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Felemban BK. Enhancing attachment of human gingival fibroblasts to periodontally compromised teeth: A comparative analysis of hyaluronic acid, EDTA, enamel matrix derivatives. Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:547-552. [PMID: 37520595 PMCID: PMC10373072 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gingival recession is a characteristic indicator of periodontitis and one of the factors that contributes to increased tooth clinical crown length. Patients with root exposure frequently undergo periodontal surgical procedures in addition to adjunctive therapy to increase root coverage area and soft tissue stability. Purpose This study aimed to evaluate fibroblast-root surface adhesion and determine whether periodontitis-damaged root surface microstructure can be restored using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and an enamel matrix derivative (EMD), individually or in combination. Material and methods Teeth extracted from patients with periodontal disease were used to create 60 samples, with each group containing six specimens. The test groups were provided root planing or root condition-specific materials (hyaluronic acid [HA], 24% EDTA, EMD, or EDTA/EMD) for varying treatment time periods. In contrast, the control group did not undergo any surface modifications. The samples and fibroblast cells were incubated for 72 h. The number of living cells on the root surface in each group was calculated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (cell viability assessment). Results The control, root planing, and EMD groups showed that the root surfaces treated with EDTA for 4 min had significantly better cell adhesion. Surface EDTA treatment for 2 min significantly promoted cell attachment compared to root planing treatment. The root surfaces modified with EDTA/EMD for 2 and 4 min showed significantly improved cellular migration and adhesion compared to the root surface treated with root planing. Conclusion EDTA and EDTA/EMD substantially affected the root surface, which was related to the length of the treatment process. This effect shifts the surface properties, alters fibroblast interactions with the root surface, and recruits more cells to cover a larger area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baher Khaled Felemban
- At: Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Division of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
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Panahipour L, Sordi MB, Kargarpour Z, Gruber R. TGF-β Signalling Mediates the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Enamel Matrix Derivative In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9778. [PMID: 36077174 PMCID: PMC9456059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) prepared from extracted porcine fetal tooth material can support the regrow of periodontal tissues. Previous findings suggest that EMD has anti-inflammatory properties and TGF-β activity in vitro. However, the anti-inflammatory activity of EMD is mediated via TGF-β has not been considered. To this aim, we first established a bioassay to confirm the anti-inflammatory activity of EMD. The bioassay was based on the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line and proven with primary macrophages where EMD significantly reduced the forced expression of IL-6. We then confirmed the presence of TGF-β1 in EMD by immunoassay and by provoking the Smad2/3 nuclear translocation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Next, we took advantage of the TGF-β receptor type I kinase-inhibitor SB431542 to block the respective signalling pathway. SB431542 reversed the anti-inflammatory activity of EMD and TGF-β in a bioassay when IL-6 and CXCL2 expression was driven by the LPS stimulation of RAW 264.7 macrophages. This central observation was supported by showing that SB431542 reversed the anti-inflammatory activity of EMD using IL-1β and TNF-α-stimulated ST2 bone marrow stromal cells. Together, these findings implicate that the TGF-β activity mediates at least part of the anti-inflammatory activity of EMD in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Panahipour
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariane Beatriz Sordi
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zahra Kargarpour
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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Biocompatibility and Osteogenic Potential of Calcium Silicate-Based Cement Combined with Enamel Matrix Derivative: Effects on Human Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247750. [PMID: 34947344 PMCID: PMC8706689 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of retrograde filling material are important factors that can affect the long-term success of apical microsurgery. Various calcium silicate-based cements (CSC) were introduced to overcome drawbacks of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), while Emdogain is known to be effective in the regeneration of periodontal tissues. The aim of this study is to evaluate the biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of various CSCs combined with Emdogain on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Experimental groups were classified into eight groups depending on the material and the presence of Emdogain. In the cell-counting kit test, all experimental groups combined with Emdogain showed higher cell viability compared with those without Emdogain at days 1 and 2. In the wound-healing assay, cell migration increased significantly over time, with or without Emdogain. In the alkaline phosphatase assay, all groups treated with Emdogain showed higher activity compared with those without Emdogain at day 3 (p < 0.05). Using alizarin red S staining, all groups treated with Emdogain showed greater calcium nodule formation compared with those without Emdogain at days 7 and 14 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, using CSCs as retrograde filling materials and the application of additional Emdogain will increase bone regeneration and improve the prognosis of apical microsurgery.
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Panahipour L, Moghaddam DM, Nasirzade J, Kargarpour Z, Gruber R. RNAseq of TGF-β receptor type I kinase-dependent genes in oral fibroblast exposed to milk. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:581. [PMID: 34789212 PMCID: PMC8597240 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk is a rich source of natural growth factors that may support oral tissue homeostasis and wound healing. We had shown earlier that blocking TGF-β receptor type I kinase with the inhibitor SB431542 abolished the expression of IL11 and other genes in human gingival fibroblasts exposed to the aqueous fraction of milk. Our aim was to identify the entire signature of TGF-β receptor type I kinase-dependent genes regulated by the aqueous fraction of human milk. Result RNAseq revealed 99 genes being strongly regulated by milk requiring activation of the SB431542-dependent TGF-β receptor type I kinase. Among the SB431542-dependent genes is IL11 but also cadherins, claudins, collagens, potassium channels, keratins, solute carrier family proteins, transcription factors, transmembrane proteins, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily members, and tetraspanin family members. When focusing on our candidate gene, we could identify D609 to suppress IL11 expression, independent of phospholipase C, sphinosine-1 phosphate synthesis, and Smad-3 phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation. In contrast, genistein and blocking phosphoinositide 3-kinases by wortmannin and LY294002 increased the milk-induced IL11 expression in gingival fibroblasts. Conclusion Taken together, our data revealed TGF-β receptor type I kinase signaling to cause major changes of the genetic signature of gingival fibroblasts exposed to aqueous fraction of human milk. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01913-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Panahipour
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jila Nasirzade
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zahra Kargarpour
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Potential usefulness of enamel matrix derivative in skin and mucosal injury treatment. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2020; 38:351-358. [PMID: 34377112 PMCID: PMC8330867 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2020.92318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel matrix proteins (EMP) are secreted by ameloblasts during odontogenesis. The main component of enamel protein extract is amelogenin. The extracts also contain proteins with bioactive properties similar to bone morphogenic proteins and transforming growth factor β1. Research on animal models indicates that EMP improve healing of oral mucosa wounds by stimulating the production of collagen fibers and blood vessels in the connective tissue. Success in the treatment of oral wounds prompted interest in possible applications of amelogenins in the repair of damaged skin due to similarities in histological structure between skin and mucosa.
