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Li N, Wang J, Feng G, Liu Y, Shi Y, Wang Y, Chen L. Advances in biomaterials for oral-maxillofacial bone regeneration: spotlight on periodontal and alveolar bone strategies. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae078. [PMID: 39055303 PMCID: PMC11272181 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate nature of oral-maxillofacial structure and function, coupled with the dynamic oral bacterial environment, presents formidable obstacles in addressing the repair and regeneration of oral-maxillofacial bone defects. Numerous characteristics should be noticed in oral-maxillofacial bone repair, such as irregular morphology of bone defects, homeostasis between hosts and microorganisms in the oral cavity and complex periodontal structures that facilitate epithelial ingrowth. Therefore, oral-maxillofacial bone repair necessitates restoration materials that adhere to stringent and specific demands. This review starts with exploring these particular requirements by introducing the particular characteristics of oral-maxillofacial bones and then summarizes the classifications of current bone repair materials in respect of composition and structure. Additionally, we discuss the modifications in current bone repair materials including improving mechanical properties, optimizing surface topography and pore structure and adding bioactive components such as elements, compounds, cells and their derivatives. Ultimately, we organize a range of potential optimization strategies and future perspectives for enhancing oral-maxillofacial bone repair materials, including physical environment manipulation, oral microbial homeostasis modulation, osteo-immune regulation, smart stimuli-responsive strategies and multifaceted approach for poly-pathic treatment, in the hope of providing some insights for researchers in this field. In summary, this review analyzes the complex demands of oral-maxillofacial bone repair, especially for periodontal and alveolar bone, concludes multifaceted strategies for corresponding biomaterials and aims to inspire future research in the pursuit of more effective treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayun Li
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guangxia Feng
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yunsong Shi
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Medical Devices and Equipment, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Mahmood AA, Abbas RF. Assessment of NLRP3 Gene Polymorphisms with Periodontitis as Compared with Healthy Periodontium in Iraqi Arabs Patients. Eur J Dent 2023; 17:1338-1348. [PMID: 36812929 PMCID: PMC10756796 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome regulates the maturation and release of the cytokines as well as the activation of caspase in response to danger signals derived from pathogenic infection, tissue damage, andmetabolic changes that have a role in the pathogenesis of different diseases as periodontitis. Yet, the susceptibility to this illness could be determined by population-based genetic differences. The aim of this study was to determine whether periodontitis in Arab populations from Iraq is correlated with NLRP3 gene polymorphisms and measure clinical periodontal parameters and investigate their association with genetic polymorphisms of the NLRP3. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 94 participants ranging from 30 to 55 years old, both males and females who fulfilled the study's criteria. The selected participants were divided into two groups: the periodontitis group (62 subjects) and the healthy control group (32 subjects). The examination of clinical periodontal parameters of all participants was carried out, followed by a collection of venous blood for NLRP3 genetic analysis using the polymerase chain reaction-sequencing technique. RESULTS The genetic analysis of NLRP3 genotypes at four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs10925024, rs4612666, rs34777555, and rs10754557), by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, identified nonsignificant differences in studied groups. The C-T genotype among periodontitis was significantly different from controls, while the C-C genotype among control was significantly different from periodontitis at NLRP3 rs10925024. Overall, there were 35 SNPs in the periodontitis group and 10 SNPs in the control group for rs10925024 with significant differences versus nonsignificant differences of the other SNPs between the studied groups. Clinical attachment loss and NLRP3 rs10925024 additionally demonstrated a significant positive correlation in the periodontitis subjects. CONCLUSION The findings suggested that polymorphisms of the NLRP3 gene may have a role and increasing the genetic susceptibility to periodontal disease in Arabs Iraqi patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athraa A. Mahmood
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Raghad Fadhil Abbas
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Homayouni Rad A, Pourjafar H, Mirzakhani E. A comprehensive review of the application of probiotics and postbiotics in oral health. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1120995. [PMID: 36968114 PMCID: PMC10031100 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1120995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases are among the most common diseases around the world that people usually suffer from during their lifetime. Tooth decay is a multifactorial disease, and the composition of oral microbiota is a critical factor in its development. Also, Streptococcus mutans is considered the most important caries-causing species. It is expected that probiotics, as they adjust the intestinal microbiota and reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria in the human intestine, can exert their health-giving effects, especially the anti-pathogenic effect, in the oral cavity, which is part of the human gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted on the role of probiotics in the prevention of tooth decay. In this review, while investigating the effect of different strains of probiotics Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria on oral diseases, including dental caries, candida yeast infections, periodontal diseases, and halitosis, we have also discussed postbiotics as novel non-living biological compounds derived from probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Homayouni Rad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Pourjafar
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- *Correspondence: Esmaeel Mirzakhani, ; Hadi Pourjafar,
| | - Esmaeel Mirzakhani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Esmaeel Mirzakhani, ; Hadi Pourjafar,
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Bueno MR, Ishikawa KH, Almeida-Santos G, Ando-Suguimoto ES, Shimabukuro N, Kawamoto D, Mayer MPA. Lactobacilli Attenuate the Effect of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Infection in Gingival Epithelial Cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:846192. [PMID: 35602018 PMCID: PMC9116499 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics may be considered as an additional strategy to achieve a balanced microbiome in periodontitis. However, the mechanisms underlying the use of probiotics in the prevention or control of periodontitis are still not fully elucidated. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of two commercially available strains of lactobacilli on gingival epithelial cells (GECs) challenged by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. OBA-9 GECs were infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans strain JP2 at an MOI of 1:100 and/or co-infected with Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 (La5) or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Lr32 (Lr32) at an MOI of 1:10 for 2 and 24 h. The number of adherent/internalized bacteria to GECs was determined by qPCR. Production of inflammatory mediators (CXCL-8, IL-1β, GM-CSF, and IL-10) by GECs was determined by ELISA, and the expression of genes encoding cell receptors and involved in apoptosis was determined by RT-qPCR. Apoptosis was also analyzed by Annexin V staining. There was a slight loss in OBA-9 cell viability after infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans or the tested probiotics after 2 h, which was magnified after 24-h co-infection. Adherence of A. actinomycetemcomitans to GECs was 1.8 × 107 (± 1.2 × 106) cells/well in the mono-infection but reduced to 1.2 × 107 (± 1.5 × 106) in the co-infection with Lr32 and to 6 × 106 (± 1 × 106) in the co-infection with La5 (p < 0.05). GECs mono-infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans produced CXCL-8, GM-CSF, and IL-1β, and the co-infection with both probiotic strains altered this profile. While the co-infection of A. actinomycetemcomitans with La5 resulted in reduced levels of all mediators, the co-infection with Lr32 promoted reduced levels of CXCL-8 and GM-CSF but increased the production of IL-1β. The probiotics upregulated the expression of TLR2 and downregulated TLR4 in cells co-infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans. A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced the upregulation of NRLP3 was attenuated by La5 but increased by Lr32. Furthermore, the transcription of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2 was upregulated, whereas the pro-apoptotic BAX was downregulated in cells co-infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans and the probiotics. Infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans induced apoptosis in GECs, whereas the co-infection with lactobacilli attenuated the apoptotic phenotype. Both tested lactobacilli may interfere in A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization of the oral cavity by reducing its ability to interact with gingival epithelial cells and modulating cells response. However, L. acidophilus La5 properties suggest that this strain has a higher potential to control A. actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis than L. rhamnosus Lr32.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela R Bueno
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karin H Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gislane Almeida-Santos
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen S Ando-Suguimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natali Shimabukuro
