The common mutations in the lipoprotein lipase gene in Italy: effects on plasma lipids and angiographically assessed coronary atherosclerosis

The association of the S447X mutation in LPL with Coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

To investigate the relationships between lipase gene polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

We searched PubMed, Embase and ISI web of science databases for articles estimated the association of S447X polymorphism with CAD.

EVIDENCE SYNTESIS

Twelve-five articles were included in the meta-analysis. We found the G allele S447X polymorphism could reduce CAD risk by approximately 22% (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.71-0.84; fixed effects, I2=35.3%, P=0.07). Compared with non-carriers, individuals with two copies of the G allele had approximately 52% risks of CAD (OR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.29-0.68), and the individuals with GG and GC+GG had approximately 19% and 26% risks of CAD compared with those with CC genotype, respectively (GC versus CC: OR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.74-0.88; [GC+GG] versus CC: OR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.68-0.80). The G allelic significantly decreased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) (OR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.57-0.92). We found significant relationship between the variant and AMD in all the genetic models (GG versus CC: OR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.18-0.79; GC versus CC: OR=0.76, 95% CI: 0.57-0.94; [GG+GC] versus CC: OR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.64-0.83).

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicated G allelic could significantly decrease CAD and MI risk.

Associations between LPL gene polymorphisms and coronary artery disease: evidence based on an updated and cumulative meta-analysis

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is widely linked to lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, but its effects on coronary artery disease (CAD) are not clearly elucidated. The aim of this study was to clarify the association between LPL gene polymorphisms and CAD susceptibility. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to estimate the strength of the relationship between LPL gene polymorphisms and CAD risk. Comprehensive electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, were systematically searched. A total of 45 records containing 80 eligible studies were analyzed. The results indicated an increased risk between the LPL D9N polymorphism and susceptibility to CAD in the dominant genetic model (AA + GA vs. GG: OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.14-1.87), whereas the LPL HindIII polymorphism showed a protective effect against CAD under all tested models (GG+GT vs. TT: OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.75-0.97; GG vs. TT + TG: OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.47-0.83; G vs. T: OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.71-0.92). No significant association was identified for the LPL N291S and PvuII polymorphisms. Stratification analysis by ethnicity suggested a significant correlation between the LPL S447X polymorphism and CAD susceptibility in Caucasians under the dominant and allele genetic models. In summary, our meta-analysis indicated that the LPL D9N polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of CAD, whereas the S447X and HindIII polymorphisms showed protective effects. There was no association observed between the N291S and PvuII polymorphisms and CAD risk.

RETRACTED: Association between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, UCP3 and lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphisms and obesity in Chinese adolescents

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). Please note that this retraction notice has been updated in September 2021, as follows: This article has been retracted at the request of the Editors in Chief due to concerns regarding the authorship. Certain individuals were erroneously indicated as co-authors of the article when it was originally published. These individuals have informed the journal that they did not contribute to the article and that they had no knowledge of its submission for publication. We confirm, following investigation, that those individuals previously identified by the submitting author as co-authors did not author, approve or submit this article for publication, and the previous attribution of the article to them was in error. We have not had a response from Dr Mao and Dr Cai regarding authorship. As a result of the correspondence with Associate Professor Z. Zou and Dr L. Wang, we believe that the paper needs to be retracted and have elected to proceed with retraction.

Interaction of lipoprotein lipase polymorphisms with body mass index and birth weight to modulate lipid profiles in children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-III Study

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE

Interactions between body mass index (BMI), birth weight and risk parameters may contribute to diseases rather than the individual effects of each factor. However this hypothesis needs to be confirmed. This study aimed to determine to what extent variants of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) might interact with birth weight or body weight in determining the lipid profile concentrations in children and adolescents.

DESIGN AND SETTING

Substudy of the third survey of a national surveillance system (CASPIAN-III Study) in Iran.

METHODS

Whole blood samples (kept frozen at -70 °C) were randomly selected from 750 students aged 10-18 years. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and high-resolution melt analysis were performed to assess S447X (rs328), HindIII (rs320) and D9N (rs1801177) polymorphisms.

RESULTS

The AG/GG genotype in D9N polymorphism was associated with higher LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and lower HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) concentration. Significant interactions were found for D9N polymorphism and birth weight in association with plasma HDL-C concentration, and also for D9N polymorphism and BMI in association with plasma triglyceride (TG) and HDL-C levels. HindIII polymorphism had significant association with birth weight for HDL-C concentration, and with BMI for TG and HDL-C levels. Significant interactions were found for S447X polymorphism and BMI in association with plasma TG and HDL-C concentrations.

