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Abstract
Despite significant advances in the field of transplantation in the past two decades, current clinically available therapeutic options for immunomodulation remain fairly limited. The advent of calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppression has led to significant success in improving short-term graft survival; however, improvements in long-term graft survival have stalled. Solid organ transplantation provides a unique opportunity for immunomodulation of both the donor organ prior to implantation and the recipient post transplantation. Furthermore, therapies beyond targeting the adaptive immune system have the potential to ameliorate ischemic injury to the allograft and halt its aging process, augment its repair, and promote recipient immune tolerance. Other recent advances include expanding the donor pool by reducing organ discard, and bioengineering and genetically modifying organs from other species to generate transplantable organs. Therapies discussed here will likely be most impactful if individualized on the basis of specific donor and recipient considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Husain
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
- Duke Transplant Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Salloum A, Bazzi N, Squires S, Chu T, Benedetto P, Benedetto A. Comparing the application of various engineered xenografts for skin defects: A systematic review. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:921-931. [PMID: 36409467 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xenografts are a now a cornerstone in the management of wound dressings. Promising results were achieved since 1960 in the application of skin substitute for skin defects. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of various xenografts. METHODS A literature research was conducted using the following query: 'Porcine skin dermatology substitute', 'bovine skin dermatology substitute', 'xenograft skin substitute dermatology', 'xenografts skin defect', 'porcine skin defect', 'bovine skin defect'. RESULTS The review yielded 35 articles pertaining to the topic. Main indications for porcine and bovine xenograft application were burn wounds and post-traumatic wounds, respectively. Mean discharge date or length of stay was at the 6th day after porcine application, and the time of graft healing was reported for 33.7% (n = 510) of patients. Promising results were seen with Matriderm and split-thickness skin graft. Most wounds achieved an excellent cosmetic result with full range of motion and a smooth contour appearance. A great variety of tissue substitutes exist, and the choice of graft application should depend on a patient's factors, product availability, wound type, size, and physician's factors. CONCLUSION In summary, xenografts are more economic and affordable but have higher risk of infections compared to allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Salloum
- Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nagham Bazzi
- Lebanese University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Thomas Chu
- East Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul Benedetto
- Dermatologic Surgicenter, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Westin, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony Benedetto
- Dermatologic Surgicenter, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kreft L, Schepers A, Hils M, Swiontek K, Flatley A, Janowski R, Mirzaei MK, Dittmar M, Chakrapani N, Desai MS, Eyerich S, Deng L, Niessing D, Fischer K, Feederle R, Blank S, Schmidt-Weber CB, Hilger C, Biedermann T, Ohnmacht C. A novel monoclonal IgG1 antibody specific for Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose questions alpha-Gal epitope expression by bacteria. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958952. [PMID: 35990627 PMCID: PMC9391071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha-Gal epitope (α-Gal) with the determining element galactose-α1,3-galactose can lead to clinically relevant allergic reactions and rejections in xenotransplantation. These immune reactions can develop because humans are devoid of this carbohydrate due to evolutionary loss of the enzyme α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1). In addition, up to 1% of human IgG antibodies are directed against α-Gal, but the stimulus for the induction of anti-α-Gal antibodies is still unclear. Commensal bacteria have been suggested as a causal factor for this induction as α-Gal binding tools such as lectins were found to stain cultivated bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract. Currently available tools for the detection of the definite α-Gal epitope, however, are cross-reactive, or have limited affinity and, hence, offer restricted possibilities for application. In this study, we describe a novel monoclonal IgG1 antibody (27H8) specific for the α-Gal epitope. The 27H8 antibody was generated by immunization of Ggta1 knockout mice and displays a high affinity towards synthetic and naturally occurring α-Gal in various applications. Using this novel tool, we found that intestinal bacteria reported to be α-Gal positive cannot be stained with 27H8 questioning whether commensal bacteria express the native α-Gal epitope at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Kreft
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aloys Schepers
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Hils
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kyra Swiontek
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andrew Flatley
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert Janowski
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mohammadali Khan Mirzaei
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Prevention of Microbial Diseases, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Dittmar
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Neera Chakrapani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mahesh S. Desai
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Eyerich
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Li Deng
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Prevention of Microbial Diseases, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dierk Niessing
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Fischer
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simon Blank
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carsten B. Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Hilger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Caspar Ohnmacht
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Caspar Ohnmacht,
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Wiater J, Samiec M, Wartalski K, Smorąg Z, Jura J, Słomski R, Skrzyszowska M, Romek M. Characterization of Mono- and Bi-Transgenic Pig-Derived Epidermal Keratinocytes Expressing Human FUT2 and GLA Genes-In Vitro Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9683. [PMID: 34575846 PMCID: PMC8469251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pig-to-human xenotransplantation seems to be the response to the contemporary shortage of tissue/organ donors. Unfortunately, the phylogenetic distance between pig and human implies hyperacute xenograft rejection. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that combining expression of human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (hFUT2) and α-galactosidase A (hGLA) genes would allow for removal of this obstacle in porcine transgenic epidermal keratinocytes (PEKs). We sought to determine not only the expression profiles of recombinant human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (rhα1,2-FT) and α-galactosidase A (rhα-Gal A) proteins, but also the relative abundance (RA) of Galα1→3Gal epitopes in the PEKs stemming from not only hFUT2 or hGLA single-transgenic and hFUT2×hGLA double-transgenic pigs. Our confocal microscopy and Western blotting analyses revealed that both rhα1,2-FT and rhα-Gal A enzymes were overabundantly expressed in respective transgenic PEK lines. Moreover, the semiquantitative levels of Galα1→3Gal epitope that were assessed by lectin fluorescence and lectin blotting were found to be significantly diminished in each variant of genetically modified PEK line as compared to those observed in the control nontransgenic PEKs. Notably, the bi-transgenic PEKs were characterized by significantly lessened (but still detectable) RAs of Galα1→3Gal epitopes as compared to those identified for both types of mono-transgenic PEK lines. Additionally, our current investigation showed that the coexpression of two protective transgenes gave rise to enhanced abrogation of Galα→3Gal epitopes in hFUT2×hGLA double-transgenic PEKs. To summarize, detailed estimation of semiquantitative profiles for human α-1,2-FT and α-Gal A proteins followed by identification of the extent of abrogating the abundance of Galα1→3Gal epitopes in the ex vivo expanded PEKs stemming from mono- and bi-transgenic pigs were found to be a sine qua non condition for efficiently ex situ protecting stable lines of skin-derived somatic cells inevitable in further studies. The latter is due to be focused on determining epigenomic reprogrammability of single- or double-transgenic cell nuclei inherited from adult cutaneous keratinocytes in porcine nuclear-transferred oocytes and corresponding cloned embryos. To our knowledge, this concept was shown to represent a completely new approach designed to generate and multiply genetically transformed pigs by somatic cell cloning for the needs of reconstructive medicine and dermoplasty-mediated tissue engineering of human integumentary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Wiater
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (J.W.); (K.W.)
