1
|
Di Zazzo E, De Rosa C, Abbondanza C, Moncharmont B. PRDM Proteins: Molecular Mechanisms in Signal Transduction and Transcriptional Regulation. BIOLOGY 2013; 2:107-41. [PMID: 24832654 PMCID: PMC4009873 DOI: 10.3390/biology2010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PRDM (PRDI-BF1 and RIZ homology domain containing) protein family members are characterized by the presence of a PR domain and a variable number of Zn-finger repeats. Experimental evidence has shown that the PRDM proteins play an important role in gene expression regulation, modifying the chromatin structure either directly, through the intrinsic methyltransferase activity, or indirectly through the recruitment of chromatin remodeling complexes. PRDM proteins have a dual action: they mediate the effect induced by different cell signals like steroid hormones and control the expression of growth factors. PRDM proteins therefore have a pivotal role in the transduction of signals that control cell proliferation and differentiation and consequently neoplastic transformation. In this review, we describe pathways in which PRDM proteins are involved and the molecular mechanism of their transcriptional regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Medicine and health sciences, University of Molise, via De Sanctis snc, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| | - Caterina De Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and general Pathology, Second University of Naples, via L. De Crecchio 7, Napoli 80138, Italy.
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and general Pathology, Second University of Naples, via L. De Crecchio 7, Napoli 80138, Italy.
| | - Bruno Moncharmont
- Department of Medicine and health sciences, University of Molise, via De Sanctis snc, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Warner DR, Mukhopadhyay P, Brock GN, Pihur V, Pisano MM, Greene RM. TGFβ-1 and Wnt-3a interact to induce unique gene expression profiles in murine embryonic palate mesenchymal cells. Reprod Toxicol 2010; 31:128-33. [PMID: 20955781 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of the secondary palate in mammals is a complex process under the control of numerous growth and differentiation factors that regulate key processes such as cell proliferation, synthesis of extracellular matrix molecules, and epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation. Alterations in any one of these processes either through genetic mutation or environmental insult have the potential to lead to clefts of the secondary palate. Members of the TGFβ family of cytokines are crucial mediators of these processes and emerging evidence supports a pivotal role for members of the Wnt family of secreted growth and differentiation factors. Previous work in this laboratory demonstrated cross-talk between the Wnt and TGFβ signaling pathways in cultured mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal cells. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that unique gene expression profiles are induced in murine embryonic palate mesenchymal cells as a result of this cross-talk between the TGFβ and Wnt signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Warner
- University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville, ULSD, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh S, Greene RM, Pisano MM. Arsenate-induced apoptosis in murine embryonic maxillary mesenchymal cells via mitochondrial-mediated oxidative injury. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2010; 88:25-34. [PMID: 19739150 PMCID: PMC2806510 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic is a ubiquitous element that is a potential carcinogen and teratogen and can cause adverse developmental outcomes. Arsenic exerts its toxic effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that include hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), superoxide-derived hydroxyl ion, and peroxyl radicals. However, the molecular mechanisms by which arsenic induces cytotoxicity in murine embryonic maxillary mesenchymal (MEMM) cells are undefined. METHODS MEMM cells in culture were treated with different concentrations of pentavalent sodium arsenate [As (V)] for 24 or 48 hr and various end points measured. RESULTS Treatment of MEMM cells with the pentavalent form of inorganic arsenic resulted in caspase-mediated apoptosis, accompanied by generation of ROS and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. Treatment with caspase inhibitors markedly blocked apoptosis. In addition, the free radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine dramatically attenuated arsenic-mediated ROS production and apoptosis, and exposure to arsenate increased Bax and decreased Bcl protein levels in MEMM cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that in MEMM cells arsenate-mediated oxidative injury acts as an early and upstream initiator of the cell death cascade, triggering cytotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered Bcl/Bax protein ratios, and activation of caspase-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Singh
- University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Robert M. Greene
- University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - M. Michele Pisano
- University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, Louisville, KY 40292
