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Khangembam VC, Thakuria D, Tandel RS, Pant V, Pandey N, Pandey PK. Identification and antifungal sensitivity of Fusarium species isolated from piscine hosts. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 159:117-126. [PMID: 39206606 DOI: 10.3354/dao03809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium is a huge genus of filamentous fungi that has the potential to cause emerging diseases. Members of this genus can cause infections in plants, animals and humans. Here, we report the isolation of F. oxysporum and F. equiseti from 2 important fish species, Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) and Tor putitora (golden mahseer), respectively. F. oxysporum has emerged as a significant fungal pathogen causing infection in many fish. However, F. equiseti has been isolated mainly from plants. As far as the available literatures are concerned, this is the first report on the isolation of F. oxysporum and F. equiseti from these hosts. The isolates were identified based on growth morphology and microscopic observation. F. oxysporum produced violet pigmentation on potato dextrose agar, while F. equiseti had yellow colouration. F. oxysporum produced 1- to 2-celled microconidia along with straight or curved macroconidia having 3 to 4 septa. F. equiseti produced abundant macroconidia with 4 or more septa. Species were further confirmed based on the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. In a molecular phylogeny analysis, F. oxysporum and F. equiseti formed 2 different clades. In an antifungal sensitivity assay, F. oxysporum was found to be susceptible to clotrimazole with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.0 µg ml-1, whereas F. equiseti was susceptible to clotrimazole, ketoconazole and fluconazole. Overall, the main findings of this study are the infection of new hosts by Fusarium species and the limited activity of many antifungal drugs against these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimpal Thakuria
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263136, India
| | - Ritesh Shantilal Tandel
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263136, India
| | - Vinita Pant
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263136, India
| | - Nityanand Pandey
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263136, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pandey
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263136, India
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Wang Y, Wu S, Yang Y, Yang Y, Liu H, Chen Y, Ju H. In situ SERS imaging of protein-specific glycan oxidation on living cells to quantitatively visualize pathogen-cell interactions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3901-3906. [PMID: 38487245 PMCID: PMC10935716 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00157e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycan oxidation on the cell surface occurs in many specific life processes including pathogen-cell interactions. This work develops a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging strategy for in situ quantitative monitoring of protein-specific glycan oxidation mediated pathogen-cell interactions by utilizing Raman reporter DTNB and aptamer co-assembled platinum shelled gold nanoparticles (Au@Pt-DTNB/Apt). Using Fusarium graminearum (FG) and MCF-7 cells as models, Au@Pt-DTNB/Apt can specifically bind to MUC1 protein on the cell surface containing heavy galactose (Gal) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) modification. When FG interacts with cells, the secreted galactose oxidase (GO) can oxidize Gal/GalNAc, and the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) further oxidizes DTNB to produce TNB for greatly enhancing the SERS signal. This strategy can quantitatively visualize for the first time both the protein-specific glycan oxidation and the mediated pathogen-cell interactions, thus providing key quantitative information to distinguish and explore the pathogen-resistance and pharmacological mechanisms of different drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yuanjiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Huipu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yunlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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Usuda D, Kato M, Sugawara Y, Shimizu R, Inami T, Tsuge S, Sakurai R, Kawai K, Matsubara S, Tanaka R, Suzuki M, Shimozawa S, Hotchi Y, Osugi I, Katou R, Ito S, Mishima K, Kondo A, Mizuno K, Takami H, Komatsu T, Oba J, Nomura T, Sugita M. Secondary pulmonary infection by Fusarium solani and Aspergillus niger during systemic steroid treatment for COVID-19: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:6280-6288. [PMID: 37731582 PMCID: PMC10507554 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i26.6280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis presents a diagnostic challenge due to its non-specific clinical/ imaging features, as well as the fact that the proposed clinically diagnostic algorithms do not necessarily apply to COVID-19 patients. In addition, Fusarium spp. is a rare cause of opportunistic life-threatening fungal infections. Disseminated Fusarium infection in an immunocompromised host is intractable, with a high likelihood of resulting mortality. To our knowledge, this is the first case of secondary pulmonary infection by Fusarium solani (F. solani) and Aspergillus niger (A. niger) during systemic steroid treatment for COVID-19. CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old male was transported to our hospital by ambulance with a complaint of fever and dyspnea. We established a diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia, complicated with COVID-19 and septic shock, together with acute renal failure. He was admitted to the intensive care unit, to be treated with piperacillin/tazobactam, vancomycin, and 6.6 mg per day of dexamethasone sodium phosphate, along with noradrenaline as a vasopressor, ventilator management, and continuous hemodiafiltration. His condition improved, and we finished the vasopressor on the fifth hospital day. We administered dexamethasone for ten days, and finished the course of treatment. On the eleventh day, patient respiratory deterioration was observed, and a computed tomography scan showed an exacerbation of bilateral ground-glass-opacity-like consolidation, together with newly appeared cavitary lesions in the lung. we changed antibiotics to meropenem plus vancomycin. In addition, a fungal infection was considered as a possibility based on microscopic findings of sputum, and we began coadministration of voriconazole. However, the pneumonia worsened, and the patient died on the seventeenth day of illness. Later, F. solani and A. niger were identified from sputum collected on the twelfth day. It was believed that he developed a cell-mediated immune deficiency during COVID-19 treatment, which led to the complication of pneumonia caused by the above-mentioned fungi, contributing to his death. CONCLUSION Because early initiation of intense antifungal therapy offers the best chance for survival in pulmonary fusariosis, computed tomography scans and appropriate microbiologic investigations should be obtained for severely immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Usuda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Sugawara
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Runa Shimizu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotari Inami
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Tsuge
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Riki Sakurai
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawai
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Matsubara
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Tanaka
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shimozawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Hotchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ippei Osugi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Katou
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakurako Ito
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mishima
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takami
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Komatsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo 113-8421, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Oba
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Nomura
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Sugita
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
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Potekhina RM, Tarasova EY, Matrosova LE, Khammadov NI, Saifutdinov AM, Ermolaeva OK, Tanaseva SA, Mishina NN, Nigmatulin GN, Mukharlyamova AZ, Smolentsev SY, Semenov EI. A Case of Laying Hens Mycosis Caused by Fusarium proliferatum. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:5281260. [PMID: 37168542 PMCID: PMC10164870 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5281260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we present the first case report of a chicken mycosis caused by F. proliferatum occurred on a private farm in the Russian Federation. Lesions on the skin of the legs and scallops were reported. The object of this study was samples of feed and pathological material from sick hens-layers. Mycological analysis included determination of the total number of fungi (TNF) and identification and determination of the toxicity and pathogenicity of the isolates. The identification of the isolate was carried out taking into account direct microscopy, morphological features, and the method of molecular genetic analysis. Microscopic fungi of the genus Penicillium and Rhizopus were isolated by mycological analysis of the feed. The test feed was nontoxic. Mycological examination of pathological material (scrapings from the combs and affected legs) identified an isolate of Fusarium proliferatum, which showed toxicity on biological objects (protozoa, rabbits) and pathogenicity (white mice). Dermal application of F. proliferatum suspension was accompanied by reddening of the rabbit skin. Intraperitoneal injection of fungal spores caused mycosis in white mice. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) made it possible to identify this type of microscopic fungus (F. proliferatum) with high accuracy in the samples under study. The research results allow us to consider F. proliferatum as a cause of poultry disease against the background of predisposing factors in the form of desquamation of the stratum corneum of the skin against the background of immunosuppression and metabolic disorders caused by an imbalance in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramziya M. Potekhina