| | - Marcin Samiec
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Kamil Wartalski
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (J.W.); (K.W.)
| | - Zdzisław Smorąg
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Jacek Jura
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 Street, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-647 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria Skrzyszowska
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Marek Romek
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Wiater J, Samiec M, Skrzyszowska M, Lipiński D. Trichostatin A-Assisted Epigenomic Modulation Affects the Expression Profiles of Not Only Recombinant Human α1,2-Fucosyltransferase and α-Galactosidase A Enzymes But Also Galα1→3Gal Epitopes in Porcine Bi-Transgenic Adult Cutaneous Fibroblast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1386. [PMID: 33573215 PMCID: PMC7866526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore whether trichostatin A-assisted epigenomic modulation (TSA-EM) can affect the expression of not only recombinant human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (rhα1,2-FT) and α-galactosidase A (rhα-Gal A) immune system enzymes but also Galα1→3Gal epitopes in ex vivo proliferating adult cutaneous fibroblast cells (ACFCs) derived from hFUT2×hGLA bi-transgenic pigs that had been produced for the needs of future xenotransplantation efforts. The ACFC lines were treated with 50 nM TSA for 24 h and then the expression profiles of rhα1,2-FT and rhα-Gal A enzymes were analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The expression profiles of the Galα1→3Gal epitope were determined by lectin blotting and lectin fluorescence. The ACFCs derived from non-transgenic (nTG) pigs were served as the negative (TSA-) and positive (TSA+) control groups. For both hFUT2×hGLA and nTG samples, the expression levels of α1,2-FT and α-Gal A proteins in TSA+ cells were more than twofold higher in comparison to TSA- cells. Moreover, a much lower expression of the Galα1→3Gal epitopes was shown in TSA- hFUT2×hGLA cells as compared to the TSA- nTG group. Interestingly, the levels of Galα1→3Gal expression in TSA-treated hFUT2×hGLA and nTG ACFCs were significantly higher than those noticed for their TSA-untreated counterparts. Summing up, ex vivo protection of effectively selected bi-transgenic ACFC lines, in which TSA-dependent epigenetic transformation triggered the enhancements in reprogrammability and subsequent expression of hFUT2 and hGLA transgenes and their corresponding transcripts, allows for cryopreservation of nuclear donor cells, nuclear-transferred female gametes, and resultant porcine cloned embryos. The latter can be used as a cryogenically conserved genetic resource of biological materials suitable for generation of bi-transgenic cloned offspring in pigs that is targeted at biomedical research in the field of cell/tissue xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Wiater
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Samiec
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland;
| | - Maria Skrzyszowska
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland;
| | - Daniel Lipiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-647 Poznań, Poland;
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Smood B, Hara H, Schoel LJ, Cooper DKC. Genetically-engineered pigs as sources for clinical red blood cell transfusion: What pathobiological barriers need to be overcome? Blood Rev 2019; 35:7-17. [PMID: 30711308 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An alternative to human red blood cells (RBCs) for clinical transfusion would be advantageous, particularly in situations of massive acute blood loss (where availability and compatibility are limited) or chronic hematologic diseases requiring frequent transfusions (resulting in alloimmunization). Ideally, any alternative must be neither immunogenic nor pathogenic, but readily available, inexpensive, and physiologically effective. Pig RBCs (pRBCs) provide a promising alternative due to their several similarities with human RBCs, and our increasing ability to genetically-modify pigs to reduce cellular immunogenicity. We briefly summarize the history of xenotransfusion, the progress that has been made in recent years, and the remaining barriers. These barriers include prevention of (i) human natural antibody binding to pRBCs, (ii) their phagocytosis by macrophages, and (iii) the T cell adaptive immune response (in the absence of exogenous immunosuppressive therapy). Although techniques of genetic engineering have advanced in recent years, novel methods to introduce human transgenes into pRBCs (which do not have nuclei) will need to be developed before clinical trials can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Smood
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Leah J Schoel
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David K C Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Elder S, Chenault H, Gloth P, Webb K, Recinos R, Wright E, Moran D, Butler J, Borazjani A, Cooley A. Effects of antigen removal on a porcine osteochondral xenograft for articular cartilage repair. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2251-2260. [PMID: 29577591 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Given the limited availability of fresh osteochondral allografts and uncertainty regarding performance of decellularized allografts, this study was undertaken as part of an effort to develop an osteochondral xenograft for articular cartilage repair. The purpose was to evaluate a simple antigen removal procedure based mainly on treatment with SDS and nucleases. Histology demonstrated a preservation of collagenous structure and removal of most nuclei. Immunohistochemistry revealed the apparent retention of α-Gal within osteocyte lacunae unless the tissue underwent an additional α-galactosidase processing step. Cytoplasmic protein was completely removed as shown by Western blot. Quantitatively, the antigen removal protocol was found to extract approximately 90% of DNA from cartilage and bone, and it extracted over 80% of glycosaminoglycan from cartilage. Collagen content was not affected. Mechanical testing of cartilage and bone were performed separately, in addition to testing the cartilage-bone interface, and the main effect of antigen removal was an increase in cartilage hydraulic permeability. In vivo immunogenicity was assessed by subcutaneous implantation into DBA/1 J mice, and the response was typical of a foreign body rather than immune reaction. Thus, an osteochondral xenograft produced as described has the potential for further development into a treatment for osteochondral lesions in the human knee. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2251-2260, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Elder
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Hudson Chenault
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Paul Gloth
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Katie Webb
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Ruth Recinos
