combined birch pollen and peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114:1410-7. [PMID: 15577846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently described patients with soybean allergy mainly mediated by cross-reactivity to birch pollen allergens. A majority of those patients were reported to have peanut allergy. OBJECTIVE We sought to study the occurrence of peanut allergy in patients allergic to birch pollen and characterized the Bet v 1-homologous peanut allergen Ara h 8. METHODS Recombinant Ara h 8 was cloned with degenerated primers and expressed in Escherichia coli. Nine Swiss and 11 Dutch patients with peanut and birch pollen allergy and a positive double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge result to peanut were investigated for IgE reactivity to birch pollen and purified peanut allergens and cross-reactivity between birch and peanut. Ara h 8 stability against digestion and roasting was assessed by means of RAST inhibition. The IgE cross-linking potency of Ara h 8 was tested on the basis of basophil histamine release. RESULTS During double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge, all patients experienced symptoms in the oral cavity, progressing to more severe symptoms in 40% of patients. CAP-FEIA detected recombinant (r) Ara h 8-specific IgE in 85%. IgE binding to Ara h 8 was inhibited by Bet v 1 in peanut extract immunoblotting and in RAST inhibition. In EAST inhibition recombinant rAra h 8 inhibited IgE binding to peanut in 4 of 7 tested patient sera. Antipeanut response was dominated by Ara h 8 in 12 of 17 tested patients. Furthermore, our results demonstrate a low stability of Ara h 8 to roasting and no stability to gastric digestion. Basophil histamine release with rAra h 8 was more than 20% in 5 of 7 tested sera. CONCLUSIONS Peanut allergy might be mediated in a subgroup of our patients by means of cross-reaction of Bet v 1 with the homologous peanut allergen Ara h 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mittag
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zurich
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Bolhaar STHP, Ree R, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM, Knulst AC, Zuidmeer L. Allergy to jackfruit: a novel example of Bet v 1-related food allergy. Allergy 2004; 59:1187-92. [PMID: 15461600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jackfruit allergy has been reported just once. It is unknown whether this food allergy is caused by direct sensitization or cross-sensitization to pollen allergens. OBJECTIVE Establish whether jackfruit allergy is linked to birchpollen allergy. METHODS Two jackfruit allergic patients and five patients with birchpollen-related apple allergy were recruited. Sensitization to pollen and plant foods was assessed by skin prick test (SPT), radio-allergosorbent test (RAST) and immunoblot. RAST analysis was performed for Bet v 1 and Mal d 1. Cross-reactivity was evaluated by RAST and immunoblot-inhibition. Biological activity of immunoglobulin E (IgE) was measured by basophil histamine release. Allergy to jackfruit was evaluated by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) or open challenge (OC). RESULTS In both patients DBPCFC confirmed the reported jackfruit allergy. SPT was 41 and 27 mm2 and specific IgE to jackfruit was 5.9 and 0.8 IU/ml, respectively. Immunoblot analysis revealed IgE reactivity at Mr of approximately 17 kDa. The Bet v 1-related nature of this allergen in jackfruit was demonstrated by RAST and immunoblot inhibition. To assess whether jackfruit allergy might be common in patients with combined birchpollen-fruit allergy, five such patients underwent an OC with jackfruit. All five had OA-like symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Jackfruit allergy can be added to the list of birchpollen-related food allergies. Increased consumption of this fruit will result in a rise in allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T H P Bolhaar
- Department Allergology/Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
Histamine-releasing factor or HRF is a collective term used for a heterogeneous group of factors with different modes of action. The current review is focussed on IgE-dependent HRF that require the presence of certain types of IgE (designated IgE+) to induce histamine release. IgE+ might be a structurally different IgE molecule, or, alternatively, autoreactive IgE. A subgroup of IgE-dependent HRF does not bind to IgE, such as cloned HRF p23. This factor turned out to be a basophil-priming cytokine. Alternatively IgE-dependent HRF might be an autoallergen. Several groups demonstrated IgE antibodies to human proteins. However, not all IgE autoallergen-containing extracts induce histamine release of appropriately sensitized basophils. In culture supernatants of human mononuclear cells an autoallergenic activity (Agmn) is found, but no binding to IgE+ was found yet. Agmn might be an autoallergen, since it is cross-reactive with a grass pollen allergen in the stripped