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Evgenya Yu. Tarasova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Lilia E. Matrosova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Nail I. Khammadov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Saifutdinov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Olga K. Ermolaeva
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Tanaseva
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Nailya N. Mishina
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Gali N. Nigmatulin
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Aisylu Z. Mukharlyamova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | | | - Eduard I. Semenov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
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Chang W, Bao F, Wang Z, Liu H, Zhang F. Comparison of the Sensititre YeastOne ® and CLSI M38-A2 microdilution methods in determining the activity of nine antifungal agents against dermatophytes. Mycoses 2021; 64:734-741. [PMID: 33760301 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytes are the most common fungal pathogens causing superficial infections in humans with a high prevalence worldwide. The treatment of these infections is based on the use of topical and systemic antifungal agents. A convenient method with a high predictive value for testing the susceptibilities of dermatophytes is necessary. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of the Sensititre YeastOne® in testing the activity of nine antifungal agents against dermatophytes. METHODS We compared Sensititre® with reference procedure for anidulafungin (ANID), micafungin sodium (MCF), caspofungin acetate (CAS), 5-fluorocytosine (5FC), posaconazole (PCZ), voriconazole (VCZ), itraconazole (ITZ), fluconazole (FLZ) and amphotericin B (AMB) against 79 dermatophyte isolates, the essential agreement (EA) and categorical agreement (CA) between the two methods were obtained. RESULTS The MICs or MECs obtained by the Sensititre® were usually lower than those obtained by the M38-A2. The overall EA between the two methods of nine antifungals was best for 5FC (100%), followed by MCF (94.9%), PCZ (84.8%), AMB (67.1%), FLZ (65.8%), VCZ (63.3%), ANID (29.1%), ITZ (20.3%) and CAS (2.5%). The overall CA between the two methods for all drugs was 100% except for ANID (97.4%), MCF (95%) and PCZ (92.5%). Substantial discrepancies were observed with all drugs except for VCZ and 5FC. The results of M38-A2 in terms of GMIC (or GMEC) and MIC90 (or MEC90) were, in increasing order, as follows: MCF, PCZ, VCZ, ANID, ITZ, CAS, AMB, FLZ and 5FC. CONCLUSIONS The Sensititre YeastOne® shows poor EA with the reference method for dermatophytes; therefore, M38-A2 should remain the reference procedure for antifungal susceptibility testing against dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Chang
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fangfang Bao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Association of Fungal Siderophores in Human Diseases: Roles and Treatments. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-53077-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Honorato L, Bonilla JJA, Piffer AC, Nimrichter L. Fungal Extracellular Vesicles as a Potential Strategy for Vaccine Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 432:121-138. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83391-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Vreulink JM, Boekhout T, Vismer H, Botha A. The growth of Cryptococcus gattii MATα and MATa strains is affected by the chemical composition of their woody debris substrate. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Correia MH, Sato F, Baesso ML, Bento AC, Gibin MS, de Moraes GR, Melo KS, Svidzinski TIE, Almeida GHDR, Amado CAB, Hernandes L. Immune response and Raman scattering assessment in rats skin after contact with Fusarium oxysporum metabolites. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 234:118246. [PMID: 32179464 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium can cause disease and death when consumed and produce biological responses even in the absence of the microorganism. The IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β1 cytokines immune reactivity was associated with histopathological and physico-chemical changes in skin of immune competent rats after administration of Fusarium oxysporum crude extract. Rats were intradermally injected with 50 μl of 0.5 mg/ml crude extract and were euthanized at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after injection. The inflammatory response was quantified by enzyme myeloperoxidase activity and by immunohistochemical method to detect the IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β1. Physico-chemical analysis was performed using FT-Raman Spectroscopy. The inflammatory response was most intense at 6 and 12 h after crude extract administration and the most significant histopathological changes were observed in the dermis. Myeloperoxidase activity was intense from 3 to 24 h after injection. The immunostaining of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α peaked at 6 h. Immunostaining for TGF-β1 was highest at 12 and 24 h. FT-Raman spectral analysis showed both, the most intense Fusarium interaction with the skin at 6 h, as revealed by the changes in the stretching of -CH bands (3100-2800 cm-1) in the dermis, and skin recovery trending after 12 h after crude extract injection. The results showed that secondary metabolites stimulated histopathologic changes and inflammatory responses even in the absence of the fungus, increasing myeloperoxidase activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression besides promoting physico-chemical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francielle Sato
- Physics Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Kátia Sibin Melo
- Morphological Sciences Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luzmarina Hernandes
- Morphological Sciences Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil.
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Kang E, Jin HS, La JW, Sung JY, Park SY, Kim WC, Lee DW. Identification of keratinases from Fervidobacterium islandicum AW-1 using dynamic gene expression profiling. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 13:442-457. [PMID: 31613061 PMCID: PMC7017815 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratin degradation is of great interest for converting agro‐industrial waste into bioactive peptides and is directly relevant for understanding the pathogenesis of superficial infections caused by dermatophytes. However, the mechanism of this process remains unclear. Here, we obtained the complete genome sequence of a feather‐degrading, extremely thermophilic bacterium, Fervidobacterium islandicum AW‐1 and performed bioinformatics‐based functional annotation. Reverse transcription PCR revealed that 57 putative protease‐encoding genes were differentially expressed in substrate‐dependent manners. Consequently, 16 candidate genes were highly expressed under starvation conditions, when keratin degradation begun. Subsequently, the dynamic expression profiles of these 16 selected genes in response to feathers, as determined via quantitative real‐time PCR, suggested that they included four metalloproteases and two peptidases including an ATP‐dependent serine protease, all of which might act as key players in feather decomposition. Furthermore, in vitro keratinolytic assays supported the notion that recombinant enzymes enhanced the decomposition of feathers in the presence of cell extracts. Therefore, our genome‐based systematic and dynamic expression profiling demonstrated that these identified metalloproteases together with two additional peptidases might be primarily associated with the decomposition of native feathers, suggesting that keratin degradation can be achieved via non‐canonical catalysis of several membrane‐associated metalloproteases in cooperation with cytosolic proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Kang
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Su Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jae Won La
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yoon Sung
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Won-Chan Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
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11
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Assress HA, Selvarajan R, Nyoni H, Ntushelo K, Mamba BB, Msagati TAM. Diversity, Co-occurrence and Implications of Fungal Communities in Wastewater Treatment Plants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14056. [PMID: 31575971 PMCID: PMC6773715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Gauteng province in South Africa were investigated to determine the diversity, co-occurrence and implications of their fungal communities using illumina sequencing platform and network analysis. Phylogenetic taxonomy revealed that members of the fungal communities were assigned to 6 phyla and 361 genera. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were the most abundant phyla, dominated by the genera Naumovozyma, Pseudotomentella, Derxomyces, Ophiocordyceps, Pulchromyces and Paecilomyces. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of fungal OTUs related to class lineages such as Agaricomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes indicating new fungal diversity in WWTPs. Dominant and rare fungal genera that can potentially be used in bioremediation such as Trichoderma, Acremonium, Talaromyces, Paecilomyces, cladophialophora and Saccharomyces were detected. Conversely, genera whose members are known to be pathogenic to human and plant such as Olpidium, Paecilomyces, Aspergillus, Rhodotorula, Penicillium, Candida, Synchytrium, Phyllosticta and Mucor were also detected in all WWTPs. Phylotype analysis confirmed that some fungal phylotypes were highly similar to the reported fungal pathogens of concern. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the fungal genera such as Minimedusa, Glomus, Circinella, Coltricia, Caloplaca, Phylosticta, Peziza, Candida, and Hydnobolites were the major networking hub in the WWTPs. The overall results in this study highlighted that WWTPs represent a potential source of beneficial fungi for bioremediation of pollutants in the ecosystem and the need to consider human and plant fungal pathogens during safety evaluation of treated wastewater for reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailemariam Abrha Assress
