1
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Hossain MM, Khalid A, Akhter Z, Parveen S, Ayaz MO, Bhat AQ, Badesra N, Showket F, Dar MS, Ahmed F, Dhiman S, Kumar M, Singh U, Hussain R, Keshari P, Mustafa G, Nargorta A, Taneja N, Gupta S, Mir RA, Kshatri AS, Nandi U, Khan N, Ramajayan P, Yadav G, Ahmed Z, Singh PP, Dar MJ. Discovery of a novel and highly selective JAK3 inhibitor as a potent hair growth promoter. J Transl Med 2024; 22:370. [PMID: 38637842 PMCID: PMC11025159 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
JAK-STAT signalling pathway inhibitors have emerged as promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of hair loss. Among different JAK isoforms, JAK3 has become an ideal target for drug discovery because it only regulates a narrow spectrum of γc cytokines. Here, we report the discovery of MJ04, a novel and highly selective 3-pyrimidinylazaindole based JAK3 inhibitor, as a potential hair growth promoter with an IC50 of 2.03 nM. During in vivo efficacy assays, topical application of MJ04 on DHT-challenged AGA and athymic nude mice resulted in early onset of hair regrowth. Furthermore, MJ04 significantly promoted the growth of human hair follicles under ex-vivo conditions. MJ04 exhibited a reasonably good pharmacokinetic profile and demonstrated a favourable safety profile under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Taken together, we report MJ04 as a highly potent and selective JAK3 inhibitor that exhibits overall properties suitable for topical drug development and advancement to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedi Hossain
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Arfan Khalid
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Zaheen Akhter
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Sabra Parveen
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Mir Owais Ayaz
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Aadil Qadir Bhat
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Neetu Badesra
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Farheen Showket
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Mohmmad Saleem Dar
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Farhan Ahmed
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sumit Dhiman
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Medicinal Product Chemistry, Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Umed Singh
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Razak Hussain
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Pankaj Keshari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Amit Nargorta
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Neha Taneja
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Somesh Gupta
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Riyaz A Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aravind Singh Kshatri
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Nooruddin Khan
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - P Ramajayan
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Govind Yadav
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Zabeer Ahmed
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India.
| | - Mohd Jamal Dar
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
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Walendzik K, Kopcewicz M, Wiśniewska J, Opyd P, Machcińska-Zielińska S, Gawrońska-Kozak B. Dermal white adipose tissue development and metabolism: The role of transcription factor Foxn1. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23171. [PMID: 37682531 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300873rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Intradermal adipocytes form dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), a unique fat depot localized in the lower layer of the dermis. However, recognition of molecular factors regulating dWAT development, homeostasis, and bioactivity is limited. Using Foxn1-/- and Foxn1+/+ mice, we demonstrated that epidermally expressed Foxn1 regulates dWAT development and defines the adipogenic capacity of dermal fibroblasts. In intact and post-wounded skin, Foxn1 contributes to the initial stimulation of dWAT adipogenesis and participates in the modulation of lipid metabolism processes. Furthermore, Foxn1 activity strengthens adipogenic processes through Bmp2 and Igf2 signaling and regulates lipid metabolism in differentiated dermal fibroblasts. The results reveal the contribution of Foxn1 to dWAT metabolism, thus identifying possible targets for modulation and regulation of dWAT in physiological and pathological processes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Walendzik
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wiśniewska
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paulina Opyd
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sylwia Machcińska-Zielińska
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawrońska-Kozak
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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3
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Schmid-Siegert E, Qin M, Tian H, Arpat B, Chen B, Xenarios I. Reference genomes for BALB/c Nude and NOD/SCID mouse models. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad188. [PMID: 37594081 PMCID: PMC10542179 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Mouse xenograft models play a vital role in tumor studies for research as well as for screening of drugs for the pharmaceutical industry. In particular, models with compromised immunity are favorable to increase the success of transplantation, such as, e.g. NOD/SCID and BALB/c Nude strains. The genomic sequence and alterations of many of these models still remain elusive and might hamper a model's further optimization or proper adapted usage. This can be in respect to treatments (e.g. NOD/SCID sensitivity to radiation), experiments or analysis of derived sequencing data of such models. Here we present the genome assemblies for the NOD/SCID and BALB/c Nude strains to overcome this short-coming for the future and improve our understanding of these models in the process. We highlight as well first insights into observed genomic differences for these models compared to the C57BL/6 reference genome. Genome assemblies for both are close to full-chromosome representations and provided with liftover annotations from the GRCm39 reference genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Schmid-Siegert
- JSR Life Sciences, NGS-AI CH DivisionRoute de la Corniche 3, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mengting Qin