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Emily Wright
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Dalton Moran
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - James Butler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Avery Cooley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
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Cooper DKC. Modifying the sugar icing on the transplantation cake. Glycobiology 2016; 26:571-81. [PMID: 26935763 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a transplant surgeon, my interest in glycobiology began through my research into ABO-incompatible allotransplantation, and grew when my goal became overcoming the shortage of organs from deceased human donors by the transplantation of pig organs into patients with terminal organ failure (xenotransplantation/cross-species transplantation). The major target for human "natural" (preformed) anti-pig antibodies is galactose-α(1,3)-galactose (the "Gal" epitope), which is expressed on many pig cells, including the vascular endothelium. The binding of human IgM and IgG antibodies to Gal antigens initiates the process of hyperacute rejection, resulting in destruction of the pig graft within minutes or hours. This major barrier has been overcome by the production of pigs in which the gene for the enzyme α(1,3)-galactosyltransferase (GT) has been deleted by genetic engineering, resulting in GT knockout (GTKO) pigs. The two other known carbohydrate antigenic targets on pig cells for human anti-pig antibodies are (i) the product of the cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene, i.e., N-glycolylneuraminic acid, and (ii) the product of the β1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase gene, i.e., the Sd(a) antigen. Expression of these two has also been deleted in pigs. These genetic manipulations, together with others directed to overcoming primate complement and coagulation activation (the latter of which also relates to glycobiology) have contributed to the prolongation of pig graft survival in nonhuman primate recipients to many months rather than a few minutes. Clinical trials of the transplantation of pig cells are already underway and transplantation of pig organs may be expected within the relatively near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kim YW, Kim KJ, Hwang CH, Kim YG. A solid-phase screening method for identification of glycan-binding cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Yilmaz B, Portugal S, Tran TM, Gozzelino R, Ramos S, Gomes J, Regalado A, Cowan PJ, d'Apice AJF, Chong AS, Doumbo OK, Traore B, Crompton PD, Silveira H, Soares MP. Gut microbiota elicits a protective immune response against malaria transmission. Cell 2015; 159:1277-89. [PMID: 25480293 PMCID: PMC4261137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation processes are under high natural selection pressure, presumably because these can modulate resistance to infection. Here, we asked whether inactivation of the UDP-galactose:β-galactoside-α1-3-galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT) gene, which ablated the expression of the Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R (α-gal) glycan and allowed for the production of anti-α-gal antibodies (Abs) in humans, confers protection against Plasmodium spp. infection, the causative agent of malaria and a major driving force in human evolution. We demonstrate that both Plasmodium spp. and the human gut pathobiont E. coli O86:B7 express α-gal and that anti-α-gal Abs are associated with protection against malaria transmission in humans as well as in α1,3GT-deficient mice, which produce protective anti-α-gal Abs when colonized by E. coli O86:B7. Anti-α-gal Abs target Plasmodium sporozoites for complement-mediated cytotoxicity in the skin, immediately after inoculation by Anopheles mosquitoes. Vaccination against α-gal confers sterile protection against malaria in mice, suggesting that a similar approach may reduce malaria transmission in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Silvia Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook II, Room 125, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852-8180, USA
| | - Tuan M Tran
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook II, Room 125, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852-8180, USA
| | - Raffaella Gozzelino
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Susana Ramos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joana Gomes
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; Centro de Malaria e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Regalado
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Peter J Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 2900, Australia
| | - Anthony J F d'Apice
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 2900, Australia
| | - Anita S Chong
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Mali International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, 1805 Bamako, Mali
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Mali International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, 1805 Bamako, Mali
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook II, Room 125, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852-8180, USA
| | - Henrique Silveira
- Centro de Malaria e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel P Soares
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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Zeyland J, Lipiński D, Słomski R. The current state of xenotransplantation. J Appl Genet 2014; 56:211-8. [PMID: 25487710 PMCID: PMC4412840 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pigs as a source of grafts for xenotransplantation can help to overcome the rapidly growing shortage of human donors. However, in the case of pig-to-human transplantation, the antibody-xenoantigen complexes lead to the complement activation and immediate hyperacute rejection. Methods eliminating hyperacute rejection (HAR) include α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) inactivation, regulation of the complement system and modification of the oligosaccharide structure of surface proteins. The humoral immune response control and reduction of the risk of coagulation disorders are the priority tasks in attempts to overcome acute humoral xenograft rejection that may occur after the elimination of HAR. The primary targets for research are connected with the identification of obstacles and development of strategies to tackle them. Because of the magnitude of factors involved in the immune, genetic engineers face a serious problem of producing multitransgenic animals in the shortest possible time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poland,
