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Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Cetylpyridinium Chloride Enriched Glass-Ionomer Restorative Cement: A Comparative Study Assessing Compressive Strength and Antibacterial Activity. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 43:42-45. [PMID: 30289369 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-43.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the addition of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on the compressive strength and antibacterial activity of conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC). STUDY DESIGN TiO2 nanoparticles enriched GIC was prepared by adding 3% TiO2 nanoparticles (w/w) into the powder component of conventional GIC. CPC containing GIC was developed by incorporating 1% CPC (w/w) into conventional GIC powder. Samples were segregated into three groups: GIC with 3% TiO2 nanoparticles, GIC with 1% CPC and unmodified conventional GIC. Compressive strength was assessed using the universal testing machine on cylindrical specimens made from each material. Antibacterial activity was assessed by measuring inhibition zones on Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin (MSB) agar inoculated with pure strain of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). RESULTS GIC containing TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited significantly greater compressive strength as compared with CPC and conventional GIC groups (P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between the compressive strengths of CPC and conventional GIC group (P >0.05). Antibacterial activity was significantly greater for TiO2 group than conventional GIC (P <0.05). CPC increased the antibacterial activity of conventional GIC, though not significantly. CONCLUSION The addition of 3% TiO2 nanoparticles improves the compressive strength of GIC as well as its antibacterial activity against S. mutans.
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Urish KL, DeMuth PW, Craft DW, Haider H, Davis CM. Pulse lavage is inadequate at removal of biofilm from the surface of total knee arthroplasty materials. J Arthroplasty 2014; 29:1128-32. [PMID: 24439797 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In acute periprosthetic infection, irrigation and debridement with component retention has a high failure rate in some studies. We hypothesize that pulse lavage irrigation is ineffective at removing biofilm from total knee arthroplasty (TKA) components. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm mass and location was directly visualized on arthroplasty materials with a photon collection camera and laser scanning confocal microscopy. There was a substantial reduction in biofilm signal intensity, but the reduction was less than a ten-fold decrease. This suggests that irrigation needs to be further improved for the removal of biofilm mass below the necessary bioburden level to prevent recurrence of acute infection in total knee arthroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Urish
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter W DeMuth
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - David W Craft
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Hani Haider
- Orthopaedics Biomechanics & Advanced Surgical Technologies Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebrasca
| | - Charles M Davis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Sreenivasan P, Haraszthy V, Zambon J. Antimicrobial efficacy of 0·05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 56:14-20. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ramalingam K, Amaechi BT, Ralph RH, Lee VA. Antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsion on cariogenic planktonic and biofilm organisms. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 57:15-22. [PMID: 21807359 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nanoemulsions (NE) are a unique class of disinfectants produced by mixing a water immiscible liquid phase into an aqueous phase under high shear forces. NE have antimicrobial properties and are also effective anti-biofilm agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effectiveness of nanoemulsion and its components was determined against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei by live/dead staining. In vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of nanoemulsion against planktonic S. mutans, L. casei, Actinomyces viscosus, Candida albicans and mixed culture was determined by a serial dilution technique to obtain minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC). In addition, efficacy was investigated by kinetics of killing, adherence and biofilm assays. RESULTS Compared to its components, nanoemulsion showed notable antimicrobial activity against biofilm organisms, up to 83.0% kill within 1min. NE dilutions ranging from 243 to 19683 were effective against planktonic S. mutans, L. casei, A. viscosus, C. albicans and mixed culture of these four strains as shown through MIC/MBC assays. NE showed antimicrobial activity against planktonic cells at high dilutions, confirmed by time kill studies. The level of adhesion on glass surface was reduced by 94.2-99.5% in nanoemulsion treated groups (p<0.001). 4-Day-old S. mutans, L. casei, A. viscosus, C. albicans and mixed cultures biofilms treated with NE showed reductions of bacterial counts with decreasing dilutions (p<0.001). CONCLUSION These results suggest that nanoemulsion has effective anti-cariogenic activity against cariogenic microorganisms and may be a useful medication in the prevention of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Ramalingam
