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Max-Harry IM, Hashmi WJ, List BP, Kantake N, Corbin KL, Toribio RE, Nunemaker CS, Rosol TJ. The nuclear localization sequence and C-terminus of parathyroid hormone-related protein regulate normal pancreatic islet development and function. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 340:114309. [PMID: 37236490 PMCID: PMC10323322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a pleiotropic hormone essential for morphogenesis, tissue differentiation, as well as cell regulation and function. PTHrP is expressed by pancreatic beta cells which are responsible for insulin secretion. Previous studies have reported that N-terminal PTHrP stimulated proliferation in beta cells in rodents. We have developed a knockin mouse model (PTHrP Δ/Δ) lacking the C-terminal and nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of PTHrP. These mice die at ∼day 5, are severely stunted in growth, weigh 54% less than control mice at day 1-2 and eventually fail to grow. PTHrP Δ/Δ mice are also hypoinsulinemic and hypoglycemic yet have nutrient intake proportional to size. To characterize the pancreatic islets in these mice, islets (∼10-20) were isolated from 2 to 5 day-old-mice using collagenase digestion. Islets from PTHrP Δ/Δ mice were smaller in size but secreted more insulin than littermate controls. PTHrP Δ/Δ and control mice islets were exposed to various glucose concentrations and intracellular calcium, the trigger for insulin release, was elevated for glucose concentrations of 8-20 mM. Immunofluorescence staining showed less glucagon-stained area in islets from PTHrP Δ/Δ mice (∼250 µm2) compared to islets from control mice (∼900 µm2), and ELISA confirmed there was reduced glucagon content. These data collectively demonstrate increased insulin secretion and reduced glucagon at the islet level, which may contribute to the observed hypoglycemia and early death in PTHrP Δ/Δ mice. Thus, the C-terminus and NLS of PTHrP are crucial to life, including regulation of glucose homeostasis and islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibiagbani M Max-Harry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, USA
| | - Waleed J Hashmi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, USA
| | - Brian P List
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, USA; Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, USA
| | - Noriko Kantake
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Kathryn L Corbin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Craig S Nunemaker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, USA; Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, USA.
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, USA.
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Slominski AT, Slominski RM, Raman C, Chen JY, Athar M, Elmets C. Neuroendocrine signaling in the skin with a special focus on the epidermal neuropeptides. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1757-C1776. [PMID: 36317800 PMCID: PMC9744652 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00147.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The skin, which is comprised of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, is the largest organ in the human body and it plays a crucial role in the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions are regulated by local neuroendocrine and immune systems with a plethora of signaling molecules produced by resident and immune cells. In addition, neurotransmitters, endocrine factors, neuropeptides, and cytokines released from nerve endings play a central role in the skin's responses to stress. These molecules act on the corresponding receptors in an intra-, juxta-, para-, or autocrine fashion. The epidermis as the outer most component of skin forms a barrier directly protecting against environmental stressors. This protection is assured by an intrinsic keratinocyte differentiation program, pigmentary system, and local nervous, immune, endocrine, and microbiome elements. These constituents communicate cross-functionally among themselves and with corresponding systems in the dermis and hypodermis to secure the basic epidermal functions to maintain local (skin) and global (systemic) homeostasis. The neurohormonal mediators and cytokines used in these communications regulate physiological skin functions separately or in concert. Disturbances in the functions in these systems lead to cutaneous pathology that includes inflammatory (i.e., psoriasis, allergic, or atopic dermatitis, etc.) and keratinocytic hyperproliferative disorders (i.e., seborrheic and solar keratoses), dysfunction of adnexal structure (i.e., hair follicles, eccrine, and sebaceous glands), hypersensitivity reactions, pigmentary disorders (vitiligo, melasma, and hypo- or hyperpigmentary responses), premature aging, and malignancies (melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers). These cellular, molecular, and neural components preserve skin integrity and protect against skin pathologies and can act as "messengers of the skin" to the central organs, all to preserve organismal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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Datta D, Madke B, Das A. Skin as an endocrine organ: A narrative review. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2022; 88:590-597. [PMID: 35389023 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_533_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin being the largest organ of the body, is equipped with numerous functional properties. Over the past few years, intricate research into the biology of skin has led to a gamut of discoveries. Skin is now regarded as one of the most vital endocrine organs. The skin contains equivalents of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis and the appendages produce multiple hormones such as Vitamin D, sex steroids, retinoids and opioids. In this article, we will explore the role of skin as a target and source of some of the hormones of the human body, and briefly touch on the clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debatri Datta