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Zeyland J, Woźniak A, Gawrońska B, Juzwa W, Jura J, Nowak A, Słomski R, Smorąg Z, Szalata M, Mazurek U, Lipiński D. Double transgenic pigs with combined expression of human α1,2-fucosyltransferase and α-galactosidase designed to avoid hyperacute xenograft rejection. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:411-22. [PMID: 24554032 PMCID: PMC4164832 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hyperacute rejection (HAR) depends on the response of xenoreactive antibodies principally against porcine α-Gal epitope. Methods eliminating HAR include GGTA1 inactivation, regulation of the complement system and modification of the oligosaccharide structure of surface proteins in donor's cells. Transgenic animals designed for the purpose of xenotransplantation with single modification do not display full reduction of the α-Gal epitope level, which means that a accumulation of several modifications in one transgenic individual is needed. The aim of the study was to create a molecular and cytogenetic profile of a double transgenic animal with α1,2-fucosyltransferase and α-galactosidase expression. As a result of interbreeding of an individual with α1,2-fucosyltransferase expression with an individual with α-galactosidase expression 12 living piglets were obtained. PCR revealed the pCMVFUT gene construct was present in four individuals and pGAL-GFPBsd in three, including one with a confirmed integration of both the gene constructs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the site of transgene integration, which corresponded to the mapping site of the transgenes which occurred in the parental generations. Karyotype analysis did not show any changes in the structure or the number of chromosomes (2n = 38, XX). As for the results pertaining to the single transgenic individuals, expression analysis demonstrated a high extent of α-Gal epitope level reduction on the surface of cells, whereas human serum cytotoxicity tests revealed the smallest decrease in longevity of cells in the obtained double transgenic individual (4.35 %). The tests suggest that the co-expression of both the transgenes leads to a considerable reduction of the α-Gal antigen level on the surface of cells and a decrease of xenotransplant immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznan, Poland,
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Lim HG, Choi SY, Yoon EJ, Kim SH, Kim YJ. In VivoEfficacy of Alpha-Galactosidase as Possible Promise for Prolonged Durability of Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Using Alpha1,3-Galactosyltransferase Knockout Mouse. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2339-48. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gook Lim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Choi
- Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Yoon
- Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hwan Kim
- Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zeyland J, Gawrońska B, Juzwa W, Jura J, Nowak A, Słomski R, Smorąg Z, Szalata M, Woźniak A, Lipiński D. Transgenic pigs designed to express human α-galactosidase to avoid humoral xenograft rejection. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:293-303. [PMID: 23780397 PMCID: PMC3720986 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The use of animals as a source of organs and tissues for xenotransplantation can overcome the growing shortage of human organ donors. However, the presence of xenoreactive antibodies in humans directed against swine Gal antigen present on the surface of xenograft donor cells leads to the complement activation and immediate xenograft rejection as a consequence of hyperacute reaction. To prevent hyperacute rejection, it is possible to change the swine genome by a human gene modifying the set of donor’s cell surface proteins. The gene construct pGal-GFPBsd containing the human gene encoding α-galactosidase enzyme under the promoter of EF-1α elongation factor ensuring systemic expression was introduced by microinjection into a male pronucleus of the fertilised porcine oocyte. As a result, the founder male pig was obtained with the transgene mapping to chromosome 11p12. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed and the Southern analysis confirmed transgene integration estimating the approximate number of transgene copies as 16. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a reduction in the level of epitope Gal on the cell surface of cells isolated from F0 and F1 transgenic animals. The complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay showed increased viability of the transgenic cells in comparison with the wild-type, which confirmed the protective influence of α-galactosidase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznan, Poland.
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15
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Min BJ, Kim YJ, Choi JW, Choi SY, Kim SH, Lim HG. Histologic Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Bovine Pericardium Treated with Decellularization and α-Galactosidase: A Comparative Study. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2012; 45:368-79. [PMID: 23275919 PMCID: PMC3530721 DOI: 10.5090/kjtcs.2012.45.6.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Bioprostheses for cardiovascular surgery have limitations in their use following as calicification. α-galactosidase epitope is known as a stimulant of immune response and then shows a progressing calcification. The objective of this study was to evaluate histologic characteristics and mechanical properties of decellularization and treated with α-galactosidase. Materials and Methods Bovine pericardial tissues were allocated into three groups: fixation only with glutaraldehyde, decellularization with sodium dodesyl sulfate and decellularization plus treatment with α-galactosidase. We confirmed immunohistological characteristics and mechanical properties as fatigue test, permeability test, compliance test, tensile strength (strain) test and thermal stability test. Results Decellularization and elimination of α-gal were confirmed through immunohistologic findings. Decellularization had decreased mechanical properties compared to fixation only group in permeability (before fatigue test p=0.02, after fatigue test p=0.034), compliance (after fatigue test p=0.041), and tensile strength test (p=0.00). The group of decellularization plus treatment with α-galactosidase had less desirable mechanical properties than the group of decellularization in concerns of permeability (before fatigue test p=0.043) and strain test (p=0.001). Conclusion Favorable decellularization and elimination of α-gal were obtained in this study through immunohistologic findings. However, those treatment including decellularization and elimination of α-gal implied the decreased mechanical properties in specific ways. We need more study to complete appropriate ioprosthesis with decellularization and elimination of α-gal including favorable mechanical properties too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Ju Min
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