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dione Kawamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia P A Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sang-Ngoen T, Czumbel LM, Sadaeng W, Mikó A, Németh DI, Mátrai P, Hegyi P, Tóth B, Csupor D, Kiss I, Szabó A, Gerber G, Varga G, Kerémi B. Orally Administered Probiotics Decrease Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans but Not Other Periodontal Pathogenic Bacteria Counts in the Oral Cavity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:682656. [PMID: 34447307 PMCID: PMC8383782 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.682656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: At the initial part of the gastrointestinal tract, multiple tissues serve the normal function of food delivery. Periodontal structures are integral elements of these. When they deteriorate, it is extremely challenging to regenerate and reconstruct them. The conventional intervention for periodontal disease is scaling and root planning with the aim of reducing pathogenic bacteria. However, periodontal pathogens can rapidly recolonize treated areas. Probiotics have been proposed as novel tools for managing oral health by suppressing pathogenic bacteria through their anti-inflammatory effect, but the available data are controversial. Aim: Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to study the effect of probiotics on periodontal pathogenic bacteria. Methods: The study was registered in PROSPERO under registration number CRD42018094903. A comprehensive literature search from four electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, and Web of Science) yielded nine eligible records for statistical analysis. Studies measuring bacterial counts in saliva and supra- and subgingival plaque were included. Bacterial counts were analyzed using standard mean difference (SMD) and by a random effects model with the DerSimonian-Laird estimation. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in the overall count of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in the probiotic-treated group compared to the control at 4 weeks (SMD: -0.28; 95% CI: -0.56--0.01; p = 0.045) but not later. Analyzing the bacterial counts in subgroups, namely, in saliva and supra- and subgingival plaque, separately, yielded no significant difference. Probiotics had no significant effect on the overall count of Porphyromonas gingivalis at 4 weeks (SMD: -0.02; 95% CI: -0.35-0.31; p = 0.914) or later. Subgroup analysis also revealed no significant difference between treatment and control groups nor did probiotics significantly decrease the overall and subgroup bacterial counts of Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Conclusion: Our data support the beneficial effect of probiotics in reducing A. actinomycetemcomitans counts, but not of other key periodontal pathogenic bacteria in periodontal disease patients. However, due to the complex mechanism associated with periodontal disease and the limitations of the available studies, there is a further need for well-designed randomized clinical trials to assess the efficacy of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wuttapon Sadaeng
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Mikó
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dávid István Németh
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Mátrai
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Pancreatic Diseases, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Tóth
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Kiss
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szabó
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gerber
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Varga
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Kerémi
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Theodoro LH, da Rocha TE, Wainwright M, Nuernberg MAA, Ervolino E, Souza EQM, Brandini DA, Garcia VG. Comparative effects of different phenothiazine photosensitizers on experimental periodontitis treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102198. [PMID: 33578028 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of the phenothiazine photosensitizers methylene blue (MB), toluidine blue-O (TBO) and butyl toluidine blue (BuTB) in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), as adjuvant therapy to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS 120 Wistar rats underwent ligation around the lower left molar. After seven days, the ligature was removed. The animals were separated into the following groups (n = 15): EP, no treatment; SRP, SRP and irrigation with saline solution; MB, SRP and deposition of MB; TBO, SRP and deposition of TBO; BuTB, SRP and deposition of BuTB; MB-aPDT, SRP and aPDT with MB; TBO-aPDT, SRP and aPDT with TBO and; BuTB-aPDT, SRP and aPDT with BuTB. The aPDT session was performed after SRP, with deposition of the photosensitizer and irradiation with a diode laser (DL; InGaAlP, 660 nm, 40 mW, 60 s, 2.4 J). Histological and histometric analysis was performed. RESULTS BuTB-aPDT group had a lesser extent of the inflammatory process compared to the EP, SRP, MB and TBO at all experimental periods (p < 0.05). At 15 days, the aPDT treated groups had a greater bone tissue structure than groups EP and SRP (p < 0.05) The BuTB showed lower Alveolar Bone Loss (ABL) compared to the TBO-aPDT group at 30 days (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION aPDT using the photosensitizer BuTB proved to be the adjuvant therapy that most favored the reduction of inflammatory infiltrate in the furcation area and ABL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Helena Theodoro
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Esgalha da Rocha
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Edilson Ervolino
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Quintão Manhanini Souza
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Atili Brandini
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Valdir Gouveia Garcia
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Latin American Institute of Dental Research and Education (ILAPEO), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Pérez-Pacheco CG, Fernandes NAR, Primo FL, Tedesco AC, Bellile E, Retamal-Valdes B, Feres M, Guimarães-Stabili MR, Rossa C. Local application of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in periodontitis: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind split-mouth clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:3217-3227. [PMID: 33125518 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess a single local application of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NPT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty healthy subjects with periodontitis received SRP+PLGA/PLA nanoparticles loaded with 50 μg of curcumin (N-Curc) or SRP+empty nanoparticles. Probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were monitored at baseline, 30, 90, and 180 days. IL-1α, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-10 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were assessed by ELISA, and counts of 40 bacterial species were determined by DNA hybridization at baseline, 3, 7, and 15 days post-therapy. RESULTS PPD, CAL, and BOP were similarly and significantly improved in both experimental groups. There was no difference in GCF cytokine levels between experimental groups, although IL-6 was decreased at 3 days only in the N-Curc group. NPT reduced counts of red complex bacterial species in both groups. Veillonella Parvula counts increased significantly only in N-Curc group at 7 days, whereas Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans counts increased significantly only in the control group from day 3 to day 15. CONCLUSION We conclude that a single local administration of nanoencapsulated curcumin in periodontally diseased sites had no additive benefits to NPT. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results showed that a single local application of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles associated with nonsurgical periodontal therapy did not improve clinical outcomes. Hence, our findings do not support the use of curcumin as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Grace Pérez-Pacheco
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalie Ap Rodrigues Fernandes
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lucas Primo
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering- Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Emily Bellile
- Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Belen Retamal-Valdes
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Universidade de Guarulhos - UNG, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Magda Feres
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Universidade de Guarulhos - UNG, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Rossa
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Ding PH, Yang MX, Wang NN, Jin LJ, Dong Y, Cai X, Chen LL. Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Its Downstream Interleukin-1β Release Depend on Caspase-4. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1881. [PMID: 32903638 PMCID: PMC7438778 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral commensals contribute to microbe-host symbiosis in periodontal homeostasis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) as the keystone pathogen critically accounts for the shift of symbiosis to dysbiosis and periodontal destruction. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is significantly involved in periodontal diseases, and notably P. gingivalis enables to modulate the induction and expression of NLRP3. Whereas, the exact mechanism by which NLRP3 inflammasome is regulated in response to commensal and pathogenic bacteria remains unclear. Methods: To examine the expression of IL-1β and NLRPs inflammasome in tissues with severe chronic periodontitis, and further investigate how Caspase-4-dependent non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome pathways functioned during the interactions of Streptococcus mitis (S. mitis) and P. gingivalis with human THP-1 cells. Results: IL-1β and NLRP3, NLRP6, NLRP12, and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes are highly expressed in gingival tissues with severe chronic periodontitis. In human THP-1 cells, P. gingivalis activates the synthesis and secretion of IL-1β to higher levels than S. mitis. Importantly, NLRP3-, Caspase-1-, and Caspase-4-siRNA knockdown THP-1 cells treated with P. gingivalis exhibited a lower expression level of IL-1β as compared to the control cells. In addition, silencing of either CASP4 or CASP1 can lead to a concurrent or reciprocal decrease in the expression of the other. Of note, the IL-1β induction is not affected in the S. mitis-treated THP-1 cells with the silence of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and Caspase-4 genes. Conclusion: NLRP3/Caspase-4 and NLRP3/Caspase-1 dependent IL-1β production may crucially contribute to the dysregulated immuno-inflammatory response in periodontal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hui Ding
