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Decrease of IL-5 Production by Naive T Cells Cocultured with IL-18-Producing BCG-Pulsed Dendritic Cells from Patients Allergic to House Dust Mite. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030277. [PMID: 33803752 PMCID: PMC8003153 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The only currently available anti-tuberculosis vaccine, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), has been reported to also protect against unrelated diseases, including inflammatory diseases such as allergic asthma. Recombinant BCG strains that produce IL-18 have been shown to enhance Th1 responses over non-recombinant BCG and to reduce IL-5 production and bronchoalveolar eosinophilia in mice. However, their ability to decrease the immune polarization of human Th2 cells is not known. Here, we show that BCG and recombinant BCG producing human IL-18 (rBCG-hIL-18) induced the maturation of Der p 1-stimulated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MD-DCs) from healthy controls and from patients allergic to house dust mites. After incubation with mycobacteria and Der p 1, MD-DCs produced significantly more IL-23 and IP-10 but had no effect on IL-12p70 or IL-10 production compared to Der p 1-pulsed MD-DCs in the absence of mycobacteria. In the presence of Der p 1, BCG- and rBCG-hIL-18-pulsed MD-DCs cocultured with naive, but not with memory T cells from allergic patients, resulted in a decrease in IL-5 production compared to non-pulsed MD-DCs cultured in the presence of Der p 1. BCG, and especially rBCG-hIL-18, may thus be potential therapeutic tools to reduce exacerbated Th2 responses in patients with allergic asthma.
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Lu X, Li R, Yan X. Airway hyperresponsiveness development and the toxicity of PM2.5. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:6374-6391. [PMID: 33394441 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is characterized by excessive bronchoconstriction in response to nonspecific stimuli, thereby leading to airway stenosis and increased airway resistance. AHR is recognized as a key characteristic of asthma and is associated with significant morbidity. At present, many studies on the molecular mechanisms of AHR have mainly focused on the imbalance in Th1/Th2 cell function and the abnormal contraction of airway smooth muscle cells. However, the specific mechanisms of AHR remain unclear and need to be systematically elaborated. In addition, the effect of air pollution on the respiratory system has become a worldwide concern. To date, numerous studies have indicated that certain concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can increase airway responsiveness and induce acute exacerbation of asthma. Of note, the concentration of PM2.5 does correlate with the degree of AHR. Numerous studies exploring the toxicity of PM2.5 have mainly focused on the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, apoptosis, autophagy, and so on. However, there have been few reviews systematically elaborating the molecular mechanisms by which PM2.5 induces AHR. The present review separately sheds light on the underlying molecular mechanisms of AHR and PM2.5-induced AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Rongqin Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xixin Yan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China.
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The levels of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergol Select 2018; 2:144-150. [PMID: 31826046 PMCID: PMC6881876 DOI: 10.5414/alx01782e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The involvement of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+ TRegs) in allergic diseases was reported previously. However, it remains unclear whether CD4+CD25+ TRegs are involved in allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: Fresh whole blood from 20 patients with AR and 16 healthy donors was used to investigate the frequency of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25hi Treg cells using flow cytometry. In addition, serum total IgE (IU/mL) levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Patients with AR had fewer CD4+CD25+ Treg cells (2.80 ± 1.36% vs. 3.94 ± 0.97%, P < 0.01) and CD4+CD25hi TRegs (1.53 ± 0·62% vs. 2.00 ± 0.52%, P < 0.05) than control subjects. The number of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25hi TRegs was correlated negatively with total immunoglobulin E levels (r = –0.79, P < 0.01 and r = –0.61, P < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Deficient regulatory T cells might play a role in the development of AR.
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Aissa S, Ben Jazia R, Ayachi J, Ben Salem C, Hayouni A, Abdelghani A, Ben Saad H, Boussarsar M. Critical appraisal of the clinical utility of sublingual immunotherapy in allergy. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2016; 4:1-8. [PMID: 29736465 PMCID: PMC5935903 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was introduced by Noon in 1911, allergen-specific immunotherapy or desensitization has been widely prescribed in the management of allergic diseases. Aimed at the etiology, it represents the only effective treatment for allergy. The basic mechanisms of immunotherapy are becoming better understood and allow us to improve this technique in the future. The sublingual immunotherapy as an alternative to subcutaneous route has been widely studied. Several clinical trials confirmed that sublingual immunotherapy is efficient in reducing allergic respiratory symptoms. The sublingual immunotherapy reduces the risk of developing serious side effects due to desensitization. We performed a literature review in order to remind the mechanisms of action and to demonstrate efficacy and tolerability of the sublingual immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma and its impact on the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Aissa
- Pulmonology Department, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, 4000, Tunisia
| | - R. Ben Jazia
- Pulmonology Department, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, 4000, Tunisia
| | - J. Ayachi
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - C. Ben Salem
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Tunisia
| | - A. Hayouni
- Pulmonology Department, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, 4000, Tunisia
| | - A. Abdelghani
- Pulmonology Department, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, 4000, Tunisia
| | - H. Ben Saad
- Laboratory of Physiology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - M. Boussarsar
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
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5
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Hinz D, Seumois G, Gholami AM, Greenbaum JA, Lane J, White B, Broide DH, Schulten V, Sidney J, Bakhru P, Oseroff C, Wambre E, James EA, Kwok WW, Peters B, Vijayanand P, Sette A. Lack of allergy to timothy grass pollen is not a passive phenomenon but associated with the allergen-specific modulation of immune reactivity. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:705-19. [PMID: 26662458 PMCID: PMC4846575 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timothy grass (TG) pollen is a common seasonal airborne allergen associated with symptoms ranging from mild rhinitis to severe asthma. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize changes in TG-specific T cell responses as a function of seasonality. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from allergic individuals and non-allergic controls, either during the pollen season or out of season, were stimulated with either TG extract or a pool of previously identified immunodominant antigenic regions. RESULTS PBMCs from allergic subjects exhibit higher IL-5 and IL-10 responses in season than when collected out of season. In the case of non-allergic subjects, as expected we observed lower IL-5 responses and robust production of IFN-γ compared to allergic individuals. Strikingly, non-allergic donors exhibited an opposing pattern, with decreased immune reactivity in season. The broad down-regulation in non-allergic donors indicates that healthy individuals are not oblivious to allergen exposure, but rather react with an active modulation of responses following the antigenic stimulus provided during the pollen season. Transcriptomic analysis of allergen-specific T cells defined genes modulated in concomitance with the allergen exposure and inhibition of responses in non-allergic donors. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Magnitude and functionality of T helper cell responses differ substantially in season vs. out of season in allergic and non-allergic subjects. The results indicate the specific and opposing modulation of immune responses following the antigenic stimulation during the pollen season. This seasonal modulation reflects the enactment of specific molecular programmes associated with health and allergic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Allergens/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunomodulation
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Phenotype
- Phleum/immunology
- Pollen/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/diagnosis
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/genetics
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/metabolism
- Seasons
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Hinz
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Grégory Seumois
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amin M. Gholami
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Jerome Lane
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brandie White
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pearl Bakhru
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carla Oseroff
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erik Wambre