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Russo D, Clavenzani P, Sorteni C, Bo Minelli L, Botti M, Gazza F, Panu R, Ragionieri L, Chiocchetti R. Neurochemical features of boar lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion neurons and characterization of sensory neurons innervating the urinary bladder trigone. J Comp Neurol 2012; 521:342-66. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Cooper DK, Hara H, Yazer M. Genetically Engineered Pigs as a Source for Clinical Red Blood Cell Transfusion. Clin Lab Med 2010; 30:365-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Park S, Kim WH, Choi SY, Kim YJ. Removal of alpha-Gal epitopes from porcine aortic valve and pericardium using recombinant human alpha galactosidase A. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:1126-31. [PMID: 19949670 PMCID: PMC2775862 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.6.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that the immune response due to alpha-Gal epitopes is an important factor in tissue valve failure. The elimination of the interaction between the natural anti-Gal antibodies and alpha-gal epitopes on the xenografts is a prerequisite to the success of xenografts in humans. Previously, we reported that the green coffee bean alpha-galactosidase could remove all alpha-Gal epitopes from cell surface of porcine aortic valve and pericardial tissue, but it has limitations on cost effectiveness. In this study we wanted to know whether the recently produced recombinant human alpha-galactosidase A has the same effective enzymatic activity as green coffee bean alpha-galactosidase in removing alpha-Gal epitopes from the same tissues. After treating fresh porcine aortic valve and pericardial tissue with recombinant alpha-galactosidase A, each sample was stained with Griffonia simplicifolia type I isolectin B4 indirect immunoperoxidase avidin-biotin technique. We then examined whether the alpha-Gal epitopes were reduced or abolished in each consecutive concentration of recombinant alpha-galactosidase A by comparing the degree of the Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 staining. As a result, the recombinant alpha-galactosidase A could remove cell surface alpha-Gals on porcine aortic valve and pericardial tissue as effectively as green coffee bean alpha-galactosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongsik Park
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Dankook University Hospital, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Woong-Han Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Liu QP, Yuan H, Bennett EP, Levery SB, Nudelman E, Spence J, Pietz G, Saunders K, White T, Olsson ML, Henrissat B, Sulzenbacher G, Clausen H. Identification of a GH110 subfamily of alpha 1,3-galactosidases: novel enzymes for removal of the alpha 3Gal xenotransplantation antigen. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8545-54. [PMID: 18227066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In search of alpha-galactosidases with improved kinetic properties for removal of the immunodominant alpha1,3-linked galactose residues of blood group B antigens, we recently identified a novel prokaryotic family of alpha-galactosidases (CAZy GH110) with highly restricted substrate specificity and neutral pH optimum (Liu, Q. P., Sulzenbacher, G., Yuan, H., Bennett, E. P., Pietz, G., Saunders, K., Spence, J., Nudelman, E., Levery, S. B., White, T., Neveu, J. M., Lane, W. S., Bourne, Y., Olsson, M. L., Henrissat, B., and Clausen, H. (2007) Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 454-464). One member of this family from Bacteroides fragilis had exquisite substrate specificity for the branched blood group B structure Galalpha1-3(Fucalpha1-2)Gal, whereas linear oligosaccharides terminated by alpha1,3-linked galactose such as the immunodominant xenotransplantation epitope Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc did not serve as substrates. Here we demonstrate the existence of two distinct subfamilies of GH110 in B. fragilis and thetaiotaomicron strains. Members of one subfamily have exclusive specificity for the branched blood group B structures, whereas members of a newly identified subfamily represent linkage specific alpha1,3-galactosidases that act equally well on both branched blood group B and linear alpha1,3Gal structures. We determined by one-dimensional (1)H NMR spectroscopy that GH110 enzymes function with an inverting mechanism, which is in striking contrast to all other known alpha-galactosidases that use a retaining mechanism. The novel GH110 subfamily offers enzymes with highly improved performance in enzymatic removal of the immunodominant alpha3Gal xenotransplantation epitope.
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Abstract
The first blood transfusions in humans were xenotransfusions, carried out by Jean-Baptiste Denis beginning in 1667. Richard Lower, Matthäus Purmann and Georges Mercklin also experimented with the use of animal blood for transfusion until this practice was forbidden in 1670, after the death of one of Denis's patients. In the middle of the 19th century, xenotransfusion was rescued from oblivion by the work of Pierre Cyprien Oré. Franz Gesellius and Oscar Hasse fervently defended xenotransfusion, but Emil Ponfick and Leonard Landois stressed the potentially harmful effects of inter-species transfusion from 1874 onward. Xenotransfusion was abandoned completely following the discovery of blood groups by Karl Landsteiner in 1900. From 2000, because of progress in xenotransplantation and the need of blood supply, xenotransfusion is again being considered. Pigs are the best potential donors. The development of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pigs has overcome the first hurdle to xenotransfusion. The main obstacle to porcine red blood cell transfusion is now the cellular response involving macrophages or natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise A Roux
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immuno-Endocrinology, INRA, Nantes School of Veterinary Medicine, Nantes Cedex, France
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Feng G, Yangpei Z, Yanjun J, Yingli W, Yingxia T, Shuguang T. Down-regulation of αGal epitopes by co-transfection of α1,3-galactosidase gene and α1,2-fucosyltransferase gene. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02899642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The rejection caused by the presence of Galalpha1,3Gal (Gal) on the pig vascular endothelium and of natural anti-Gal antibodies in human blood has recently been prevented by the breeding of pigs that do not express Gal, achieved by knocking out the gene for the enzyme, alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase. However, prior to the introduction of nuclear transfer/embryo transfer techniques, a major effort was directed towards reducing Gal expression on pig cells by other methods, such as by cleaving Gal from the underlying substrate, or replacing Gal with an alternative, innocuous oligosaccharide by a process that has been termed 'competitive glycosylation'. Gal has been cleaved by alpha-galactosidase or endo-beta-galactosidase C. Competitive glycosylation has largely targeted replacement of Gal by insertion of a gene for a fucosyltransferase or a sialyltransferase, or by insertions of the gene for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III to reduce cell-surface expression of several oligosaccharides. The results of these approaches to render the pig cells less immunogenic to the human immune system are summarized. With regard to the problem provided by Gal expression, the above approaches may be considered by some to be largely obsolete, but the principles underlying them may prove valuable when other antigen targets for human antibodies are definitively identified, if these prove to be carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ezzelarab