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Periodontology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na-Na Wang
- Department of Periodontology, Fuyang People's Hospital, Fuyang, China
| | - Li-Jian Jin
- Division of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Periodontology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Pyruvate secretion by oral streptococci modulates hydrogen peroxide dependent antagonism. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1074-1088. [PMID: 31988475 PMCID: PMC7174352 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Many commensal oral streptococci generate H2O2 via pyruvate oxidase (SpxB) to inhibit the growth of competing bacteria like Streptococcus mutans, a major cariogenic species. In Streptococcus sanguinis SK36 (SK36) and Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (DL1), spxB expression and H2O2 release are subject to carbon catabolite repression by the catabolite control protein A (CcpA). Surprisingly, ccpA deletion mutants of SK36 and DL1 fail to inhibit S. mutans despite their production of otherwise inhibitory levels of H2O2. Using H2O2-deficient spxB deletion mutants of SK36 and DL1, it was subsequently discovered that both strains confer protection in trans to other bacteria when H2O2 is added exogenously. This protective effect depends on the direct detoxification of H2O2 by the release of pyruvate. The pyruvate dependent protective effect is also present in other spxB-encoding streptococci, such as the pneumococcus, but is missing from spxB-negative species like S. mutans. Targeted and transposon-based mutagenesis revealed Nox (putative H2O-forming NADH dehydrogenase) as an essential component required for pyruvate release and oxidative protection, while other genes such as sodA and dps play minor roles. Furthermore, pyruvate secretion is only detectable in aerobic growth conditions at biofilm-like cell densities and is responsive to CcpA-dependent catabolite control. This ability of spxB-encoding streptococci reveals a new facet of the competitive interactions between oral commensals and pathobionts and provides a mechanistic basis for the variable levels of inhibitory potential observed among H2O2-producing strains of commensal oral streptococci.
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10
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Patini R, Cattani P, Marchetti S, Isola G, Quaranta G, Gallenzi P. Evaluation of Predation Capability of Periodontopathogens Bacteria by Bdellovibrio Bacteriovorus HD100. An in Vitro Study. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12122008. [PMID: 31234568 PMCID: PMC6630749 DOI: 10.3390/ma12122008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment options against periodontitis attempt to completely remove oral microbiota even if several species in dental plaque demonstrate protective features. Predatory bacteria that selectively predate solely on Gram-negative bacteria might be a viable therapeutic alternative. Therefore, the aim of this study is to in vitro evaluate the susceptibility of some oral pathogens to predation by B. bacteriovorus HD100 in liquid suspension. Cultures of prey cell were prepared in brain heart infusion broth (BHI) broth incubating overnight at the appropriate conditions for each organism to reach log phase of growth. Predatory activity was assessed by measuring optical density at 600 nm after 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The study demonstrated that B. bacteriovorus is able to predate on aerobic species and on microaerophilic ones (p < 0.05) but also that its predatory capacity is strongly compromised by the conditions of anaerobiosis. B. bacteriovorus, in fact, was unable to predate the anaerobic species involved in the present study (F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis). The findings of the study suggest that B. bacteriovorus is able to tolerate microaerophilic conditions and that in anaerobiosis it cannot exert its predatory capacity. Such evidence could lead to its use as an agent to prevent recolonization of the periodontal pocket following therapy. Further studies are needed to investigate the activity of B. bacteriovorus against recently recognized periodontopathogens, alone or organized in biofilms of multi-species communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Patini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy.
| | - Paola Cattani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy.
| | - Simona Marchetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, Via Plebiscito 628, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Quaranta
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Gallenzi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy.
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11
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Abstract
The three main oral diseases of humans, that is, caries, periodontal diseases, and oral candidiasis, are associated with microbiome shifts initiated by changes in the oral environment and/or decreased effectiveness of mucosal immune surveillance. In this review, we discuss the role that microbial-based therapies may have in the control of these conditions. Most investigations on the use of microorganisms for management of oral disease have been conducted with probiotic strains with some positive but very discrete clinical outcomes. Other strategies such as whole oral microbiome transplantation or modification of community function by enrichment with health-promoting indigenous oral strains may offer more promise, but research in this field is still in its infancy. Any microbial-based therapeutics for oral conditions, however, are likely to be only one component within a holistic preventive strategy that should also aim at modification of the environmental influences responsible for the initiation and perpetuation of microbiome shifts associated with oral dysbiosis.
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12
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Ghosh SK, Feng Z, Fujioka H, Lux R, McCormick TS, Weinberg A. Conceptual Perspectives: Bacterial Antimicrobial Peptide Induction as a Novel Strategy for Symbiosis with the Human Host. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29535688 PMCID: PMC5835341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human beta defensins (hBDs) are small cationic peptides, expressed in mucosal epithelia and important agents of innate immunity, act as antimicrobial and chemotactic agents at mucosal barriers. In this perspective, we present evidence supporting a novel strategy by which the oral bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum induces hBDs and other antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in normal human oral epithelial cells (HOECs) and thereby protects them from other microbial pathogens. The findings stress (1) the physiological importance of hBDs, (2) that this strategy may be a mechanism that contributes to homeostasis and health in body sites constantly challenged with bacteria and (3) that novel properties identified in commensal bacteria could, one day, be harnessed as new probiotic strategies to combat colonization of opportunistic pathogens. With that in mind, we highlight and review the discovery and characterization of a novel lipo-protein, FAD-I (FusobacteriumAssociated Defensin Inducer) associated with the outer membrane of F. nucleatum that may act as a homeostatic agent by activating endogenous AMPs to re-equilibrate a dysregulated microenvironment. FAD-I has the potential to reduce dysbiosis-driven diseases at a time when resistance to antibiotics is increasing. We therefore postulate that FAD-I may offer a new paradigm in immunoregulatory therapeutics to bolster host innate defense of vulnerable mucosae, while maintaining physiologically responsive states of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Ghosh
- Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zhimin Feng
- Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Electron Microscopy Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Renate Lux
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Thomas S McCormick
- Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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13
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Teughels W, Kinder Haake S, Sliepen I, Pauwels M, Van Eldere J, Cassiman JJ, Quirynen M. Bacteria Interfere with A. actinomycetemcomitans Colonization. J Dent Res 2016; 86:611-7. [PMID: 17586706 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that beneficial bacteria can suppress the emergence of pathogenic bacteria, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. This study examined the potential for a similar suppression of Aggregatibacter (formerly Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans colonization of epithelial cells, due to its potential relevance in periodontal diseases. Seven presumed beneficial bacteria were examined for their ability to interfere, exclude, or displace A. actinomycetemcomitans from epithelial cells in vitro. Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus salivarius showed prominent inhibitory effects on either A. actinomycetemcomitans recovery or colonization. These results confirmed the hypothesis that bacterial interactions interfere with A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization of epithelial cells in vitro, and demonstrated the potential beneficial effects of S. mitis, S. salivarius, and S. sanguinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Teughels