- University of South Africa, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ramganesh Selvarajan
- University of South Africa, College of Agriculture and Environmental sciences, UNISA Science Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hlengilizwe Nyoni
- University of South Africa, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Khayalethu Ntushelo
- University of South Africa, College of Agriculture and Environmental sciences, UNISA Science Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bhekie B Mamba
- University of South Africa, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa.,State Key Laboratory of Seperation and Membranes, Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Membrane Science and Technologya, Tianjing, 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- University of South Africa, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, Florida, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Padovan ACB, Rocha WPDS, Toti ACDM, Freitas de Jesus DF, Chaves GM, Colombo AL. Exploring the resistance mechanisms in Trichosporon asahii: Triazoles as the last defense for invasive trichosporonosis. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 133:103267. [PMID: 31513917 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii has recently been recognized as an emergent fungal pathogen able to cause invasive infections in neutropenic cancer patients as well as in critically ill patients submitted to invasive medical procedures and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. T. asahii is the main pathogen associated with invasive trichosporonosis worldwide. Treatment of patients with invasive trichosporonosis remains a controversial issue, but triazoles are mentioned by most authors as the best first-line antifungal therapy. There is mounting evidence supporting the claim that fluconazole (FLC) resistance in T. asahii is emerging worldwide. Since 2000, 15 publications involving large collections of T. asahii isolates described non-wild type isolates for FLC and/or voriconazole. However, very few papers have addressed the epidemiology and molecular mechanism of antifungal resistance in Trichosporon spp. Data available suggest that continuous exposure to azoles can induce mutations in the ERG11 gene, resulting in resistance to this class of antifungal drugs. A recent report characterizing T. asahii azole-resistant strains found several genes differentially expressed and highly mutated, including genes related to the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway, indicating that evolutionary modifications on this pathway induced by FLC stress may be involved in developing azole resistance. Finally, we provided new data suggesting that hyperactive efflux pumps may play a role as drug transporters in FLC resistant T. asahii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walicyranison Plinio da Silva Rocha
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica e Molecular, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline de Moraes Toti
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Disciplina de Infectologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Maranhão Chaves
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica e Molecular, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Lopes Colombo
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Disciplina de Infectologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of N-acetyl-3-acetyl-5-benzylidene tetramic acid-metal complexes. X-ray analysis and identification of the Cd(II) complex as a potent antifungal agent. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 194:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Pizzo PA. Management of Patients With Fever and Neutropenia Through the Arc of Time: A Narrative Review. Ann Intern Med 2019; 170:389-397. [PMID: 30856657 DOI: 10.7326/m18-3192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between fever and neutropenia and the risk for life-threatening infections in patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy has been known for 50 years. Indeed, infectious complications have been a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. This review chronicles the progress in defining and developing approaches to the management of fever and neutropenia through observational and controlled clinical trials done by single institutions, as well as by national and international collaborative groups. The resultant data have led to recommendations and guidelines from professional societies and frame the current principles of management. Recommendations include those guiding new treatment options (from monotherapy to oral antibiotic therapy) and use of prophylactic antimicrobial regimens in high-risk patients. Of note, risk factors have changed with the advent of hematopoietic cytokines (especially granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) in shortening the duration of neutropenia, as well as with the discovery of more targeted cancer treatments that do not result in cytotoxicity, although these are still the exception. Most guiding principles that were developed decades ago-about when to begin empirical treatment after a neutropenic patient becomes febrile, whether and how to modify the initial treatment regimen (especially in patients with protracted neutropenia), and how long to continue antimicrobial therapy-are still used today. This review describes how the treatment principles related to the management of fever and neutropenia have responded to changes in the patients at risk, the microbes responsible, and the tools for their treatment, while still being sustained over the arc of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Pizzo
- Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Distinguished Careers Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California (P.A.P.)
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15
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Benhamou RI, Jaber QZ, Herzog IM, Roichman Y, Fridman M. Fluorescent Tracking of the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Live Pathogenic Fungal Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3325-3332. [PMID: 30427174 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In fungal cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) harbors several of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an essential membrane component, making this organelle the site of action of antifungal azole drugs, used as a first-line treatment for fungal infections. This highlights the need for specific fluorescent labeling of this organelle in cells of pathogenic fungi. Here we report on the development and evaluation of a collection of fluorescent ER trackers in a panel of Candida, considered the most frequently encountered pathogen in fungal infections. These trackers enabled imaging of the ER in live fungal cells. Organelle specificity was associated with the expression of the target enzyme of antifungal azoles that resides in the ER; specific ER labeling was not observed in mutant cells lacking this enzyme. Labeling of live Candida cells with a combination of a mitotracker and one of the novel fungal ER trackers revealed sites of contact between the ER and mitochondria. These fungal ER trackers therefore offer unique molecular tools for the study of the ER and its interactions with other organelles in live cells of pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael I. Benhamou
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Qais Z. Jaber
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ido M. Herzog
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yael Roichman
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Micha Fridman
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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16
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Ordonez SR, van Eijk M, Escobar Salazar N, de Cock H, Veldhuizen EJA, Haagsman HP. Antifungal activities of surfactant protein D in an environment closely mimicking the lung lining. Mol Immunol 2018; 105:260-269. [PMID: 30562646 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
At the lung lining innate defenses protect our lungs against inhaled fungal cells that could pose a threat to our health. These defenses are comprised of mucociliary clearance, soluble effector molecules and roaming phagocytic cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. How important each of these defenses is during fungal clearance depends on the specific fungal pathogen in question and on the stage of infection. In this study the localization and antifungal activity of the lung surfactant protein D (SP-D) was studied in an environment mimicking the lung lining. To this end Calu-3 cells were grown on an air-liquid interface allowing them to polarize and to produce mucus at their apical surface. Additionally, neutrophils were added to study their role in fungal clearance. Two fungal pathogens were used for these experiments: Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, both of clinical relevance. During fungal infection SP-D localized strongly to both fungal surfaces and stayed bound through the different stages of infection. Furthermore, SP-D decreased fungal adhesion to the epithelium and increased fungal clearance by neutrophils from the epithelial surface. These findings suggest that SP-D plays an important role at the different stages of pulmonary defense against fungal intruders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad R Ordonez