- Oliva Skin and Hair Clinic, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhushan Madke
- Department of Dermatology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and AVBR Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anupam Das
- Department of Dermatology, KPC Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Cho WK, Kim HI, Paek SH, Kim SY, Hyun Seo H, Song J, Lee OH, Min J, Lee SJ, Jo Y, Choi H, Lee JH, Moh SH. Gene expression profile of human follicle dermal papilla cells in response to Camellia japonica phytoplacenta extract. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:633-651. [PMID: 33410284 PMCID: PMC7931240 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia japonica L. is a flowering tree with several medicinal and cosmetic applications. Here, we investigated the efficacy of C. japonica placenta extract (CJPE) as a potential therapeutic agent for promotion of hair growth and scalp health by using various in vitro and in vivo assays. Moreover, we performed transcriptome analysis to examine the relative expression of human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPC) in response to CJPE by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). In vitro assays revealed upregulation of the expression of hair growth marker genes in HFDPC after CJPE treatment. Moreover, in vivo clinical tests with 42 adult female participants showed that a solution containing 0.5% CJPE increased the moisture content of the scalp and decreased the scalp's sebum content, dead scalp keratin, and erythema. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed key genes in HFDPC which are associated with CJPE. Interestingly, genes associated with lipid metabolism and cholesterol efflux were upregulated. Genes upregulated by CJPE are associated with several hormones, including parathyroid, adrenocorticotropic hormone, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), and norepinephrine, which are involved in hair follicle biology. Furthermore, some upregulated genes are associated with the regulation of axon guidance. In contrast, many genes downregulated by CJPE are associated with structural components of the cytoskeleton. In addition, CJPE suppressed genes associated with muscle structure and development. Taken together, this study provides extensive evidence that CJPE may have potential as a therapeutic agent for scalp treatment and hair growth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyong Cho
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Hye-In Kim
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon, Korea
| | - Seung Hye Paek
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon, Korea
| | - Soo-Yun Kim
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyo Hyun Seo
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon, Korea
| | - Jihyeok Song
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon, Korea
| | - Ok Hwa Lee
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon, Korea
| | - Jiae Min
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon, Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Jo
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Hoseong Choi
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Lee
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Moh
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon, Korea
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Skrok A, Bednarczuk T, Skwarek A, Popow M, Rudnicka L, Olszewska M. The effect of parathyroid hormones on hair follicle physiology: implications for treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 28:213-225. [PMID: 25721772 DOI: 10.1159/000375319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) influence hair follicles through paracrine and intracrine routes. There is significant evidence that PTH and PTHrP influence the proliferation and differentiation of hair follicle cells. The PTH/PTHrP receptor signalling plays an important role in the hair follicle cycle and may induce premature catagen-telogen transition. Transgenic mice with an overexpression or blockade (PTH/PTHrP receptor knockout mice) of PTHrP activity revealed impaired or increased hair growth, respectively. Some findings also suggest that PTHrP may additionally influence the hair cycle by inhibiting angiogenesis. Antagonists of the PTH/PTHrP receptor have been shown to stimulate proliferation of hair follicle cells and hair growth. A hair-stimulating effect of a PTH/PTHrP receptor antagonist applied topically to the skin has been observed in hairless mice, as well as in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. These data indicate that the PTH/PTHrP receptor may serve as a potential target for new (topical) hair growth-stimulating drugs, especially for chemotherapy-induced alopecia.