- JSR Life Sciences, NGS-AI CN Division, Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Huan Tian
- JSR Life Sciences, NGS-AI CN Division, Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Bulak Arpat
- JSR Life Sciences, NGS-AI CH DivisionRoute de la Corniche 3, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bonnie Chen
- JSR Life Sciences, NGS-AI CN Division, Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- JSR Life Sciences, NGS-AI CH DivisionRoute de la Corniche 3, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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4
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Nagakubo D, Hirakawa M, Iwanami N, Boehm T. Limits to in vivo fate changes of epithelia in thymus and parathyroid by ectopic expression of transcription factors Gcm2 and Foxn1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13554. [PMID: 35941210 PMCID: PMC9360016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the parathyroid and the thymus from the third pharyngeal pouch depends on the activities of the Gcm2 and Foxn1 transcription factors, respectively, whose expression domains sharply demarcate two regions in the developing third pharyngeal pouch. Here, we have generated novel mouse models to examine whether ectopic co-expression of Gcm2 in the thymic epithelium and of Foxn1 in the parathyroid perturbs the establishment of organ fates in vivo. Expression of Gcm2 in the thymic rudiment does not activate a parathyroid-specific expression programme, even in the absence of Foxn1 activity. Co-expression of Foxn1 in the parathyroid fails to impose thymopoietic capacity. We conclude that the actions of Foxn1 and Gcm2 transcription factors are cell context-dependent and that they each require permissive transcription factor landscapes in order to successfully interfere with organ-specific cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nagakubo
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Health and Hygienic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1 Kamiohno, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirakawa
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Immunology and Allergy, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda-City, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
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5
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Molekularne mechanizmy działania czynnika transkrypcyjnego FOXN1 w skórze. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstrakt
Artykuł jest przeglądem wyników badań dotyczących funkcji i mechanizmu działania czynnika transkrypcyjnego FOXN1. Lokalizacja FOXN1 u przedstawicieli wszystkich ssaków ogranicza się do nabłonka tylko dwóch organów: skóry i grasicy. W skórze FOXN1 stymuluje różnicowanie się keratynocytów, reguluje proces pigmentacji i bierze udział w rozwoju włosów. W skórze objętej urazem FOXN1 jest zaangażowany w bliznowy proces gojenia poprzez udział w reepitelializacji oraz w procesie przejścia epitelialno-mezenchymalnego (epithelial-mesenchymal transition; EMT). Pozbawione aktywnego czynnika transkrypcyjnego FOXN1 dorosłe myszy (Foxn1-/-) goją urazy skórne w unikalnym, charakterystycznym jedynie dla płodów ssaków, procesie bezbliznowej (scar-free) regeneracji. Analiza porównawcza transkryptomów skóry: dorosłych myszy Foxn1-/- oraz skóry płodów myszy (14. dzień rozwoju płodowego) wykazała istotne podobieństwa w ekspresji genów związanych przede wszystkim z przebudową tkanek, budową cytoszkieletu, gojeniem urazów, odpowiedzią immunologiczną oraz różnicowaniem. Wyniki te wskazują, iż FOXN1 może być głównym elementem szlaku sygnałowego na drodze tzw. punktu tranzycyjnego czyli przejścia z etapu gojenia bezbliznowego (płodowego) do bliznowego (dorosłego) w trakcie rozwoju płodowego.
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Walendzik K, Bukowska J, Kopcewicz M, Machcinska S, Gimble JM, Gawronska-Kozak B. Age, Diet and Epidermal Signaling Modulate Dermal Fibroblasts' Adipogenic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238955. [PMID: 33255750 PMCID: PMC7728337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of a distinct fat depot, the dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), points out the complexity of the interaction among skin resident cells: keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts (DFs) and adipocytes in response to physiological (diet, age) and pathological (injury) stimulations. dWAT has been recognized as a significant contributor to thermoregulation, hair cycle, immune response, wound healing and scarring. In this study, we examined age- and diet-related changes in dWAT modulation and DFs' adipogenic potential. The data showed that diet modulates dWAT expansion predominantly by hypertrophy, whereas age affects the pool of adipocyte progenitor cells in the skin indicating its role in dWAT hyperplasia. Analysis of DFs' migratory abilities in the model of skin explants isolated from the skin of young, old, low (LFD)- or high (HFD)-fat diet C56BL/6 mice revealed that HFD, regardless of animal age has the most profound stimulatory impact of DF migration. We determined that the adipogenic potential of DFs is comparable to stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of inguinal fat depot and ear mesenchymal stem cells (EMSC). We also showed the stimulatory role of epidermally expressed transcription factor Foxn1 on adipogenic signaling: bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Walendzik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.W.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Joanna Bukowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.W.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.W.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Sylwia Machcinska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.W.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Jeffrey M. Gimble
- LaCell LLC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Obatala Sciences Inc., 2000 Lakeshore Drive, #4020, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Structural and Cellular Biology, and Surgery and Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.W.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-89-5234634; Fax: +48-89-5240124
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7