- Catholic University Leuven, Research Group for Microbial Adhesion, Department of Periodontology, Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Nallabelli N, Patil PP, Pal VK, Singh N, Jain A, Patil PB, Grover V, Korpole S. Biochemical and genome sequence analyses of Megasphaera sp. strain DISK18 from dental plaque of a healthy individual reveals commensal lifestyle. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33665. [PMID: 27651180 PMCID: PMC5030485 DOI: 10.1038/srep33665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the work in periodontal microbiology in recent years has focused on identifying and understanding periodontal pathogens. As the majority of oral microbes have not yet been isolated in pure form, it is essential to understand the phenotypic characteristics of microbes to decipher their role in oral environment. In this study, strain DISK18 was isolated from gingival sulcus and identified as a Megasphaera species. Although metagenomics studies revealed Megasphaera species as a major group within the oral habitat, they have never been isolated in cultivable form to date. Therefore, we have characterized the DISK18 strain to better understand its role in the periodontal ecosystem. Strain Megasphaera sp. DISK18 displayed the ability to adhere and self-aggregate, which are essential requisite features for inhabiting and persisting in oral cavity. It also coaggregated with other pioneer oral colonizers like Streptococcus and Lactobacillus species but not with Veillonella. This behaviour points towards its role in the ecologic succession of a multispecies biofilm as an early colonizer. The absence of virulence determining genes as observed in whole genome sequence analysis coupled with an inability to degrade collagen reveals that Megasphaera sp. strain DISK18 is likely not a pathogenic species and emphasizes its commensal lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Namrata Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Jain
- Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Vishakha Grover
- Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suresh Korpole
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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15
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Nozhevnikova AN, Botchkova EA, Plakunov VK. Multi-species biofilms in ecology, medicine, and biotechnology. Microbiology (Reading) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261715060107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Abstract
The role of probiotic bacteria in improving human health has been an attractive subject for researchers since the beginning of the 20(th) century. They have been used to control gastro-intestinal infections, to promote immunity and to prevent various diseases (allergies, urogenital infections, etc.). However, the use of beneficial bacteria in the field of dentistry has only recently gained interest. Investigation of the effects of probiotic bacteria on oral health has become an important research subject. These studies are still in the early stages, however results show that probiotic bacteria are effective against tooth caries, periodontal disease, oral mucosal lesions and oral malodour. This review provides information on the effects of probiotics--well-known for their effects on general health, and therefore more widely used in healthcare--on oral and dental health, in order to promote their use/prescription by physicians and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Gungor
- 1 Akdeniz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Z Kirzioglu
- 2 Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - M Kivanc
- 3 Anadolu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
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17
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Ji S, Choi YS, Choi Y. Bacterial invasion and persistence: critical events in the pathogenesis of periodontitis? J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:570-85. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ji
- Department of Periodontology Anam Hospital Korea University Seoul Korea
| | - Y. S. Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology and Dental Research Institute School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Y. Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology and Dental Research Institute School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Korea
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18
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Drury JL, Chung WO. DNA methylation differentially regulates cytokine secretion in gingival epithelia in response to bacterial challenges. Pathog Dis 2014; 73:1-6. [PMID: 25722484 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftu005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are changes in gene expression without altering DNA sequence. We previously reported that bacteria-specific innate immune responses are regulated by epigenetic modifications. Our hypothesis is that DNA methylation affects gingival cytokine secretion in response to bacterial stimulation. Gingival epithelial cells (GECs) were treated with DNMT-1 inhibitors prior to Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) or Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) exposure. Protein secretion was assessed using ELISA. Gene expression was quantified using qRT-PCR. The ability of bacteria to invade inhibitor pretreated GECs was assessed utilizing flow cytometry. Changes were compared to unstimulated GECs. GEC upregulation of IL-6 and CXCL1 by Pg or Fn stimulation was significantly diminished by inhibitor pretreatment. Pg stimulated IL-1α secretion and inhibitor pretreatment significantly enhanced this upregulation, while Fn alone or with inhibitor pretreatment had no effect on IL-1α expression. GEC upregulation of human beta-definsin-2 in response to Pg and Fn exposure was enhanced following the inhibitor pretreatment. GEC susceptibility to bacterial invasion was unaltered. These results suggest that DNA methylation differentially affects gingival cytokine secretion in response to Pg or Fn. Our data provide basis for better understanding of how epigenetic modifications, brought on by exposure to oral bacteria, will subsequently affect host susceptibility to oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanie L Drury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7475, USA
| | - Whasun Oh Chung
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7475, USA
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19
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Loozen G, Boon N, Pauwels M, Slomka V, Rodrigues Herrero E, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Effect of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 on multispecies oral communities. Anaerobe 2014; 35:45-53. [PMID: 25252124 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The predation of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on different periodontal pathogens has already been described. However, it is necessary to consider the polymicrobial nature of periodontal disease. The current study explores the predation of Bdellovibrio on oral pathogens organized in multispecies communities. The effect of the predator was evaluated on in vitro six species communities with microbial culturing. Additionally, the effect on ex vivo subgingival plaque and saliva samples from periodontitis patients was assessed. In the latter experiment results were examined with microbial culturing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The latter technique was used to get an overview of the whole mixed microbial population. Results showed that even in more complex models, B. bacteriovorus was still able to predate on Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. However predation on Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis could not be validated in multispecies models. The effect of Bdellovibrio was not restricted to the target bacteria. Changes in the overall ecology of the different models were evident. It could be concluded that the efficiency of predation decreased when complexity of the models increased. However, B. bacteriovorus was able to attack two important oral pathogens, F. nucleatum, and A. actinomycetemcomitans, even when present in ex vivo clinical samples. These effects still have to be validated in in vivo models to see the impact of Bdellovibrio on the whole bacterial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Loozen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMet), Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martine Pauwels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vera Slomka
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marc Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Teles R, Teles F, Frias-Lopez J, Paster B, Haffajee A. Lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:95-162. [PMID: 23574465 PMCID: PMC3912758 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are initiated by bacterial species living in polymicrobial biofilms at or below the gingival margin and progress largely as a result of the inflammation elicited by specific subgingival species. In the past few decades, efforts to understand the periodontal microbiota have led to an exponential increase in information about biofilms associated with periodontal health and disease. In fact, the oral microbiota is one of the best-characterized microbiomes that colonize the human body. Despite this increased knowledge, one has to ask if our fundamental concepts of the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases have really changed. In this article we will review how our comprehension of the structure and function of the subgingival microbiota has evolved over the years in search of lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. More specifically, this review focuses on: (i) how the data obtained through molecular techniques have impacted our knowledge of the etiology of periodontal infections; (ii) the potential role of viruses in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases; (iii) how concepts of microbial ecology have expanded our understanding of host-microbe interactions that might lead to periodontal diseases; (iv) the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases; and (v) the impact of these evolving concepts on therapeutic and preventive strategies to periodontal infections. We will conclude by reviewing how novel systems-biology approaches promise to unravel new details of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and hopefully lead to a better understanding of their mechanisms.
