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Tokuda K, Lu SL, Zhang Z, Kato Y, Chen S, Noda K, Hirose K, Usami Y, Uzawa N, Murakami S, Toyosawa S, Fukuda M, Sun-Wada GH, Wada Y, Noda T. Rab32 and Rab38 maintain bone homeostasis by regulating intracellular traffic in osteoclasts. Cell Struct Funct 2023; 48:223-239. [PMID: 37793839 DOI: 10.1247/csf.23061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts play a crucial role in bone homeostasis by forming resorption pits on bone surfaces, resulting in bone resorption. The osteoclast expression of Rab38 protein is highly induced during differentiation from macrophages. Here we generated mice with double knockout (DKO) of Rab38 and its paralogue, Rab32, to investigate the roles of these proteins in osteoclasts. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from Rab32/38 DKO mice differentiated normally into osteoclasts in vitro. However, DKO osteoclasts showed reduced bone resorption activity. These osteoclasts also demonstrated defective secretion of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and cathepsin K into culture medium. Furthermore, the plasma membrane localization of a3, an osteoclast-specific a subunit of V-ATPase, was abrogated in DKO mice, substantiating the reduced resorption activity. In vivo, Rab32- and Rab38-positive cells were attached to the bone surface. Eight-week-old DKO mice showed significantly thickened trabecular bones in micro-CT and histomorphometry analysis, as well as reduced serum levels of cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen, indicating diminished bone resorption in vivo. In DKO male mice over 10 weeks of age, hyperostosis appeared at the talofibular syndesmosis, the distal junction of the tibia and fibula. Furthermore, middle-aged mice (10 to 12 months of age) exhibited kyphosis, which is not usually observed in wild-type male mice until around 24 months of age. These results indicate that Rab32 and Rab38 contribute to osteoclast function by supporting intracellular traffic, thereby maintaining normal bone homeostasis.Key words: Rab32, Rab38, osteoclast, lysosome-related organelle, secretory lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Tokuda
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
| | - Shiou-Ling Lu
- Department of Oral Cellular Biology, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Zidi Zhang
- Department of Oral Cellular Biology, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Yumiko Kato
- Department of Oral Cellular Biology, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Oral Cellular Biology, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Kazuya Noda
- Department of Oral Cellular Biology, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Katsutoshi Hirose
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Narikazu Uzawa
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Ge-Hong Sun-Wada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College
| | - Yoh Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
- Department of Oral Cellular Biology, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University
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2
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Wang JY, Young LR. Insights into the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Fibrosis from Genetic Diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:20-35. [PMID: 35294321 PMCID: PMC9273221 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0557tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease process associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with limited therapeutic options owing to an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Mechanisms driving the fibrotic cascade have been elucidated through studies of rare and common variants in surfactant-related and telomere-related genes in familial and sporadic forms of pulmonary fibrosis, as well as in multisystem Mendelian genetic disorders that present with pulmonary fibrosis. In this translational review, we outline insights into the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis derived from genetic forms of the disease, with a focus on model systems, shared cellular and molecular mechanisms, and potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Y. Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Lisa R. Young
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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3
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Abudi-Sinreich S, Bodine SP, Yokoyama T, Tolman NJ, Tyrlik M, Testa LC, Han CG, Dorward HM, Wincovitch SM, Anikster Y, Gahl WA, Cinar R, Gochuico BR, Malicdan MCV. Progressive pulmonary fibrosis in a murine model of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Respir Res 2022; 23:112. [PMID: 35509004 PMCID: PMC9066931 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HPS-1 is a genetic type of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) with highly penetrant pulmonary fibrosis (HPSPF), a restrictive lung disease that is similar to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Hps1ep/ep (pale ear) is a naturally occurring HPS-1 mouse model that exhibits high sensitivity to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Traditional methods of administering bleomycin as an intratracheal (IT) route to induce PF in this model often lead to severe acute lung injury and high mortality rates, complicating studies focusing on pathobiological mechanisms or exploration of therapeutic options for HPSPF. METHODS To develop a murine model of HPSPF that closely mimics the progression of human pulmonary fibrosis, we investigated the pulmonary effects of systemic delivery of bleomycin in Hps1ep/ep mice using a subcutaneous minipump and compared results to oropharyngeal delivery of bleomycin. RESULTS Our study revealed that systemic delivery of bleomycin induced limited, acute inflammation that resolved. The distinct inflammatory phase preceded a slow, gradually progressive fibrogenesis that was shown to be both time-dependent and dose-dependent. The fibrosis phase exhibited characteristics that better resembles human disease with focal regions of fibrosis that were predominantly found in peribronchovascular areas and in subpleural regions; central lung areas contained relatively less fibrosis. CONCLUSION This model provides a preclinical tool that will allow researchers to study the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis in HPS and provide a platform for the development of therapeutics to treat HPSPF. This method can be applied on studies of IPF or other monogenic disorders that lead to pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachar Abudi-Sinreich
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Steven P Bodine
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tadafumi Yokoyama
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nathanial J Tolman
- UDP Translational Laboratory, NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michal Tyrlik
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lauren C Testa
- UDP Translational Laboratory, NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chen G Han
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Heidi M Dorward
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stephen M Wincovitch
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Cytogenetics and Microscopy Core, National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yair Anikster
- The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - William A Gahl
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- UDP Translational Laboratory, NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institute of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Bernadette R Gochuico
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- UDP Translational Laboratory, NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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4