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Giardino G, Borzacchiello C, De Luca M, Romano R, Prencipe R, Cirillo E, Pignata C. T-Cell Immunodeficiencies With Congenital Alterations of Thymic Development: Genes Implicated and Differential Immunological and Clinical Features. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1837. [PMID: 32922396 PMCID: PMC7457079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined Immunodeficiencies (CID) are rare congenital disorders characterized by defective T-cell development that may be associated with B- and NK-cell deficiency. They are usually due to alterations in genes expressed in hematopoietic precursors but in few cases, they are caused by impaired thymic development. Athymia was classically associated with DiGeorge Syndrome due to TBX1 gene haploinsufficiency. Other genes, implicated in thymic organogenesis include FOXN1, associated with Nude SCID syndrome, PAX1, associated with Otofaciocervical Syndrome type 2, and CHD7, one of the genes implicated in CHARGE syndrome. More recently, chromosome 2p11.2 microdeletion, causing FOXI3 haploinsufficiency, has been identified in 5 families with impaired thymus development. In this review, we will summarize the main genetic, clinical, and immunological features related to the abovementioned gene mutations. We will also focus on different therapeutic approaches to treat SCID in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Giardino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Borzacchiello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina De Luca
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Prencipe
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Cirillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Pleiotropic Functions of FoxN1: Regulating Different Target Genes during Embryogenesis and Nymph Molting in the Brown Planthopper. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124222. [PMID: 32545786 PMCID: PMC7353072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
FoxN1 gene belongs to the forkhead box gene family that comprises a diverse group of “winged helix” transcription factors that have been implicated in a variety of biochemical and cellular processes. In the brown planthopper (BPH), FoxN1 is highly expressed in the ovaries and newly laid eggs, where it acted as an indispensable gene through its molecular targets to regulate early embryonic development. Moreover, the results of the RNAi experiments indicated that Nilaparvata lugensFoxN1 (NlFoxN1) exhibited pleiotropism: they not only affected the embryogenesis, but also played an important role in molting. RNA-seq and RNAi were further used to reveal potential target genes of NlFoxN1 in different stages. In the eggs, ten downregulated genes were defined as potential target genes of NlFoxN1 because of the similar expression patterns and functions with NlFoxN1. Knockdown of NlFoxN1 or any of these genes prevented the development of the eggs, resulting in a zero hatchability. In the nymphs, NlFoxN1 regulated the expression of a keratin gene, type I cytoskeletal keratin 9 (NlKrt9), to participate in the formation of an intermediate filament framework. Depletion of NlFoxN1 or NlKrt9 in nymphs, BPHs failed to shed their old cuticle during nymph-to-nymph or nymph-to-adult molting and the mortality was almost 100%. Altogether, the pleiotropic roles of NlFoxN1 during embryogenesis and nymph molting were supported by the ability to coordinate the temporal and spatial gene expression of their target genes.
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9
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Thomas R, Wang W, Su DM. Contributions of Age-Related Thymic Involution to Immunosenescence and Inflammaging. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2020; 17:2. [PMID: 31988649 PMCID: PMC6971920 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immune system aging is characterized by the paradox of immunosenescence (insufficiency) and inflammaging (over-reaction), which incorporate two sides of the same coin, resulting in immune disorder. Immunosenescence refers to disruption in the structural architecture of immune organs and dysfunction in immune responses, resulting from both aged innate and adaptive immunity. Inflammaging, described as a chronic, sterile, systemic inflammatory condition associated with advanced age, is mainly attributed to somatic cellular senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and age-related autoimmune predisposition. However, the inability to reduce senescent somatic cells (SSCs), because of immunosenescence, exacerbates inflammaging. Age-related adaptive immune system deviations, particularly altered T cell function, are derived from age-related thymic atrophy or involution, a hallmark of thymic aging. Recently, there have been major developments in understanding how age-related thymic involution contributes to inflammaging and immunosenescence at the cellular and molecular levels, including genetic and epigenetic regulation, as well as developments of many potential rejuvenation strategies. Herein, we discuss the research progress uncovering how age-related thymic involution contributes to immunosenescence and inflammaging, as well as their intersection. We also describe how T cell adaptive immunity mediates inflammaging and plays a crucial role in the progression of age-related neurological and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer. We then briefly outline the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of age-related thymic involution, and finally summarize potential rejuvenation strategies to restore aged thymic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Thomas
- Cell Biology, Immunology, and Microbiology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 USA
| | - Weikan Wang
- Cell Biology, Immunology, and Microbiology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 USA
| | - Dong-Ming Su
- 2Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 USA
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10
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Walendzik K, Kopcewicz M, Bukowska J, Panasiewicz G, Szafranska B, Gawronska-Kozak B. The Transcription Factor FOXN1 Regulates Skin Adipogenesis and Affects Susceptibility to Diet-Induced Obesity. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:1166-1175.e9. [PMID: 31811821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