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D'Amelio P, Sassi F, Buondonno I, Fornelli G, Spertino E, D'Amico L, Marchetti M, Lucchiari M, Roato I, Isaia GC. Treatment with intermittent PTH increases Wnt10b production by T cells in osteoporotic patients. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:2785-91. [PMID: 26068297 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on Wnt10b production by immune system cells in humans. We showed that bone anabolic effect of intermittent PTH treatment may be amplified by T cells through increased production of Wnt10b. Chronic increase in PTH as in primary hyperparathyroidism does not increase Wnt10b expression. INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to assess the effect of PTH on Wnt10b production by immune system cells in humans. We assessed both the effect of intermittent PTH administration (iPTH) and of chronic PTH hypersecretion in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). METHODS Eighty-two women affected by post-menopausal osteoporosis were randomly assigned to treatment with calcium and vitamin D alone (22) or plus 1-84 PTH (42), or intravenous ibandronate (18). Wnt10b production by unfractioned blood nucleated cells and by T, B cells and monocytes was assessed by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA at baseline, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months of treatment. The effect of chronic elevation of PTH was evaluated in 20 patients affected by PHP at diagnosis and after surgical removal of parathyroid adenoma. WNT10b from both osteoporotic and PHP patients was compared to healthy subjects matched for age and sex. RESULTS iPTH increases Wnt10b production by T cells, whereas PHP does not. After surgical restoration of normal parathyroid function, WNT10b decreases, although it is still comparable with healthy subjects' level. Thus, chronic elevation of PTH does not significantly increase WNT10b production as respect to control. CONCLUSIONS This is the first work showing the effect of both intermittent and chronic PTH increase on Wnt10b production by immune system cells. We suggest that, in humans, T cells amplified the anabolic effect of PTH on bone, by increasing Wnt10b production, which stimulates osteoblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D'Amelio
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - F Sassi
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - I Buondonno
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - G Fornelli
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - E Spertino
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - L D'Amico
- CeRMS, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital of Torino-Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - M Marchetti
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - M Lucchiari
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital of Torino-Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - I Roato
- CeRMS, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital of Torino-Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - G C Isaia
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
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Huso DL, Edie S, Levine MA, Schwindinger W, Wang Y, Jüppner H, Germain-Lee EL. Heterotopic ossifications in a mouse model of albright hereditary osteodystrophy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21755. [PMID: 21747923 PMCID: PMC3126840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is characterized by short stature, brachydactyly, and often heterotopic ossifications that are typically subcutaneous. Subcutaneous ossifications (SCO) cause considerable morbidity in AHO with no effective treatment. AHO is caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations in those GNAS exons encoding the α-subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gα(s)). When inherited maternally, these mutations are associated with obesity, cognitive impairment, and resistance to certain hormones that mediate their actions through G protein-coupled receptors, a condition termed pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a (PHP1a). When inherited paternally, GNAS mutations cause only AHO but not hormonal resistance, termed pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP). Mice with targeted disruption of exon 1 of Gnas (Gnas(E1-/+)) replicate human PHP1a or PPHP phenotypically and hormonally. However, SCO have not yet been reported in Gnas(E1+/-) mice, at least not those that had been analyzed by us up to 3 months of age. Here we now show that Gnas(E1-/+) animals develop SCO over time. The ossified lesions increase in number and size and are uniformly detected in adult mice by one year of age. They are located in both the dermis, often in perifollicular areas, and the subcutis. These lesions are particularly prominent in skin prone to injury or pressure. The SCO comprise mature bone with evidence of mineral deposition and bone marrow elements. Superficial localization was confirmed by radiographic and computerized tomographic imaging. In situ hybridization of SCO lesions were positive for both osteonectin and osteopontin. Notably, the ossifications were much more extensive in males than females. Because Gnas(E1-/+) mice develop SCO features that are similar to those observed in AHO patients, these animals provide a model system suitable for investigating pathogenic mechanisms involved in SCO formation and for developing novel therapeutics for heterotopic bone formation. Moreover, these mice provide a model with which to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Huso
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Edie
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William Schwindinger
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yingli Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Germain-Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Albright Clinic, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Goltzman D. Emerging roles for calcium-regulating hormones beyond osteolysis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:512-8. [PMID: 20605729 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP), the mediator of hypercalcemia of malignancy, are all osteolytic hormones. Recent studies have demonstrated that endogenous PTH and PTHrP also exert bone anabolic activity and that PTHrP is a crucial modulator of growth plate development. At least part of these PTHrP functions can be mediated by intracrine effects, involving a unique interplay of cell surface membrane and intracellular signaling. 1,25(OH)2D also exerts bone anabolic effects and, as with PTHrP, acts on multiple extraskeletal tissues. The skeletal functions of these hormones now extend beyond modulating bone resorption, and important extraskeletal activities have been discovered which involve unique local modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, Departments of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3A1A1, Canada.