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Yu L, Miao H, Guo L. Effect of RNA interference on Gal alpha 1,3 Gal expression in PIEC cells. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:235-43. [PMID: 15812240 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation from pigs to human beings is viewed as a potential solution for the acute organ shortage. However, consequent xenorejection induced by Gal alpha 1,3 Gal (a Gal, Gal antigen) prevents xenotransplantation from clinical application. Thus, the most attracting attempt to prevent xenorejection is the elimination of Gal. Our study suggested that compared with the human alpha 1,2 fucosyltransferase (FT) gene and the porcine antisense alpha 1,3 galactosyltransferase gene, sequence-specific siRNA targeting Gal was capable of suppressing Gal expression markedly, and therefore, significantly inhibiting xenoreactivity and the complement activation with human serum in PIEC cells. We also demonstrated the concordant inhibitory effect of siRNA and the human FT gene on Gal and corresponding functions, which implied a practical significance of combined transgenic strategy. The successful application of vector-based dsRNA-GT may extend the list of available modalities in the abrogation of xenorejection in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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24
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Yu L, Miao H, Guo L. Effect of RNA interference on Gal alpha 1,3 Gal expression in PIEC cells. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:180-8. [PMID: 15767784 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation from pig to human being is viewed as a potential solution for the acute organ shortage. However, consequent xenorejection induced by Gal alpha 1,3 Gal (Gal, Gal antigen) prevents xenotransplantation from clinical application. Thus, the most attracting attempt to prevent xenorejection is the elimination of Gal. Our study suggested that compared with the human alpha 1,2 fucosyltransferase (FT) gene and porcine antisense alpha 1,3 galactosyltransferase gene, sequence-specific siRNA targeting Gal were capable of suppressing Gal expression markedly, and therefore, significantly inhibiting xenoreactivity and the complement activation with human serum in PIEC cells. We also demonstrated the concordant inhibitory effect of siRNA and human FT gene on Gal and corresponding functions, which implied a practical significance of combined transgenic strategy. The successful application of vector-based dsRNA-GT may extend the list of available modalities in the abrogation of xenorejection in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Yu
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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25
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Bogen O, Dreger M, Gillen C, Schröder W, Hucho F. Identification of versican as an isolectin B4-binding glycoprotein from mammalian spinal cord tissue. FEBS J 2005; 272:1090-102. [PMID: 15720384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptors are specialized nerve fibers that transmit noxious pain stimuli to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. A subset of nociceptors, the nonpeptidergic C-fibers, is characterized by its reactivity for the plant isolectin B4 (IB4) from Griffonia simplicifolia. The molecular nature of the IB4-reactive glycoconjugate, although used as a neuroanatomical marker for more than a decade, has remained unknown. We here present data which strongly suggest that a splice variant of the extracellular matrix proteoglycan versican is the IB4-reactive glycoconjugate associated with these nociceptors. We isolated (by subcellular fractionation and IB4 affinity chromatography) a glycoconjugate from porcine spinal cord tissue that migrated in SDS/PAGE as a single distinct protein band at an apparent molecular mass of > 250 kDa. By using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, we identified this glycoconjugate unambiguously as a V2-like variant of versican. Moreover, we demonstrate that the IB4-reactive glycoconjugate and the versican variant can be co-released from spinal cord membranes by hyaluronidase, and that the IB4-reactive glycoconjugate and the versican variant can be co-precipitated by an anti-versican immunoglobulin and perfectly co-migrate in SDS/PAGE. Our findings shed new light on the role of the extracellular matrix, which is thought to be involved in plastic changes underlying pain-related phenomena such as hyperalgesia and allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bogen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie-Biochemie, Thielallee, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Doucet J, Gao ZH, MacLaren LA, McAlister VC. Modification of xenoantigens on porcine erythrocytes for xenotransfusion. Surgery 2004; 135:178-86. [PMID: 14739853 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2003.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problems of supply and disease transmission with blood transfusion may be controlled by the use of an isolated animal donor pool. However, porcine erythrocytes (PRBCs) usually are destroyed rapidly by preformed antibodies in human serum. We examined the impact on PRBC antigenicity by the removal of cell membrane alpha-gal(1-3)beta-galGlcNac epitopes (called alpha-gal) and chemical masking of other xenoantigens. METHODS From porcine "low expressors" of alpha-gal, PRBCs were subjected to (1) enzymatic removal of membrane alpha-gal with alpha-galactosidase, (2) covalent attachment of cyanuric acid-linked methoxypolyethylene glycol, or (3) both processes. PRBC integrity was assessed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, osmotic fragility, and determination of oximetric p50. The effects of treatment were measured by hemagglutination, complement fixation, flow cytometric assay of immunoglobulin G/M binding, and clinical cross-match testing to human sera. RESULTS Cyanuric acid-linked methoxypolyethylene glycol reduced hemagglutination titers moderately, although alpha-galactosidase treatment reduced hemagglutination titers to levels similar to negative controls. The combination of the treatments was most effective, by the reduction of binding of human immunoglobulin M by 61% compared with controls. RBC morphologic condition, stability, and p50 values were maintained. Clinically used cross-match tests between PRBCs and human sera demonstrated increased compatibility. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that strategies to remove or mask xenoantigens on PRBCs reduce antigenicity sufficiently to allow in vitro cross-match compatibility to human sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Doucet
- Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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27
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Eckermann JM, Buhler LH, Zhu A, Dor FJMF, Awwad M, Cooper DKC. Initial investigation of the potential of modified porcine erythrocytes for transfusion in primates. Xenotransplantation 2004; 11:18-26. [PMID: 14962289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2004.00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a shortage of human blood for transfusion. The possibility of using alpha-galactosidase-treated pig red blood cells (pRBCs) for transfusion into humans has been investigated. pRBCs were treated in vitro with alpha-galactosidase. In vitro binding of antibodies (Abs) in baboon or human sera to untreated/treated pRBCs was assessed by flow cytometry and serum cytotoxicity. In vivo clearance rates of (1) autologous baboon red blood cells (RBCs), (2) unmodified pRBCs, and (3) alpha-galactosidase-treated pRBCs were measured after transfusion into baboons receiving either no treatment or depletion of complement +/- depletion of anti-Gal alpha 1-3Gal (Gal) Ab or of macrophage phagocytes. In vitro binding of baboon or human Abs to treated pRBCs was absent or minimal compared with untreated pRBCs, and serum cytotoxicity was completely inhibited. In vivo autologous baboon RBCs survived for >16 days and unmodified pRBCs for <15 min in an untreated baboon. Treated pRBCs survived for 2 h in an untreated baboon, for 24 h in a complement-depleted baboon, and for 72 h when the baboon was depleted of both complement and anti-Gal Ab, or of complement and macrophage phagocytes. All baboons, however, became sensitized to Gal antigens. Failure to prolong the in vivo survival of treated pRBCs could be due to inadequate removal of Gal epitopes because sensitization to Gal developed, or could imply other, as yet unidentified, causes for RBC destruction. To fully assess the potential of pRBC transfusion in humans, more complete alpha-galactosidase treatment of pRBCs will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Eckermann
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Luo Y, Levy G, Garcia BM, Yang H, Phillips J, Noble L, Chakrabarti S, Grant D, Zhong R. Ex vivo and extracorporeal perfusion with hDAF pig kidneys. Xenotransplantation 2003; 10:410-21. [PMID: 12950984 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2003.02050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine whether human decay accelerating factor (hDAF) transgene would prevent hyperacute rejection (HAR) while perfused with human blood or extracorporeally in baboons. Four hDAF pig kidneys and three non-hDAF pig kidneys were perfused ex vivo with fresh human blood for 6 h. Additionally four hDAF pig kidneys and four non-hDAF pig kidneys were extracorporeally perfused in baboons and pigs, respectively, for 3 h. In ex vivo perfusion, the color of hDAF pig kidneys remained pink at the end of 6-h perfusion and they had normal histology, while non-hDAF kidneys developed HAR. HDAF pig kidneys had superior function over non-transgenic pig kidneys. Urine output was 17.31 +/- 3.70 ml/h for hDAF pig kidneys, and only 5.81 +/- 0.26 ml/h for non-hDAF kidneys (P < 0.05). Creatinine clearance was 1.16 +/- 1.24 ml/min for hDAF kidneys and 0.22 +/- 0.15 ml/min for non-hDAF kidneys (P < 0.05). Other functional data including potassium, urine specific density, and osmolality were normal in the hDAF kidneys, while in non-hDAF kidneys, serum potassium was elevated to over 9 mmol/l by the end of perfusion (P < 0.01). Non-hDAF kidneys also lost more sodium through urine than hDAF kidneys (173.67 +/- 14.05 mmol/l vs. 109 +/- 31 mmol/l, P < 0.05). In the extracorporeal perfusion, all the baboons tolerated the procedure well with normal hemodynamic and hemotologic profiles. These baboons were well until killed 42 to 56 days after perfusion, although their antiporcine antibodies were greatly elevated. We conclude that hDAF transgene protects against HAR, allowing the pig kidney to function normally while perfused with human blood, and that extracorporeal perfusion using hDAF pig kidneys is a safe procedure in baboons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigang Luo
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Sheikh S, Parhar R, Al‐Mohanna F. Rapid static adhesion of human naïve neutrophil to naïve xenoendothelium under physiologic flow is independent of Galα1,3‐gal structures. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.6.932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sajila Sheikh
- Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Parhar
- Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Futwan Al‐Mohanna
- Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Liu D, Kobayashi T, Yokoyama I, Ogawa H, Nagasaka T, Muramatsu H, Kadomatsu K, Oikawa T, Shimano Y, Morozumi K, Uchida K, Muramatsu T, Nakao A. Enzymatic removal of alphaGal antigen in pig kidneys by ex vivo and in vivo administration of endo-beta-galactosidase C. Xenotransplantation 2002; 9:228-36. [PMID: 11983021 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2002.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using the pig as a donor species is considered to be a promising solution to the serious shortage of organ donors. Both hyperacute and acute vascular rejection (AVR) are believed to be associated with xenoreactive antibody binding to alphaGal epitopes on the pig vascular endothelial cells. Thus, suppression of this antigen-antibody reaction would appear essential for successful long-term xenograft survival. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of ex vivo and in vivo administration of recombinant endo-beta-galactosidase C (EndoGalC which, in previous in vitro studies, has been proven to digest alphaGal antigens completely) on alphaGal epitopes expressed in pig kidneys. Excised pig kidneys were perfused with University of Wisconsin solution containing EndoGalC and preserved for 4 h. After cold storage, the pig kidney was transplanted into another pig. Ex vivo perfusion and cold storage with EndoGalC reduced alphaGal epitope expression on vascular endothelial cells to an undetectable level. However, alphaGal antigens began to be expressed again as early as 1 day after transplantation. The digestion of alphaGal epitopes by EndoGalC did not cause any damage to the kidney graft. EndoGalC was intravenously administered to two pigs (15 kg), without causing any serious adverse effect. Twelve hours later, >98% of alphaGal antigens on pig red blood cells (RBCs) had been digested. Immunohistochemical study revealed almost complete elimination of alphaGal expression on vascular endothelial cells of the kidney graft 4 and 8 h after in vivo administration, but reappearance within 24 h. EndoGalC was administered to a baboon after an interval of 2 months. The second administration did not result in any serious toxicity or reduction in efficacy. These results suggest that ex vivo and in vivo administration of EndoGalC is simple and useful in removing alphaGal epitopes from pig organs. As the effect of EndoGalC is temporary, multiple in vivo administrations of EndoGalC would be required to inhibit the reappearance of alphaGal epitopes. Alternatively, transgenic techniques of introducing the gene for EndoGalC into the donor organ might permanently prevent alphaGal expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- DaGe Liu