FOXN1, a transcription factor expressed in the epidermis, regulates keratinocyte differentiation and participates in skin wound healing. In this study, we explored the impact of FOXN1 insufficiency on diet-stimulated weight gain and dermal white adipose tissue regulation in the intact and wounded skin of FOXN1eGFP/+ (heterozygotes, FOXN1-insufficient) mice in the context of age and diet. The results showed that on a high-fat diet, FOXN1eGFP/+ mice gained significantly less body weight than their FOXN1+/+ counterparts (FOXN1-sufficient mice). The intact and wounded skin of FOXN1eGFP/+ mice displayed abrogated expression of the master regulators of adipogenesis, PPARγ, FABP4, and leptin, which decreased with age in FOXN1+/+ mice. FOXN1 insufficiency also resulted in a decreased percentage of adipocyte-committed precursor cells (CD24+) in the skin. The proadipogenic pathway genes Bmp2, Igf2, and Mest showed a gradual decrease in expression that accompanied the gradual inactivation of FOXN1 in the skin of FOXN1+/+, FOXN1eGFP/+, and FOXN1eGFP/eGFP (lack of FOXN1) mice. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 and insulin-like growth factor 2 signals colocalized with FOXN1-eGFP in the epidermis and in hair follicles. These data demonstrated that FOXN1 initiates the cascade of adipogenic signaling that regulates skin homeostasis and wound healing and affects susceptibility to diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Walendzik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Bukowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Panasiewicz
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bozena Szafranska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Foxn1 in Skin Development, Homeostasis and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071956. [PMID: 29973508 PMCID: PMC6073674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive research effort has focused on cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate skin biology, including the phenomenon of scar-free skin healing during foetal life. Transcription factors are the key molecules that tune gene expression and either promote or suppress gene transcription. The epidermis is the source of transcription factors that regulate many functions of epidermal cells such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. Furthermore, the activation of epidermal transcription factors also causes changes in the dermal compartment of the skin. This review focuses on the transcription factor Foxn1 and its role in skin biology. The regulatory function of Foxn1 in the skin relates to physiological (development and homeostasis) and pathological (skin wound healing) conditions. In particular, the pivotal role of Foxn1 in skin development and the acquisition of the adult skin phenotype, which coincides with losing the ability of scar-free healing, is discussed. Thus, genetic manipulations with Foxn1 expression, specifically those introducing conditional Foxn1 silencing in a Foxn1+/+ organism or its knock-in in a Foxn1−/− model, may provide future perspectives for regenerative medicine.
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12
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Gallo V, Cirillo E, Giardino G, Pignata C. FOXN1 Deficiency: from the Discovery to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. J Clin Immunol 2017; 37:751-758. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Xu M, Sizova O, Wang L, Su DM. A Fine-Tune Role of Mir-125a-5p on Foxn1 During Age-Associated Changes in the Thymus. Aging Dis 2017; 8:277-286. [PMID: 28580184 PMCID: PMC5440108 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Decline of transcription factor FoxN1, which predominantly regulates thymic epithelial cell (TEC) differentiation and homeostasis lifelong, is demonstrated to be casually related to age-related thymic involution. Whereas, a global role of microRNAs (miRNAs) has also been demonstrated to control and maintain TEC-constituting thymic microenvironment and to be changed in expression profile in the aged thymus. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to build knowledge regarding whether and which miRNAs regulate FoxN1 gene in the aged thymus. We primarily compared changes in miRNA expression profile between young and aged murine TECs with Mus musculus miRBase-V20 arrays (containing 1892 unique probes), and clearly identified and validated that at least one miRNA, miR-125a-5p, was increased in aged thymus. Applying miR-125a-5p mimics was able to inhibit FoxN1 3′UTR luciferase activity in a 293T cell line and to suppress FoxN1 expression in murine TEC Z210 cells. Since a single miRNA can play a fine-tuning role to regulate expression of multiple genes and a single gene can be regulated by multiple miRNAs, our result adds a single miRNA, miR-125a-5p, into the panel of FoxN1-regulating miRNAs associated with thymic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwen Xu
- 1First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Olga Sizova
- 3Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Liefeng Wang
- 2Department of Biotechnology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.,3Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Dong-Ming Su
- 3Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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14
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Rota IA, Dhalla F. FOXN1 deficient nude severe combined immunodeficiency. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:6. [PMID: 28077132 PMCID: PMC5225657 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nude severe combined immunodeficiency is a rare inherited disease caused by autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations in FOXN1. This gene encodes a transcription factor essential for the development of the thymus, the primary lymphoid organ that supports T-cell development and selection. To date nine cases have been reported presenting with the clinical triad of absent thymus resulting in severe T-cell immunodeficiency, congenital alopecia universalis and nail dystrophy. Diagnosis relies on testing for FOXN1 mutations, which allows genetic counselling and guides therapeutic management. Options for treating the underlying immune deficiency include HLA-matched genoidentical haematopoietic cell transplantation containing mature donor T-cells or thymus tissue transplantation. Experience from other severe combined immune deficiency syndromes suggests that early diagnosis, supportive care and definitive management result in better patient outcomes. Without these the prognosis is poor due to early-onset life threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna A Rota
- Developmental Immunology Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fatima Dhalla
- Developmental Immunology Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Department of Clinical Immunology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK.