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - William W. Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Calzada D, Aguerri M, Baos S, Montaner D, Mata M, Dopazo J, Quiralte J, Florido F, Lahoz C, Cárdaba B. Therapeutic targets for olive pollen allergy defined by gene markers modulated by Ole e 1-derived peptides. Mol Immunol 2014; 64:252-61. [PMID: 25553522 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Two regions of Ole e 1, the major olive-pollen allergen, have been characterized as T-cell epitopes, one as immunodominant region (aa91-130) and the other, as mainly recognized by non-allergic subjects (aa10-31). This report tries to characterize the specific relevance of these epitopes in the allergic response to olive pollen by analyzing the secreted cytokines and the gene expression profiles induced after specific stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs from olive pollen-allergic and non-allergic control subjects were stimulated with olive-pollen extract and Ole e 1 dodecapeptides containing relevant T-cell epitopes. Levels of cytokines were measured in cellular supernatants and gene expression was determined by microarrays, on the RNAs extracted from PBMCs. One hundred eighty-nine differential genes (fold change >2 or <-2, P<0.05) were validated by qRT-PCR in a large population. It was not possible to define a pattern of response according the overall cytokine results but interesting differences were observed, mainly in the regulatory cytokines. Principal component (PCA) gene-expression analysis defined clusters that correlated with the experimental conditions in the group of allergic subjects. Gene expression and functional analyses revealed differential genes and pathways among the experimental conditions. A set of 51 genes (many essential to T-cell tolerance and homeostasis) correlated with the response to aa10-31 of Ole e 1. In conclusion, two peptides derived from Ole e 1 could regulate the immune response in allergic patients, by gene-expression modification of several regulation-related genes. These results open new research ways to the regulation of allergy by Oleaceae family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Calzada
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Aguerri
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Selene Baos
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Montaner
- Functional Genomics Unit Bioinformatics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Mata
- Genomics Department, Fundación de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain; CIBERES, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Functional Genomics Unit Bioinformatics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Quiralte
- Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario Vírgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Florido
- Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Lahoz
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain; CIBERES, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Cárdaba
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain; CIBERES, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Kim H, Ahn YT, Kim YS, Cho SI, An WG. Antiasthmatic effects of schizandrae fructus extract in mice with asthma. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S80-5. [PMID: 24914313 PMCID: PMC4047578 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.127348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Schizandrae fructus (SF), the fruit of Schisandra chinensis, has been used for the treatment of cough, wheezing, dry mouth, hepatitis, cardiovascular disease, and as a tonic and astringent in China, Japan, and Korea. Objective: Investigation of the antiasthmatic effects of SF. Materials and Methods: We investigated the effects of SF on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine, production levels of antigen-specific antibodies, and histopathological changes in the lung tissue in a mouse model (Balb/c) of asthma induced by repeated intranasal instillation of an antigen. Results: SF lowered AHR to methacholine (P < 0.05), antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) level (P < 0.01), and immune cell infiltration in mice with asthma. Prednisolone (PD) effectively decreased AHR (P < 0.01), total antibody (P < 0.01) and IgE (P < 0.01) levels, and immune cell infiltration. SF and PD did not affect the levels of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. Conclusion: Our data suggest that SF has possible application as an antiasthmatic drug. We also suggest that SF could be used as a complementary or alternative medicine to glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungwoo Kim
- Associate Professor, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Tae Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungdong University, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Youn Sook Kim
- Master of Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
| | - Su In Cho
- Professor, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
| | - Won Gun An
- Professor, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
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8
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Ritz T, Meuret AE, Trueba AF, Fritzsche A, von Leupoldt A. Psychosocial factors and behavioral medicine interventions in asthma. J Consult Clin Psychol 2013; 81:231-50. [PMID: 23025250 PMCID: PMC6019133 DOI: 10.1037/a0030187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review examines the evidence for psychosocial influences in asthma and behavioral medicine approaches to its treatment. METHOD We conducted a systematic review of the literature on psychosocial influences and the evidence for behavioral interventions in asthma with a focus on research in the past 10 years and clinical trials. Additional attention was directed at promising new developments in the field. RESULTS Psychosocial factors can influence the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of asthma, either directly through autonomic, endocrine, immunological, and central nervous system mechanisms or indirectly through lifestyle factors, health behaviors, illness cognitions, and disease management, including medication adherence and trigger avoidance. The recent decade has witnessed surging interest in behavioral interventions that target the various pathways of influence. Among these, self-management training, breathing training, and exercise or physical activation programs have proved particularly useful, whereas other essential or promising interventions, such as smoking cessation, dietary programs, perception and biofeedback training, and suggestive or expressive psychotherapy, require further, more rigorous evaluation. Given the high comorbidity with anxiety and mood disorders, further evaluation of illness-specific cognitive behavior therapy is of particular importance. Progress has also been made in devising community-based and culturally tailored intervention programs. CONCLUSION In concert with an essential medication treatment, behavioral medicine treatment of asthma is moving closer toward an integrated biopsychosocial approach to disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA.
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Moingeon P, Mascarell L. Novel routes for allergen immunotherapy: safety, efficacy and mode of action. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:201-12. [PMID: 22339462 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy is the only curative treatment of IgE-mediated type I respiratory allergies. Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is used as a reference therapy and has transformed allergic treatments; it improves symptoms (asthma and rhinitis) as well as the quality of life of patients. SCIT requires repetitive administration and carries the risk of severe systemic adverse effects, including anaphylaxis. Sublingual immunotherapy is now a valid noninvasive alternative to SCIT, as a safe and efficacious treatment for respiratory allergies. In this article, we compare various routes of allergen immunotherapy, including SCIT and sublingual immunotherapy, as well as more exploratory routes currently under investigation (i.e., intralymphatic, epicutaneous, intranasal and oral). We discuss their respective advantages, as well as their foreseen modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Moingeon
- Stallergenes SA, Département Scientifique, 6 rue Alexis de Tocqueville, 92160 Antony, France
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10
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Abstract
Animal models have been developed to investigate specific components of asthmatic airway inflammation, hyper-responsiveness or remodelling. However, all of these aspects are rarely observed in the same animal. Heaves is a naturally occurring disease of horses that combines these features. It is characterized by stable dust-induced inflammation, bronchospasm and remodelling. The evaluation of horses during well-controlled natural antigen exposure and avoidance in experimental settings allows the study of disease mechanisms in the asymptomatic and symptomatic stages, an approach rarely feasible in humans. Also, the disease can be followed over several years to observe the cumulative effect of repeated episodes of clinical exacerbation or to evaluate long-term treatment, contrasting most murine asthma models. This model has shown complex gene and environment interactions, the involvement of both innate and adaptive responses to inflammation, and the contribution of bronchospasm and tissue remodelling to airway obstruction, all occurring in a natural setting. Similarities with the human asthmatic airways are well described and the model is currently being used to evaluate airway remodelling and its reversibility in ways that are not possible in people for ethical reasons. Tools including antibodies, recombinant proteins or gene arrays, as well as methods for sampling tissues and assessing lung function in the horse are constantly evolving to facilitate the study of this animal model. Research perspectives that can be relevant to asthma include the role of neutrophils in airway inflammation and their response to corticosteroids, systemic response to pulmonary inflammation, and maintaining athletic capacities with early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Leclere
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
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11
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Botturi K, Langelot M, Lair D, Pipet A, Pain M, Chesne J, Hassoun D, Lacoeuille Y, Cavaillès A, Magnan A. Preventing asthma exacerbations: what are the targets? Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:114-29. [PMID: 21440000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exacerbations of asthma are the main cause of asthma morbidity. They induce acute respiratory failure, and sometimes death. Two immunological signals acting in synergy are necessary for inducing asthma exacerbations. The first, triggered by allergens and/or unknown agents leads to the chronic Th2 inflammation characteristic of asthma. The second, caused by either viral infection, allergens, pollutants or a combination of these, results in an acute Th1 and Th2 inflammation precipitating symptoms. In both, innate and adaptive immunities are involved, providing a series of potential targets for therapy. Molecules associated to the first, chronic inflammation constitute targets for preventing therapies, when these related to the second, acute signal provide the rationale for curative treatments. Toll like receptors and bronchial epithelial cell-derived cytokines, engaged upstream of inflammation constitute interesting candidates for future treatments. The great heterogeneity of asthma has to be taken into account when considering targets for therapy to identify clusters of responders and nonresponders, and an integrative system biology approach will be necessary to go further.