CONCLUSION

We found significant interactive effects from LPL polymorphisms and birth weight on HDL-C concentration, and also effects from LPL polymorphisms and BMI on TG and HDL-C concentrations.

The effect of polymorphisms in candidate genes on the long-term risk of lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected white patients starting antiretroviral therapy

We investigated whether polymorphisms in human candidate genes could be associated with a different risk of developing lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Genomic DNA samples from white HIV-1-infected patients were analyzed for seven polymorphisms located in the MDR1, TNF-α, APM1, APOE, and LPL genes. Lipid data were retrospectively collected beginning with the initiation of cART. Lipodystrophy was assessed cross-sectionally and then prospectively. The association with lipodystrophy and National Cholesterol Evaluation Program Adult Treatment Panel III-defined lipid thresholds was analyzed using survival analysis and logistic regression. One-hundred and seventy-four patients were genotyped. In 151 patients assessed for lipodystrophy, MDR1 3435 T homozygosis was associated with a higher hazard (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR, versus CT 0.25; p=0.02) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 308 G homozygosis with a lower hazard (vs. AA aHR 2.14; p=0.04) of developing trunk fat accumulation after adjusting for gender and initial cART type. The TNF 238 GG genotype was associated with a higher risk of developing low HDL-cholesterol levels (adjusted odd ratio, aOR, 5.91; p=0.01) while patients carrying the LPL S477X mutation were at lower risk of reaching high non-HDL-cholesterol levels (aOR 0.39; p=0.05). The APOEe3/3 genotype patients were at lower risk (aOR 0.26, p=0.015), whereas the adiponectin 276 GT carriers were at higher risk of developing hypertriglyceremia (vs. GG aOR 3.10; p=0.04). Knowledge of the effect of genetic determinants on dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy may prompt the investigation of potential pathogenetic mechanisms and might eventually be used for guiding individualized treatment decisions.

S447X variant of the lipoprotein lipase gene, lipids, and risk of coronary heart disease in 3 prospective cohort studies

BACKGROUND

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) has a prominent role in the metabolism of triglycerides (TGs) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and is a potential interesting target for the development of antiatherogenic treatment. To provide deeper insight into the role of natural variation in this gene, we investigated the association between the LPL S447X variant with lipids and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in 3 independent, prospective studies.

METHODS

The S447X variant was genotyped in case-control studies of incident CHD nested within the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), and the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health (DCH) study, totaling 245, 258, and 962 cases, respectively.

RESULTS

S447X carriers tended to have lower TG and higher HDL-C concentrations than noncarriers. The S447X variant was associated with a lower risk of CHD in the NHS; the association was weaker in the HPFS and not statistically significant in the DCH women and men. The pooled relative risk per minor allele was 0.74 (0.56-1.00). There was a suggestion that the associations of the S447X variant with plasma lipids and CHD risk were more pronounced in obese individuals in the NHS study, but this finding was not consistent across the studies.

CONCLUSIONS

The LPL S447X variant tended to be associated with lower TG and higher HDL-C levels, and lower risk of CHD in all 3 cohorts. Lipoprotein lipase is an attractive target for clinical intervention, but studies are needed to clarify whether greater benefit from this variant may be conferred in some subgroups.

Seven lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphisms, lipid fractions, and coronary disease: a HuGE association review and meta-analysis

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in lipoprotein metabolism and a major candidate gene for coronary heart disease (CHD). The authors assessed associations between 7 LPL polymorphisms and lipid fractions and CHD risk in population-based cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies published by January 2007. Meta-analyses of 22,734 CHD cases and 50,177 controls in 89 association studies focused on the relations of the T-93G (rs1800590), D9N (rs1801177), G188E, N291S (rs268), PvuII (rs285), HindIII (rs320), and S447X (rs328) polymorphisms to high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, myocardial infarction, or coronary stenosis. Carriers of 9N or 291S had modestly adverse lipid profiles. Carriers of the less common allele of HindIII or of 447X had modestly advantageous profiles. The combined odds ratio for CHD among carriers was 1.33 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14, 1.56) for 9N, 1.07 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.20) for 291S, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.98) for the less common HindIII allele, and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.94) for 447X. For T-93G (odds ratio (OR) = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.52) and PvuII (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.04), there were null associations with lipid levels or CHD risk; information on G188E was limited (OR = 2.80, 95% CI: 0.88, 8.87). The study of LPL genotypes confirms the existence of close interrelations between high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride pathways. The influence of these genotypes on CHD risk warrants further investigation.