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin van Eijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia Escobar Salazar
- Microbiology & Institute of Biomembranes, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans de Cock
- Microbiology & Institute of Biomembranes, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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17
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Wandell GM, Miller C, Rathor A, Wai TH, Guyer RA, Schmidt RA, Turner JH, Hwang PH, Davis GE, Humphreys IM. A multi-institutional review of outcomes in biopsy-proven acute invasive fungal sinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018; 8:1459-1468. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.22172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace M. Wandell
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Washington; Seattle WA
| | - Craig Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Washington; Seattle WA
| | | | - Travis Hee Wai
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Washington; Seattle WA
| | - Richard A. Guyer
- Department of Otolaryngology; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN
| | | | - Justin H. Turner
- Department of Otolaryngology; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN
| | - Peter H. Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology; Stanford University; Stanford CA
| | - Greg E. Davis
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Washington; Seattle WA
| | - Ian M. Humphreys
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Washington; Seattle WA
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18
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Le Govic Y, Papon N, Le Gal S, Lelièvre B, Bouchara JP, Vandeputte P. Genomic Organization and Expression of Iron Metabolism Genes in the Emerging Pathogenic Mold Scedosporium apiospermum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:827. [PMID: 29755443 PMCID: PMC5932178 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous mold Scedosporium apiospermum is increasingly recognized as an emerging pathogen, especially among patients with underlying disorders such as immunodeficiency or cystic fibrosis (CF). Indeed, it ranks the second among the filamentous fungi colonizing the respiratory tract of CF patients. However, our knowledge about virulence factors of this fungus is still limited. The role of iron-uptake systems may be critical for establishment of Scedosporium infections, notably in the iron-rich environment of the CF lung. Two main strategies are employed by fungi to efficiently acquire iron from their host or from their ecological niche: siderophore production and reductive iron assimilation (RIA) systems. The aim of this study was to assess the existence of orthologous genes involved in iron metabolism in the recently sequenced genome of S. apiospermum. At first, a tBLASTn analysis using A. fumigatus iron-related proteins as query revealed orthologs of almost all relevant loci in the S. apiospermum genome. Whereas the genes putatively involved in RIA were randomly distributed, siderophore biosynthesis and transport genes were organized in two clusters, each containing a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) whose orthologs in A. fumigatus have been described to catalyze hydroxamate siderophore synthesis. Nevertheless, comparative genomic analysis of siderophore-related clusters showed greater similarity between S. apiospermum and phylogenetically close molds than with Aspergillus species. The expression level of these genes was then evaluated by exposing conidia to iron starvation and iron excess. The expression of several orthologs of A. fumigatus genes involved in siderophore-based iron uptake or RIA was significantly induced during iron starvation, and conversely repressed in iron excess conditions. Altogether, these results indicate that S. apiospermum possesses the genetic information required for efficient and competitive iron uptake. They also suggest an important role of the siderophore production system in iron uptake by S. apiospermum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Le Govic
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Solène Le Gal
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Brest, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Brest, France
| | - Bénédicte Lelièvre
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
| | - Patrick Vandeputte
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
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19
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Kotwal S, Sumbali G, Sharma S, Kaul S. Detection of some newTrichosporonspecies from the dystrophied nails of three female members of a family from North Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir. Mycoses 2018; 61:534-542. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Geeta Sumbali
- Department of Botany; University of Jammu; Jammu India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- School of Biotechnology; University of Jammu; Jammu India
| | - Sanjana Kaul
- School of Biotechnology; University of Jammu; Jammu India
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20
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Hernandez H, Martinez LR. Relationship of environmental disturbances and the infectious potential of fungi. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:233-241. [PMID: 29458659 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are critical organisms for the environment and offer many benefits to modern society through their application in the pharmaceutical, beverage and food industries. In contrast, fungal pathogens are emerging threats to humans, animals, plants and insects with potential to cause devastating mortality, morbidity and economic loss. Outbreaks associated with anthropogenic alterations of the environment, including climate change-related events such as natural disasters, are responsible for human, animal and plant disease. Similarly, fungi and their metabolites also have a negative impact in agriculture, posing a serious threat to our food supplies. Here, we describe the existing knowledge and importance of understanding the relationship of fungi and the environment in the context of human, animal and plant disease. Our goal is to encourage communication between scientists and the general public to create informed awareness about the impact of fungi in their daily lives and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazael Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA
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21
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Boddu P, Chen PL, Nagarajan P, Prieto VG, Won A, Chambers M, Kornblau S. Necrotizing fungal gingivitis in a patient with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: visible yet obscure. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, MEDICINE, AND PATHOLOGY 2018; 30:50-54. [PMID: 29404266 PMCID: PMC5796543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral fungal infections present with atypical and varied manifestations, and distinguishing them from other entities including leukemic infiltration can be diagnostically challenging. In this report, we describe a 62 year old female with acute myeloid leukemia who presented, towards the end of her second treatment cycle of decitabine in a prolonged neutropenic state, with a month of painful, necrotic-appearing marginal gingival lesions. She was duly initiated on empiric broad spectrum antifungal treatment but did not show a clinical response with the appearance of new skin lesions concerning for progressive fungemia. Concurrent gingival and cutaneous biopsy showed fungal invasion with Fusarium. Despite changing antifungal treatment the lesions progressed, and white blood cell (WBC) transfusions were instituted. The patient had an impressive response with gradual resolution of the skin lesions and regression in gingival lesions over a week of therapy. This case illustrates the highly atypical, confounding appearance of oral fungal infections in immunocompromised hematological malignancy patients. Maxillary and mandibular marginal gingival involvement, although extremely rare, should be recognized as potential sites of fungal involvement. Accurate diagnosis entails a biopsy especially in ambiguous clinical scenarios, as presented here. The role of WBC transfusions in the management of these rare fungal pathogenic infections needs to re-established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Boddu
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pei-Ling Chen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Victor G. Prieto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alex Won
- Department of Oncologic Dentistry Prosthodontics, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark Chambers
- Department of Oncologic Dentistry Prosthodontics, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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22
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Vreulink JM, Khayhan K, Hagen F, Botes A, Moller L, Boekhout T, Vismer H, Botha A. Presence of pathogenic cryptococci on trees situated in two recreational areas in South Africa. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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McCarthy MW, Kalasauskas D, Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, Walsh TJ. Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System in Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017; 6:e123-e133. [PMID: 28903523 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pix059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although uncommon in children, fungal infections of the central nervous system can be devastating and difficult to treat. A better understanding of basic mycologic, immunologic, and pharmacologic processes has led to important advances in the diagnosis and management of these diseases, but their mortality rates remain unacceptably high. In this focused review, we examine the epidemiology and clinical features of the most common fungal pathogens of the central nervous system in children and explore recent advances in diagnosis and antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W McCarthy