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12
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Induction of Allergen-Specific Tolerance via Mucosal Routes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 352:85-105. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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CX3CR1 is required for airway inflammation by promoting T helper cell survival and maintenance in inflamed lung. Nat Med 2010; 16:1305-12. [PMID: 21037587 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a T helper type 2 (T(H)2)-dominated disease of the lung. In people with asthma, a fraction of CD4(+) T cells express the CX3CL1 receptor, CX3CR1, and CX3CL1 expression is increased in airway smooth muscle, lung endothelium and epithelium upon allergen challenge. Here we found that untreated CX3CR1-deficient mice or wild-type (WT) mice treated with CX3CR1-blocking reagents show reduced lung disease upon allergen sensitization and challenge. Transfer of WT CD4(+) T cells into CX3CR1-deficient mice restored the cardinal features of asthma, and CX3CR1-blocking reagents prevented airway inflammation in CX3CR1-deficient recipients injected with WT T(H)2 cells. We found that CX3CR1 signaling promoted T(H)2 survival in the inflamed lungs, and injection of B cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 protein (BCl-2)-transduced CX3CR1-deficient T(H)2 cells into CX3CR1-deficient mice restored asthma. CX3CR1-induced survival was also observed for T(H)1 cells upon airway inflammation but not under homeostatic conditions or upon peripheral inflammation. Therefore, CX3CR1 and CX3CL1 may represent attractive therapeutic targets in asthma.
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14
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Jee HM, Choi BS, Kim KW, Sohn MH, Han MY, Kim KE. Increased B cell-activating factor (BAFF) level in the sputum of children with asthma. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2010; 53:795-800. [PMID: 21189977 PMCID: PMC3004495 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2010.53.8.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose B cell-activating factor (BAFF) is a tumor-necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily member best known for its role in the survival and maturation of B cells. BAFF activity is observed in naïve cells as well as in effector/memory T cells. We aimed to explore whether BAFF in sputum is expressed at elevated levels in asthmatic airways and associated with eosinophilic inflammation, pulmonary function, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children. Methods One hundred and fifty-four asthmatic children and 98 healthy children were enrolled in the study. Sputum supernatants were collected and sputum BAFF and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels were measured. We performed pulmonary function tests and methacholine challenge tests, while measuring total eosinophil count, total serum IgE, and serum ECP in all subjects. Results Asthmatic children had significantly higher levels of BAFF in induced sputum [26.50 (10.50-100.27) pg/mL] compared to healthy children [18.32 (7.68-44.63) pg/mL; P=0.011]. Sputum BAFF positively correlated with sputum eosinophils (γ=0.406, P<0.001) and sputum ECP (γ=0.789, P<0.001). Significant negative correlations were found between sputum BAFF and FEV1 (γ=-0.291, P<0.001) or post-bronchodilator FEV1 (γ=-0.334, P<0.001), whereas nonsignificant correlations were found between sputum BAFF and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, serum eosinophil count, and serum ECP. Conclusion These findings suggest that BAFF may play a role in childhood asthma, and BAFF levels in sputum could be a supportive marker that represents airway inflammation, especially eosinophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Mi Jee
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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15
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Cao L, Wang J, Zhu Y, Tseu I, Post M. Maternal endotoxin exposure attenuates allergic airway disease in infant rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L670-7. [PMID: 20118299 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00399.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposures to immunogenic stimuli, such as bacterial LPS, have shown to influence the neonatal immune system and lung function. However, no detailed analysis of the immunomodulatory effects of LPS on postnatal T helper cell differentiation has been performed. Using a rat model, we investigated the effect of prenatal LPS exposure on postnatal T cell differentiation and experimental allergic airway disease. Pregnant rats were injected with LPS on day 20 and 21 (term = 22 days). Some of the offspring were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin. Positive control animals were placebo exposed to saline instead of LPS, whereas negative controls were sensitized with saline. Expression of T cell-related transcription factors and cytokines was quantified in the lung, and airway hyperresponsiveness was measured. Prenatal LPS exposure induced a T helper 1 (T(H)1) immune milieu in the offspring of rats [i.e., increased T-bet and T(H)1 cytokine expression while expression of T(H)2-associated transcription factors (GATA3 and STAT6) and cytokines was decreased]. Prenatal LPS exposure did not trigger T(H)17 cell differentiation in the offspring. Furthermore, prenatal LPS exposure reduced ovalbumin-induced (T(H)2-mediated) airway inflammation, eosinophilia, and airway responsiveness. Thus, in utero exposure to endotoxin promotes a T(H)1 immune environment, which suppresses the development of allergic airway disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Lung Biology Research Group, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto
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16
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Mascarell L, Lombardi V, Zimmer A, Louise A, Tourdot S, Van Overtvelt L, Moingeon P. Mapping of the lingual immune system reveals the presence of both regulatory and effector CD4+T cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1910-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Jee HM, Kim KW, Hong JY, Sohn MH, Kim KE. Increased serum B cell-activating factor level in children with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 35:593-8. [PMID: 19874366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cell-activating factor (BAFF) is a tumour necrosis factor superfamily member best known for its role in the survival and maturation of B cells. BAFF activity is seen in naïve and effector/memory T cells. AIM To investigate the level and role of BAFF in serum of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS Levels of serum BAFF, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and total serum IgE level, and total eosinophil count were measured in 245 children. RESULTS Patients were characterized as having atopic eczema (AE) (n = 90) or non-AE (n = 77); the remainder were healthy control subjects (n = 78). Serum BAFF level in children with AE (1625.04 +/- 708.32 pg/mL) was significantly higher than in non-AE children (1194.69 +/- 448.44 pg/mL, P < 0.0001) or healthy controls (1062.89 +/- 444.74 pg/mL, P < 0.0001). Serum APRIL level was not different between the three groups. Serum BAFF level significantly correlated with total serum IgE level (gamma = 0.42, P < 0.0001) and total eosinophil count. It was also positively correlated with serum BAFF and egg-specific IgE level (gamma = 0.252, P = 0.045) in AE. CONCLUSIONS Serum BAFF level is high in AE and might be a useful marker for AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Jee
- Department of Paediatrics, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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Loewenstein C, Mueller RS. A review of allergen-specific immunotherapy in human and veterinary medicine. Vet Dermatol 2009; 20:84-98. [PMID: 19320877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews allergen-specific immunotherapy in human and veterinary medicine. Current hypotheses of possible mechanisms of actions are outlined. Indications, success rates, adverse effects and factors influencing outcome of therapy are discussed in humans, dogs, cats and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Loewenstein