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Lossdörfer S, Stier S, Götz W, Jäger A. Maturation-state dependent response of human periodontal ligament cells to an intermittent parathyroid hormone exposure in vitro. J Periodontal Res 2006; 41:62-72. [PMID: 16409257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone) has been shown to be capable of exerting anabolic effects on bone when administered intermittently. We hypothesized that parathyroid hormone will modulate the response of periodontal ligament cells in terms of anabolic effects with respect to proliferation, differentiation and the production of key regulatory factors of bone remodeling such as osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) in a maturation-state dependent manner. METHODS Periodontal ligament cells were cultured from human bicuspids obtained from six patients. Following characterization, confluent and preconfluent periodontal ligament cells were challenged with parathyroid hormone (1-34) for 0, 1, 3, 6 or 24 h within three incubation cycles of 48 h each. At harvest, the cell number, alkaline phosphatase specific activity and osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin and RANKL production were determined by means of semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunoassays. Dermal fibroblasts and MG63 osteoblast-like cells served as a reference. RESULTS Intermittent parathyroid hormone treatment of confluent periodontal ligament cells caused a significant increase in proliferation (+32% maximum) whereas alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin and osteoprotegerin decreased at the transcriptional and translational level (-59.7% maximum). In preconfluent periodontal ligament cells, parathyroid hormone induced a decrease in proliferation (-66.3% maximum) but an increase in differentiation and osteoprotegerin production (+49.2% maximum). RANKL was hardly detectable and unaffected by parathyroid hormone treatment. Similar results were obtained in MG63 cells, whereas parathyroid hormone stimulation did not alter any of the parameters examined in dermal fibroblasts. CONCLUSION These results indicate that human periodontal ligament cells respond to an intermittent parathyroid hormone exposure with changes in proliferation, differentiation and osteoprotegerin production in a maturation-state dependent manner and therefore might be regulatorily involved in periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lossdörfer
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Intrakrine, parakrine und autokrine Funktionen des PTH/PTHrP-Systems. MOLEKULARMEDIZINISCHE GRUNDLAGEN VON PARA- UND AUTOKRINEN REGULATIONSSTÖRUNGEN 2006. [PMCID: PMC7144038 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-28782-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The pilosebaceous unit (PSU) response to androgen is variable. Certain population of PSU respond to androgen in a distinctive pattern that results in sexual hair development in some, sebaceous gland development in others. Furthermore, androgen excess is variably manifest in women as hirsutism, acne vulgaris, seborrhea, or pattern alopecia. Although sebaceous cells act as intracrine cells, activating pro-hormones to potent androgens that act within the sebocyte, hair follicle metabolism predominantly inactivates testosterone. Androgen action in the sexual hair follicle appears to be mediated by the dermal papilla and possibly, by inducing expression of a specific keratin, hHa7, in the hair medulla. The data do not clearly support a relationship between idiopathic hirsutism, the hirsutism that occurs in the absence of androgen excess, and variations in androgen mechanism of action. Androgens are prominent among the hormones that modulate the biological mechanism regulating the hair cycle. However, the basis for the variable pattern of PSU response to androgen is unclear, as is the basis for the variable development of hirsutism in response to androgen excess and the incomplete reversal of hirsutism by anti-androgen treatment. Improved treatment of hirsutism awaits improved understanding of the nature of the interaction between androgens and other determinants of hair follicle biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Rosenfield
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago Children's Hospital, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1470, USA.
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Kondo S. The roles of keratinocyte-derived cytokines in the epidermis and their possible responses to UVA-irradiation. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1999; 4:177-83. [PMID: 10536996 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jidsp.5640205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ, covering the entire body surface. Keratinocytes (KC) are its major component. The KC, by making keratin protein, function as a protective barrier against exogenous stimuli. As KC have been demonstrated to produce various kinds of cytokines, skin plays an important role in immunologic and inflammatory responses of the body. Cytokines affect other cells and organs, mediating cellular growth and differentiation as well as inflammation and immune reactions. Thus, cytokines maintain the cellular and intercellular homeostasis. Dysregulation and abnormal production of cytokines are detected in various skin diseases. Evidence is accumulating to show the significant contribution of cytokines to the pathogenesis or severity of certain diseases. In this report, the effects of KC-derived cytokines on various components in the skin are briefly summarized. We further demonstrate that ultraviolet (UV) light has a distinct effect on the production and secretion of cytokines from KC, depending upon its wavelength. Although some KC-derived cytokines were induced both by UVA and by UVB, suggesting augmentative effects of UVA on UVB-induced cutaneous responses such as sunburn and suntan, other cytokines, including IL-10 and IL-12, were found to be differentially regulated by UVA and UVB. UVA (less than 20 kJ per m2) was found to induce IL-12 but not IL-10 in normal human KC. Our results suggest an antagonistic effect of UVA against UVB, indicating the contribution of UV irradiation to the balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the in situ skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kondo
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Japan.
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