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Darius Kalasauskas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Vidmantas Petraitis
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Pathogenic Microbiology, Prienai, Lithuania
| | - Ruta Petraitiene
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Pathogenic Microbiology, Prienai, Lithuania
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York.,Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York
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Pasricha S, MacRae JI, Chua HH, Chambers J, Boyce KJ, McConville MJ, Andrianopoulos A. Extensive Metabolic Remodeling Differentiates Non-pathogenic and Pathogenic Growth Forms of the Dimorphic Pathogen Talaromyces marneffei. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:368. [PMID: 28861398 PMCID: PMC5563070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are an increasing public health problem, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. While these pathogenic fungi show polyphyletic origins with closely related non-pathogenic species, many undergo morphological transitions to produce pathogenic cell types that are associated with increased virulence. However, the characteristics of these pathogenic cells that contribute to virulence are poorly defined. Talaromyces marneffei grows as a non-pathogenic hyphal form at 25°C but undergoes a dimorphic transition to a pathogenic yeast form at 37°C in vitro and following inhalation of asexual conidia by a host. Here we show that this transition is associated with major changes in central carbon metabolism, and that these changes are correlated with increased virulence of the yeast form. Comprehensive metabolite profiling and 13C-labeling studies showed that hyphal cells exhibited very active glycolytic metabolism and contain low levels of internal carbohydrate reserves. In contrast, yeast cells fully catabolized glucose in the mitochondrial TCA cycle, and store excess glucose in large intracellular pools of trehalose and mannitol. Inhibition of the yeast TCA cycle inhibited replication in culture and in host cells. Yeast, but not hyphae, were also able to use myo-inositol and amino acids as secondary carbon sources, which may support their survival in host macrophages. These analyses suggest that T. marneffei yeast cells exhibit a more efficient oxidative metabolism and are capable of utilizing a diverse range of carbon sources, which contributes to their virulence in animal tissues, highlighting the importance of dimorphic switching in pathogenic yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Pasricha
- Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, School of BioSciences, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James I MacRae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hwa H Chua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jenny Chambers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie J Boyce
- Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, School of BioSciences, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Andrianopoulos
- Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, School of BioSciences, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
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25
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Risk of Fungal Infection to Dental Patients. ScientificWorldJournal 2017; 2017:2982478. [PMID: 28695189 PMCID: PMC5488164 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2982478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi can cause various diseases, and some pathogenic fungi have been detected in the water of dental equipment. This environment offers suitable conditions for fungal biofilms to emerge, which can facilitate mycological contamination. This study verified whether the water employed in the dental units of two dental clinics at the University of Franca was contaminated with fungi. This study also evaluated the ability of the detected fungi to form biofilms. The high-revving engine contained the largest average amount of fungi, 14.93 ± 18.18 CFU/mL. The main fungal species verified in this equipment belonged to the genera Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Candida spp., and Rhodotorula spp. Among the isolated filamentous fungi, only one fungus of the genus Fusarium spp. did not form biofilms. As for yeasts, all the Candida spp. isolates grew as biofilm, but none of the Rhodotorula spp. isolates demonstrated this ability. Given that professionals and patients are often exposed to water and aerosols generated by the dental procedure, the several fungal species detected herein represent a potential risk especially to immunocompromised patients undergoing dental treatment. Therefore, frequent microbiological monitoring of the water employed in dental equipment is crucial to reduce the presence of contaminants.
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26
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Pasricha S, Schafferer L, Lindner H, Joanne Boyce K, Haas H, Andrianopoulos A. Differentially regulated high-affinity iron assimilation systems support growth of the various cell types in the dimorphic pathogenTalaromyces marneffei. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:715-737. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Pasricha
- Department of Genetics; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Lukas Schafferer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Division of Clinical Biochemistry and the Protein Micro-Analysis Facility; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82 Innsbruck A-6020 Austria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Division of Molecular Biology and Division of Clinical Biochemistry and the Protein Micro-Analysis Facility; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82 Innsbruck A-6020 Austria
| | - Kylie Joanne Boyce
- Department of Genetics; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology and Division of Clinical Biochemistry and the Protein Micro-Analysis Facility; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82 Innsbruck A-6020 Austria
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27
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Bourne EL, Dimou J. Invasive central nervous system aspergillosis in a patient with Crohn’s disease after treatment with infliximab and corticosteroids. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 30:163-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ouf SA, Moussa TA, Abd-Elmegeed AM, Eltahlawy SR. Anti-fungal potential of ozone against some dermatophytes. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:697-702. [PMID: 27287337 PMCID: PMC4927674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are classified in three genera, Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton. They have the capacity to invade keratinized tissue to produce a cutaneous infection known as dermatophytoses. This investigation was performed to study the effect of gaseous ozone and ozonized oil on three specific properties of six different dermatophytes. These properties included sporulation, mycelia leakage of sugar and nutrients and the activity of their hydrolytic enzymes. Generally, ozonized oil was found to be more efficacious than gaseous ozone. Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis were the most susceptible, while Trichophyton interdigitale and T. mentagrophytes were relatively resistant. The study revealed a steady decline in spore production of M. gypseum and M. canis on application of ozonated oil. An increase in leakage of electrolytes and sugar was noticed after treatment with ozonized oil in the case of M. gypseum, M. canis, T. interdigitale, T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. The results also revealed loss in urease, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, lipase and keratinase enzyme producing capacity of the investigated fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salama A Ouf
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Tarek A Moussa
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alshimaa M Abd-Elmegeed
- Medical Laboratory, Ahmed Maher Hospital, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Biology Department, Preparatory Year, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar R Eltahlawy
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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29
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Schmidt-Hieber M, Silling G, Schalk E, Heinz W, Panse J, Penack O, Christopeit M, Buchheidt D, Meyding-Lamadé U, Hähnel S, Wolf HH, Ruhnke M, Schwartz S, Maschmeyer G. CNS infections in patients with hematological disorders (including allogeneic stem-cell transplantation)-Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO). Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1207-25. [PMID: 27052648 PMCID: PMC4922317 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of CNS infections remains a great challenge in patients with hematological disorders since symptoms might both be masked and be mimicked by other conditions such as metabolic disturbances or consequences from antineoplastic treatment. Thus, awareness of this complication is crucial and any suspicion of a CNS infection should lead to timely and adequate diagnostics and treatment to improve the outcome in this population. Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are infrequently diagnosed in immunocompetent patients, but they do occur in a significant proportion of patients with hematological disorders. In particular, patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation carry a high risk for CNS infections of up to 15%. Fungi and Toxoplasma gondii are the predominant causative agents. The diagnosis of CNS infections is based on neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid examination and biopsy of suspicious lesions in selected patients. However, identification of CNS infections in immunocompromised patients could represent a major challenge since metabolic disturbances, side-effects of antineoplastic or immunosuppressive drugs and CNS involvement of the underlying hematological disorder may mimic symptoms of a CNS infection. The prognosis of CNS infections is generally poor in these patients, albeit the introduction of novel substances (e.g. voriconazole) has improved the outcome in distinct patient subgroups. This guideline has been developed by the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) with the contribution of a panel of 14 experts certified in internal medicine, hematology/oncology, infectious diseases, intensive care, neurology and neuroradiology. Grades of recommendation and levels of evidence were categorized by using novel criteria, as recently published by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmidt-Hieber