- Tierärztliche Klinik für Kleintiere, Bereich Dermatologie, Im Langgewann 9, 65719 Hofheim, Germany
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19
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de Mello LM, Bechara MIS, Solé D, Rodrigues V. TH1/TH2 balance in concomitant immediate and delayed-type hypersensitivity diseases. Immunol Lett 2009; 124:88-94. [PMID: 19433108 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Revised: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the observation of mutual inhibitory properties of TH1 and TH2 CD4+ cells, a group of patients developed simultaneously immediate and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions that are theoretically antagonistic. Patients presenting concomitant hypersensitivity reactions were evaluated for cytokine production. PBMC from 45 patients and 13 non-atopic individuals were cultured with mite allergen and mitogen and the supernatants obtained were evaluated for cytokine production by ELISA. The analysis of the cytokines levels revealed increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha in the non-atopic individuals after specific and mitogen stimulus. The IL-4 was largely observed on serum samples and IL-5 levels were higher in the double sensitized group (group DerpNi) after PHA stimulus. The IL-13 levels were increased in sensitized groups (Derp and DerpNi groups) after PHA stimuli. Atopic patients (Derp and DerpNi groups) presented lowest levels IFN-gamma and the analysis of TGF-beta production after rDER P I stimulation have shown increased levels among sensitized patients to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus mite. IL-10 levels did not differ after antigen stimulation but basal production was higher on Derp and DerpNi groups. Furthermore, negative correlations were observed between IFN-gamma levels and IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10. This study has shown patients able to react, concomitantly, to the two types of antigens - rDER P I and NiSO4, present distinct pattern of cytokine production. The increased levels of IL-13 in the sensitive individuals to mite antigen (rDER P I) and IFN-gamma in NiSO4 sensitized individuals confirm the role of the type TH2 response in the atopies and TH1 type in DCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luane Marques de Mello
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), 30 Frei Paulino-38025-180, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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Solarewicz-Madejek K, Basinski TM, Crameri R, Akdis M, Akkaya A, Blaser K, Rabe KF, Akdis CA, Jutel M. T cells and eosinophils in bronchial smooth muscle cell death in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:845-55. [PMID: 19400895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial smooth muscle cells (SMC) proliferate, express adhesion molecules, secrete cytokines and thus efficiently contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate whether, and by which mechanism, T cells and eosinophils can cause death of airway SMC. METHODS The T cell- and eosinophil-induced cell death was analysed in primary human bronchial SMC cultures as well as in bronchial biopsy specimens from non-asthmatic and asthmatic individuals. RESULTS Bronchial SMC death showed characteristic morphological features of apoptosis in 3-6 days cultures with inflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha), soluble death ligands [sFasL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)] and activated T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cell supernatants. The recombinant eosinophil cationic protein induced SMC necrosis within 1 h. Resting SMC expressed the death receptors TNFR1, TNFR2, Fas, TRAILR1, TRAILR2 and membrane FasL as a death-inducing ligand. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha up-regulated TNFR1, TNFR2, Fas and membrane FasL on SMC. TNF-alpha up-regulated TRAILR1 and TRAILR2; sFasL up-regulated TNFR2. The intracellular caspase-3 activation in SMC was significantly increased by IFN-gamma, sFasL, TRAIL, Th1 and Th2 cell supernatants. Increased expression of TRAIL in asthmatics, but not in non-asthmatic individuals was demonstrated in situ. The apoptosis receptors TRAILR1 and TRAILR2 were expressed in SMC and epithelial cells both in healthy and asthmatic biopsies. Prominent apoptosis of SMC was observed in fatal asthma, but not intermittent asthma biopsies. CONCLUSION The demonstration of bronchial SMC death both by apoptosis and necrosis indicates the essential role of T cells and eosinophils in the bronchial tissue injury particularly in the severe asthma.
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Vasconcelos JF, Teixeira MM, Barbosa-Filho JM, Agra MF, Nunes XP, Giulietti AM, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos R, Soares MBP. Effects of umbelliferone in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 609:126-31. [PMID: 19289114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of umbelliferone (30, 60 and 90 mg/kg), a coumarin isolated from Typha domingensis (Typhaceae) were investigated in a mouse model of bronchial asthma. BALB/c mice were immunized and challenged by nasal administration of ovalbumin. Treatment with umbelliferone (60 and 90 mg/kg) caused a marked reduction of cellularity and eosinophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from asthmatic mice. In addition, a decrease in mucus production and lung inflammation were observed in mice treated with umbelliferone. A reduction of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, but not of IFN-gamma, was found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of mice treated with umbelliferone, similar to that observed with dexamethasone. The levels of ovalbumin-specific IgE were not significantly altered after treatment with umbelliferone. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that umbelliferone attenuates the alteration characteristics of allergic airway inflammation. The investigation of the mechanisms of action of this molecule may contribute for the development of new drugs for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana F Vasconcelos
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 40296-750, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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22
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Mascarell L, Lombardi V, Louise A, Saint-Lu N, Chabre H, Moussu H, Betbeder D, Balazuc AM, Van Overtvelt L, Moingeon P. Oral dendritic cells mediate antigen-specific tolerance by stimulating TH1 and regulatory CD4+ T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:603-9.e5. [PMID: 18774396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A detailed characterization of oral antigen-presenting cells is critical to improve second-generation sublingual allergy vaccines. OBJECTIVE To characterize oral dendritic cells (DCs) within lingual and buccal tissues from BALB/c mice with respect to their surface phenotype, distribution, and capacity to polarize CD4(+) T-cell responses. METHODS In situ analysis of oral DCs was performed by immunohistology. Purified DCs were tested in vitro for their capacity to capture, process, and present the ovalbumin antigen to naive CD4(+) T cells. In vivo priming of ovalbumin-specific T cells adoptively transferred to BALB/c mice was analyzed by cytofluorometry in cervical lymph nodes after sublingual administration of mucoadhesive ovalbumin. RESULTS Three subsets of oral DCs with a distinct tissue distribution were identified: (1) a minor subset of CD207(+) Langerhans cells located in the mucosa itself, (2) a major subpopulation of CD11b(+)CD11c(-) and CD11b(+)CD11c(+) myeloid DCs at the mucosal/submucosal interface, and (3) B220(+)120G8(+) plasmacytoid DCs found in submucosal tissues. Purified myeloid and plasmacytoid oral DCs capture and process the antigen efficiently and are programmed to elicit IFN-gamma and/or IL-10 production together with a suppressive function in naive CD4(+) T cells. Targeting the ovalbumin antigen to oral DCs in vivo by using mucoadhesive particles establishes tolerance in the absence of cell depletion through the stimulation of IFN-gamma and IL-10-producing CD4(+) regulatory T cells in cervical lymph nodes. CONCLUSION The oral immune system is composed of various subsets of tolerogenic DCs organized in a compartmentalized manner and programmed to induce T(H)1/regulatory T-cell responses.