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Feldman M, Weiss EI, Ofek I, Shemesh M, Steinberg D. In VitroReal-Time Interactions of Cranberry Constituents with Immobilized Fructosyltransferase. J Med Food 2010; 13:1153-60. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Feldman
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ervin I. Weiss
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itzhak Ofek
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Shemesh
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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Lee VA, Karthikeyan R, Rawls HR, Amaechi BT. Anti-cariogenic effect of a cetylpyridinium chloride-containing nanoemulsion. J Dent 2010; 38:742-9. [PMID: 20600554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the anticaries activity of a nanoemulsion composed of soybean oil, water, Triton X-100 and cetylpyridinium chloride. METHODS Tooth blocks (3 mm length x 3 mm width x 2 mm thickness) were cut from smooth surfaces of selected molar teeth using a water-cooled diamond wire saw. The blocks were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: (A) nanoemulsion, (B) 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, and (C) no treatment. The formation of dental caries in human tooth enamel was tested using a continuous flow dual-organism (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei), biofilm model, which acts as an artificial mouth and simulates the biological and physiological activities observed within the oral environment. Experimental groups A and B were treated with their respective solutions once daily for 30 s on each occasion, while group C received no treatment. 10% sucrose was supplied every 6 h for 6 min to simulate meals and pH cycling. The experiment lasted for 5 days, and the tooth blocks were harvested and processed for demineralization assessment using transverse microradiography (TMR). RESULTS For both lesion depth and mineral loss, statistical analysis indicated that Emulsion was significantly lower than Control and Chlorhexidine, and Chlorhexidine was significantly lower than Control. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that cetylpyridinium-containing nanoemulsions appear to present a feasible means of preventing the occurrence of early caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Lee
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
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Hu D, Li X, Sreenivasan PK, DeVizio W. A randomized, double-blind clinical study to assess the antimicrobial effects of a cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse on dental plaque bacteria. Clin Ther 2009; 31:2540-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ortiz-Soto ME, Rudiño-Piñera E, Rodriguez-Alegria ME, Munguia AL. Evaluation of cross-linked aggregates from purified Bacillus subtilis levansucrase mutants for transfructosylation reactions. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:68. [PMID: 19635162 PMCID: PMC2724506 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing attention has been focused on inulin and levan-type oligosaccharides, including fructosyl-xylosides and other fructosides due to their nutraceutical properties. Bacillus subtilis levansucrase (LS) catalyzes the synthesis of levan from sucrose, but it may also transfer the fructosyl moiety from sucrose to acceptor molecules included in the reaction medium. To study transfructosylation reactions with highly active and robust derivatives, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) were prepared from wild LS and two mutants. CLEAs combine the catalytic features of pure protein preparations in terms of specific activity with the mechanical behavior of industrial biocatalysts. Results Two types of procedures were used for the preparation of biocatalysts from purified wild type LS (WT LS) B. subtilis and the R360K and Y429N LS mutants: purified enzymes aggregated with glutaraldehyde (cross-linked enzyme aggregates: CLEAs), and covalently immobilized enzymes in Eupergit C®. The biocatalysts were characterized and used for fructoside synthesis using xylose as an acceptor model. CLEAs were able to catalyze the synthesis of fructosides as efficiently as soluble enzymes. The specific activity of CLEAs prepared from wild type LS (44.9 U/mg of CLEA), R360K (56.5 U/mg of CLEA) and Y429N (1.2 U/mg of CLEA) mutants were approximately 70, 40 and 200-fold higher, respectively, than equivalent Eupergit C® immobilized enzyme preparations (U/mg of Eupergit), where units refer to global LS activity. In contrast, the specific activity of the free enzymes was 160, 171.2 and 1.5 U/mg of protein, respectively. Moreover, all CLEAs had higher thermal stability than corresponding soluble enzymes. In the long term, the operational stability was affected by levan synthesis. Conclusion This is the first report of cross-linked transglycosidases aggregates. CLEAs prepared from purified LS and mutants have the highest specific activity for immobilized fructosyltransferases (FTFs) reported in the literature. CLEAs from R360K and Y429N LS mutants were particularly suitable for fructosyl-xyloside synthesis as the absence of levan synthesis decreases diffusion limitation and increases operational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Ortiz-Soto
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México.