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, HELIOS Clinic Berlin-Buch, Berlin
| | - G Silling
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital, Aachen, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen
| | - E Schalk
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg
| | - W Heinz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Center of Internal Medicine, Würzburg
| | - J Panse
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital, Aachen, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen
| | - O Penack
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin
| | - M Christopeit
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - D Buchheidt
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mannheim University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim
| | - U Meyding-Lamadé
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Nordwest Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M., Germany Brunei Neuroscience Stroke and Rehabilitation Centre, Jerudong, Brunei Darussalam Department of Neuroinfectiology, Otto-Meyerhof-Centre, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | - S Hähnel
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | - H H Wolf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Halle, Halle
| | - M Ruhnke
- Paracelsus Clinic Osnabrück, Osnabrück
| | - S Schwartz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin
| | - G Maschmeyer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Ernst von Bergmann Clinic, Potsdam, Germany
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30
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Al-Maqtoofi M, Thornton CR. Detection of human pathogenic Fusarium species in hospital and communal sink biofilms by using a highly specific monoclonal antibody. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3620-3634. [PMID: 26914362 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium is well known as a plant pathogen, but has recently emerged as an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Habitats providing direct human exposure to infectious propagules are largely unknown, but there is growing evidence that plumbing systems are sources of human pathogenic strains in the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) and Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), the most common groups infecting humans. Here, a newly developed Fusarium-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb ED7) was used to track FSSC and FOSC strains in sink drain biofilms by detecting its target antigen, an extracellular 200 kDa carbohydrate, in saline swabs. The antigen was detectable in 52% of swab samples collected from sinks across a University campus and a tertiary care hospital. The mAb was 100% accurate in detecting FSSC, FOSC, and F. dimerum species complex (FDSC) strains that were present, as mixed fungal communities, in 83% of sink drain biofilms. Specificity of the ELISA was confirmed by sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA-encoding regions of culturable yeasts and molds that were recovered using mycological culture, while translation elongation factor (TEF)-1α analysis of Fusarium isolates included FSSC 1-a, FOSC 33, and FDSC ET-gr, the most common clinical pathotypes in each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Al-Maqtoofi
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.,University of Basrah, College of Science, Biology Department, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Christopher R Thornton
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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31
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Dinand V, Anjan M, Oberoi JK, Khanna S, Yadav SP, Wattal C, Sachdeva A. Threshold of galactomannan antigenemia positivity for early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic children. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2016; 49:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jiang N, Zhao G, Yang S, Lin J, Hu L, Che C, Wang Q, Xu Q. A retrospective analysis of eleven cases of invasive rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis presented with orbital apex syndrome initially. BMC Ophthalmol 2016; 16:10. [PMID: 26758904 PMCID: PMC4709997 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-016-0189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis(ROCM) is an invasive fungal infection that usually occurs in immunocompromised patients and sometimes presents as orbital apex syndrome(OAS) initially. It is rapidly fatal without an early diagnosis and treatment. We report the cases of invasive ROCM presenting with OAS initially in order to raise the attention of clinicians. Methods We retrospectively investigated eleven cases of invasive ROCM presenting initially with OAS admitted between January 2006 and December 2013. We analyzed clinical features, results of laboratory and radiological examinations, nasal endoscopy, aggressive surgical excision and debridement, and medical management outcomes of each case. Results A total of eleven cases of invasive ROCM with OAS as an initial sign were presented. Mucormycosis was accompanied by type II diabetes mellitus in nine cases, renal transplant in one case, and injury caused by traffic accident in one case. Anterior rhinoscopy revealed palatine or nasal necrotic lesions in all patients, and transethmoidal optic nerve decompression was carried out in three patients at the same time. CT scan revealed rhino-orbital-cerebral involvement in every patient. All patients were given intravenous amphotericin B. Nine patients underwent surgical debridement of necrotic tissue. Three patients survived. Conclusions ROCM is a severe, emergent and fatal infection requiring multidisciplinary management. It may often present with OAS initially. For ophthalmologist, mucormycosis must be considered in immunocompromised patients presenting with OAS initially, and anterior rhinoscopy is imperative before hormonotherapy, even in the cases absent of ketoacidosis induced by diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liting Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chengye Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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33
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Krizsán K, Tóth E, Nagy LG, Galgóczy L, Manikandan P, Chandrasekaran M, Kadaikunnan S, Alharbi NS, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T. Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of Curvularia australiensis, C. hawaiiensis and C. spicifera isolated from human eye infections. Mycoses 2015; 58:603-9. [PMID: 26345164 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A reliable identification method was developed for three closely related Curvularia species, which are frequently isolated from human keratomycoses. Since the traditionally used morphological method and the increasingly used internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based molecular method proved to be insufficient to discern C. australiensis, C. hawaiiensis and C. spicifera, other molecular targets, such as β-tubulin, translation elongation factor 1-α and the nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS), were tested. Among them, the use of the highly divergent IGS sequence is suggested and the species-specific discriminating characters were determined in appropriate reference strains. It was also concluded that C. hawaiiensis and C. spicifera can be predominantly isolated from eye infections among the three species. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility of 10 currently used antifungal agents against 32 Curvularia isolates was also investigated. MICs were determined in each case. Isolates of C. spicifera proved to be less susceptible to the tested antifungals than those of C. hawaiiensis, which underline the importance of the correct identification of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Krizsán
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Tóth
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László G Nagy
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Palanisamy Manikandan
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, India.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shine Kadaikunnan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naiyf S Alharbi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tamás Papp
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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34
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Application of Culture-Independent Rapid Diagnostic Tests in the Management of Invasive Candidiasis and Cryptococcosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2015; 1:217-251. [PMID: 29376910 PMCID: PMC5753112 DOI: 10.3390/jof1020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of invasive candidiasis (IC) and cryptococcosis is often complicated by slow and insensitive culture-based methods. Such delay results in poor outcomes due to the lack of timely therapeutic interventions. Advances in serological, biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches have made a favorable impact on this process, improving the timeliness and accuracy of diagnosis with resultant improvements in outcome. This paper will serve as an overview of recent developments in the diagnostic approaches to infections due to these important yeast-fungi.