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Mamessier E, Nieves A, Lorec AM, Dupuy P, Pinot D, Pinet C, Vervloet D, Magnan A. T-cell activation during exacerbations: a longitudinal study in refractory asthma. Allergy 2008; 63:1202-10. [PMID: 18699937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma exacerbations represent the main source of costs and morbidity in asthma care, and drugs specifically designed to prevent exacerbations are needed. A prerequisite is to dispose of a precise knowledge of inflammatory events leading to exacerbations. OBJECTIVE To study T-cell activation during exacerbations from severe refractory asthmatics. METHODS Proportions of blood T-cell interleukin (IL)-13, interferon-gamma, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 production and of CD4+CD25+(high)CD62L+CD45RO+ [T regulatory (Treg)] cells were determined by flow cytometry. Blood cytokine mRNA was studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the respective protein levels were determined by cytokine beads array. Depletion of Treg cells was performed to study their activation. T-cell cytokines were detected in parallel in induced sputum. RESULTS At baseline, T helper 2 (Th2) cells were increased in asthmatics, whereas T helper 1 (Th1) and Treg T cells were decreased. T helper 2 cells increased before exacerbations, followed by Th1 cells, in blood and induced sputum, albeit Treg cells decreased in parallel with IL-10-producing T cells. Concordant results were found at the mRNA level. The suppressive activity of Treg cells was impaired during exacerbations compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS New insights are given into pathophysiology of asthma exacerbations: Although at baseline T-cell activation is Th2-biased, a mixed Th1/Th2 activation occurs during exacerbations. The Treg cell deficiency found at baseline in SRA increases during exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mamessier
- Université de Méditerranée, EA 3287, IFR125, France
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24
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Van Overtvelt L, Wambre E, Maillère B, von Hofe E, Louise A, Balazuc AM, Bohle B, Ebo D, Leboulaire C, Garcia G, Moingeon P. Assessment of Bet v 1-specific CD4+ T cell responses in allergic and nonallergic individuals using MHC class II peptide tetramers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4514-22. [PMID: 18354173 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used HLA-DRB1*0101, DRB1*0401, and DRB1*1501 peptide tetramers combined with cytokine surface capture assays to characterize CD4(+) T cell responses against the immunodominant T cell epitope (peptide 141-155) from the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1, in both healthy and allergic individuals. We could detect Bet v 1-specific T cells in the PBMC of 20 birch pollen allergic patients, but also in 9 of 9 healthy individuals tested. Analysis at a single-cell level revealed that allergen-specific CD4(+) T cells from healthy individuals secrete IFN-gamma and IL-10 in response to the allergen, whereas cells from allergic patients are bona fide Th2 cells (producing mostly IL-5, some IL-10, but no IFN-gamma), as corroborated by patterns of cytokines produced by T cell clones. A fraction of Bet v 1-specific cells isolated from healthy, but not allergic, individuals also expresses CTLA-4, glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor, and Foxp 3, indicating that they represent regulatory T cells. In this model of seasonal exposure to allergen, we also demonstrate the tremendous dynamics of T cell responses in both allergic and nonallergic individuals during the peak pollen season, with an expansion of Bet v 1-specific precursors from 10(-6) to 10(-3) among circulating CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Allergy vaccines should be designed to recapitulate such naturally protective Th1/regulatory T cell responses observed in healthy individuals.
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The triterpenoid lupeol attenuates allergic airway inflammation in a murine model. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1216-21. [PMID: 18602067 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways associated with a Th2 immune response. Despite their side effects, corticosteroids are the most used and effective drugs for treatment of asthma. In this work we investigated the efficacy of lupeol, a triterpenoid isolated from Lonchocarpus araripensis [corrected] Benth. (Fabaceae), in the treatment of bronchial asthma in BALB/c mice immunized with ovalbumin. Administration of lupeol caused the reduction of cellularity and eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Treatment with lupeol also reduced the production of mucus and overall inflammation in the lung. Levels of Type II cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were significantly reduced in mice treated with lupeol, an effect that was similar to that observed in dexamethasone-treated mice. In contrast, IgE production was not significantly altered after treatment with lupeol. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that lupeol attenuates the alterations' characteristics of allergic airway inflammation. The investigation of the mechanisms of action of this molecule may contribute for the development of new drugs for the treatment of asthma.
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Moon EY, Kang JS, Han SH, Yang KH, Pyo S, Lee MY, Lee HK, Yu DY. Differential role of peroxiredoxin II (PrxII) on the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:935-44. [PMID: 18442801 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin II (PrxII) is one of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-degrading enzyme. Here, we investigated the role of PrxII on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) expression in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse asthma. We used ROS-producing PrxII-/- mice of which cells up-regulate BAFF expression. As significant changes were detected in TLR4 mRNA with real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis, TLR4 protein was decreased in PrxII-/- mouse splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages, compared to wild type cells. Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) was more severe in PrxII-/- mice than wild type mice, which was measured by the level of various parameters, number of eosinophils, IgE level, airway thickness, and mucous secretion. BAFF was detected in cells surrounding airways of OVA-induced mouse and it was highly augmented in PrxII-/- mice. BAFF promoter activity was also higher in PrxII-/- mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) than in wild type MEF. Collectively, results show that PrxII may have benefits in asthma through reducing ROS. It suggests that BAFF and TLR4 expressions are differentially regulated by PrxII and TLR4 protein level may not be crucial in OVA-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea.
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Wambre E, Van Overtvelt L, Maillère B, Humphreys R, von Hofe E, Ferhat L, Ebo D, Moingeon P. Single Cell Assessment of Allergen-Specific T Cell Responses with MHC Class II Peptide Tetramers: Methodological Aspects. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2008; 146:99-112. [DOI: 10.1159/000113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Miyake Y, Arakawa M, Tanaka K, Sasaki S, Ohya Y. Tuberculin reactivity and allergic disorders in schoolchildren, Okinawa, Japan. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 38:486-92. [PMID: 18028466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination triggers a T-helper type 1 response. Whether BCG vaccination and positive tuberculin reactivity are preventive against allergic disorders remains controversial. OBJECTIVE The current cross-sectional study investigated the relationship of BCG vaccination and tuberculin reactivity with the prevalence of allergic disorders using data from the Ryukyus Child Health Study (RYUCHS). METHODS Subjects were 5717 schoolchildren aged 8-11 years in Okinawa, Japan. The RYUCHS collected information on symptoms of allergic disorders and potential confounding factors. The outcomes were based on diagnostic criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Data on BCG vaccination and tuberculin tests were obtained from school records. Allowance was made for grade, sex, sibship size, smoking in the household, paternal and maternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis, and paternal and maternal educational level. RESULTS No measurable relationship was found between BCG vaccination in infants and the prevalence of allergic disorders. Among 5567 BCG-vaccinated children, positive tuberculin reactivity (induration >/=10 mm) in the first grade was independently associated with a decreased prevalence of wheeze, asthma, and atopic eczema: the multivariate odds ratios for wheeze, asthma, and atopic eczema were 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-0.94), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.64-0.95), and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.62-0.95), respectively. The inverse associations were more pronounced in children with a negative parental allergic history than in those with a positive parental allergic history. There was no significant relationship between tuberculin reactivity and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that positive tuberculin reactivity may be inversely associated with the prevalence of wheeze, asthma, and atopic eczema, but not allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, especially among Japanese children without a parental allergic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miyake