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Roos A, Daha MR. Antibody-mediated activation of the classical complement pathway in xenograft rejection. Transpl Immunol 2002; 9:257-70. [PMID: 12180840 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(02)00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transplant rejection is a multifactorial process involving complex interactions between components of the innate and the acquired immune system. In view of the shortage of donor organs available for transplantation, xenotransplantation of pig organs into man has been considered as a potential solution. However, in comparison to allografts, xenografts are subject to extremely potent rejection processes that are currently incompletely defined. Consequently, an appropriate and safe treatment protocol ensuring long-term graft survival is not yet available. The first barrier that has to be taken for a xenograft is hyperacute rejection, a rapid process induced by the binding of pre-formed antibodies from the host to the graft endothelium, followed by activation of the classical complement pathway. The present review concentrates on the role of antibodies and complement in xenograft rejection as well as on the approaches for treatment that target these components. The first part focuses on porcine xenoantigens that are recognized by human xenoreactive antibodies and the different treatment strategies that aim on interference in antibody binding. The second part of the review deals with complement activation by xenoreactive antibodies, and summarizes the role of complement in the induction of endothelial cell damage and cell activation. Finally, various options that are currently under development for complement inhibition are discussed, with special reference to the specific inhibition of the classical complement pathway by soluble complement inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Roos
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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Zhang Z, Bédard E, Luo Y, Wang H, Deng S, Kelvin D, Zhong R. Animal models in xenotransplantation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9:2051-68. [PMID: 11060792 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.9.9.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The severe shortage of donor organs has provided a strong impetus to push the investigation into the use of animal organs for humans. Xenotransplantation will not only benefit patients, but also represents a unique and potentially profitable business opportunity. However, there are many barriers to successful clinical xenotransplantation, including immunological barriers, physiological incompatibility, zoonosis and ethical concerns. This overview will focus on currently available animal models used in attempts to break through the immunological barriers to xenotransplantation. There are many advantages to using small animal, namely rodent, models in xenotransplantation research. For example, the use of the mouse model allows the use of knockout mice and careful dissection of rejection mechanisms at the molecular level. The following models can be used to study hyperacute rejection (HAR): guinea-pig-to-rat, mouse-to-rabbit, guinea-pig-to-mouse, rat-to-presensitised mouse and rat-to-alpha-Gal knockout mouse. The hamster-to-rat, mouse-to-rat and rat-to-mouse models are commonly used to study acute vascular rejection. Large animal models are complex and expensive, but they are more relevant to clinical xenotransplantation. Based on experiments using transgenic pig-to-primate models, HAR can be overcome. However, acute vascular rejection remains a major barrier at the present time. A pig cartilage-to-monkey model has been developed to study chronic rejection. Other novel models such as pig venous segment-to-monkey model and rat-to-primate model may represent viable options to study immunological barriers following xenotransplantation. Like many other medical breakthroughs, animal research will continue to make enormous contributions towards the eventual success of xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- London Health Sciences Center, University Campus, 339 Windermere Road, London, Ontario, N6A 5A5, Canada.
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Ogawa H, Muramatsu H, Kobayashi T, Morozumi K, Yokoyama I, Kurosawa N, Nakao A, Muramatsu T. Molecular cloning of endo-beta -galactosidase C and its application in removing alpha -galactosyl xenoantigen from blood vessels in the pig kidney. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:19368-74. [PMID: 10858461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001888200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galalpha1-3Gal is the major xenoantigenic epitope responsible for hyperacute rejection upon pig to human xenotransplantation. Endo-beta-galactosidase C from Clostridium perfringens destroys the antigenic epitope by cleaving the beta-galactosidic linkage in the Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc structure. Based on partial peptide sequences of the enzyme, we molecularly cloned the enzyme gene, which encodes a protein with a predicted molecular mass of about 93 kDa. The deduced protein sequence of the enzyme has limited homology in the C-terminal half with endo-beta-galactosidase from Flavobacterium keratolyticus and beta-1,3-glucanases. The enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli removed the alpha-galactosyl epitope nearly completely from pig erythrocytes and from pig aortic endothelial cells. The enzyme-treated endothelial cells in culture were greatly reduced in cell surface antigens, which were recognized by IgM, IgG, or IgA in human sera, and became much less susceptible to complement-mediated cytotoxicity caused by human sera. When the pig kidney was perfused with the enzyme, the vascular endothelial cells became virtually devoid of the alpha-galactosyl epitope, with concomitant decrease in binding to IgM in human plasma. These results demonstrated that the recombinant endo-beta-galactosidase C is a valuable aid in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ogawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Surgery II, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Auchincloss H. Literature update 1999, part 3. Xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2000; 7:156-62. [PMID: 10961300 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2000.00062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Auchincloss
- Transplantation Unit, Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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