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21
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Liu Y, Chu L, Wu F, Guo L, Li M, Wang Y, Wu L. Influence of pH on inhibition of Streptococcus mutans by Streptococcus oligofermentans. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 122:57-61. [PMID: 24267570 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus oligofermentans is a novel strain of oral streptococcus that can specifically inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The aims of this study were to assess the growth of S. oligofermentans and the ability of S. oligofermentans to inhibit growth of Streptococcus mutans at different pH values. Growth inhibition was investigated in vitro using an interspecies competition assay. The 4-aminoantipyine method was used to measure the initial production rate and the total yield of hydrogen peroxide in S. oligofermentans. S. oligofermentans grew best at pH 7.0 and showed the most pronounced inhibitory effect when it was inoculated earlier than S. mutans. In terms of the total yield and the initial production rate of hydrogen peroxide by S. oligofermentans, the effects of the different culture pH values were as follows: pH 7.0 > 6.5 > 6.0 > 7.5 > 5.5 = 8.0 (i.e. there was no significant difference between pH 5.5 and pH 8.0). Environmental pH and the sequence of inoculation significantly affected the ability of S. oligofermentans to inhibit the growth of S. mutans. The degree of inhibition may be attributed to the amount of hydrogen peroxide produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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22
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Loozen G, Ozcelik O, Boon N, De Mol A, Schoen C, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Inter-bacterial correlations in subgingival biofilms: a large-scale survey. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 41:1-10. [PMID: 24102517 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although the complexity of the oral ecology and the ecological differences between health and disease are well accepted, a clear view on the dynamics in relation to disease is lacking. In this study, the prevalence and abundance of 20 key oral bacteria was assessed in health and disease and more importantly a closer look was given to the inter-bacterial relationships. MATERIALS AND METHODS A blinded microbiological database was analysed in this cross-sectional, retrospective study. The database was constructed based on microbiological analyses of samples from 6308 patients, with gradations of periodontitis (healthy to periodontitis). Data concerning the abundance of 20 oral bacteria and probing pocket depth were provided. RESULTS Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Eubacterium nodatum, Porphyromonas micra and Porphyromonas intermedia showed a clear increase in abundance and prevalence with increasing pocket depth. Correlation matrices illustrated that almost all microorganisms were in one way correlated to other species and most of these correlations were significant. Several beneficial bacteria showed strong correlations with other beneficial bacteria. CONCLUSION Knowledge on bacterial correlations can pave the way for new treatment options focusing on restoring the shifted balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Loozen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Greer A, Zenobia C, Darveau RP. Defensins and LL-37: a review of function in the gingival epithelium. Periodontol 2000 2013; 63:67-79. [PMID: 23931055 PMCID: PMC3744237 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides represent an important aspect of the innate defense system that contributes to the control of bacterial colonization and infection. As studies have progressed it has become clear that antimicrobial peptides manifest other functions in addition to their antimicrobial effects. These functions include chemotaxis of numerous types of host cells involved in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, the antimicrobial activity, the regulation and the contribution to host homeostasis of alpha-defensins and LL-37, as well as of beta-defensins, are discussed in the context of their specific tissue locations in the junctional epithelium and oral epithelium, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard P. Darveau
- Corresponding Author: Richard P. Darveau, University of Washington, Department of Periodontics, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357444, Seattle, WA 98195-7444, Tel: 206-543-5043, Fax: 206-616-7478,
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24
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Reeves BD, Young M, Grieco PA, Suci P. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm killing by a targeted ciprofloxacin prodrug. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:1005-1014. [PMID: 23952779 PMCID: PMC3818142 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.823541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A pH-sensitive ciprofloxacin prodrug was synthesized and targeted against biofilms of the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). The dose required to reduce the viability of a mature biofilm of Aa by ~80% was in the range of ng cm(-2) of colonized area (mean biofilm density 2.33 × 10(9) cells cm(-2)). A mathematical model was formulated that predicts the temporal change in the concentration of ciprofloxacin in the Aa biofilm as the drug is released and diffuses into the bulk medium. The predictions of the model were consistent with the extent of killing obtained. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the strategy to induce mortality, and together with the mathematical model, provide the basis for design of targeted antimicrobial prodrugs for the topical treatment of oral infections such as periodontitis. The targeted prodrug approach offers the possibility of optimizing the dose of available antimicrobials in order to kill a chosen pathogen while leaving the commensal microbiota relatively undisturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Reeves
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Mark Young
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman,
Montana 59717
| | - Paul A. Grieco
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Peter Suci
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman,
Montana 59717
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman,
Montana 59717
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Ronay V, Buchalla W, Sahrmann P, Attin T, Schmidlin PR. In vitro evaluation of the oxidation efficacy of transgingival photodynamic therapy. Acta Odontol Scand 2013; 71:1216-20. [PMID: 23320555 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2012.757639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the capability of soft laser light to penetrate blood, serum, gingival connective tissue and pure collagen type I. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 1:1 mixture of methylene blue (MB) and diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) was irradiated for 60 s with a diode laser (670 nm, 0.3 W) through blood, serum, gingival connective tissue and collagen type I (2 mm transillumination thickness). The oxidation of DPBF by MB was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the optical density (oD) at 410 nm. The absorption spectra of DPBF/MB irradiated through MB (1%) and strawberry red solution (3%) served as control. RESULTS The mean oD of non-irradiated DPBF/MB was 1.98 ± 0.04. Irradiation through MB showed no oxidation of DPBF (1.98 ± 0.02; p > 0.05), while interposition of strawberry red and serum resulted in almost complete oxidation of DPBF (0.13 ± 0.09, 0.06 ± 0.03; p ≤ 0.0001). Irradiation through gingiva and collagen reduced the oxidation of DPBF significantly (1.0 ± 0.04, 0.7 ± 0.04; p ≤ 0.0001), accounting for 50% to 35% of the non-irradiated DPBF/MB solution. CONCLUSION Red light from a diode laser can penetrate blood and gingival tissues. However, light absorption for collagen and connective tissue can hamper the oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Ronay
- Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Cariology and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Li X, Lan HY, Huang XR, Zhang C, Jin LJ. Expression profile of macrophage migration-inhibitory factor in human gingiva and reconstituted human gingival epithelia stimulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontal Res 2013; 48:527-32. [PMID: 23298274 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) plays crucial roles in the recruitment and activation of macrophages as well as in helping to kill bacteria. This study investigated the expression profile of MIF in human gingiva under different periodontal conditions and its expression patterns induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in gingival epithelia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival tissue samples were collected from deep pockets and clinically healthy sites of 22 nonsmoking subjects with chronic periodontitis. The expression of MIF mRNA and protein was evaluated using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The in vitro study analyzed the effects of P. gingivalis LPS on the expression of MIF in a reconstituted human gingival epithelia (RHGE) model. RESULTS In gingival epithelia, MIF protein was diffusely expressed from the basal layer to the granular and spinous layers; whereas, in the underlying connective tissues, MIF was observed around the dilated blood vessels in the deep-pocket tissues. A significantly lower level of expression of MIF mRNA and an increased level of expression of MIF protein were found in deep-pocket tissues compared with clinically healthy tissues. Expression of MIF mRNA in the RHGE model was significantly down-regulated by P. gingivalis LPS. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that MIF expression may be related to periodontal conditions and that its expression profile could be modulated by P. gingivalis LPS. MIF may play a role in periodontal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Feres M, Cortelli SC, Figueiredo LC, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Microbiological basis for periodontal therapy. J Appl Oral Sci 2012; 12:256-66. [PMID: 20976394 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572004000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for the etiologic agents of periodontal diseases started in the Golden Era of medical bacteriology, when the etiologic agents of many bacterial infections were isolated and characterized. After the initial enthusiasm in establishing the infectious nature and the true agents of periodontal diseases, this concept was virtually ignored for the next four decades. Until the early 1970s treatment regimens based on the non-specific plaque hypothesis were directed towards a non-specific reduction in plaque amount. Later, the specific plaque hypothesis established the role of some microorganisms such as A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, T. denticola, P. intermedia and F. nucleatum in different forms of periodontal diseases. It was recently suggested that these suspected periodontal pathogens seem to not act alone and interactions between species, especially the balance between pathogenic and beneficial species affect both progression of disease and response of tissues to periodontal therapy. Nowadays it is well established that one of the goals of therapy is to control such periodontal pathogens. Among the most commonly used therapies to treat periodontal infections are scaling and root planing (SRP), supragingival plaque control and periodontal surgeries. Many studies confirmed the reduction of "red complex" species by SRP, and apically repositioned flap can lead to an additional beneficial effect in the subgingival microbiota by decreasing levels of "red" and "orange complexes" species. Furthermore, the level of plaque control maintained by the patients has been considered a crucial step in preventing recurrence of destructive periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Feres
- Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, SP, Brasil
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van Essche M, Loozen G, Godts C, Boon N, Pauwels M, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Bacterial antagonism against periodontopathogens. J Periodontol 2012; 84:801-11. [PMID: 22897652 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current study is to compare the prevalence of commensal bacteria, with beneficial properties, for healthy and diseased individuals and additionally to examine the inhibitory effect of some commercial dietary probiotics on periodontopathogens, comparing this inhibitory effect to that of orally derived beneficial bacteria. METHODS Subgingival plaque samples from 35 patients (healthy and periodontitis patients) were analyzed. Growth inhibition of the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was examined using the agar overlay technique and agar well diffusion method. The quantification of the inhibitory effect was checked with the agar well diffusion method. RESULTS Using the agar overlay technique, the prevalence of strains antagonistic toward P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and F. nucleatum was found to be higher in healthy individuals than in individuals with periodontitis, but this could not be validated by the agar well diffusion assay. Compared with the antagonistic activity of the isolated strains, the probiotic strains overall showed a stronger inhibition of the periodontal pathogens. CONCLUSION It was shown that some oral bacteria can cause antagonism toward periodontopathogens, and these observations underline the therapeutic potential of applications that stimulate oral health by the application of beneficial effector strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van Essche
- Catholic University of Leuven, Department of Periodontology, Leuven, Belgium
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Qiqiang L, Huanxin M, Xuejun G. Longitudinal study of volatile fatty acids in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis before and after nonsurgical therapy. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:740-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Di Giulio M, D'Ercole S, Zara S, Cataldi A, Cellini L. Streptococcus mitis/human gingival fibroblasts co-culture: the best natural association in answer to the 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate release. APMIS 2011; 120:139-46. [PMID: 22229269 PMCID: PMC3443379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the major components of dental polymerized resin-based restorative materials is 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and its release in monomeric form interferes with the oral cavity environment. This study aimed to evaluate HEMA monomeric effects on the co-culture of Streptococcus mitis and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Streptococcus mitis DS12 and S. mitis ATCC 6249 were co-cultivated with HGF in the presence of HEMA (3 mM), for 48 and 72 h; the amount of sessile and planktonic cells, as well as the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell viability were analyzed in treated and untreated samples. The treatment of S. mitis/HGFs with HEMA did not produce significant effects on the bacterial adhesion and induced an increase in planktonic S. mitis ATCC 6249 population after 48 and 72 h. HEMA increased significantly the planktonic S. mitis ATCC 6249 viability when co-cultured with HGFs, while a cytotoxic effect on HGFs, without bacteria, was recorded. An increase of bacterial aggregation on HGFs was also detected with HEMA. Data obtained in this study suggest that HEMA exhibits a toxic effect mainly on eukaryotic cells and this effect can be modulated by co-cultivation with the S. mitis cells which, in the presence of the monomer, enhance their aggregation rate on HGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Di Giulio
- Department of Drug Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Abstract
Biofilms are masses of microorganisms that bind to and multiply on a solid surface, typically with a fluid bathing the microbes. The microorganisms that are not attached but are free floating in an aqueous environment are termed planktonic cells. Traditionally, microbiology research has addressed results from planktonic bacterial cells. However, many recent studies have indicated that biofilms are the preferred form of growth of most microbes and particularly those of a pathogenic nature. Biofilms on animal hosts have significantly increased resistance to various antimicrobials compared to planktonic cells. These microbial communities form microcolonies that interact with each other using very sophisticated communication methods (i.e., quorum-sensing). The development of unique microbiological tools to detect and assess the various biofilms around us is a tremendously important focus of research in many laboratories. In the present review, we discuss the major biofilm mechanisms and the interactions among oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Huang
- Department of Oral Biology and Tobacco Cessation and Biobehavioral Center, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Teughels W, Loozen G, Quirynen M. Do probiotics offer opportunities to manipulate the periodontal oral microbiota? J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:159-77. [PMID: 21323712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As in other fields of healthcare, probiotics have been introduced for prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. OBJECTIVE This review was initiated to explore whether the use of probiotics can influence the periodontal microbiota and periodontal health. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature on the mode of action of oral probiotics was reviewed and a systematic review was performed on the microbiological and clinical effects of oral probiotics on periodontal health. RESULTS Three animal and 11 in vivo human studies were retrieved. Six studies reported on microbiological effects whereas eight studies report on clinical effects. Seven studies were performed on healthy or gingivitis patients and four studies on periodontitis patients. Many of the retrieved studies are pilot in nature and with low quality. The high degree of heterogeneity between studies hampered analysis. CONCLUSION Taking into consideration all limitations, the currently available data indicate an effect of probiotics on the oral microbiota and a more limited effect on clinical periodontal outcome measures. However, there is an urgent need for properly conducted clinical trials where probiotics are used as adjuncts to standard periodontal care, similar to antibiotics, using probiotic strains with, at least at an in vitro level, proven periodontal probiotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Teughels
- Department of Periodontology, Research Group for Microbial Adhesion, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Suci P, Young M. Selective killing of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans by ciprofloxacin during development of a dual species biofilm with Streptococcus sanguinis. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1055-63. [PMID: 21507381 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontal disease is associated with a pathogen-induced transition to a chronic destructive inflammatory response. Since commensals may either passively or actively contribute to immune homeostasis, therapies aimed at selectively reducing the competitive advantage of pathogens may be effective supplements to traditional methods. We developed an in vitro system to grow biofilms composed of the pathogen (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) and the commensal (Streptococcus sanguinis). We used the biofilm model to determine the feasibility of selectively killing the pathogen using the fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin. DESIGN Biofilms were exposed to relevant ciprofloxacin doses during the first 24h of development, with subsequent removal of the ciprofloxacin for a 24h period. Biofilm growth was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, crystal violet staining and DNA abundance. RESULTS Exposure to 0.01mg/L or 0.5mg/L ciprofloxacin significantly reduced the microcolony size and cell surface density of A. actinomycetemcomitans in the dual species biofilm over a 24h period whilst allowing uninhibited S. sanguinis biofilm formation. A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm development was insignificant over a subsequent 24h period after removal of the ciprofloxacin indicating that A. actinomycetemcomitans cells were killed. CONCLUSIONS A. actinomycetemcomitans residing in a dual species biofilm with the commensal, S. sanguinis can be selectively killed, or at least rendered metabolically inactive, by treatment with ciprofloxacin. The dual species biofilm model will be a useful tool for designing in vivo studies to determine the efficacy of selective killing agents as an adjunct treatment of localized aggressive forms of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Suci
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States.