Lipoprotein lipase S447X: a naturally occurring gain-of-function mutation

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglycerides in the circulation and promotes the hepatic uptake of remnant lipoproteins. Since the gene was cloned in 1989, more than 100 LPL gene mutations have been identified, the majority of which cause loss of enzymatic function. In contrast to this, the naturally occurring LPL(S447X) variant is associated with increased lipolytic function and an anti-atherogenic lipid profile and can therefore be regarded as a gain-of-function mutation. This notion combined with the facts that 20% of the general population carries this prematurely truncated LPL and that it may protect against cardiovascular disease has led to extensive clinical and basic research into this frequent LPL mutant. It is only until recently that we begin to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects associated with LPL(S447X). This review summarizes the current literature on this interesting LPL variant.

Lipoprotein lipase gene S447X polymorphism modulates the relation between central obesity and serum lipids, a twin study

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the impact of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene S447X polymorphism on the relation between central obesity and lipid levels.

DESIGN

A total of 961 adult twin pairs were included from the program of Chinese Twin Registry, between 2001 and 2002. Central obesity was defined as waist circumference > or =90 cm for male and > or =80 cm for female. Two statistical methods were performed to test the modification effect of S447X polymorphism of LPL gene on the relation between central obesity and lipid levels: one was Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models for all twin pairs and the other was co-twin matched case-control analysis in 82 central obesity discordant monozygotic twin pairs.

RESULTS

In GEE models for all twins, central obesity was significantly associated with serum lipids except for high-density lipoprotein (HDL), while X447 allele had favorable effects on the levels of triglyceride (TG), HDL and TG to HDL ratio (TG/HDL). The interactions of S447X polymorphism and central obesity were statistically significant for TG/HDL and HDL. In central obesity discordant monozygotic twin pairs, central obesity was significantly related with 26.2% increase of TG and 27.2% increase of TG/HDL in S/S447 genotype, while in 447X allele carrier, central obesity was significantly related with 13.7% increase of HDL.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that LPL gene S447X polymorphism modifies the relation between central obesity and serum lipids, which also stresses the importance of reducing waist circumference to improve serum lipids for people with central obesity, especially those with S/S447 genotype.

Endothelial lipase concentrations are increased in metabolic syndrome and associated with coronary atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND

Endothelial lipase (EL), a new member of the lipase family, has been shown to modulate high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) metabolism and atherosclerosis in mouse models. We hypothesized that EL concentrations would be associated with decreased HDL-C and increased atherosclerosis in humans.

METHODS AND FINDINGS

Healthy individuals with a family history of premature coronary heart disease (n = 858) were recruited as part of the Study of the Inherited Risk of Atherosclerosis. Blood was drawn in the fasting state before and, in a subgroup (n = 510), after administration of a single dose of intravenous heparin. Plasma lipids were measured enzymatically, lipoprotein subclasses were assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance, and coronary artery calcification (CAC) was quantified by electron beam computed tomography. Plasma EL mass was measured using a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Median EL mass in pre-heparin plasma was 442 (interquartile range = 324-617) ng/ml. Median post-heparin mass was approximately 3-fold higher, 1,313 (888-1,927) ng/ml. The correlation between pre-heparin EL mass and post-heparin EL mass was 0.46 (p < 0.001). EL mass concentrations in both pre- and post-heparin plasma significantly correlated with all NCEP ATPIII-defined metabolic syndrome factors: waist circumference (r = 0.28 and 0.22, respectively, p < 0.001 for each), blood pressure (r = 0.18 and 0.24, p < 0.001 for each), triglycerides (r = 0.22, p < 0.001; and 0.13, p = 0.004), HDL cholesterol (r = -0.11, p = 0.002; and -0.18, p < 0.001), and fasting glucose (r = 0.11 and 0.16, p = 0.001 for both). EL mass in both routine (odds ratio [OR] = 1.67, p = 0.01) and post-heparin (OR = 2.42, p = 0.003) plasma was associated with CAC as determined by ordinal regression after adjustment for age, gender, waist circumference, vasoactive medications, hormone replacement therapy (women), and established cardiovascular risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS

We report, to our knowledge for the first time, that human plasma EL concentrations, in both post-heparin and routine pre-heparin plasma, are significantly associated with metabolic syndrome features and with subclinical atherosclerosis. EL may be a pro-atherogenic factor in humans, especially in overweight individuals and those with metabolic syndrome.