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Shemesh M, Steinberg D. In vitro binding interactions of oral bacteria with immobilized fructosyltransferase. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:871-7. [PMID: 16553744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of the present study was to explore the role of immobilized fructosyltransferase (FTF) in adhesion process. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated real-time biospecific interactions between several types of oral bacteria and recombinant FTF immobilized on a biosensor chip, using surface plasmon resonance technology. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Actinomyces viscosus demonstrated significant binding to FTF. Actinomyces viscosus had a greater binding to FTF, with 373 Resonance Units (RU), than the other tested bacteria. The binding level to FTF of Strep. sobrinus was 320 RU, whereas Strep. mutans and Streptococcus salivarious show binding of 296 and 245 RU, respectively. The binding sensograms displayed different profiles for the tested bacteria at various cell density, suggesting a different affinity to immobilized FTF. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study suggest that FTF may influence bacterial adherence and colonization of the dental biofilm. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The biomolecular interaction analysis enables real-time monitoring of the interaction between adhesions of intact bacteria and their ligands, which might be crucial in the initial phase of biofilm development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shemesh
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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Tam A, Shemesh M, Wormser U, Sintov A, Steinberg D. Effect of different iodine formulations on the expression and activity of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase and fructosyltransferase in biofilm and planktonic environments. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:865-71. [PMID: 16549514 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The glucosyltransferase (GTF) and fructosyltransferase (FTF) enzymes play a pivotal role in dental biofilm formation as they synthesize polysaccharides that act as the extracellular matrix of the biofilm. Iodine is a unique antibacterial agent that has distinct properties from other conventional antibacterial agents. In this study we have examined the effect of iodine and povidone iodine (PI) on gtf and ftf expression in biofilm and planktonic environments and on immobilized and unbound GTF and FTF activity. METHODS Real-time reverse transcription-PCR was used to investigate the effect of iodine and PI on ftf, gtfB and gtfC expression. The effect of iodine and PI on GTF and FTF activity was tested using radioactive assays. RESULTS Our results indicate that iodine and PI in a tetraglycol carrier cause enhancement of expression of gtfB in Streptococcus mutans in biofilms but not in planktonic bacteria. PI in water induced expression of gtfB and gtfC in planktonic bacteria. However, iodine and PI strongly inhibit polysaccharide production by GTF and to a lesser extent by FTF activity. The inhibitory effect on GTF activity was similar in solution compared to its activity in the immobilized environment. This unique effect may be attributed to the distinct chemical properties of iodine compared with other antibacterial agents. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that iodine at sub-bactericidal concentrations demonstrates molecular and enzymatic effects that are highly associated with biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avshalom Tam
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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Shemesh M, Steinberg D. Surface plasmon resonance for real-time evaluation of immobilized fructosyltransferase activity. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 64:411-5. [PMID: 16098618 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular enzyme fructosyltransferase (FTF) is considered to be a significant virulence factor in the dental biofilm. We have developed a method using surface plasmon resonance to detect the activity of immobilized FTF in situ. This real time technique provides a sensitive direct assay for characterizing functional properties of immobilized enzymes such as FTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Shemesh
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah POB 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Rozen R, Bachrach G, Zaks B, Bronshteyn M, Gedalia I, Steinberg D. Effect of chlorhexidine on molecular weight distribution of fructans produced by fructosyltransferase in solution and immobilized on surface. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:571-5. [PMID: 12668115 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chlorhexidine (CHX), a potent antibacterial agent, was tested on the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of fructans synthesized by cell-free fructosyltransferase (FTF) in solution in comparison to FTF immobilized onto hydroxyapatite (HA). Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis has shown that cell-free FTF, both in solution and immobilized on HA, produces both low MW (1.9-2.2 kDa) and high MW (913-1047 kDa) fructans. CHX at a concentration of 0.02% altered the MWD of the fructans by reducing the polydispersity ratio and changing the MWD of the fructans synthesized both by immobilized FTF and by FTF in solution. These changes of the fructans in the presence of CHX adds a new prospective to the anticaries effect of CHX in addition to its antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Rozen
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah, PO Box 12272 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
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