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Abstract
The term "probiotics" has become common among general practitioners. There has been an explosion in the interest regarding this topic, which is reflected in the number of scientific publications. The World Health Organization defined probiotics as: "Living microorganisms which when administered in adequate amount confirms a health benefit on the host". Probiotics have been studied extensively in the gastrointestinal tract for their health-promoting effects and have shown promising results. However, in recent times, probiotics have also been used in periodontal health and have shown promising results in controlling gastrointestinal tract infections. Probiotics have potential, but as with many other clinical situations, multicenter or randomized, controlled studies on humans are still required before they can be recommended as prophylaxis for caries or periodontal disease. In the present study, we review the effects of probiotics on maintaining periodontal health. Relevant studies were identified from 1970 to February 2010 using Old Medline, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manchala Sesha Reddy
- Department of Periodontics, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimivaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Yin L, Chino T, Horst OV, Hacker BM, Clark EA, Dale BA, Chung WO. Differential and coordinated expression of defensins and cytokines by gingival epithelial cells and dendritic cells in response to oral bacteria. BMC Immunol 2010; 11:37. [PMID: 20618959 PMCID: PMC2912831 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DCs) both initiate and contribute to innate immune responses to bacteria. However, much less is known about the coordinated regulation of innate immune responses between GECs and immune cells, particularly DCs in the oral cavity. The present study was conducted to investigate whether their responses are coordinated and are bacteria-specific in the oral cavity. Results The β-defensin antimicrobial peptides hBD1, hBD2 and hBD3 were expressed by immature DCs as well as gingival epithelial cells (GECs). HBD1, hBD2 and hBD3 are upregulated in DCs while hBD2 and hBD3 are upregulated in GECs in response to bacterial stimulation. Responses of both cell types were bacteria-specific, as demonstrated by distinctive profiles of hBDs mRNA expression and secreted cytokines and chemokines in response to cell wall preparations of various bacteria of different pathogenicity: Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinomyces naeslundii and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The regulation of expression of hBD2, IL-8, CXCL2/GROβ and CCL-20/MIP3α by GECs was greatly enhanced by conditioned medium from bacterially activated DCs. This enhancement was primarily mediated via IL-1β, since induction was largely attenuated by IL-1 receptor antagonist. In addition, the defensins influence DCs by eliciting differential cytokine and chemokine secretion. HBD2 significantly induced IL-6, while hBD3 induced MCP-1 to approximately the same extent as LPS, suggesting a unique role in immune responses. Conclusions The results suggest that cytokines, chemokines and β-defensins are involved in interaction of these two cell types, and the responses are bacteria-specific. Differential and coordinated regulation between GECs and DCs may be important in regulation of innate immune homeostasis and response to pathogens in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, Box 357132, USA.
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Targeted delivery of a photosensitizer to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:2489-96. [PMID: 20385858 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00059-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to selectively target specific biofilm species with antimicrobials would enable control over biofilm consortium composition, with medical applications in treatment of infections on mucosal surfaces that are colonized by a mixture of beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. We functionalized a genetically engineered multimeric protein with both a targeting moiety (biotin) and either a fluorophore or a photosensitizer (SnCe6). Biofilm microcolonies of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a periodontal pathogen, were targeted with the multifunctional dodecamer. Streptavidin was used to couple biotinylated dodecamer to a biotinylated anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans antibody. This modular targeting approach enabled us to increase the loading of photosensitizer onto the cells by a cycle of amplification. Scanning laser confocal microscopy was used to characterize transport of fluorescently tagged dodecamer into the microcolonies and targeting of the cells with biotin-labeled, fluorescently tagged dodecamer. Light-induced activity of the targeted photosensitizer reduced the viability of A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm, as indicated by membrane permeability to propidium iodide. The functionalized multimeric protein promises to be a useful tool for controlling periodontal biofilm consortia and offers a modular design whereby moieties that target different species can be readily combined with the functionalized protein construct.
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Sliepen I, Van Essche M, Loozen G, Van Eldere J, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Interference withAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: colonization of epithelial cells under hydrodynamic conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:390-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2009.00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Eberhard J, Pietschmann R, Falk W, Jepsen S, Dommisch H. The immune response of oral epithelial cells induced by single-species and complex naturally formed biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:325-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2009.00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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de Araújo FRG, de Castro CMMB, Severo MS, Diniz MDFA, Viana MT, Evêncio LB. Effect of Mercurius solubilis on the bacteriological response in the alveolitis process in rats. HOMEOPATHY 2009; 98:160-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Coats SR, Jones JW, Do CT, Braham PH, Bainbridge BW, To TT, Goodlett DR, Ernst RK, Darveau RP. Human Toll-like receptor 4 responses to P. gingivalis are regulated by lipid A 1- and 4'-phosphatase activities. Cell Microbiol 2009; 11:1587-99. [PMID: 19552698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction following binding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an essential aspect of host innate immune responses to infection by Gram-negative pathogens. Here, we describe a novel molecular mechanism used by a prevalent human bacterial pathogen to evade and subvert the human innate immune system. We show that the oral pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, uses endogenous lipid A 1- and 4'-phosphatase activities to modify its LPS, creating immunologically silent, non-phosphorylated lipid A. This unique lipid A provides a highly effective mechanism employed by this bacterium to evade TLR4 sensing and to resist killing by cationic antimicrobial peptides. In addition, lipid A 1-phosphatase activity is suppressed by haemin, an important nutrient in the oral cavity. Specifically, P. gingivalis grown in the presence of high haemin produces lipid A that acts as a potent TLR4 antagonist. These results suggest that haemin-dependent regulation of lipid A 1-dephosphorylation can shift P. gingivalis lipid A activity from TLR4 evasive to TLR4 suppressive, potentially altering critical interactions between this bacterium, the local microbial community and the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Coats
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195-7444, USA.
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Leblebicioglu B, Kulekci G, Ciftci S, Keskin F, Badur S. Salivary detection of periodontopathic bacteria and periodontal health status in dental students. Anaerobe 2009; 15:82-6. [PMID: 19162209 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Saliva may become a potential source of contamination through vertical and horizontal transmissions as well as cross-infections. This study aims to use saliva as a screening tool to detect putative periodontal pathogens in a young population with fairly good oral hygiene. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stimulated saliva samples were obtained from 134 dental students (20.5+/-1 years, range 18-22 years). Among those, 77 subjects also completed a periodontal examination including attachment loss, modified dental, gingival and plaque indices (AL, mDI, GI and PI). The test bacteria were identified using a 16S rRNA-based PCR detection method. RESULTS One or more of the test bacteria was found in 67% of the subjects. Prevotella nigrescens was detected as single bacterium in 16% of the subjects followed by Treponema denticola (4%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (2%), Aggregatibacter (formerly Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans (1%) and Tannerella forsythia (1%). Two or more pathogens were detected in 42% of the subjects. Clinical examination revealed health with no attachment loss (AL) in 84% of the students. In no AL group, 38% of the students were pathogen free while this was 25% for students in localized AL group (p>0.05). There was a statistically significant association between the detection of salivary periodontal pathogen in general and higher PI (p=0.018) and GI (p=0.043). CONCLUSION Within the limits of this study, it is possible to detect all six periodontal pathogens in the saliva of dental students. Although a correlation can be observed between the presence of salivary periodontal pathogen and clinical signs of inflammation such as plaque accumulation and gingival bleeding, detection of specific bacteria in saliva is not related to the presence of localized AL based on the presented study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnaz Leblebicioglu
- Section of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Chung WO, Dale BA. Differential utilization of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathways for gingival epithelial cell responses to oral commensal and pathogenic bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:119-26. [PMID: 18279179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) is an antimicrobial peptide, induced by bacterial stimuli and inflammation, that plays a role in mucosal and skin innate immune defense. The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor family is important in innate and adaptive immune responses to bacteria and proinflammatory cytokines. NF-kappaB operates via the traditional IKKbeta signaling, as well as an alternative pathway utilizing IKKalpha signaling, which is important in keratinocyte differentiation. Our previous studies showed that pathogenic, but not commensal, bacteria used NF-kappaB signaling in hBD-2 induction. The objective of this study was to understand which arm of the NF-kappaB pathway is involved in gingival epithelial cell responses to pathogenic bacteria, including hBD-2 induction. METHODS Cultured oral epithelial cells were transfected with synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific for various steps in each pathway, namely IKKbeta, TRAF6 and MyD88 in the canonical, and IKKalpha and TRAF3 in the alternative pathway, and subsequently stimulated with various oral bacteria. RESULTS The hBD-2 induction level was reduced to 21-61% in cells in which the alternative NF-kappaB pathway was blocked and subsequently stimulated with pathogenic bacteria, while cells in which the canonical pathway was blocked showed reduction to 78-99%. Cells stimulated with commensals showed little change in hBD-2 induction level regardless of the siRNA used. Microarray analysis showed that oral epithelia differentially regulated numerous innate immune markers in response to pathogens and commensals. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a role for the IKKalpha/TRAF3 pathway in NF-kappaB activation by pathogenic bacteria, while commensal bacteria do not utilize either NF-kappaB pathway, for hBD-2 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7132, USA.