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35
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Davoudi S, Graviss LS, Kontoyiannis DP. Healthcare-associated outbreaks due to Mucorales and other uncommon fungi. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:767-73. [PMID: 25989947 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare-associated outbreaks of fungal infections, especially with uncommon and emerging fungi, have become more frequent in the past decade. MATERIALS AND METHOD Here, we reviewed the history and definition of healthcare-associated outbreaks of uncommon fungal infections and discussed the principles of investigating, containing and treatment of these outbreaks. RESULTS In case of these uncommon diseases, occurrence of two or more cases in a short period is considered as an outbreak. Contaminated medical devices and hospital environment are the major sources of these outbreaks. Care must be taken to differentiate a real infection from colonization or contamination. Defining and identifying cases, describing epidemiologic feature of cases, finding and controlling the source of the outbreak, treating patients, and managing asymptomatic exposed patients are main steps for outbreak elimination. These fungal outbreaks are not only difficult to detect but also hard to treat. Early initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy is strongly associated with improved outcomes in infected patients. Choice of antifungal drugs should be made based on spectrum, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics and adverse effects of available drugs. Combination antifungal therapy and surgical intervention may be also helpful in selected cases. CONCLUSIONS A multidisciplinary approach and close collaboration between all key partners are necessary for successful control of fungal outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Davoudi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Linda S Graviss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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36
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Abd Elmegeed ASM, Ouf S, Moussa TA, Eltahlawi S. Dermatophytes and other associated fungi in patients attending to some hospitals in Egypt. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:799-805. [PMID: 26413063 PMCID: PMC4568886 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246320140615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that infect keratinized tissues causing diseases known as dermatophytoses. Dermatophytes are classified in three genera, Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton. This investigation was performed to study the prevalence of dermatomycosis among 640 patients being evaluated at the dermatology clinics at Kasr elainy, El-Husein and Said Galal hospitals in Cairo and Giza between January 2005 and December 2006. The patients were checked for various diseases. Tinea capitis was the most common clinical disease followed by tinea pedis and tinea corporis. Tinea cruris and tinea unguium were the least in occurrence. Tinea versicolor also was detected. The most susceptible persons were children below 10 years followed by those aged 31-40 years. Unicellular yeast was the most common etiological agent and T. tonsuranswas the second most frequent causative agent followed by M. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S.A. Ouf
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza,
Egypt
| | - Tarek A.A. Moussa
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza,
Egypt
| | - S.M.R. Eltahlawi
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza,
Egypt
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37
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Udayanga D, Castlebury LA, Rossman AY, Chukeatirote E, Hyde KD. The Diaporthe sojae species complex: Phylogenetic re-assessment of pathogens associated with soybean, cucurbits and other field crops. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:383-407. [PMID: 25937066 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic species of Diaporthe are associated with a number of soybean diseases including seed decay, pod and stem blight and stem canker and lead to considerable crop production losses worldwide. Accurate morphological identification of the species that cause these diseases has been difficult. In this study, we determined the phylogenetic relationships and species boundaries of Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diaporthe sojae and closely related taxa. Species boundaries for this complex were determined based on combined phylogenetic analysis of five gene regions: partial sequences of calmodulin (CAL), beta-tubulin (TUB), histone-3 (HIS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that this large complex of taxa is comprised of soybean pathogens as well as species associated with herbaceous field crops and weeds. Diaporthe arctii, Diaporthe batatas, D. phaseolorum and D. sojae are epitypified. The seed decay pathogen D. longicolla was determined to be distinct from D. sojae. D. phaseolorum, originally associated with stem and leaf blight of Lima bean, was not found to be associated with soybean. A new species, Diaporthe ueckerae on Cucumis melo, is introduced with description and illustrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanushka Udayanga
- Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Lisa A Castlebury
- Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Amy Y Rossman
- Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Ekachai Chukeatirote
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand; Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
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38
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Ma X, Baron JL, Vikram A, Stout JE, Bibby K. Fungal diversity and presence of potentially pathogenic fungi in a hospital hot water system treated with on-site monochloramine. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 71:197-206. [PMID: 25618520 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, our knowledge of fungal ecology in engineered drinking water systems is limited, despite the potential for these systems to serve as a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens. In this study, hot water samples were collected both prior to and following the addition of monochloramine as an on-site disinfectant in a hospital hot water system. Fungal ecology was then analyzed by high throughput sequencing of the fungal ITS1 region. The results demonstrate that the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Peniophora, Cladosporium and Rhodosporidium comprised the core fungal biome of the hospital hot water system. Penicillium dominated the fungal community with an average relative abundance of 88.89% (±6.37%). ITS1 sequences of fungal genera containing potential pathogens such as Aspergillus, Candida, and Fusarium were also detected in this study. No significant change in fungal community structure was observed before and after the initiation of on-site monochloramine water treatment. This work represents the first report of the effects of on-site secondary water disinfection on fungal ecology in premise plumbing system, and demonstrates the necessity of considering opportunistic fungal pathogens during the evaluation of secondary premise plumbing disinfection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Julianne L Baron
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Special Pathogens Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Amit Vikram
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Janet E Stout
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Special Pathogens Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Fungal infections have become one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Despite increased awareness and improved treatment strategies, the frequent development of resistance to the antifungal drugs used in clinical settings contributes to the increasing toll of mycoses. Although a natural phenomenon, antifungal drug resistance can compromise advances in the development of effective diagnostic techniques and novel antifungals. In this review, we will discuss the advent of cellular-micro- arrays, microfluidics, genomics, proteomics and other state-of-the art technologies in conquering antifungal drug resistance.
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40
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41
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Nyilasi I, Kocsubé S, Krizsán K, Galgóczy L, Papp T, Pesti M, Nagy K, Vágvölgyi C. Susceptibility of clinically important dermatophytes against statins and different statin-antifungal combinations. Med Mycol 2014; 52:140-8. [PMID: 24004389 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.828160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of the antifungal activities of drugs whose primary activities are not related to their antimicrobial potential is in the current forefront of research. Statin compounds, which are routinely used as cholesterol-lowering drugs, may also exert direct antimicrobial effects. In this study, the in vitro antifungal activities of various statins (lovastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and pravastatin) were examined against one isolate each of four dermatophyte species (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum). Basically, statins were effective in inhibiting all dermatophyte studied, but were particularly active against M. canis and T. mentagrophytes. Fluvastatin and simvastatin were active against all of the tested fungi causing a complete inhibition of their growth at very low concentrations (6.25-12.5 μg/ml). Lovastatin and rosuvastatin had inhibitory effects at higher concentrations (25-128 μg/ml), while atorvastatin and pravastatin proved the less effective. The in vitro interactions between statins and different antifungals (ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B, nystatin, griseofulvin, terbinafine and primycin) were also investigated using a standard chequerboard broth microdilution method. Synergetic interactions were observed in several cases, most of them were noticed when statins were combined with terbinafine and the different azoles. Some combinations were particularly active (ketoconazole-simvastatin or terbinafine-simvastatin), as they were found to exert synergistic effect against all of the investigated isolates. The other antifungals showed synergistic interactions with statins in only certain cases. These results suggest that statins exert substantial antifungal effects against dermatophyte fungi and they should be promising components in a combination therapy as they can act synergistically with a number of clinically used antifungal agents.
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42
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Pollmächer J, Figge MT. Agent-based model of human alveoli predicts chemotactic signaling by epithelial cells during early Aspergillus fumigatus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111630. [PMID: 25360787 PMCID: PMC4216106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most important human fungal pathogens, causing life-threatening diseases. Since humans inhale hundreds to thousands of fungal conidia every day, the lower respiratory tract is the primary site of infection. Current interaction networks of the innate immune response attribute fungal recognition and detection to alveolar macrophages, which are thought to be the first cells to get in contact with the fungus. At present, these networks are derived from in vitro or in situ assays, as the peculiar physiology of the human lung makes in vivo experiments, including imaging on the cell-level, hard to realize. We implemented a spatio-temporal agent-based model of a human alveolus in order to perform in silico experiments of a virtual infection scenario, for an alveolus infected with A. fumigatus under physiological conditions. The virtual analog captures the three-dimensional alveolar morphology consisting of the two major alveolar epithelial cell types and the pores of Kohn as well as the dynamic process of respiration. To the best of our knowledge this is the first agent-based model of a dynamic human alveolus in the presence of respiration. A key readout of our simulations is the first-passage-time of alveolar macrophages, which is the period of time that elapses until the first physical macrophage-conidium contact is established. We tested for random and chemotactic migration modes of alveolar macrophages and varied their corresponding parameter sets. The resulting first-passage-time distributions imply that randomly migrating macrophages fail to find the conidium before the start of germination, whereas guidance by chemotactic signals derived from the alveolar epithelial cell associated with the fungus enables a secure and successful discovery of the pathogen in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pollmächer
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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43
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Arabatzis M, Abel P, Kanellopoulou M, Adamou D, Alexandrou-Athanasoulis H, Stathi A, Platsouka E, Milioni A, Pangalis A, Velegraki A. Sequence-based identification, genotyping and EUCAST antifungal susceptibilities of Trichosporon clinical isolates from Greece. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:777-83. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Wong JY, Chambers AL, Fuller J, Lacson A, Mullen J, Lien D, Humar A. Successful lung transplant in a child with cystic fibrosis and persistent Blastobotrys rhaffinosifermentans infection. Pediatr Transplant 2014; 18:E169-73. [PMID: 24930454 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungal respiratory infections in patients with CF are a significant concern both pre- and post-lung transplantation (LTx). Fungal infection is associated with increased mortality post-LTx, and in the past decade, the prevalence of fungal colonization in Canadian pediatric patients with CF has increased. The emergence of novel fungal pathogens is particularly challenging to the transplant community, as little is known regarding their virulence and optimal management. We present a case of a successful double-lung transplant in a pediatric patient with CF who was infected pretransplantation with a novel yeast, Blastobotrys rhaffinosifermentans. This patient was treated successfully with aggressive antifungal therapy post-transplantation, followed by extended fungal prophylaxis. The significance of fungal colonization and infection in children with CF pre- and post-LTx is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Wong
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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45
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Min Z, Pappas PG. Target lesions in a neutropenic patient. Intern Emerg Med 2014; 9:593-5. [PMID: 24293213 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-013-1020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaw Min
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allegheny General Hospital, 420 East North Avenue, East Wing, Suite 407, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA,
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46
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Lee MR, Raman N, Gellman SH, Lynn DM, Palecek SP. Hydrophobicity and helicity regulate the antifungal activity of 14-helical β-peptides. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1613-21. [PMID: 24837702 PMCID: PMC4105187 DOI: 10.1021/cb500203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
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Candida albicans is one of the most prevalent
fungal pathogens, causing both mucosal candidiasis and invasive candidemia.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), part of the human innate immune system,
have been shown to exhibit antifungal activity but have not been effective
as pharmaceuticals because of low activity and selectivity in physiologically
relevant environments. Nevertheless, studies on α-peptide AMPs
have revealed key features that can be designed into more stable structures,
such as the 14-helix of β-peptide-based oligomers. Here, we
report on the ways in which two of those features, hydrophobicity
and helicity, govern the activity and selectivity of 14-helical β-peptides
against C. albicans and human red blood cells. Our
results reveal both antifungal activity and hemolysis to correlate
to hydrophobicity, with intermediate levels of hydrophobicity leading
to high antifungal activity and high selectivity toward C.