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Handrigan GR, Buchtová M, Richman JM. Gene discovery in craniofacial development and disease--cashing in your chips. Clin Genet 2007; 71:109-19. [PMID: 17250659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An unbiased, polygenic approach is needed to unravel the complex molecular bases of craniofacial development and disease. DNA microarrays, the current paradigm of genome-wide analysis, permit the simultaneous study of many thousands of genes, the ready identification of candidate molecules and pathways, and the compilation of gene expression profiles for whole systems--pathologic and embryonic alike. We survey the existing literature applying microarrays to craniofacial biology and highlight the value of animal models, particularly mice and chickens, to understanding molecular regulation in the craniofacial complex. We also emphasize the importance of functional studies and high-throughput assays to extracting useful data from microarray output. It is our goal to help put researchers and clinicians on the same page as microarray technology moves into the forefront of craniofacial biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Handrigan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Toom A, Arend A, Gunnarsson D, Ulfsparre R, Suutre S, Haviko T, Selstam G. Bone formation zones in heterotopic ossifications: histologic findings and increased expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and transforming growth factors beta2 and beta3. Calcif Tissue Int 2007; 80:259-67. [PMID: 17401695 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-007-9000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossifications (HOs) formed after total endoprosthetic replacement of the hip joint were collected during revision surgery (n = 7). Tissues collected during regular hip arthroplasty (n = 12) were used as reference. Histomorphometric analysis was performed for assessment of bone formation activity in HOs and reference bone. HOs were dissected with histological guidance into three zones: formed bone, zone of active bone formation, and zone with fibrous connective and fibrocartilagineous tissue. Relative expression of the mRNA for bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2), and TGF-beta3 was determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction relative to beta-actin. Expression of all three growth factors was higher than in orthotopic bone. Similarly, the osteoid surface density was increased in HOs. The levels of all growth factors were higher in the zone of active bone formation or remodeling than in the zone of formed bone. In matured HOs, the osteoid surface density as well as mRNA levels were lower, although still significantly raised, indicating that bone formation slows down after 2 years. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, and BMP-2 proteins in the zone of bone formation. We conclude that bone formation after heterotopic bone induction is initially intense, slows down within 2 years, and thereupon continues as active remodeling mainly on the border of HO. Our data indicate that BMP-2, TGF-beta2, and TGF-beta3 are involved in bone formation in HO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Toom
- Clinic of Traumatology and Orthopedics, University of Tartu, Puusepa 8, Tartu, 51014, Estonia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Warner DR, Horn KH, Mudd L, Webb CL, Greene RM, Pisano MM. PRDM16/MEL1: a novel Smad binding protein expressed in murine embryonic orofacial tissue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:814-20. [PMID: 17467076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TGFbeta signaling regulates central cellular processes such as proliferation and extracellular matrix production during development of the orofacial region. Extracellular TGFbeta binds to cell surface receptors to activate the nucleocytoplasmic Smad proteins that, along with other transcription factors and cofactors, bind specific DNA sequences in the promoters of target genes to regulate their expression. To determine the identity of Smad binding proteins that regulate TGFbeta signaling in developing murine orofacial tissue, a yeast two-hybrid screening approach was employed. The PR-domain containing protein, PRDM16/MEL1 was identified as a novel Smad binding protein. The interaction between PRDM16/MEL1 and Smad 3 was confirmed by GST pull-down assays. The expression of PRDM16/MEL1 was detected in developing orofacial tissue by both Northern blot and in situ hybridization. PRDM16/MEL1 was constitutively expressed in orofacial tissue on E12.5-E14.5 as well as other embryonic tissues such as heart, brain, liver, and limb buds. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PRDM16/MEL1 is a Smad binding protein that may be important for development of orofacial structures through modulation of the TGFbeta signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Warner
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, 501 South Preston Street, Suite 301, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mukhopadhyay P, Singh S, Greene RM, Pisano MM. Molecular fingerprinting of BMP2- and BMP4-treated embryonic maxillary mesenchymal cells. Orthod Craniofac Res 2006; 9:93-110. [PMID: 16764684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2006.