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Biological significance of FoxN1 gain-of-function mutations during T and B lymphopoiesis in juvenile mice. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1457. [PMID: 25299782 PMCID: PMC4237256 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FoxN1 is cell-autonomously expressed in skin and thymic epithelial cells (TECs), essential for their development. Inborn mutation of FoxN1 results in hair follicle and TEC development failure, whereas insufficient postnatal FoxN1 expression induces thymic atrophy, resulting in declined T lymphopoiesis. Although upregulating FoxN1 expression in the aged FoxN1-declined thymus rejuvenates T lymphopoiesis, whether its over- and ectopic-expression in early life is beneficial for T lymphopoiesis is unknown. Using our newly generated Rosa26-STOPflox–FoxN1 mice, in which over- and ectopic-expression of FoxN1 can be induced by various promoter-driven Cre-mediated deletions of the roadblock STOPflox in early life, we found that K14Cre-mediated inborn FoxN1 overexpression induced neonatal lethality, exhibited abnormal permeability in the skin and abnormal nursing. Ubiquitous deletion of the STOPflox mediated by progressive uCreERT leakage in juvenile mice affected thymus and bone marrow normality, resulting in an increased ratio of medullary/cortical TECs, along with declined T and B lymphopoiesis. Although the K5CreERT-mediated FoxN1 overexpression mice had a normal lifespan, induction of K5CreERT activation in juveniles adversely influenced total thymoycte development and produced ichthyosis-like skin. Therefore, FoxN1 has temporal and tissue-specific activity. Over- and ectopic-expression of FoxN1 in early life adversely influence immature TEC, T and B cell, and skin epithelial development.
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Weiner L, Fu W, Chirico WJ, Brissette JL. Skin as a living coloring book: how epithelial cells create patterns of pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:1014-31. [PMID: 25104547 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pigmentation of mammalian skin and hair develops through the interaction of two basic cell types - pigment donors and recipients. The pigment donors are melanocytes, which produce and distribute melanin through specialized structures. The pigment recipients are epithelial cells, which acquire melanin and put it to use, collectively yielding the pigmentation visible to the eye. This review will focus on the pigment recipients, the historically less understood cell type. These end-users of pigment are now known to exert a specialized control over the patterning of pigmentation, as they identify themselves as melanocyte targets, recruit pigment donors, and stimulate the transfer of melanin. As such, this review will discuss the evidence that the skin is like a coloring book: the pigment recipients create a 'picture,' a blueprint for pigmentation, which is colorless initially but outlines where pigment should be placed. Melanocytes then melanize the recipients and 'color in' the picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin Weiner
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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17
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Palamaro L, Romano R, Fusco A, Giardino G, Gallo V, Pignata C. FOXN1 in Organ Development and Human Diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33:83-93. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.870171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Augustin I, Gross J, Baumann D, Korn C, Kerr G, Grigoryan T, Mauch C, Birchmeier W, Boutros M. Loss of epidermal Evi/Wls results in a phenotype resembling psoriasiform dermatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1761-77. [PMID: 23918954 PMCID: PMC3754868 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt cargo receptor Evi maintains normal skin homeostasis and barrier function via Wnt secretion in the epidermis. Cells of the epidermis renew constantly from germinal layer stem cells. Although epithelial cell differentiation has been studied in great detail and the role of Wnt signaling in this process is well described, the contribution of epidermal Wnt secretion in epithelial cell homeostasis remains poorly understood. To analyze the role of Wnt proteins in this process, we created a conditional knockout allele of the Wnt cargo receptor Evi/Gpr177/Wntless and studied mice that lacked Evi expression in the epidermis. We found that K14-Cre, Evi-LOF mice lost their hair during the first hair cycle, showing a reddish skin with impaired skin barrier function. Expression profiling of mutant and wild-type skin revealed up-regulation of inflammation-associated genes. Furthermore, we found that Evi expression in psoriatic skin biopsies is down-regulated, suggesting that Evi-deficient mice developed skin lesions that resemble human psoriasis. Immune cell infiltration was detected in Evi-LOF skin. Interestingly, an age-dependent depletion of dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) and an infiltration of γδlow T cells in Evi mutant epidermis was observed. Collectively, the described inflammatory skin phenotype in Evi-deficient mice revealed an essential role of Wnt secretion in maintaining normal skin homeostasis by enabling a balanced epidermal-dermal cross talk, which affects immune cell recruitment and DETC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Augustin