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Shi B, Andrukhov O, Özdemir B, Shokoohi Tabrizi HA, Dard M, Rausch-Fan X. Effect of enamel matrix derivative on the angiogenic behaviors of human umbilical vein endothelial cells on different titanium surfaces. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:381-386. [PMID: 28566669 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis play a crucial role in the regeneration of hard and soft tissue around dental titanium (Ti) implant. Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) promotes tissue regeneration and stimulates angiogenesis but its effect on the angiogenesis on Ti surfaces was never investigated. The effect of EMD on the angiogenic activity of endothelial cells cultured on pre-treated smooth Ti (PT), acidetched (A), coarse-grit blasted and acid-etched (SLA) surfaces and tissue culture plastic (TCP) in the presence or absence of EMD was investigated. EMD inhibited the proliferation/viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) growing on A and SLA Ti surfaces. EMD induced an increase in the expression of all these genes in HUVECs grown on SLA surface but not on other surfaces. Summarizing, our data show that EMD influences proliferation and expression of angiogenesis associated gene in HUVECs grown on moderately rough SLA surfaces, suggesting that EMD might promote angiogenesis following implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University.,Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Burcu Özdemir
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University
| | | | | | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna
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Human gingival fibroblast response to enamel matrix derivative, porcine recombinant 21.3-kDa amelogenin and 5.3-kDa tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide. Hum Cell 2017; 30:181-191. [PMID: 28470386 PMCID: PMC5486862 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-017-0164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) containing a variety of protein fractions has been used for periodontal tissue regeneration. It is suggested that the proteins contained in EMD positively influence gingival fibroblasts migration and proliferation. Effects of EMD as well as of porcine recombinated 21.3-kDa amelogenin (prAMEL) and 5.3-kDa tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide (prTRAP) on human gingival fibroblast (HGF-1, ATCC; USA) cell line were investigated. Real-time cell analysis (xCELLigence system; Roche Applied Science) was performed to determine the effects of EMD, prAMEL and prTRAP (12.5–50 μg/mL) on HGF-1 cell proliferation and migration. The effect of treatment on cell cycle was determined using flow cytometry. EMD significantly increased HGF-1 cell proliferation after 24- and 48-h incubation. Individually, prAMEL and prTRAP also increased HGF-1 cell proliferation; however, the difference was significant only for prAMEL 50 µg/mL. prAMEL and TRAP significantly increased HGF-1 cell migration after 60- and 72-h incubation. Cell cycle analysis showed significant decrease of the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase and a buildup of cells in the S and M phase observed after EMD and prAMEL stimulation. This process was ligand and concentration-dependent. The various molecular components in the enamel matrix derivative might contribute to the reported effects on gingival tissue regeneration; however, biologic effects of prAMEL and prTRAP individually were different from that of EMD.
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Kaner D, Soudan M, Zhao H, Gaßmann G, Schönhauser A, Friedmann A. Early Healing Events after Periodontal Surgery: Observations on Soft Tissue Healing, Microcirculation, and Wound Fluid Cytokine Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020283. [PMID: 28134829 PMCID: PMC5343819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early wound healing after periodontal surgery with or without enamel matrix derivative/biphasic calcium phosphate (EMD/BCP) was characterized in terms of soft tissue closure, changes of microcirculation, and expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid/wound fluid (GCF/WF). Periodontal surgery was carried out in 30 patients (18 patients: application of EMD/BCP for regeneration of bony defects; 12 patients: surgical crown lengthening (SCL)). Healthy sites were observed as untreated controls. GCF/WF samples were collected during two post-surgical weeks. Flap microcirculation was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Soft tissue healing was evaluated after two weeks. GCF/WF levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-10 were determined using a multiplex immunoassay. Surgery caused similar reductions of flap microcirculation followed by recovery within two weeks in both EMD/BCP and SCL groups. GCF/WF and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were immediately increased after surgery, and returned only partially to baseline levels within the two-week observation period. Levels of IL-10 were temporarily reduced in all surgical sites. Flap dehiscence caused prolonged elevated levels of GCF/WF, IL-1β, and TNF-α. These findings show that periodontal surgery triggers an immediate inflammatory reaction corresponding to the early inflammatory phase of wound healing, and these inflammation measures are temporary in case of maintained closure of the flap. However, flap dehiscence causes prolonged inflammatory exudation from the periodontal wound. If the biological pre-conditions for periodontal wound healing are considered important for the clinical outcome, care should be taken to maintain primary closure of the flap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doğan Kaner
- Department of Periodontology, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany.
| | - Mouaz Soudan
- Department of Periodontology, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany.
| | - Han Zhao
- Multi-Disciplinary Treatment Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Georg Gaßmann
- Hochschule, University of applied sciences, 50670 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Anna Schönhauser
- Department of Periodontology, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany.
| | - Anton Friedmann
- Department of Periodontology, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany.
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Wyganowska-Swiatkowska M, Urbaniak P, Lipinski D, Szalata M, Borysiak K, Jakun J, Kotwicka M. Effects of enamel matrix proteins on adherence, proliferation and migration of epithelial cells: A real-time in vitro study. Exp Ther Med 2016; 13:160-168. [PMID: 28123485 PMCID: PMC5245141 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) can mimic odontogenic effects by inducing the proliferation and differentiation of connective tissue progenitor cells, stimulating bone growth and arresting epithelial cells migration. To the best of our knowledge, there is no data indicating that any active component of EMD reduces epithelial cell viability. The present study examines the impact of commercial lyophilized EMD, porcine recombinant amelogenin (prAMEL; 21.3 kDa) and tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide (TRAP) on the adherence, proliferation and migration of human epithelial cells in real-time. The tongue carcinoma cell line SCC-25 was stimulated with EMD, porcine recombinant AMEL and TRAP, at concentrations of 12.5, 25 and 50 µg/ml. Cell adherence, migration and proliferation were monitored in real-time using the xCELLigence system. No significant effects of EMD on the morphology, adhesion, proliferation and migration of SCC-25 cells were observed. However, porcine recombinant AMEL had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on SCC-25 cell proliferation and migration. Predominantly, no notable differences were found between control and TRAP-treated cells in terms of cell adhesion and migration, a decrease in proliferation was observed, but this was not statistically significant. EMD and its active components do not increase the tongue cancer cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Wyganowska-Swiatkowska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Collegium Stomatologicum, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paulina Urbaniak
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Daniel Lipinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marlena Szalata
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Karolina Borysiak
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Jakun
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Malgorzata Kotwicka
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
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Hongo S, Yamamoto T, Yamashiro K, Shimoe M, Tomikawa K, Ugawa Y, Kochi S, Ideguchi H, Maeda H, Takashiba S. Smad2 overexpression enhances adhesion of gingival epithelial cells. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 71:46-53. [PMID: 27421099 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gingival epithelial cells play an important role in preventing the initiation of periodontitis, by their hemidesmosomal adhesion to the tooth root surface. Adhesion requires integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions that are intricately regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. However, the mechanisms underlying the interplay between adhesion molecules and TGF-β, especially the respective roles of Smad2 and Smad3, remain elusive. In this study, we examined the effects of Smad overexpression on gingival epithelial cell adhesion and expression profiles of integrin and ECM-related genes. METHODS Human gingival epithelial cells immortalized by the SV40 T-antigen were transfected with Smad2- and Smad3-overexpression vectors. A cell adhesion assay involving fluorescence detection of attached cells was performed using the ArrayScan imaging system. Real-time PCR was performed to examine the kinetics of integrin and ECM gene expression. In vitro and in vivo localization of adhesion molecules was examined by immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS By using SB431542, a specific inhibitor of the TGF-β type I receptor, Smad2/3 signaling was confirmed to be dominant in TGF-β1-induced cell adhesion. The Smad2-transfectant demonstrated higher potency for cell adhesion and integrin expression (α2, α5, β4, and β6) than the Smad3-transfectant, whereas little or no change in ECM expression was observed in either transfectant. Moreover, the gingival epithelium of transgenic mice that overexpressed Smad2 driven by the keratin 14 promoter showed increased integrin α2 expression. CONCLUSION These findings indicate the crucial role of Smad2 in increased adhesion of gingival epithelial cells via upregulation of integrin α2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Hongo
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamashiro
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimoe
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tomikawa
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Yuki Ugawa
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kochi
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Ideguchi
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Shogo Takashiba
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan.