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the differences in gene expression between control-, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2- and BMP4-treated murine embryonic maxillary mesenchymal (MEMM) cells. DESIGN Transcript profiles of BMP2-, BMP4- and vehicle-treated MEMM cells were compared utilizing the murine high-density GeneChip arrays from Affymetrix. The raw chip data (probe intensities) were pre-processed using robust multichip averaging with GC-content background correction and further normalized with GeneSpring v7.2 software. Cluster analysis of the microarray data was performed with the GeneSpring software. Changes in the gene expression were verified by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Expression of approximately 50% of the 45 101 genes and expressed sequence tags examined in this study were detected in BMP2-, BMP4- and vehicle-treated MEMM cells and that of several hundred genes was significantly altered (up or downregulated) in these cells in response to BMP2 and BMP4. Expression profiles of each of the 26 mRNAs tested by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR were found to be consistent with the microarray data. Genes whose expression was modulated following BMP2 or BMP4 treatment, could be broadly classified based on the functions of the encoded proteins such as the growth factors and signaling molecules, transcription factors, and proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, extracellular matrix synthesis, cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. CONCLUSION Utilization of the Affymetrix GeneChip microarray technology has enabled us to delineate a detailed transcriptional map of BMP2 and BMP4 responsiveness in embryonic maxillary mesenchymal cells and offers revealing insights into crucial molecular regulatory mechanisms employed by these two growth factors in orchestrating embryonic orofacial cellular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, ULSD, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stolle K, Schnoor M, Fuellen G, Spitzer M, Engel T, Spener F, Cullen P, Lorkowski S. Cloning, cellular localization, genomic organization, and tissue-specific expression of the TGFβ1-inducible SMAP-5 gene. Gene 2005; 351:119-30. [PMID: 15922870 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SMAP-5 is a member of the five-pass transmembrane protein family localizing in the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. These proteins have been implicated in intracellular trafficking, in secretion and in vesicular transport. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that SMAP-5 is a member of a small Rab GTPase interacting factor protein family. The human SMAP-5 gene spans about 12.5 kb and comprises 6 exons on chromosomal locus 5q32. The proximal 5'-flanking region of the gene lacks a TATA box and is highly GC rich. Consistent with this, the SMAP-5 gene is expressed in all tissues. The highest level of expression was found in coronary smooth muscle cells, in which expression of the SMAP-5 gene was induced by transforming growth factor beta1, thus indicating that this protein may play an important role in inflammation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Coronary Vessels/cytology
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Exons
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes/genetics
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Introns
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Sorting Signals/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Vesicular Transport Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Stolle
- Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Warner DR, Bhattacherjee V, Yin X, Singh S, Mukhopadhyay P, Pisano MM, Greene RM. Functional interaction between Smad, CREB binding protein, and p68 RNA helicase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:70-6. [PMID: 15464984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factors beta control a diversity of biological processes including cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix production, and are critical effectors of embryonic patterning and development, including that of the orofacial region. TGFbeta superfamily members signal through specific cell surface receptors that phosphorylate the cytoplasmic Smad proteins, resulting in their translocation to the nucleus and interaction with promoters of TGFbeta-responsive genes. Subsequent alterations in transcription are cell type-specific and dependent on recruitment to the Smad/transcription factor complex of coactivators, such as CBP and p300, or corepressors, such as c-ski and SnoN. Since the affinity of Smads for DNA is generally low, additional accessory proteins that facilitate Smad/DNA binding are required, and are often cell- and tissue-specific. In order to identify novel Smad 3 binding proteins in developing orofacial tissue, a yeast two hybrid assay was employed in which the MH2 domain of Smad 3 was used to screen an expression library derived from mouse embryonic orofacial tissue. The RNA helicase, p68, was identified as a unique Smad binding protein, and the specificity of the interaction was confirmed through various in vitro and in vivo assays. Co-expression of Smad 3 and a CBP-Gal4 DNA binding domain fusion protein in a Gal4-luciferase reporter assay resulted in increased TGFbeta-stimulated reporter gene transcription. Moreover, co-expression of p68 RNA helicase along with Smad 3 and CBP-Gal4 resulted in synergistic activation of Gal4-luciferase reporter expression. Collectively, these data indicate that the RNA helicase, p68, can directly interact with Smad 3 resulting in formation of a transcriptionally active ternary complex containing Smad 3, p68, and CBP. This offers a means of enhancing TGFbeta-mediated cellular responses in developing orofacial tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Warner
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, ULSD, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|