basophil assay. IgE-dependent HRF and IgE+ may play a role in the late allergic reaction (LAR). However, IgE+ responsiveness to Agmn (IgEmn+) was not required for a bronchial LAR. IgEmn+ is associated with chronic allergic disease, since the prevalence of IgEmn+ is high in the serum of severe asthmatics and atopic dermatitis patients. Our hypothesis is that exogenous allergens induce IgE antibodies cross-reactive with an endogenous protein. During a LAR, these endogenous proteins are released and the subsequent IgE-mediated reaction prolongs and aggravates the allergic and/or asthmatic symptoms. In conclusion, HRF is a confusing term since it is used for different activities. It might be better to avoid this terminology on and just describe the activity of the factors. Autoallergenic activity is likely to explain most, if not all, IgE-dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kleine Budde
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research at CLB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Budde IK, Lopuhaa CE, de Heer PG, Langdon JM, MacDonald SM, van der Zee JS, Aalberse RC. Lack of correlation between bronchial late allergic reaction to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and in vitro immunoglobulin E reactivity to histamine-releasing factor derived from mononuclear cells. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 89:606-12. [PMID: 12487227 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activity of immunoglobulin (Ig)E-dependent histamine-releasing factor (HRF) is dependent on the IgE molecules bound to the surface of basophils. Sera capable of passively sensitizing basophils to release histamine to HRF were designated IgE+ sera. IgE+ and HRF have been suggested to play a role in late allergic reaction (LAR). OBJECTIVE The working hypothesis was tested that IgE+ induces a LAR. Further, activity of HRF produced by mononuclear cells (HRF(mn)) was compared with that of recombinant HRF p23. METHODS Atopic patients (n = 82) were bronchially provoked with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract and the change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second was monitored. A LAR was defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 second as percentage of baseline < 80% 4 to 10 hours after allergen challenge. The presence of HRF-responsive IgE in serum was determined using basophils sensitized in vitro by serum. RESULTS The presence of HRF(mn)-responsive IgE (IgE(mn+)) in serum was shown not be essential for a LAR: 63% of the patients with a LAR had no IgE(mn+) in their serum. Further, 71% of patients with IgE(mn+) did not have a LAR. HRF(mn) and recombinant HRF p23 were not equivalent in the bioassay: serum of 38 of 82 atopic patients sensitized basophils to release histamine to HRF(mn), whereas this was found with serum of 1 of 82 patients to HRF p23. CONCLUSIONS The results do not support the hypothesis that IgE(mn+) induces a LAR, but do not exclude the alternative hypothesis that HRFs are released during a LAR and contribute to asthma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kleine Budde
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research at CLB, Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Budde IK, de Heer PG, Natter S, Mahler V, van der Zee JS, Valenta R, Aalberse RC. Studies on the association between immunoglobulin E autoreactivity and immunoglobulin E-dependent histamine-releasing factors. Immunology 2002; 107:243-51. [PMID: 12383204 PMCID: PMC1782795 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) from certain atopic patients can sensitize basophils to release histamine in response to IgE-dependent histamine-releasing factors (HRFs). It has also been shown that patients suffering from severe forms of atopy may contain IgE autoantibodies. It was investigated whether HRF-responsive sera contained IgE autoantibodies and if there was an association between IgE autoreactivity and IgE-dependent responsiveness to HRF. The presence of HRF-responsive IgE (IgE+) in serum of patients with respiratory atopy was determined by stimulating stripped human basophils sensitized by serum with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived HRF, and measuring the release of histamine. In parallel, these sera were screened for the presence of IgE autoantibodies to nitrocellulose-blotted human cellular extracts. The capacity of IgE autoantigen-containing preparations to induce histamine release was tested in the stripped basophil assay. Eleven out of 52 sera contained IgE autoantibodies to blotted cellular extracts of human PBMCs or of the human epithelial cell line A431. No significant association was found between IgE autoreactivity and IgE-dependent responsiveness to HRF: 7/26 IgE+ sera contained IgE to human cellular extracts, and 4/26 of the sera without IgE+ did also. IgE autoantigen-containing extracts did not induce histamine release of appropriately sensitized basophils. By size-exclusion chromatography it was shown that a 32 000 MW autoantigen eluted in the >55 000 MW fraction, which indicates that this protein forms polymers or complexes with other macromolecules. This might explain the discrepancy between binding and histamine-releasing activity. A 20 000 MW IgE-defined autoantigen cross-reacted with a shrimp allergen. Our results indicate that IgE-reactivity to immunoblotted human protein and IgE-dependent HRF activity are distinct entities that may co-occur in atopic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kleine Budde