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics and 2 Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Zhang Z, Burnley P, Coder B, Su DM. Insights on FoxN1 biological significance and usages of the "nude" mouse in studies of T-lymphopoiesis. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:1156-67. [PMID: 23091413 PMCID: PMC3477685 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation in the “nude” gene, i.e. the FoxN1 gene, induces a hairless phenotype and a rudimentary thymus gland in mice (nude mouse) and humans (T-cell related primary immunodeficiency). Conventional FoxN1 gene knockout and transgenic mouse models have been generated for studies of FoxN1 gene function related to skin and immune diseases, and for cancer models. It appeared that FoxN1's role was fully understood and the nude mouse model was fully utilized. However, in recent years, with the development of inducible gene knockout/knockin mouse models with the loxP-Cre(ERT) and diphtheria toxin receptor-induced cell abolished systems, it appears that the complete repertoire of FoxN1's roles and deep-going usage of nude mouse model in immune function studies have just begun. Here we summarize the research progress made by several recent works studying the role of FoxN1 in the thymus and utilizing nude and “second (conditional) nude” mouse models for studies of T-cell development and function. We also raise questions and propose further consideration of FoxN1 functions and utilizing this mouse model for immune function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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20
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Albuquerque AS, Marques JG, Silva SL, Ligeiro D, Devlin BH, Dutrieux J, Cheynier R, Pignata C, Victorino RMM, Markert ML, Sousa AE. Human FOXN1-deficiency is associated with αβ double-negative and FoxP3+ T-cell expansions that are distinctly modulated upon thymic transplantation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37042. [PMID: 22590644 PMCID: PMC3349657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box N1 (FOXN1) is a transcription factor crucial for thymic epithelium development and prevention of its involution. Investigation of a patient with a rare homozygous FOXN1 mutation (R255X), leading to alopecia universalis and thymus aplasia, unexpectedly revealed non-maternal circulating T-cells, and, strikingly, large numbers of aberrant double-negative αβ T-cells (CD4negCD8neg, DN) and regulatory-like T-cells. These data raise the possibility that a thymic rudiment persisted, allowing T-cell development, albeit with disturbances in positive/negative selection, as suggested by DN and FoxP3+ cell expansions. Although regulatory-like T-cell numbers normalized following HLA-mismatched thymic transplantation, the αβDN subset persisted 5 years post-transplantation. Involution of thymus allograft likely occurred 3 years post-transplantation based on sj/βTREC ratio, which estimates intrathymic precursor T-cell divisions and, consequently, thymic explant output. Nevertheless, functional immune-competence was sustained, providing new insights for the design of immunological reconstitution strategies based on thymic transplantation, with potential applications in other clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S. Albuquerque
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José G. Marques
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana L. Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dario Ligeiro
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Centro de Histocompatibilidade do Sul – CHSul, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Blythe H. Devlin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Institut Cochin, Département Immunologie-Hematologie, Paris, France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Institut Cochin, Département Immunologie-Hematologie, Paris, France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, UMR-S 8104, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Pediatric Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rui M. M. Victorino
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M. Louise Markert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ana E. Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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From murine to human nude/SCID: the thymus, T-cell development and the missing link. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:467101. [PMID: 22474479 PMCID: PMC3303720 DOI: 10.1155/2012/467101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are disorders of the immune system, which lead to increased susceptibility to infections. T-cell defects, which may affect T-cell development/function, are approximately 11% of reported PIDs. The pathogenic mechanisms are related to molecular alterations not only of genes selectively expressed in hematopoietic cells but also of the stromal component of the thymus that represents the primary lymphoid organ for T-cell differentiation. With this regard, the prototype of athymic disorders due to abnormal stroma is the Nude/SCID syndrome, first described in mice in 1966. In man, the DiGeorge Syndrome (DGS) has long been considered the human prototype of a severe T-cell differentiation defect. More recently, the human equivalent of the murine Nude/SCID has been described, contributing to unravel important issues of the T-cell ontogeny in humans. Both mice and human diseases are due to alterations of the FOXN1, a developmentally regulated transcription factor selectively expressed in skin and thymic epithelia.