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Groeger S, Windhorst A, Meyle J. Influence of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Human Epithelial Cells In Vitro. J Periodontol 2016; 87:1217-27. [PMID: 27315393 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In periodontal therapy enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been successfully used for tissue regeneration by altering activity of various cells involved in periodontal regeneration. Studies have focused primarily on clinical parameters and outcome. Effects of EMD on oral epithelial cells are of crucial importance in order to understand the biology of regeneration. Aims of this study are to investigate proliferative and cytotoxic effects of EMD on oral epithelial cells and their possible influences on epithelial barrier function. METHODS SCC-25 cells, a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line, and primary keratinocytes were either treated with EMD dissolved in culture medium or added to wells/inserts precoated with EMD. Cells were incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Proliferation rate was analyzed measuring the 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine nucleotide uptake. Cytotoxic effects of EMD treatment were sampled by lactate dehydrogenase release. Alterations of the epithelial barrier function induced by EMD were investigated by analysis of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). RESULTS Statistically significant inhibitory effects of both malignant and primary cell proliferation could be demonstrated by precoating culture plate wells with EMD. No cytotoxic effects caused by EMD were detected. Precoating of inserts with EMD induced a significant increase of TER and barrier function. CONCLUSIONS This investigation compares applying EMD in solution to cells with precoating of wells with EMD. When precoating of wells was used solely, inhibition of cell proliferation was evident. Precoating may represent more suitable clinical usage. Furthermore, prelayering EMD induced an increase of TER of primary cells. These results suggest EMD may enhance barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anita Windhorst
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Justus Liebig University
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Stähli A, Miron RJ, Bosshardt DD, Sculean A, Gruber R. Collagen Membranes Adsorb the Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor I Kinase-Dependent Activity of Enamel Matrix Derivative. J Periodontol 2016; 87:583-90. [PMID: 26777762 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.150538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) and collagen membranes (CMs) are simultaneously applied in regenerative periodontal surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of two CMs and a collagen matrix to adsorb the activity intrinsic to EMD that provokes transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling in oral fibroblasts. METHODS Three commercially available collagen products were exposed to EMD or recombinant TGF-β1, followed by vigorous washing. Oral fibroblasts were either seeded directly onto collagen products or were incubated with the respective supernatant. Expression of TGF-β target genes interleukin (IL)-11 and proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) was evaluated by real time polymerase chain reaction. Proteomic analysis was used to study the fraction of EMD proteins binding to collagen. RESULTS EMD or TGF-β1 provoked a significant increase of IL-11 and PRG4 expression of oral fibroblasts when seeded onto collagen products and when incubated with the respective supernatant. Gene expression was blocked by the TGF-β receptor I kinase inhibitor SB431542. Amelogenin bound most abundantly to gelatin-coated culture dishes. However, incubation of palatal fibroblasts with recombinant amelogenin did not alter expression of IL-11 and PRG4. CONCLUSION These in vitro findings suggest that collagen products adsorb a TGF-β receptor I kinase-dependent activity of EMD and make it available for potential target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stähli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern
| | - Dieter D Bosshardt
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Robert K. Schenk Laboratory of Oral Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern.,Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Miron RJ, Shuang Y, Sculean A, Buser D, Chandad F, Zhang Y. Gene array of PDL cells exposed to Osteogain in combination with a bone grafting material. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2037-2043. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Miron RJ, Chandad F, Buser D, Sculean A, Cochran DL, Zhang Y. Effect of Enamel Matrix Derivative Liquid on Osteoblast and Periodontal Ligament Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. J Periodontol 2015; 87:91-9. [PMID: 26334247 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enamel matrix derivatives (EMDs) have been used clinically for more than a decade for the regeneration of periodontal tissues. The aim of the present study is to analyze the effect on cell growth of EMDs in a gel carrier in comparison to EMDs in a liquid carrier. EMDs in a liquid carrier have been shown to adsorb better to bone graft materials. METHODS Primary human osteoblasts and periodontal ligament (PDL) cells were exposed to EMDs in both gel and liquid carriers and compared for their ability to induce cell proliferation and differentiation. Alizarin red staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction for expression of genes encoding collagen 1, osteocalcin, and runt-related transcription factor 2, as well as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and interleukin (IL)-1β, were assessed. RESULTS EMDs in both carriers significantly increased cell proliferation of both osteoblasts and PDL cells in a similar manner. Both formulations also significantly upregulated the expression of genes encoding BMP2 and TGF-β1 as well as decreased the expression of IL-1β. EMDs in the liquid carrier further retained similar differentiation potential of both osteoblasts and PDL cells by demonstrating increased collagen and osteocalcin gene expression and significantly higher alizarin red staining. CONCLUSIONS The results from the present study indicate that the new formulation of EMDs in a liquid carrier is equally as potent as EMDs in a gel carrier in inducing osteoblast and PDL activity. Future study combining EMDs in a liquid carrier with bone grafting materials is required to further evaluate its potential for combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dental School, Laval University, Québec City, QC.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern
| | - Fatiha Chandad
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dental School, Laval University, Québec City, QC
| | - Daniel Buser
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David L Cochran
- Department of Periodontics, Dental School, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan, China
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Wyganowska-Świątkowska M, Urbaniak P, Nohawica MM, Kotwicka M, Jankun J. Enamel matrix proteins exhibit growth factor activity: A review of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:2025-2033. [PMID: 26161150 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is a commercially available protein extract, mainly comprising amelogenins. A number of other polypeptides have been identified in EMD, mostly growth factors, which promote cementogenesis and osteogenesis during the regeneration processes through the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and activity; however, not all of their functions are clear. Enamel extracts have been proposed to have numerous activities such as bone morphogenetic protein- and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-like activity, and activities similar to those of insulin-like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor. These activities have been observed at the molecular and cellular levels and in numerous animal models. Furthermore, it has been suggested that EMD contains an unidentified biologically active factor that acts in combination with TGF-β1, and several studies have reported functional similarities between growth factors and TGF-β in cellular processes. The effects of enamel extracts on the cell cycle and biology are summarized and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulina Urbaniak