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research at CLB, Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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van Oort E, de Heer PG, van Leeuwen WA, Derksen NIL, Müller M, Huveneers S, Aalberse RC, van Ree R. Maturation of Pichia pastoris-derived recombinant pro-Der p 1 induced by deglycosylation and by the natural cysteine protease Der p 1 from house dust mite. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:671-9. [PMID: 11856327 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mature cysteine protease from Dermatophgoides pteronyssinus, Der p 1, is a major house dust mite allergen. Its enzymatic activity has been shown to have pro-inflammatory effects that could also negatively influence efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to express recombinant pro-Der p 1 (rpro-Der p 1) in the yeast Pichia pastoris and to study its maturation. Expression was achieved at a concentration ranging from 45 mg.L-1 (methanol-induced expression) to 168 mg.L-1 (constitutive expression). No significant spontaneous maturation of the secreted proenzyme was observed. rpro-Der p 1 with a sequence-based molecular mass of 34 kDa was hyperglycosylated by the yeast, migrating at 50-60 kDa on SDS/PAGE. Compared with its natural counterpart (nDer p 1), the recombinant proenzyme demonstrated decreased IgE reactivity, resulting in a 30-fold lower capacity to induce histamine release from human basophils. Decreased immunoreactivity was also shown by competitive RIA and sandwich ELISA with Der p 1-specific antibody reagents. CD spectra of rpro-Der p 1 and nDer p 1 revealed significant structural differences. Deglycosylation of rpro-Der p 1 with endoglycosidase H resulted in a decrease in apparent molecular mass from 50 kDa to 34 kDa, but did not affect nDer p 1. On removal of N-glycans from rpro-Der p 1, which harbours two putative N-glycosylation sites in both propeptide and mature sequence, the mature rDer p 1 appeared. This suggests that hyperglycosylation hampers spontaneous maturation. Maturation of the recombinant pro-enzyme was also achieved by addition of the active natural cysteine protease, nDer p 1. In conclusion, high-level expression of rpro-Der p 1 in P. pastoris results in a stable hypoallergenic proenzyme with potential for use in allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica van Oort
- CLB Department of Immunopathology and Laboratory for Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Kleine Budde I, de Heer PG, Stapel SO, van der Zee JS, Aalberse RC. Inadvertent BSA-induced elution of IgE in the BSA-RAST. Allergy 2001; 56:1055-60. [PMID: 11703218 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is widely used to block nonspecific binding in immunochemical assays. Whereas a previous study had indicated that soluble allergen present during the incubation with anti-IgE in the RAST did not affect bound IgE, we reinvestigated this in the current study, using IgE elution from BSA by soluble BSA as a test system. METHODS Sepharose-coupled BSA (0.08, 0.4, 2, or 10 microg BSA/test) was incubated overnight with serum and washed. The Sepharose was then incubated with different concentrations of soluble BSA (0, 12, 60, 300, or 1500 microg/test), washed again, and incubated with radioactive anti-IgE. The effect on IgE binding was investigated for various incubation periods (t=0, 1, 2, 4, and 20 h). RESULTS Incubation in buffer without BSA did not change IgE binding. Soluble BSA eluted IgE antibodies from immobilized BSA by up to 85%. If the BSA density on the solid phase was > or =2 microg/test, the elution efficiency was dependent on the levels of both immobilized BSA and soluble BSA. At lower densities, the dissociation was dependent only on the concentration of soluble BSA. The time needed to obtain 50% IgE elution (t(1/2)) was less if the density of immobilized BSA decreased. Below the critical density (0.8 microg BSA/mg solid phase), t(1/2) was independent of the coating density (45 min). Probably all IgE antibodies are monovalently bound below this density. CONCLUSIONS Dissociation of IgE from immobilized protein in the presence of soluble protein should be taken into account, particularly when IgE to mammalian serum albumin is involved (milk, meat, or animal dander).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kleine Budde
- Department of Immunopathology, CLB and Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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