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Roman-Torres CVG, Cortelli SC, de Araujo MWB, Aquino DR, Cortelli JR. A Short-Term Clinical and Microbial Evaluation of Periodontal Therapy Associated With Amalgam Overhang Removal. J Periodontol 2006; 77:1591-7. [PMID: 16945038 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the effect of periodontal therapy plus amalgam overhang removal (PT+AOR) on periodontal status and the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus mutans and compared two microbiological sampling techniques. METHODS Molar teeth with Class II overhang restorations were selected as the test group, and homologous sound teeth were selected as the control group. Periodontal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and plaque and gingival indices were measured, and restorations were evaluated using radiographs and clinical exploration at baseline (T1) and 90 days after PT+AOR (T2). Microbial samples were taken with dental floss and paper points at T1 and T2. S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans were detected using culture and commercial kits. RESULTS Mean values of plaque and gingival indices did not show statistically significant differences between test and control teeth between T1 and T2. At T2, the mean CAL decreased among test teeth, and the number of test teeth positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans showed a decrease, whereas positive samples for S. mutans increased. At T1, an association between the two sampling techniques for both bacteria was found. At T2, dental floss presented low sensitivity values for A. actinomycetemcomitans, whereas paper points showed low sensitivity for S. mutans. CONCLUSIONS PT+AOR showed a beneficial effect on clinical parameters and a decrease of A. actinomycetemcomitans. At T1, both sampling techniques showed appropriate results. At T2, the use of paper points was a more sensitive sampling technique for isolate A. actinomycetemcomitans, whereas dental floss was found to be an alternative sampling method for isolate S. mutans.
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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47
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Meisel P, Kocher T. Photodynamic therapy for periodontal diseases: State of the art. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2005; 79:159-70. [PMID: 15878121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Revised: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic killing of periodontopathogenic bacteria may be an alternative to the systemic application of antibacterial drugs used in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Even though the method is still in the experimental stage, increasing bacterial resistance problems may promote the introduction of photodynamic therapy (PDT) into periodontal practice. AIM In this review a literature survey is given of PDT as seen from a periodontal perspective. METHODS In this review, the present knowledge and experience of PDT is summarized. Literature data are presented on drawbacks of conventional antibiotics, the mechanism of PDT, bactericidal effects of PDT as well as results of clinical efforts. The future prospects of the method are discussed. RESULTS The application of photosensitizing dyes and their excitation by visible light enables effective killing of periodontopathogens. Encouraging studies using PDT in periodontitis and in peri-implantitis are known. CONCLUSION Even though PDT is still in experimental stages of development and testing, the method may be an adjunct to conventional antibacterial measures in periodontology. Clinical follow-up studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meisel
- Department of Pharmacology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, F-Loeffler-Str. 23d, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Dixon DR, Bainbridge BW, Darveau RP. Modulation of the innate immune response within the periodontium. Periodontol 2000 2004; 35:53-74. [PMID: 15107058 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6713.2004.003556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Dixon
- United States Army Dental Corps and Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Jin L, Ren L, Leung WK, Darveau RP. The in vivo expression of membrane-bound CD14 in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontol 2004; 75:578-85. [PMID: 15152823 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.4.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane-bound CD14 (mCD14) is a myeloid differentiation antigen expressed on monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. It is a key molecule responsible for the innate recognition of bacteria by host cells and functions as an important receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide. This study investigated the in vivo expression profile and levels of mCD14 in healthy and diseased gingival tissues. METHODS Gingival biopsies were obtained from 24 patients with chronic periodontitis, including 22 periodontal pocket tissues, 13 clinically healthy tissues, and 18 inflamed connective tissues (i.e., granulation tissues). Gingival biopsies from seven periodontally healthy subjects were used as controls. mCD14 was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS mCD14 was detected in 21 of 22 periodontal pocket tissues and all other categories of tissues. The mCD14-positive cells were mainly confined to the gingival epithelium-connective tissue interface. The expression levels in periodontally healthy subjects were significantly higher than in the patients. Within the patients, clinically healthy tissues showed greater levels of mCD14 than periodontal pocket tissues and granulation tissues. CONCLUSIONS mCD14 was commonly expressed in both healthy and diseased gingival tissues and was predominantly confined to the epithelium-connective tissue interface. The positive relationship observed between mCD14 expression levels and periodontal health may imply that mCD14 is associated with favorable host responses to bacterial challenge and contributes to maintaining periodontal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Jin
- Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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50
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Kimbell JR, McFall-Ngai MJ. Symbiont-induced changes in host actin during the onset of a beneficial animal-bacterial association. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:1434-41. [PMID: 15006763 PMCID: PMC368416 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.3.1434-1441.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of bacteria on the cytoskeleton of animal cells has been studied extensively only in pathogenic associations. We characterized changes in host cytoskeletal actin induced by the bacterial partner during the onset of a cooperative animal-bacteria association using the squid-vibrio model. Two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis revealed that Vibrio fischeri induced a dramatic increase in actin protein abundance in the bacteria-associated host tissues during the onset of the symbiosis. Immunocytochemistry revealed that this change in actin abundance correlated with a two- to threefold increase in actin in the apical cell surface of the epithelium-lined ducts, the route of entry of symbionts into host tissues. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and in situ hybridization did not detect corresponding changes in actin mRNA. Temporally correlated with the bacteria-induced changes in actin levels was a two- to threefold decrease in duct circumference, a 20% loss in the average number of cells interfacing with the duct lumina, and dramatic changes in duct cell shape. When considered with previous studies of the biomechanical and biochemical characteristics of the duct, these findings suggest that the bacterial symbionts, upon colonizing the host organ, induce modifications that physically and chemically limit the opportunity for subsequent colonizers to pass through the ducts. Continued study of the squid-vibrio system will allow further comparisons of the mechanisms by which pathogenic and cooperative bacteria influence cytoskeleton dynamics in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Kimbell
- Pacific Biomedical Research Center, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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