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-806, Poland
| | | | - Małgorzata Kotwicka
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-806, Poland
| | - Jerzy Jankun
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Centre, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA ; Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-211, Poland
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16
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Heng NH, Zahlten J, Cordes V, Ong MMA, Goh BT, N’Guessan PD, Pischon N. Effects of Enamel Matrix Derivative and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 on Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2015; 86:569-77. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.120448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Arzate H, Zeichner-David M, Mercado-Celis G. Cementum proteins: role in cementogenesis, biomineralization, periodontium formation and regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2014; 67:211-33. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Matsumoto N, Minakami M, Hatakeyama J, Haruna C, Morotomi T, Izumi T, Anan H. Histologic Evaluation of the Effects of Emdogain Gel on Injured Root Apex in Rats. J Endod 2014; 40:1989-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Stähli A, Bosshardt D, Sculean A, Gruber R. Emdogain-regulated gene expression in palatal fibroblasts requires TGF-βRI kinase signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105672. [PMID: 25197981 PMCID: PMC4157743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide microarrays have suggested that Emdogain regulates TGF-β target genes in gingival and palatal fibroblasts. However, definitive support for this contention and the extent to which TGF-β signaling contributes to the effects of Emdogain has remained elusive. We therefore studied the role of the TGF-β receptor I (TGF-βRI) kinase to mediate the effect of Emdogain on palatal fibroblasts. Palatal fibroblasts were exposed to Emdogain with and without the inhibitor for TGF-βRI kinase, SB431542. Emdogain caused 39 coding genes to be differentially expressed in palatal fibroblasts by microarray analysis (p<0.05; >10-fold). Importantly, in the presence of the TGF-βRI kinase inhibitor SB431542, Emdogain failed to cause any significant changes in gene expression. Consistent with this mechanism, three independent TGF-βRI kinase inhibitors and a TGF-β neutralizing antibody abrogated the increased expression of IL-11, a selected Emdogain target gene. The MAPK inhibitors SB203580 and U0126 lowered the impact of Emdogain on IL-11 expression. The data support that TGF-βRI kinase activity is necessary to mediate the effects of Emdogain on gene expression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stähli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Bosshardt
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Robert K. Schenk Laboratory of Oral Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Gruber R, Stähli A, Miron RJ, Bosshardt DD, Sculean A. Common target genes of palatal and gingival fibroblasts for EMD: the microarray approach. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:103-12. [PMID: 24824040 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Connective tissue grafts are frequently applied, together with Emdogain(®) , for root coverage. However, it is unknown whether fibroblasts from the gingiva and from the palate respond similarly to Emdogain. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effect of Emdogain(®) on fibroblasts from palatal and gingival connective tissue using a genome-wide microarray approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human palatal and gingival fibroblasts were exposed to Emdogain(®) and RNA was subjected to microarray analysis followed by gene ontology screening with Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery functional annotation clustering, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis and the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins functional protein association network. Microarray results were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS The transcription levels of 106 genes were up-/down-regulated by at least five-fold in both gingival and palatal fibroblasts upon exposure to Emdogain(®) . Gene ontology screening assigned the respective genes into 118 biological processes, six cellular components, eight molecular functions and five pathways. Among the striking patterns observed were the changing expression of ligands targeting the transforming growth factor-beta and gp130 receptor family as well as the transition of mesenchymal epithelial cells. Moreover, Emdogain(®) caused changes in expression of receptors for chemokines, lipids and hormones, and for transcription factors such as SMAD3, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and those of the ETS family. CONCLUSION The present data suggest that Emdogain(®) causes substantial alterations in gene expression, with similar patterns observed in palatal and gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gruber
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Wu SM, Chiu HC, Chin YT, Lin HY, Chiang CY, Tu HP, Fu MMJ, Fu E. Effects of enamel matrix derivative on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human gingival mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:52. [PMID: 24739572 PMCID: PMC4076631 DOI: 10.1186/scrt441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) have recently been harvested and applied for rebuilding lost periodontal tissue. Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been used for periodontal regeneration and the formation of new cementum with inserting collagen fibers; however, alveolar bone formation is minimal. Recently, EMD has been shown to enhance the proliferation and mineralization of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Because the gingival flap is the major component to cover the surgical wound, the effects of EMD on the proliferation and mineralization of GMSCs were evaluated in the present study. METHODS After single cell suspension, the GMSCs were isolated from the connective tissues of human gingiva. The colony forming unit assay of the isolated GMSCs was measured. The expression of stem cell markers was examined by flow cytometry. The cellular telomerase activity was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The osteogenic, adipogenic and neural differentiations of the GMSCs were further examined. The cell proliferation was determined by MTS assay, while the expression of mRNA and protein for mineralization (including core binding factor alpha, cbfα-1; alkaline phosphatase, ALP; and osteocalcin, OC; ameloblastin, AMBN) were analyzed by real time-PCR, enzyme activity and confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS The cell colonies could be easily identified and the colony forming rates and the telomerase activities increased after passaging. The GMSCs expressed high levels of surface markers for CD73, CD90, and CD105, but showed low expression of STRO-1. Osteogenic, adipogenic and neural differentiations were successfully induced. The proliferation of GMSCs was increased after EMD treatment. ALP mRNA was significantly augmented by treating with EMD for 3 hours, whereas AMBN mRNA was significantly increased at 6 hours after EMD treatment. The gene expression of OC was enhanced at the dose of 100 μg/ml EMD at day 3. Increased protein expression for cbfα-1 at day 3, for ALP at day 5 and 7, and for OC at week 4 after the EMD treatments were observed. CONCLUSIONS Human GMSCs could be successfully isolated and identified. EMD treatments not only induced the proliferation of GMSCs but also enhanced their osteogenic differentiation after induction.