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Mascarell L, Van Overtvelt L, Lombardi V, Razafindratsita A, Moussu H, Horiot S, Chabre H, Limal D, Moutel S, Bauer J, Chiavaroli C, Moingeon P. A synthetic triacylated pseudo-dipeptide molecule promotes Th1/TReg immune responses and enhances tolerance induction via the sublingual route. Vaccine 2007; 26:108-18. [PMID: 18063445 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested two triacylated pseudo-dipeptidic molecules, OM-197-MP-AC and OM-294-BA-MP as candidate adjuvants for allergy vaccines. Both molecules induce human dendritic cell (h-DC) maturation and polarize naïve T cells toward the Th1 type with IFNgamma production. Only OM-294-BA-MP induces IL10 gene expression both in monocyte-derived DCs and CD4+ naïve T cells. Sublingual administration of OM-294-BA-MP plus the antigen enhances tolerance induction in BALB/c mice with established asthma to ovalbumin with an impact on both airways hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation. Given its Th1/Treg polarizing properties, OM-294-BA-MP is a valid candidate for sublingual allergy vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mascarell
- Stallergènes SA, Research and Development, 6 rue Alexis de Tocqueville, 92160 Antony, France
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Thunberg S, Akdis M, Akdis CA, Grönneberg R, Malmström V, Trollmo C, van Hage M, Gafvelin G. Immune regulation by CD4+CD25+ T cells and interleukin-10 in birch pollen-allergic patients and non-allergic controls. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1127-36. [PMID: 17651141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and the cytokines IL-10 or TGF-beta play key roles in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis and tolerance to infectious and non-infectious antigens such as allergens. OBJECTIVE To investigate the regulation of immune responses to birch pollen allergen compared with influenza antigen by Treg cells obtained from birch pollen-allergic patients and non-allergic controls. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from 10 birch pollen-allergic patients and 10 non-allergic healthy controls. CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25- cells isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting were co-cultured and stimulated with birch pollen extract or influenza vaccine in the absence or presence of anti-IL-10 or soluble TGF-betaRII. RESULTS CD4+CD25+ cells from non-allergic controls were able to suppress influenza antigen and birch pollen stimulated effector cell proliferation, whereas CD4+CD25+ cells from allergic patients suppressed influenza antigen-, but not birch pollen-stimulated proliferation. The production of Th1 cytokines, but not Th2 cytokines, was suppressed by CD4+CD25+ cells from both allergic patients and controls, upon stimulation with birch pollen extract. Neutralization of IL-10 led to significantly increased production of IFN-gamma in cultures with CD4+CD25- T effector cells. In addition, six-fold higher concentrations of TNF-alpha were detected after neutralization of IL-10 in both CD4+CD25- and CD4+CD25+ cell cultures from allergic patients and controls. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the allergen-specific suppressive function of CD4+CD25+ cells from allergic patients is impaired compared with non-allergic controls. Moreover, neutralization of IL-10 enhances the production of TNF-alpha, suggesting counter-acting properties of IL-10 and TNF-alpha, where IL-10 promotes tolerance and suppression by Treg cells and TNF-alpha promotes inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thunberg
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Borrego LM, Rosa S, Algueró C, Trindade H, Rosado Pinto J. [Regulatory cells]. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2007; 13:365-76. [PMID: 17632675 DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of regulatory T cells in the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance has received growing attention during the last years. Several subsets of regulatory T cells were described based on their surface markers and cytokine production, but nevertheless, there are no specific markers for any subsets and their classification relies on their suppression mechanism. It is unknown which of the subgroups of regulatory T cells is more important in the prevention and control of allergic diseases, being commonly accepted its importance in homeostasis.
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Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) was the first, and is presently the only, surface molecule that can specifically identify T(H)1 cells in both mice and humans. Engagement of Tim-3 by its ligand galectin-9 negatively regulates IFN-gamma secretion and influences the ability to induce T cell tolerance in both mice and man. Numerous studies have demonstrated that Tim-3 influences autoimmune diseases, including diabetes and multiple sclerosis, and its role in other inflammatory diseases including allergies and cancer is beginning to become clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Anderson
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, Boston, USA.
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Balaci L, Spada MC, Olla N, Sole G, Loddo L, Anedda F, Naitza S, Zuncheddu MA, Maschio A, Altea D, Uda M, Pilia S, Sanna S, Masala M, Crisponi L, Fattori M, Devoto M, Doratiotto S, Rassu S, Mereu S, Giua E, Cadeddu NG, Atzeni R, Pelosi U, Corrias A, Perra R, Torrazza PL, Pirina P, Ginesu F, Marcias S, Schintu MG, Del Giacco GS, Manconi PE, Malerba G, Bisognin A, Trabetti E, Boner A, Pescollderungg L, Pignatti PF, Schlessinger D, Cao A, Pilia G. IRAK-M is involved in the pathogenesis of early-onset persistent asthma. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:1103-14. [PMID: 17503328 PMCID: PMC1867098 DOI: 10.1086/518259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a multifactorial disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In the past decade, several loci and >100 genes have been found to be associated with the disease in at least one population. Among these loci, region 12q13-24 has been implicated in asthma etiology in multiple populations, suggesting that it harbors one or more asthma susceptibility genes. We performed linkage and association analyses by transmission/disequilibrium test and case-control analysis in the candidate region 12q13-24, using the Sardinian founder population, in which limited heterogeneity of pathogenetic alleles for monogenic and complex disorders as well as of environmental conditions should facilitate the study of multifactorial traits. We analyzed our cohort, using a cutoff age of 13 years at asthma onset, and detected significant linkage to a portion of 12q13-24. We identified IRAK-M as the gene contributing to the linkage and showed that it is associated with early-onset persistent asthma. We defined protective and predisposing SNP haplotypes and replicated associations in an outbred Italian population. Sequence analysis in patients found mutations, including inactivating lesions, in the IRAK-M coding region. Immunohistochemistry of lung biopsies showed that IRAK-M is highly expressed in epithelial cells. We report that IRAK-M is involved in the pathogenesis of early-onset persistent asthma. IRAK-M, a negative regulator of the Toll-like receptor/IL-1R pathways, is a master regulator of NF- kappa B and inflammation. Our data suggest a mechanistic link between hyperactivation of the innate immune system and chronic airway inflammation and indicate IRAK-M as a potential target for therapeutic intervention against asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenuta Balaci
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cittadella Universitaria di Cagliari, Onserrato, Italy
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Linehan MF, Frank TL, Hazell ML, Francis HC, Morris JA, Baxter DN, Niven RM. Is the prevalence of wheeze in children altered by neonatal BCG vaccination? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1079-85. [PMID: 17379292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of asthma and atopic disease has increased in recent decades, but precise reasons for this increase are unknown. BCG vaccination is thought to be among a group of vaccines capable of manipulating the immune system toward T(H)1 dominance and therefore reducing the likelihood of atopic disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the influence of neonatal BCG vaccination on the prevalence of wheeze in a large community population of children. METHOD In a historical cohort study, a parent-completed questionnaire was used to identify the prevalence of wheeze in BCG-vaccinated and nonvaccinated children in Manchester, England. RESULTS There were 2414 participants aged between 6 and 11 years. In a univariate analysis neonatal BCG vaccination was associated with a significantly lower prevalence of wheeze (odds ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.55-0.86), and statistical significance was retained when the analysis was adjusted for potential confounders (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.53-0.87). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate an association between asthma symptom prevalence and neonatal BCG vaccination, relating to a possible 27% reduction in prevalence, and are therefore of considerable public health importance. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The capacity of neonatal BCG vaccination to reduce the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in children warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Linehan
- General Practice Research Unit, North West Lung Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester.