albicans. Helical structure-forming propensity further influenced
this window of selective antifungal activity, with more stable helical
structures eliciting specificity for C. albicans over
a broader range of hydrophobicity. Our findings also reveal cooperativity
between hydrophobicity and helicity in regulating antifungal activity
and specificity. The results of this study provide critical insight
into the ways in which hydrophobicity and helicity govern the activity
and specificity of AMPs and identify criteria that may be useful for
the design of potent and selective antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Ryul Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Namrata Raman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sean P. Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Rollin-Pinheiro R, Liporagi-Lopes LC, de Meirelles JV, de Souza LM, Barreto-Bergter E. Characterization of Scedosporium apiospermum glucosylceramides and their involvement in fungal development and macrophage functions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98149. [PMID: 24878570 PMCID: PMC4039464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scedosporium apiospermum is an emerging fungal pathogen that causes both localized and disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients. Glucosylceramides (CMH, GlcCer) are the main neutral glycosphingolipids expressed in fungal cells. In this study, glucosylceramides (GlcCer) were extracted and purified in several chromatographic steps. Using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), N-2′-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-1-β-D-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine was identified as the main GlcCer in S. apiospermum. A monoclonal antibody (Mab) against this molecule was used for indirect immunofluorescence experiments, which revealed that this CMH is present on the surface of the mycelial and conidial forms of S. apiospermum. Treatment of S. apiospermum conidia with the Mab significantly reduced fungal growth. In addition, the Mab also enhanced the phagocytosis and killing of S. apiospermum by murine cells. In vitro assays were performed to evaluate the CMHs for their cytotoxic activities against the mammalian cell lines L.929 and RAW, and an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation was observed. Synergistic invitro interactions were observed between the Mab against GlcCer and both amphotericin B (AmB) and itraconazole. Because Scedosporium species develop drug resistance, the number of available antifungal drugs is limited; our data indicate that combining immunotherapy with the available drugs might be a viable treatment option. These results suggest that in S. apiospermum, GlcCer are most likely cell wall components that are targeted by antifungal antibodies, which directly inhibit fungal development and enhance macrophage function; furthermore, these results suggest the combined use of monoclonal antibodies against GlcCer and antifungal drugs for antifungal immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rollin-Pinheiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia Cristina Liporagi-Lopes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jardel Vieira de Meirelles
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lauro M. de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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48
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Deepa AG, Nair BJ, Sivakumar TT, Joseph AP. Uncommon opportunistic fungal infections of oral cavity: A review. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2014; 18:235-43. [PMID: 25328305 PMCID: PMC4196293 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.140765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of opportunistic oral mucosal fungal infections are due to Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus species. Mucor and Cryptococcus also have a major role in causing oral infections, whereas Geotrichum, Fusarium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces and Penicillium marneffei are uncommon pathogens in the oral cavity. The broad spectrum of clinical presentation includes pseudo-membranes, abscesses, ulcers, pustules and extensive tissue necrosis involving bone. This review discusses various uncommon opportunistic fungal infections affecting the oral cavity including their morphology, clinical features and diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- AG Deepa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Vattappara, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Bindu J Nair
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Vattappara, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - TT Sivakumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Vattappara, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Anna P Joseph
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Vattappara, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Banerjee D, Burkard L, Panepinto JC. Inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis potentiates the antifungal activity of amphotericin B. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87246. [PMID: 24498052 PMCID: PMC3907572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyene antifungal agent Amphotericin B exhibits potent and broad spectrum fungicidal activity. However, high nephrotoxicity can hinder its administration in resource poor settings. Quantification of early fungicidal activity in studies of HIV patients with cryptococcosis demonstrate that 5-Fluorocytosine therapy in combination with Amphotericin B results in faster clearance than with Amphotericin B alone. In vitro synergy between the two drugs has also been reported but the mechanism by which 5-Fluorocytosine synergizes with Amphotericin B has not been delineated. In this study we set out to investigate the effect of genetic mutation or pharmacologic repression of de novo pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis pathways on the Amphotericin B susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans. We demonstrate that a ura- derivative of wild type Cryptococcus neoformans strain H99 is hypersensitive to Amphotericin B. This sensitivity is remediated by re-introduction of a wild type URA5 gene, but not by addition of exogenous uracil to supplement the auxotrophy. Repression of guanine biosynthesis by treatment with the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor, mycophenolic acid, was synergistic with Amphotericin B as determined by checkerboard analysis. As in Cryptococcus neoformans, a ura− derivative of Candida albicans was also hypersensitive to Amphotericin B, and treatment of Candida albicans with mycophenolic acid was likewise synergistic with Amphotericin B. In contrast, neither mycophenolic acid nor 5-FC had an effect on the Amphotericin B susceptibility of Aspergillus fumigatus. These studies suggest that pharmacological targeting of nucleotide biosynthesis pathways has potential to lower the effective dose of Amphotericin B for both C. neoformans and C. albicans. Given the requirement of nucleotide and nucleotide sugars for growth and pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans, disrupting nucleotide metabolic pathways might thus be an effective mechanism for the development of novel antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dithi Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren Burkard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - John C. Panepinto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Mehta AK, Langston AA. Use of posaconazole in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 2:619-30. [DOI: 10.1586/ehm.09.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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