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Ge L. Effects of the enamel matrix derivative on the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells. J Dent 2014; 42:53-9. [PMID: 24246686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has a positive effect on the proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells and the healing of periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of EMD on the proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) in vitro. METHODS hDPCs were isolated from human impacted third molars and cultured in vitro. After treatment with100μg/mL EMD, the proliferation of hDPCs was determined by a cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) assay. After incubation in EMD osteogenic induction medium for 14 days, the osteogenic differentiation of hDPCs was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin staining and the expression of osteogenesis-related genes. RESULTS The EMD osteogenic induction medium enhanced the proliferation of hDPCs. After osteogenic induction, EMD increased the osteogenic potential of hDPCs, as measured by alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium accumulation; the expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes, such as ALP, DSPP, BMP, and OPN were also upregulated. In addition, the expression levels of odontogenesis-related transcription factors Osterix and Runx2 were upregulated. CONCLUSIONS EMD could enhance the mineralization of hDPSCs upregulated the expression of markers for odontoblast/osteoblast-like cells. Further studies are required to determine if EMD can improve pulp tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lihong Ge
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Gruber R, Roos G, Caballé-Serrano J, Miron R, Bosshardt DD, Sculean A. TGF-βRI kinase activity mediates Emdogain-stimulated in vitro osteoclastogenesis. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:1639-46. [PMID: 24221580 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emdogain, containing an extract of fetal porcine enamel matrix proteins, is a potent stimulator of in vitro osteoclastogenesis. The underlying molecular mechanisms are, however, unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS Here, we have addressed the role of transforming growth factor-beta receptor type 1 (TGF-βRI) kinase activity on osteoclastogenesis in murine bone marrow cultures. RESULTS Inhibition of TGF-βRI kinase activity with SB431542 abolished the effect of Emdogain on osteoclastogenesis induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. SB431542 also suppressed the Emdogain-mediated increase of OSCAR, a co-stimulatory protein, and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein and Atp6v0d2, the latter two being involved in cell fusion. Similar to transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β), Emdogain could not compensate for the inhibition of IL-4 and IFNγ on osteoclast formation. When using the murine macrophage cell line RAW246.7, SB431542 and the smad-3 inhibitor SIS3 blocked Emdogain-stimulated expression of the transcription factor NFATc1. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the data suggest that TGF-βRI kinase activity is necessary to mediate in vitro effects of Emdogain on osteoclastogenesis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Based on these in vitro data, we can speculate that at least part of the clinical effects of Emdogain on osteoclastogenesis is mediated via TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
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Gruber R, Bosshardt DD, Miron RJ, Gemperli AC, Buser D, Sculean A. Enamel matrix derivative inhibits adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells via activation of TGF-βRI kinase activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71046. [PMID: 23951076 PMCID: PMC3741362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD), an extract of fetal porcine enamel, and TGF-β can both suppress adipogenic differentiation. However, there have been no studies that functionally link the role of EMD and TGF-β in vitro. Herein, we examined whether TGF-β signaling contributes to EMD-induced suppression of adipogenic differentiation. Adipogenesis was studied with 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in the presence of SB431542, an inhibitor of TGF-βRI kinase activity. SB431542 reversed the inhibitory effect of EMD on adipogenic differentiation, based on Oil Red O staining and mRNA expression of lipid regulated genes. SB431542 also reduced EMD-stimulated expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), an autocrine inhibitor of adipogenic differentiation. Moreover, short interfering (si)RNAs for CTGF partially reversed the EMD-induced suppression of lipid regulated genes. We conclude that the TGF-βRI - CTGF axis is involved in the anti-adipogenic effects of EMD in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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25
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Olivares-Navarrete R, Hyzy SL, Almaguer-Flores A, Mauth C, Gemperli AC, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Amelogenin Peptide Extract Increases Differentiation and Angiogenic and Local Factor Production and Inhibits Apoptosis in Human Osteoblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5402/2013/347318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD), a decellularized porcine extracellular matrix (ECM), is used clinically in periodontal tissue regeneration. Amelogenin, EMD’s principal component, spontaneously assembles into nanospheres in vivo, forming an ECM complex that releases proteolytically cleaved peptides. However, the role of amelogenin or amelogenin peptides in mediating osteoblast response to EMD is not clear. Human MG63 osteoblast-like cells or normal human osteoblasts were treated with recombinant human amelogenin or a 5 kDa tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide (TRAP) isolated from EMD and the effect on osteogenesis, local factor production, and apoptosis assessed. Treated MG63 cells increased alkaline phosphatase specific activity and levels of osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, prostaglandin E2, and active/latent TGF-β1, an effect sensitive to the effector and concentration. Primary osteoblasts exhibited similar, but less robust, effects. TRAP-rich 5 kDa peptides yielded more mineralization than rhAmelogenin in osteoblasts in vitro. Both amelogenin and 5 kDa peptides protected MG63s from chelerythrine-induced apoptosis. The data suggest that the 5 kDa TRAP-rich sequence is an active amelogenin peptide that regulates osteoblast differentiation and local factor production and prevents osteoblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Olivares-Navarrete
- School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Suite 331, Richmond, VA 23284-3068, USA
| | - Sharon L. Hyzy
- School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Suite 331, Richmond, VA 23284-3068, USA
| | - Argelia Almaguer-Flores
- Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 DF, Mexico
| | - Corinna Mauth
- Institut Straumann AG, Nauenstrasse, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Barbara D. Boyan
- School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Suite 331, Richmond, VA 23284-3068, USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Suite 331, Richmond, VA 23284-3068, USA
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Maeda H, Wada N, Tomokiyo A, Monnouchi S, Akamine A. Prospective potency of TGF-β1 on maintenance and regeneration of periodontal tissue. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 304:283-367. [PMID: 23809439 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue, central in the periodontium, plays crucial roles in sustaining tooth in the bone socket. Irreparable damages of this tissue provoke tooth loss, causing a decreased quality of life. The question arises as to how PDL tissue is maintained or how the lost PDL tissue can be regenerated. Stem cells included in PDL tissue (PDLSCs) are widely accepted to have the potential to maintain or regenerate the periodontium, but PDLSCs are very few in number. In recent studies, undifferentiated clonal human PDL cell lines were developed to elucidate the applicable potentials of PDLSCs for the periodontal regenerative medicine based on cell-based tissue engineering. In addition, it has been suggested that transforming growth factor-beta 1 is an eligible factor for the maintenance and regeneration of PDL tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Miron RJ, D. Bosshardt D, Hedbom E, Zhang Y, Haenni B, Buser D, Sculean A. Adsorption of Enamel Matrix Proteins to a Bovine-Derived Bone Grafting Material and Its Regulation of Cell Adhesion, Proliferation, and Differentiation. J Periodontol 2012; 83:936-47. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Obregon-Whittle MV, Stunes AK, Almqvist S, Brookes SJ, Lees JD, Lee JD, Syversen U, Lyngstadaas SP, Reseland JE. Enamel matrix derivative stimulates expression and secretion of resistin in mesenchymal cells. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 119 Suppl 1:366-72. [PMID: 22243269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study we wanted to identify the effect of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on adipocytokines, so-called adipokines. Primary human cells of mesenchymal origin (osteoblasts, periodontal ligament cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and pulp cells) and hematopoietic origin (monocytes) were incubated with EMD. The levels of adipokines in cell culture medium were quantified using the Lincoplex human adipocyte panel (Luminex) and by real-time PCR of mRNA isolated from cell lysates. Rats were injected with 2 mg of EMD or saline intramuscularly every third day for 14 d. Blood samples were taken before and after injections, and the level of resistin in rat plasma was measured by ELISA. We found a dramatic increase in the secretion of resistin from mesenchymal stem cells, and verified this result in all the cells of mesenchymal origin tested. However, we observed no significant changes in the amount of resistin secreted from monocytes exposed to EMD compared with the control. Injections of EMD significantly enhanced the circulating levels of resistin in rats, and EMD also significantly enhanced the activity of the resistin promoter in transfected mesenchymal stem cells, indicating a direct effect on resistin expression. Our results indicate that resistin may play a role in mediating the biological effect of EMD in mesenchymal tissues.