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Tsitoura DC, Tassios Y. Immunomodulation: the future cure for allergic diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1088:100-15. [PMID: 17192559 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1366.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Allergies are the result of aberrant immune reactivity against common innocuous environmental proteins (allergens). A pivotal component of allergic pathogenesis is the generation of allergen-specific Th cells with an effector phenotype. These Th cells activate a complex immune cascade that triggers the release of potent mediators and enhances the mobilization of several inflammatory cells types, which in turn elicit the acute allergic reactions and promote the development of chronic inflammation. The current therapies for allergic diseases focus primarily on pharmacological control of symptoms and suppression of inflammation. This approach is beneficial, but not curative, since the underlying immune pathology is not inhibited. In an attempt to develop more effective therapeutic strategies, the scientific interest has been directed toward methods down-modulating the immune mechanisms that initiate and maintain the allergic cascade. Today, the only widely used disease-modifying form of allergy treatment is the specific immunotherapy with allergen extracts. More recently the use of anti-IgE has been approved for patients with allergic asthma. Other immunomodulatory methods being currently explored are the administration of microbial adjuvants that inhibit Th2 reactivity and the design of molecules that interrupt the activity of key allergic cytokines, chemokines, or other Th2 effector mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne C Tsitoura
- Department of Immunology, Foundation of Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece.
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Mamessier E, Milhe F, Guillot C, Birnbaum J, Dupuy P, Lorec AM, Vervloet D, Magnan A. T-cell activation in occupational asthma and rhinitis. Allergy 2007; 62:162-9. [PMID: 17298425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma and rhinitis are described as associated with a Th2 activation. However, recent works indicate that a Th1 activation can also be associated with these diseases, concomitantly to a defect in regulatory T (Treg) cell activation. Occupational asthma (OA) and occupational rhinitis (OR) are peculiar cases of these diseases in which the T-cell activation profile is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To characterize T-cell activation induced after a specific inhalation test (SIT) in OA and OR. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 21 subjects with OA, 10 subjects with OR, 10 exposed nonallergic (ENA) subjects, and 14 healthy volunteers were included. The SIT with the incriminated substance was performed in patients and ENA subjects. Blood and induced sputum were obtained before and after SIT. T cells were analysed for CD69, CD25, IL-13, and IFN-gamma expression by flow cytometry. IL-4 and IFN-gamma were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in cell culture supernatants. Treg cells were identified as CD4(+)CD25(+high)CD45RO(+)CD69(-) T cells in peripheral blood. RESULTS Baseline IFN-gamma production was decreased in OA and OR compared with controls. The SIT induced an increase in both Th1 and Th2 cells in blood and sputum from OA. In this group, the proportion of peripheral Treg cells decreased after SIT. Similar results were found in the CD8(+) population. ELISA assays were concordant with flow cytometry. In OR, an attenuated activation profile was found, with an increase in the proportion of IL-13-producing T cells after SIT. By contrast, in ENA subjects, SIT induced Th2 activation, with an increase in Treg cells and a decrease in Th1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a gradient of T-cell activation from a tolerating profile in ENA subjects to an inflammatory profile in OA, with an intermediate stage in OR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mamessier
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Van Overtvelt L, Batard T, Fadel R, Moingeon P. Mécanismes immunologiques de l'immunothérapie sublinguale spécifique des allergènes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.allerg.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rennert PD, Ichimura T, Sizing ID, Bailly V, Li Z, Rennard R, McCoon P, Pablo L, Miklasz S, Tarilonte L, Bonventre JV. T cell, Ig domain, mucin domain-2 gene-deficient mice reveal a novel mechanism for the regulation of Th2 immune responses and airway inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4311-21. [PMID: 16982865 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of asthma and other atopic diseases is influenced by cytokines produced by Th2 effector T cells. How effector T cell responses are regulated once these cell populations are established remains unclear. The recently described T cell and airway phenotype regulator locus, containing the T cell, Ig domain, mucin domain (TIM) genes, is genetically associated with Th2 cytokine production and Th2-dependent immune responses. In this study, we report the phenotype of the TIM-2 gene-deficient mouse, and demonstrate exacerbated lung inflammation in an airway atopic response model. Immune responses in the TIM-2-deficient mouse reveal disregulated expression of Th2 cytokines, and adoptive transfer experiments show that the T cell compartment is responsible for the heightened inflammatory phenotype. These studies show that TIM-2 is a novel and critical regulator of effector T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Rennert
- Biogen-Idec, 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 01746, USA.
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Kato T, Kimizuka R, Okuda K. Changes of immunoresponse in BALB/c mice neonatally treated with periodontopathic bacterial endotoxin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:420-4. [PMID: 16872379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to analyze the effects of early life exposure to periodontopathic bacterial lipopolysaccharides on immunoresponse. Newborn BALB/c mice were subcutaneously injected with 20 ng lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans or Escherichia coli daily for 2 days, starting within 24 h after birth. The treated mice were given intraperitoneal injections of bovine serum albumin at 180 and 187 days of age. Seventeen hours after each injection, the mice were bled and sera were separated. Their sera were tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. The mean interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-6 and immunoglobulin E levels in the sera of mice treated neonatally with P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide were significantly higher than those of the controls. However, in all cases, no significant difference was noted between mice treated neonatally with A. actinomycetemcomitans- or E. coli lipopolysaccharide and control mice. These data suggest that neonatal exposure to P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide induces changes in immunological responses when the mice reach maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan.
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Mascarell L, Van Overtvelt L, Moingeon P. Novel ways for immune intervention in immunotherapy: mucosal allergy vaccines. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2006; 26:283-306, vii-viii. [PMID: 16701145 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy is currently the only curative treatment for allergy. Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) has been successfully used to treat patients who are allergic to insect venom, house dust mites, or tree or grass pollens. In the context of potentially severe, albeit infrequent, side effects associated with SCIT, mucosal routes of administration are being investigated to conduct allergenic desensitization. This article reviews recent developments in the field of nasal, oral, and sublingual immunotherapy as they relate to safety, clinical efficacy, and immune mechanisms of action. Implications for the design and development of improved allergy vaccines that could be used through such nonparenteral routes are discussed. Specifically, allergen presentation platforms and adjuvants facilitating the targeting of immune cells at mucosal surfaces to promote tolerance induction are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mascarell
- Research and Development, Stallergènes SA, 6 Rue Alexis de Tocqueville, Antony Cedex 92160, France
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Verhagen J, Blaser K, Akdis CA, Akdis M. Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy: T-regulatory cells and more. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2006; 26:207-31, vi. [PMID: 16701141 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Activation-induced cell death, anergy, or immune response modulation by regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are essential mechanisms of peripheral T-cell tolerance. Genetic predisposition and environmental instructions tune thresholds for the activation of T cells, other inflammatory cells, and resident tissue cells in allergic diseases. Skewing allergen-specific effector T cells to a Treg-cell phenotype seems to be crucial in maintaining a healthy immune response to allergens and successful allergen-specific immunotherapy. The Treg-cell response is characterized by an abolished allergen-specific T-cell proliferation and the suppressed secretion of T-helper 1- and T-helper 2-type cytokines. Suppressed proliferative and cytokine responses against allergens are induced by multiple suppressor factors, including cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and cell surface molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, programmed death-1, and histamine receptor 2. The increased levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta produced by Treg cells potently suppress IgE production while simultaneously increasing the production of noninflammatory isotypes IgG4 and IgA, respectively. In addition, Treg cells directly or indirectly suppress the activity of effector cells of allergic inflammation, such as mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. In conclusion, peripheral tolerance to allergens is controlled by multiple active suppression mechanisms on T cells, regulation of antibody isotypes, and suppression of effector cells. The application of current knowledge of Treg cells and related mechanisms of peripheral tolerance may soon lead to more rational and safer approaches to the prevention and cure of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Verhagen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland