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The nude mutant gene Foxn1 is a HOXC13 regulatory target during hair follicle and nail differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:828-37. [PMID: 21191399 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Among the Hox genes, homeobox C13 (Hoxc13) has been shown to be essential for proper hair shaft differentiation, as Hoxc13 gene-targeted (Hoxc13(tm1Mrc)) mice completely lack external hair. Because of the remarkable overt phenotypic parallels to the Foxn1(nu) (nude) mutant mice, we sought to determine whether Hoxc13 and forkhead box N1 (Foxn1) might act in a common pathway of hair follicle (HF) differentiation. We show that the alopecia exhibited by both the Hoxc13(tm1Mrc) and Foxn1(nu) mice is because of strikingly similar defects in hair shaft differentiation and that both mutants suffer from a severe nail dystrophy. These phenotypic similarities are consistent with the extensive overlap between Hoxc13 and Foxn1 expression patterns in the HF and the nail matrix. Furthermore, DNA microarray analysis of skin from Hoxc13(tm1Mrc) mice identified Foxn1 as significantly downregulated along with numerous hair keratin genes. This Foxn1 downregulation apparently reflects the loss of direct transcriptional control by HOXC13 as indicated by our results obtained through co-transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. As presented in the discussion, these data support a regulatory model of keratinocyte differentiation in which HOXC13-dependent activation of Foxn1 is part of a regulatory cascade controlling the expression of terminal differentiation markers.
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24
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Zhang JX, Sun L, Zhang YH. Foxn1 Gene Knockout Suppresses Sexual Attractiveness and Pheromonal Components of Male Urine in Inbred Mice. Chem Senses 2009; 35:47-56. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjp081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Regulation of the sumoylation system at the level of gene expression has not yet been explored. To begin to define transcriptional regulatory features, the promoter region for the SUMO1 gene was cloned from human genomic DNA and characterized. Initially, a 532 base pair fragment upstream of and including the predicted SUMO1 transcription start site (TSS) was cloned and shown to possess promoter activity. Subsequent deletion analysis showed that a smaller fragment containing 158 bp upstream of the TSS region exhibited basal promoter activity in both human and rodent cell lines. Within this basal promoter fragment, there were predicted binding sites for numerous transcription factors, including the nude mouse gene product, Whn (FoxN1). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that Whn could bind to an ACGC motif adjacent to the TSR, and in transfection studies Whn stimulated a 3-fold increase in transcription from this cloned promoter in keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). Mutation of the ACGC motif abrogated both Whn binding and transcriptional activation, indicating that the Whn effect is likely due to direct interaction with this promoter element. Consistent with these observations on the cloned promoter region, Whn also modestly stimulated transcription from the endogenous, genomic SUMO1 promoter in HaCaT cells, consistent with Whn potentially playing a regulatory role for SUMO1 transcription in keratinocytes.
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Human ClinicalPhenotype Associated with FOXN1 Mutations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1599-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
In mice, rats, and humans, loss of function of Foxn1, a member of the winged helix/forkhead family of transcription factors, leads to macroscopic nudity and an inborn dysgenesis of the thymus. Nude (Foxn1(nu)/Foxn1(nu)) mice develop largely normal hair follicles and produce hair shafts. However, presumably because of a lack of certain hair keratins, the hair shafts that are generated twist and coil in the hair follicle infundibulum, which becomes dilated. Since hair shafts fail to penetrate the epidermis, macroscopic nudity results and generates the - grossly misleading - impression that nude mice are hairless. Here, we provide an overview of what is known on the role of Foxn1 in mammalian skin biology, its expression patterns in the hair follicle, its influence on hair follicle function, and onychocyte differentiation. We focus on the mechanisms and signaling pathways by which Foxn1 modulates keratinocyte differentiation in the hair follicle and nail apparatus and summarize the current knowledge on the molecular and functional consequences of a loss of function of the Foxn1 protein in skin. Foxn1 target genes, gene regulation of Foxn, and pharmacological manipulation of the nude phenotype (e.g. by cyclosporine A, KGF, and vitamin D3) are discussed, and important open questions as well as promising research strategies in Foxn1 biology are defined. Taken together, this review aims at delineating why enhanced research efforts in this comparatively neglected field of investigative dermatology promise important new insights into the controls of epithelial differentiation in mammalian skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Mecklenburg
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
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28
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Abstract
The hair follicle, a unique characteristic of mammals, represents a stem cell-rich, prototypic neuroectodermal-mesodermal interaction system. This factory for pigmented epithelial fibers is unique in that it is the only organ in the mammalian body which, for its entire lifetime, undergoes cyclic transformations from stages of rapid growth (anagen) to apoptosis-driven regression (catagen) and back to anagen, via an interspersed period of relative quiescence (telogen). While it is undisputed that the biological "clock" that drives hair follicle cycling resides in the hair follicle itself, the molecular nature of the underlying oscillator system remains to be clarified. To meet this challenge is of profound general interest, since numerous key problems of modern biology can be studied exemplarily in this versatile model system. It is also clinically important, since the vast majority of patients with hair growth disorders suffers from an undesired alteration of hair follicle cycling. Here, we sketch basic background information and key concepts that one needs to keep in mind when exploring the enigmatic "hair cycle clock"(HCC), and summarize competing models of the HCC. We invite the reader on a very subjective guided tour, which focuses on our own trials, errors, and findings toward the distant goal of unravelling one of the most fascinating mysteries of biology: Why does the hair follicle cycle at all? How does it do it? What are the key players in the underlying molecular controls? Attempting to offer at least some meaningful answers, we share our prejudices and perspectives, and define crucial open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, D-20426 Hamburg, Germany.