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Al-Hezaimi K, Javed F, Al-Fouzan K, Tay F. Efficacy of the enamel matrix derivative in direct pulp capping procedures: a systematic review. AUST ENDOD J 2012; 39:171-5. [PMID: 24279667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2012.00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to review the efficacy of the enamel matrix derivative (EMD) in direct pulp capping (DPC) procedures. Databases were explored using the following keywords: 'dental', 'dentine', 'enamel matrix derivative', 'pulp capping' and 'treatment'. The inclusion criteria were: (i) original studies; (ii) human and animal studies; (iii) reference list of potentially relevant original and review articles; (iv) intervention: effect of EMD on pulp-capping procedures; and (v) articles published only in English. Eight studies (four human and four animal) were included. Among the human studies, two studies reported that EMD is a more efficient DPC procedure compared with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 ). One study reported Ca(OH)2 to be more efficient for DPC than EMD. One study reported no difference in the efficacies between EMD and Ca(OH)2 for DPC. All animal studies reported EMD to be more effective in reparative dentine formation in comparison with Ca(OH)2 . EMD can provide favourable results in DPC procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Hezaimi
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Growth Factors and Bone Regeneration, 3D Imaging and Biomechanical Lab, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Division of Endodontics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Gene array of primary human osteoblasts exposed to enamel matrix derivative in combination with a natural bone mineral. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:405-10. [PMID: 22552595 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The application of an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) for regenerative periodontal surgery has been shown to promote formation of new cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. In intrabony defects with a complicated anatomy, the combination of EMD with various bone grafting materials has resulted in additional clinical improvements, but the initial cellular response of osteoblasts coming in contact with these particles have not yet been fully elucidated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of EMD combined with a natural bone mineral (NBM) on a wide variety of genes, cytokines, and transcription factors and extracellular matrix proteins on primary human osteoblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Primary human osteoblasts were seeded on NBM particles pre-coated with versus without EMD and analyzed for gene differences using a human osteogenesis gene super-array (Applied Biosystems). Osteoblast-related genes include those transcribed during bone mineralization, ossification, bone metabolism, cell growth and differentiation, as well as gene products representing extracellular matrix molecules, transcription factors, and cell adhesion molecules. RESULTS EMD promoted gene expression of various osteoblast differentiation markers including a number of collagen types and isoforms, SMAD intracellular proteins, osteopontin, cadherin, alkaline phosphatase, and bone sialoprotein. EMD also upregulated a variety of growth factors including bone morphogenetic proteins, vascular endothelial growth factors, insulin-like growth factor, transforming growth factor, and their associated receptor proteins. CONCLUSION The results from the present study demonstrate that EMD is capable of activating a wide variety of genes, growth factors, and cytokines when pre-coated onto NBM particles. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The described in vitro effects of EMD on human primary osteoblasts provide further biologic support for the clinical application of a combination of EMD with NBM particles in periodontal and oral regenerative surgery.
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Izumikawa M, Hayashi K, Polan MAA, Tang J, Saito T. Effects of amelogenin on proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:879731. [PMID: 22547998 PMCID: PMC3322511 DOI: 10.1100/2012/879731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the function of amelogenin, the major protein of enamel matrix derivative, on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of cultured rat bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), toward the establishment of future bone regenerative therapies. No differences in the morphology of BMSCs or in cell numbers were found between amelogenin addition and additive-free groups. The promotion of ALPase activity and the formation of mineralized nodules were detected at an early stage in amelogenin addition group. In quantitative real-time RT-PCR, mRNA expression of osteopontin, osteonectin, and type I collagen was promoted for 0.5 hours and 24 hours by addition of amelogenin. The mRNA expression of osteocalcin and DMP-1 was also stimulated for 24 hours and 0.5 hours, respectively, in amelogenin addition group. These findings clearly indicate that amelogenin promoted the differentiation and mineralization of rat BMSCs but did not affect cell proliferation or cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Izumikawa
- Division of Clinical Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
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Lee SY, Min KS, Choi GW, Park JH, Park SH, Lee SI, Kim EC. Effects of simvastain and enamel matrix derivative on Portland cement with bismuth oxide-induced growth and odontoblastic differentiation in human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2012; 38:405-10. [PMID: 22341085 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously reported that bismuth oxide containing Portland cement (BPC) showed similar biocompatibility to Portland cement (PC) in periodontal ligament cells. However, the bioactivity of simvastatin and Emdogain (Biora AB, Malmö, Sweden) on BPC was not reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of simvastatin and Emdogain on BPC compared with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). METHODS Cell growth was determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide (MTT) assay. Differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The cell growth of HDPCs exposed to Emdogain and simvastatin plus BPC was superior to those administered BPC alone and similar to those that received MTA for 14 days. The simvastatin and Emdogain groups increased the odontogenic potential of the BPC group with respect to ALP activity, mineralization nodules, messenger RNA expression of ALP, osteopontin, osteocalcin, Runx2, and osterix. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that simvastatin and Emdogain improved cell growth and the differentiation of the BPC group in HDPCs and may be useful ingredients in BPC as pulp-capping material.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Grandin HM, Gemperli AC, Dard M. Enamel matrix derivative: a review of cellular effects in vitro and a model of molecular arrangement and functioning. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 18:181-202. [PMID: 22070552 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enamel matrix derivative (EMD), the active component of Emdogain®, is a viable option in the treatment of periodontal disease owing to its ability to regenerate lost tissue. It is believed to mimic odontogenesis, though the details of its functioning remain the focus of current research. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to review all relevant literature reporting on the composition/characterization of EMD as well as the effects of EMD, and its components amelogenin and ameloblastin, on the behavior of various cell types in vitro. In this way, insight into the underlying mechanism of regeneration will be garnered and utilized to propose a model for the molecular arrangement and functioning of EMD. METHODS A review of in vitro studies of EMD, or components of EMD, was performed using key words "enamel matrix proteins" OR "EMD" OR "Emdogain" OR "amelogenin" OR "ameloblastin" OR "sheath proteins" AND "cells." Results of this analysis, together with current knowledge on the molecular composition of EMD and the structure and regulation of its components, are then used to present a model of EMD functioning. RESULTS Characterization of the molecular composition of EMD confirmed that amelogenin proteins, including their enzymatically cleaved and alternatively spliced fragments, dominate the protein complex (>90%). A small presence of ameloblastin has also been reported. Analysis of the effects of EMD indicated that gene expression, protein production, proliferation, and differentiation of various cell types are affected and often enhanced by EMD, particularly for periodontal ligament and osteoblastic cell types. EMD also stimulated angiogenesis. In contrast, EMD had a cytostatic effect on epithelial cells. Full-length amelogenin elicited similar effects to EMD, though to a lesser extent. Both the leucine-rich amelogenin peptide and the ameloblastin peptides demonstrated osteogenic effects. A model for molecular structure and functioning of EMD involving nanosphere formation, aggregation, and dissolution is presented. CONCLUSIONS EMD elicits a regenerative response in periodontal tissues that is only partly replicated by amelogenin or ameloblastin components. A synergistic effect among the various proteins and with the cells, as well as a temporal effect, may prove important aspects of the EMD response in vivo.