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Kang JS, Yoon YD, Ahn JH, Kim SC, Kim KH, Kim HM, Moon EY. B cell-activating factor is a novel diagnosis parameter for asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 141:181-8. [PMID: 16899986 DOI: 10.1159/000094897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a life-threatening immediate-type allergic disease. B cell-activating factor (BAFF) is a key regulator of B lymphocyte development and is required to generate and maintain the mature B cell pool. OBJECTIVES To investigate the level of BAFF in the serum of asthma patients and the role of BAFF on T cells. METHODS The BAFF level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from asthma patients were analyzed by flow cytometry. T8.1 cells were used to test the role of BAFF on T cell-antigen-presenting cell (APC) conjugate formation. RESULTS The BAFF level in patient serum was elevated relative to normal serum. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration and the percentage of CD3+ T and CD19+ B cells vary according to the serum BAFF level. Patients with high BAFF and high IgE (group II) and those with high BAFF and low IgE (group III) show a high ratio of CD3+ T to CD19+ B cells, and the opposite is seen for patients with low BAFF and high IgE (group I) and those with low BAFF and low IgE (group IV). The addition of BAFF increased PBMC proliferation and T cell-APC conjugate formation. BAFF concentration in serum decreased after treatment with antiasthmatic drugs including glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the serum BAFF level is high in both IgE-mediated asthma and non-IgE-mediated asthma and extend our knowledge about the fact that BAFF may play a stimulatory role on the proliferation of T cells. Thus, BAFF could be a parameter to monitor the severity of asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Soon Kang
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yusong-Gu, Taejeon, Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic disease has currently reached epidemic proportions, with a high percentage of individuals in the developed world exhibiting an allergic response after exposure to some common environmental factors. Although new strategies for the treatment and management of allergic diseases have decreased the mortality rate, a high percentage of affected persons still require frequent hospitalization and experience decreased quality of life. METHODS An internet-based literature search was performed for recent contributions on the underlying mechanisms provoking an allergic response and their potential for therapeutic approaches. RESULTS Novel concepts on allergic responses have emerged: allergic disease may result from an imbalance between allergen activation of regulatory T cells and effector T helper 2 cells (Th2), a process in which dendritic cells are key players. Cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-21, IL-25, and human thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) seem to be important contributors in allergic processes. New data on IgE effector responses and on the IgE-independent mechanisms involved in allergic reactions have resolved some unanswered questions about these reactions. CONCLUSIONS These new findings on allergic diseases have important implications for diagnosis and management, with potential improvements in prevention and treatment, which could provide a cure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Montero Vega
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
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Jutel M, Akdis M, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Mechanisms of allergen specific immunotherapy--T-cell tolerance and more. Allergy 2006; 61:796-807. [PMID: 16792576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Specific immune suppression and induction of tolerance are essential processes in the regulation and circumvention of immune defence. The balance between allergen-specific T-regulatory (Treg) cells and T helper 2 cells appears to be decisive in the development of allergic and healthy immune response against allergens. Treg cells consistently represent the dominant subset specific for common environmental allergens in healthy individuals. In contrast, there is a high frequency of allergen-specific T helper 2 cells in allergic individuals. A decrease in interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 production by allergen-specific CD4+ T cells due to the induction of peripheral T cell tolerance is the most essential step in allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT). Suppressed proliferative and cytokine responses against the major allergens are induced by multiple suppressor factors, such as cytokines like IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and cell surface molecules like cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4, programmed death-1 and histamine receptor 2. There is considerable rationale for targeting T cells to increase efficacy of SIT. Such novel approaches include the use of modified allergens produced using recombinant DNA technology and adjuvants or additional drugs, which may increase the generation of allergen-specific peripheral tolerance. By the application of the recent knowledge in Treg cells and related mechanisms of peripheral tolerance, more rational and safer approaches are awaiting for the future of prevention and cure of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jutel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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47
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de Diego-Damia A, Martínez-Moragón E. [Scientific impact of the Asthma Awareness Year, 2003: analysis of publications in Archivos de Bronconeumología]. Arch Bronconeumol 2006; 41:679-85. [PMID: 16373044 DOI: 10.1016/s1579-2129(06)60335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A de Diego-Damia
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
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Antúnez C, Torres MJ, Mayorga C, Corzo JL, Jurado A, Santamaría-Babi LF, Vera A, Blanca M. Cytokine production, activation marker, and skin homing receptor in children with atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006; 17:166-74. [PMID: 16672002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T cells are known to develop a critical role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) and bronchial asthma. T cells involved in AD express the skin homing receptor CLA, but no lung homing receptor has been identified in bronchial asthma. We compared different cell markers and the cytokine production in T cells from children with AD or bronchial asthma. We studied the involvement of CLA+ and CLA- T-cell subpopulations in these diseases. We studied 20 children with acute AD lesions, 15 with mild persistent asthma, and 15 non-atopic controls. All patients were sensitized to house dust mite (DP) and evaluated during the acute phase. Total and specific IgE were measured by immunoassay and the expression of different cell markers and the cytokine production was analyzed by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Total IgE was significantly higher in AD children and IgE to DP in the asthmatic children. There was a significant increase in CD25+ CD4+ cells in asthmatic children and in HLA-DR+ CD4+ and HLA-DR+ CD8+ cells in AD. In the CD4+ subsets, there was an increase in IL-13, IL-5 and TNF-alpha in AD compared to controls, a decrease in IFN-gamma in asthmatic children compared to controls, and an increase in IL-13, IL5, IL2, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma in the AD compared to asthmatic children. Changes in cytokine production were mainly detected in CLA+ cells in AD and in CLA- cells in asthma. Differences exist in total and specific IgE, activation markers, and cytokine patterns between AD children and children with asthma, with the former expressing a Th2 pattern whereas in asthmatic children we only detected a decrease in IFN-gamma. Moreover, the subpopulations (CLA+ vs. CLA-) expressing these changes were different, indicating that the underlying mechanisms in the two diseases are not exactly the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Antúnez
- Research Unit for Allergic Diseases, Allergic Service, Carlos Haya Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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50
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Moingeon P, Batard T, Fadel R, Frati F, Sieber J, Van Overtvelt L. Immune mechanisms of allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy. Allergy 2006; 61:151-65. [PMID: 16409190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sublingual immunotherapy has been shown in some clinical studies to modulate allergen-specific antibody responses [with a decrease in the immunoglobulin E/immunoglobulin G4 (IgE/IgG4) ratio] and to reduce the recruitment and activation of proinflammatory cells in target mucosa. Whereas a central paradigm for successful immunotherapy has been to reorient the pattern of allergen-specific T-cell responses in atopic patients from a T helper (Th)2 to Th1 profile, there is currently a growing interest in eliciting regulatory T cells, capable of downregulating both Th1 and Th2 responses through the production of interleukin (IL)-10 and/or transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. We discuss herein immune mechanisms involved during allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), in comparison with subcutaneous immunotherapy. During SLIT, the allergen is captured within the oral mucosa by Langerhans-like dendritic cells expressing high-affinity IgE receptors, producing IL-10 and TGF-beta, and upregulating indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO), suggesting that such cells are prone to induce tolerance. The oral mucosa contains limited number of proinflammatory cells, such as mast cells, thereby explaining the well-established safety profile of SLIT. In this context, second-generation vaccines based on recombinant allergens in a native conformation formulated with adjuvants are designed to target Langerhans-like cells in the sublingual mucosa, with the aim to induce allergen-specific regulatory T cells. Importantly, such recombinant vaccines should facilitate the identification of biological markers of SLIT efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moingeon
- Research and Development, Stallergènes, 6 rue Alexis de Tocqueville, 92610 Antony, France
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