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Pohl BS, Knöchel W. Of Fox and Frogs: Fox (fork head/winged helix) transcription factors in Xenopus development. Gene 2005; 344:21-32. [PMID: 15656969 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors of the Fox (fork head box) family have been found in all metazoan organisms. They are characterised by an evolutionary conserved DNA-binding domain of winged helix structure. In the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, more than 30 Fox genes have been found so far. This review summarises our present knowledge regarding the general structure and common features of the fork head box and will then characterise Fox genes that have been described in Xenopus. Special attention was paid to the temporal and spatial expression patterns during early embryonic development. For some of these genes, the molecular mechanisms leading to their regulation after the onset of zygotic transcription are known. We also report on functional aspects including target gene regulation, cell or tissue specification and interference with the cell cycle. Finally, Fox proteins serve as mediators of signalling pathways and they might function as checkpoint molecules for the cross-regulatory interactions of different intracellular signal transduction chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Pohl
- Abteilung Biochemie, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm D-89081, Germany
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30
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Tsai PT, Lee RA, Wu H. BMP4 acts upstream of FGF in modulating thymic stroma and regulating thymopoiesis. Blood 2003; 102:3947-53. [PMID: 12920023 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymocyte development is a non-cell-autonomous process that requires signals provided by the thymic stroma. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) derived from thymic stroma have been implicated as possible regulators of T-cell development. Using thymic organ culture, this study demonstrates that both BMP4 and FGF7/FGF10 arrest early T-cell development at the CD4-CD8-CD44+CD25- (double-negative 1 [DN1]) population and at the CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) to CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) transition in a stromal compartment-dependent manner. Furthermore, BMP4 functions upstream of FGF7/FGF10, as the effects of BMP can be suppressed by cotreatment with an FGF receptor antagonist. BMP4 also acts directly on the thymic stroma to up-regulate the stroma-specific transcription factor Foxn1 and stroma-expressed chemokines. Taken together, the data in this report demonstrate that BMP acts upstream of FGF in the regulation of early T-cell development and that BMP4 acts primarily through the thymic stroma, thereby altering the thymic microenvironment and affecting thymopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Tsai
- Molecular Biology Institute, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
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31
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Suzuki N, Hirata M, Kondo S. Traveling stripes on the skin of a mutant mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9680-5. [PMID: 12893877 PMCID: PMC187817 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1731184100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of animal development, complex structures form autonomously from the apparently shapeless egg. How cells can produce spatial patterns that are much larger than each cell is one of the key issues in developmental biology. It has been suggested that spatial patterns in animals form through the same principles by which dispatched structures are formed in the nonbiological system. However, because of the complexity of biological systems, molecular details of such phenomena have been rarely clarified. In this article, we introduce an example of a pattern-forming phenomenon that occurs in the skin of mutant mice. The mutant mouse has a defect in splicing of the Foxn1 (Whn or nude) gene, which terminates hair follicle development just after pigment begins to accumulate in the follicle. The immature follicles are rapidly discharged, and a new hair cycle resumes. Eventually, the skin color of the mouse appears to oscillate. The color oscillation is synchronous in juvenile mice, but the phase gradually shifts among skin regions to eventually form traveling, evenly spaced stripes. Although the time scale is quite different, the pattern change in the mutant mouse shares characteristics with the nonlinear waves generated on excitable media, such as the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction, suggesting that a common principle underlies the wave pattern formation. Molecular details that underlie the phenomenon can be conjectured from recent molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Suzuki
- Institute for Laboratory Animals, Medical School of Mie University, Uehama 1515, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
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