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Miron RJ, Hedbom E, Ruggiero S, Bosshardt DD, Zhang Y, Mauth C, Gemperli AC, Iizuka T, Buser D, Sculean A. Premature osteoblast clustering by enamel matrix proteins induces osteoblast differentiation through up-regulation of connexin 43 and N-cadherin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23375. [PMID: 21858092 PMCID: PMC3156132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has garnered much interest in the dental field for its apparent bioactivity that stimulates regeneration of periodontal tissues including periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. Despite its widespread use, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear and an understanding of its biological interactions could identify new strategies for tissue engineering. Previous in vitro research has demonstrated that EMD promotes premature osteoblast clustering at early time points. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of cell clustering on vital osteoblast cell-cell communication and adhesion molecules, connexin 43 (cx43) and N-cadherin (N-cad) as assessed by immunofluorescence imaging, real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. In addition, differentiation markers of osteoblasts were quantified using alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and von Kossa staining. EMD significantly increased the expression of connexin 43 and N-cadherin at early time points ranging from 2 to 5 days. Protein expression was localized to cell membranes when compared to control groups. Alkaline phosphatase activity was also significantly increased on EMD-coated samples at 3, 5 and 7 days post seeding. Interestingly, higher activity was localized to cell cluster regions. There was a 3 fold increase in osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein mRNA levels for osteoblasts cultured on EMD-coated culture dishes. Moreover, EMD significantly increased extracellular mineral deposition in cell clusters as assessed through von Kossa staining at 5, 7, 10 and 14 days post seeding. We conclude that EMD up-regulates the expression of vital osteoblast cell-cell communication and adhesion molecules, which enhances the differentiation and mineralization activity of osteoblasts. These findings provide further support for the clinical evidence that EMD increases the speed and quality of new bone formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Palioto DB, Rodrigues TL, Marchesan JT, Beloti MM, de Oliveira PT, Rosa AL. Effects of enamel matrix derivative and transforming growth factor-β1 on human osteoblastic cells. Head Face Med 2011; 7:13. [PMID: 21767401 PMCID: PMC3162535 DOI: 10.1186/1746-160x-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix proteins are key factors that influence the regenerative capacity of tissues. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of enamel matrix derivative (EMD), TGF-β1, and the combination of both factors (EMD+TGF-β1) on human osteoblastic cell cultures. METHODS Cells were obtained from alveolar bone of three adult patients using enzymatic digestion. Effects of EMD, TGF-β1, or a combination of both were analyzed on cell proliferation, bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) immunodetection, total protein synthesis, ALP activity and bone-like nodule formation. RESULTS All treatments significantly increased cell proliferation compared to the control group at 24 h and 4 days. At day 7, EMD group showed higher cell proliferation compared to TGF-β1, EMD + TGF-β1 and the control group. OPN was detected in the majority of the cells for all groups, whereas fluorescence intensities for ALP labeling were greater in the control than in treated groups; BSP was not detected in all groups. All treatments decreased ALP levels at 7 and 14 days and bone-like nodule formation at 21 days compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS The exposure of human osteoblastic cells to EMD, TGF-β1 and the combination of factors in vitro supports the development of a less differentiated phenotype, with enhanced proliferative activity and total cell number, and reduced ALP activity levels and matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela B Palioto
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaisângela L Rodrigues
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Julie T Marchesan
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio M Beloti
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Physiology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo T de Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Physiology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adalberto L Rosa
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Qu Z, Andrukhov O, Laky M, Ulm C, Matejka M, Dard M, Rausch-Fan X. Effect of enamel matrix derivative on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells grown on the titanium implant surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 111:517-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kapferer I, Schmidt S, Gstir R, Durstberger G, Huber LA, Vietor I. Gene-expression profiles of epithelial cells treated with EMD in vitro: analysis using complementary DNA arrays. J Periodontal Res 2010; 46:118-25. [PMID: 21108644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE During surgical periodontal treatment, EMD is topically applied in order to facilitate regeneration of the periodontal ligament, acellular cementum and alveolar bone. Suppresion of epithelial down-growth is essential for successful periodontal regeneration; however, the underlying mechanisms of how EMD influences epithelial wound healing are poorly understood. In the present study, the effects of EMD on gene-expression profiling in an epithelial cell line (HSC-2) model were investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gene-expression modifications, determined using a comparative genome-wide expression-profiling strategy, were independently validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Additionally, cell cycle, cell growth and in vitro wound-healing assays were conducted. RESULTS A set of 43 EMD-regulated genes was defined, which may be responsible for the reduced epithelial down-growth upon EMD application. Gene ontology analysis revealed genes that could be attributed to pathways of locomotion, developmental processes and associated processes such as regulation of cell size and cell growth. Additionally, eight regulated genes have previously been reported to take part in the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Several independent experimental assays revealed significant inhibition of cell migration, growth and cell cycle by EMD. CONCLUSION The set of EMD-regulated genes identified in this study offers the opportunity to clarify mechanisms underlying the effects of EMD on epithelial cells. Reduced epithelial repopulation of the dental root upon periodontal surgery may be the consequence of reduced migration and cell growth, as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kapferer
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental School, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Qu Z, Laky M, Ulm C, Matejka M, Dard M, Andrukhov O, Rausch-fan X. Effect of Emdogain on proliferation and migration of different periodontal tissue-associated cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:924-31. [PMID: 20399692 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although Emdogain is widely used as a gel in periodontal therapy, the exact mechanisms underlying its regenerative ability still need to be further investigated. Therefore, we tested in vitro the effect of the product Emdogain on proliferation, viability, and migration of various human cell types of periodontium. STUDY DESIGN Proliferation and viability of alveolar osteoblasts (AOBs), epithelial cell line HSC-2, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were measured using [(3)H]-thymidine uptake and 3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT)-assay, respectively. Cell migration was investigated in microchemotaxis chamber. RESULTS The proliferation and viability of AOB, HSC-2, and HUVECs were significantly stimulated by Emdogain (12.5-250 microg/mL) in direct relationship with the amount of product present in the cell culture medium. Cell migration was stimulated in AOB and HUVECs depending on Emdogain amount. In contrast, in HSC-2 cells the migration was stimulated only by less than 50 microg/mL of Emdogain, whereas at higher amounts this stimulating effect was either diminished or absent. CONCLUSION Emdogain stimulates proliferation, viability, and migration of AOB, HSC-2, and HUVECs in vitro. This biological versatility of Emdogain could correspond to an essential mechanism underlying its ability to promote periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qu