Polymorphisms in APOA1 and LPL genes are statistically independently associated with fasting TG in men with CAD

The objective of this paper was to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that show unshared effects on plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and to investigate whether these SNPs show statistically independent effects on plasma TG levels. In total, 59 polymorphisms in 20 genes involved in lipid metabolism were investigated. Polymorphisms were selected for a multivariate ANOVA model if they showed an univariate association with TG (after adjustment for HDL-C and LDL-C) in more than 50% of bootstrap samples that were made from the original data. The multivariate model included 512 men with coronary artery disease from the REGRESS study who were completely genotyped for eight polymorphisms selected in the univariate procedure (ie, APOA1 G(-75)A, ABCA1 C(-477)T, ABCA1 G1051A, APOC3 T3206G, APOE Arg158Cys, LIPC C(-514)T, LPL Asn291Ser and LPL Ser447Stop). The gene variants APOA1 G(-75)A (P=0.04) and LPL Asn291Ser (P=0.03) were significantly associated with plasma TG levels in this multivariate analysis. The eight polymorphisms explained 8.9% of the variation in plasma TG levels. In conclusion, this study showed statistically independent effects of gene variants in the APOA1 and LPL genes on fasting plasma levels of TG. Nevertheless, only a small part of variation in TG levels could be explained by the polymorphisms.

The lipoprotein lipase S447X polymorphism and plasma lipids

We studied 4,058 subjects from a representative sample of the Singapore population 1) to determine the association between the S447X polymorphism at the LPL locus and serum lipid concentration in Chinese, Malays, and Asian Indians living in Singapore and 2) to explore any interactions with apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, exercise, obesity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake. Information on obesity, lifestyle factors (including smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise frequency), glucose tolerance, and fasting lipids was obtained. Male and female carriers of the X447 allele had lower serum triglyceride concentrations and higher HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations. The association between the X447 allele and serum HDL-C concentration was modulated by APOE genotype in males and cigarette smoking and alcohol intake in females. The effect of the X447 allele was greatest in men who carried the E4 allele and women who smoked or consumed alcohol. The X447 allele at the LPL locus is common and associated with a less atherogenic lipid profile in Asian populations. Interactions with APOE genotype, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake reinforce the importance of examining genetic associations, such as this one, in the context of the population of interest.

The metabolic syndrome: A crossroad for genotype-phenotype associations in atherosclerosis

The metabolic syndrome comprises a set of metabolic and physiologic risk factors associated with elevated cardiovascular disease risk. The expression of each one of its major factors (hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, hypertension, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance) has been found to be the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Moreover, obesity may play a major role in triggering the metabolic syndrome by interacting with genetic variants at candidate genes for dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. In support of this hypothesis, several studies at multiple candidate genes have already demonstrated the significance of these interactions; however, the data and their reliability are still very limited, and in many cases replication studies are still lacking in the literature. Therefore, more studies with better epidemiologic design and standardized adiposity measures are needed to estimate the contribution of body weight and fat distribution to the genetic predisposition to the metabolic syndrome, which is the most common cardiovascular disease risk factor in industrialized societies.

Common Variants in the Lipoprotein Lipase Gene in Brazil: Association with Lipids and Angiographically Assessed Coronary Atherosclerosis

Lipoprotein lipase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the lipolysis of plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. We studied six variants (T-93G, D9N, N291S, PvuII, HindIII and S447X) in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene in 309 non-diabetic patients with angiographically assessed coronary artery disease and in 197 controls in a southern Brazilian population of European descent. The HindIII H-allele was associated with lower triglycerides (p < 0.01) and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.03) levels, and the S447X mutation was associated with lower triglyceride levels (p < 0.01) in males, but not females. No other significant lipid associations were observed. Haplotypes were derived from these two sites (HindIII/S447X), and carriers of H-S and H-X haplotypes showed lower triglycerides (p < 0.01) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.01) levels when compared to the H+S haplotype in males. In this gender, the H-X haplotype was associated with a protective effect (OR = 0.36, 95%CI = 0.13-0.97) for significant disease (> or = 60% of luminal coronary stenosis), even controlling for other classical risk factors.

Association of lipoprotein lipase gene Asn291Ser DNA polymorphism with plasma lipid levels and blood pressure levels in healthy population of Serbia

The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) Asn291Ser polymorphism has been determined in 313 healthy subjects from Serbia. LPL variants were detected by mismatch PCR followed by RsaI restriction digestion and 5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relationship between LPL Asn291Ser polymorphism and plasma lipid levels, and association between Asn291Ser polymorphism and arterial blood pressure were found. Significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p<0.05) and significantly higher values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p<0.01) were found in females carrying the Ser291 allele. Male carriers of Ser291 allele had significantly lower levels of SBP (p<0.01). Findings from our study could be of importance for further research of pathological state regarding lipid metabolism and other risk factors of vascular diseases in Serbian population.