- Department of Periodontology, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Chen FM, Zhang J, Zhang M, An Y, Chen F, Wu ZF. A review on endogenous regenerative technology in periodontal regenerative medicine. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7892-927. [PMID: 20684986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a globally prevalent inflammatory disease that causes the destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus and potentially leads to tooth loss. Currently, the methods to reconstitute lost periodontal structures (i.e. alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and root cementum) have relied on conventional mechanical, anti-infective modalities followed by a range of regenerative procedures such as guided tissue regeneration, the use of bone replacement grafts and exogenous growth factors (GFs), and recently developed tissue engineering technologies. However, all current or emerging paradigms have either been shown to have limited and variable outcomes or have yet to be developed for clinical use. To accelerate clinical translation, there is an ongoing need to develop therapeutics based on endogenous regenerative technology (ERT), which can stimulate latent self-repair mechanisms in patients and harness the host's innate capacity for regeneration. ERT in periodontics applies the patient's own regenerative 'tools', i.e. patient-derived GFs and fibrin scaffolds, sometimes in association with commercialized products (e.g. Emdogain and Bio-Oss), to create a material niche in an injured site where the progenitor/stem cells from neighboring tissues can be recruited for in situ periodontal regeneration. The choice of materials and the design of implantable devices influence therapeutic potential and the number and invasiveness of the associated clinical procedures. The interplay and optimization of each niche component involved in ERT are particularly important to comprehend how to make the desired cell response safe and effective for therapeutics. In this review, the emerging opportunities and challenges of ERT that avoid the ex vivo culture of autologous cells are addressed in the context of new approaches for engineering or regeneration of functional periodontal tissues by exploiting the use of platelet-rich products and its associated formulations as key endogenous resources for future clinical management of periodontal tissue defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology & Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Laaksonen M, Sorsa T, Salo T. Emdogain in carcinogenesis: a systematic review of in vitro studies. J Oral Sci 2010; 52:1-11. [PMID: 20339227 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.52.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Emdogain is a commercial product of unknown composition and is clinically used to induce periodontal regeneration. This study aims to review current knowledge of the in vitro effects of Emdogain on oral tissues and, in particular, factors related to carcinoma. A systematic approach was used to review studies from the Embase and Pubmed databases; a total of 76 studies were included. These comprised in vitro studies of the cytokines in, or regulated by, Emdogain and assays designed to study the effects of EMD on human cells in oral tissues or malignant cells. Several studies have shown that EMD regulates the proliferation, migration, adhesion, gene expression, and cytokine production of (pre-)osteoblasts, periodontal fibroblasts, and gingival fibroblasts. However, the effects of EMD on malignant oral cells are not well understood. EMD seems to have broad regulatory effects on malignant cells and on several carcinoma-related factors. Evidence suggests that patients with premalignant or malignant mucosal lesions should not be treated with EMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Laaksonen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Laaksonen M, Salo T, Vardar-Sengul S, Atilla G, Han Saygan B, Simmer JP, Baylas H, Sorsa T. Gingival crevicular fluid can degrade Emdogain and inhibit Emdogain-induced proliferation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:353-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bertl K, An N, Bruckmann C, Dard M, Andrukhov O, Matejka M, Rausch-Fan X. Effects of enamel matrix derivative on proliferation/viability, migration, and expression of angiogenic factor and adhesion molecules in endothelial cells in vitro. J Periodontol 2010; 80:1622-30. [PMID: 19792852 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to test in vitro the effect of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on the proliferation/viability, migration, and expression of angiogenic factor and adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). To date, discussions on angiogenic effects of EMD are rather controversial. METHODS The effect of EMD on the proliferation/viability of HUVECs after 24 hours was measured using 3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and direct cell counting. Cell migration was observed in an especially adapted in vitro monolayer wound-healing model. The expression of angiogenic factor angiopoietin-2 (ang-2) and adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular endothelium-selectin (E-selectin) was quantified with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS The proliferation/viability of HUVECs measured in MTT assay was stimulated by 0.1 microg/ml EMD and inhibited by higher doses (50 to 100 microg/ml), but the total number of cells was not affected. Cell migration in the wound-healing assay was promoted by EMD at doses of 0.1 to 50 microg/ml and inhibited at 100 microg/ml. The highest expression level of all three tested genes (ICAM-1, E-selectin, and ang-2) was observed at 50 microg/ml EMD. CONCLUSION The results of the present in vitro study show the potential influence of EMD on the angiogenic activity of HUVECs, which may play an important role in periodontal tissue regeneration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bertl
- Department of Periodontology, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic of Dentistry, Vienna, Austria
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Tsai CH, Shen SY, Zhao JH, Chang YC. Platelet-rich fibrin modulates cell proliferation of human periodontally related cells in vitro. J Dent Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1991-7902(09)60018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Gassmann G, Schwenk B, Entschladen F, Grimm WD. Influence of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Primary CD4+ T-Helper Lymphocyte Migration, CD25 Activation, and Apoptosis. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1524-33. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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The Combined Effect of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Enamel Matrix Derivative on Odontoblastic Differentiation in Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2009; 35:847-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wada Y, Mizuno M, Tamura M. Enamel matrix derivative neutralized the effect of lipopolysaccharide on osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand expression of osteoblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:306-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kawase T, Okuda K, Kogami H, Nakayama H, Nagata M, Nakata K, Yoshie H. Characterization of human cultured periosteal sheets expressing bone-forming potential:in vitroandin vivoanimal studies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3:218-29. [DOI: 10.1002/term.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Guzmán-Martínez N, Silva-Herzog FD, Méndez GV, Martín-Pérez S, Cerda-Cristerna BI, Cohenca N. The effect of Emdogain®and 24% EDTA root conditioning on periodontal healing of replanted dog’s teeth. Dent Traumatol 2009; 25:43-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bosshardt DD. Biological mediators and periodontal regeneration: a review of enamel matrix proteins at the cellular and molecular levels. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:87-105. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hama H, Azuma H, Seto H, Kido JI, Nagata T. Inhibitory effect of enamel matrix derivative on osteoblastic differentiation of rat calvaria cells in culture. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:179-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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