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Barral DC, Staiano L, Guimas Almeida C, Cutler DF, Eden ER, Futter CE, Galione A, Marques ARA, Medina DL, Napolitano G, Settembre C, Vieira OV, Aerts JMFG, Atakpa‐Adaji P, Bruno G, Capuozzo A, De Leonibus E, Di Malta C, Escrevente C, Esposito A, Grumati P, Hall MJ, Teodoro RO, Lopes SS, Luzio JP, Monfregola J, Montefusco S, Platt FM, Polishchuck R, De Risi M, Sambri I, Soldati C, Seabra MC. Current methods to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function. Traffic 2022; 23:238-269. [PMID: 35343629 PMCID: PMC9323414 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of lysosomes more than 70 years ago, much has been learned about the functions of these organelles. Lysosomes were regarded as exclusively degradative organelles, but more recent research has shown that they play essential roles in several other cellular functions, such as nutrient sensing, intracellular signalling and metabolism. Methodological advances played a key part in generating our current knowledge about the biology of this multifaceted organelle. In this review, we cover current methods used to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function. We highlight the principles behind these methods, the methodological strategies and their advantages and limitations. To extract accurate information and avoid misinterpretations, we discuss the best strategies to identify lysosomes and assess their characteristics and functions. With this review, we aim to stimulate an increase in the quantity and quality of research on lysosomes and further ground-breaking discoveries on an organelle that continues to surprise and excite cell biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte C. Barral
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Leopoldo Staiano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical ResearchNational Research Council (CNR)MilanItaly
| | | | - Dan F. Cutler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Emily R. Eden
- University College London (UCL) Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Clare E. Futter
- University College London (UCL) Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | | | | | - Diego Luis Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Clinical Medicine and Surgery DepartmentFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Otília V. Vieira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | | | | | - Gemma Bruno
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | | | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNRRomeItaly
| | - Chiara Di Malta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | | | | | - Paolo Grumati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Michael J. Hall
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Rita O. Teodoro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Susana S. Lopes
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - J. Paul Luzio
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria De Risi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Irene Sambri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Chiara Soldati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Miguel C. Seabra
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
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5
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Chang HF, Schirra C, Ninov M, Hahn U, Ravichandran K, Krause E, Becherer U, Bálint Š, Harkiolaki M, Urlaub H, Valitutti S, Baldari CT, Dustin ML, Jahn R, Rettig J. Identification of distinct cytotoxic granules as the origin of supramolecular attack particles in T lymphocytes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1029. [PMID: 35210420 PMCID: PMC8873490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) kill malignant and infected cells through the directed release of cytotoxic proteins into the immunological synapse (IS). The cytotoxic protein granzyme B (GzmB) is released in its soluble form or in supramolecular attack particles (SMAP). We utilize synaptobrevin2-mRFP knock-in mice to isolate fusogenic cytotoxic granules in an unbiased manner and visualize them alone or in degranulating CTLs. We identified two classes of fusion-competent granules, single core granules (SCG) and multi core granules (MCG), with different diameter, morphology and protein composition. Functional analyses demonstrate that both classes of granules fuse with the plasma membrane at the IS. SCG fusion releases soluble GzmB. MCGs can be labelled with the SMAP marker thrombospondin-1 and their fusion releases intact SMAPs. We propose that CTLs use SCG fusion to fill the synaptic cleft with active cytotoxic proteins instantly and parallel MCG fusion to deliver latent SMAPs for delayed killing of refractory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Fang Chang
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Claudia Schirra
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Momchil Ninov
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Bioanalytics, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hahn
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Keerthana Ravichandran
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Krause
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ute Becherer
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Štefan Bálint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, UK
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Bioanalytics, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, 31037, Toulouse, France
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY, Oxford, UK
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Rettig
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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6
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Fernández A, Hayashi M, Garrido G, Montero A, Guardia A, Suzuki T, Montoliu L. Genetics of non-syndromic and syndromic oculocutaneous albinism in human and mouse. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:786-799. [PMID: 33960688 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is the most frequent presentation of albinism, a heterogeneous rare genetic condition generally associated with variable alterations in pigmentation and with a profound visual impairment. There are non-syndromic and syndromic types of OCA, depending on whether the gene product affected impairs essentially the function of melanosomes or, in addition, that of other lysosome-related organelles (LROs), respectively. Syndromic OCA can be more severe and associated with additional systemic consequences, beyond pigmentation and vision alterations. In addition to OCA, albinism can also be presented without obvious skin and hair pigmentation alterations, in ocular albinism (OA), and a related genetic condition known as foveal hypoplasia, optic nerve decussation defects, and anterior segment dysgenesis (FHONDA). In this review, we will focus only in the genetics of skin pigmentation in OCA, both in human and mouse, updating our current knowledge on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Fernández
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Gema Garrido
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Montero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guardia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamio Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Lluis Montoliu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Yuan Y, Liu T, Huang X, Chen Y, Zhang W, Li T, Yang L, Chen Q, Wang Y, Wei A, Li W. A zinc transporter, transmembrane protein 163, is critical for the biogenesis of platelet dense granules. Blood 2021; 137:1804-1817. [PMID: 33513603 PMCID: PMC8020268 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) are a category of secretory organelles enriched with ions such as calcium, which are maintained by ion transporters or channels. Homeostasis of these ions is important for LRO biogenesis and secretion. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a recessive disorder with defects in multiple LROs, typically platelet dense granules (DGs) and melanosomes. However, the underlying mechanism of DG deficiency is largely unknown. Using quantitative proteomics, we identified a previously unreported platelet zinc transporter, transmembrane protein 163 (TMEM163), which was significantly reduced in BLOC-1 (Dtnbp1sdy and Pldnpa)-, BLOC-2 (Hps6ru)-, or AP-3 (Ap3b1pe)-deficient mice and HPS patients (HPS2, HPS3, HPS5, HPS6, or HPS9). We observed similar platelet DG defects and higher intracellular zinc accumulation in platelets of mice deficient in either TMEM163 or dysbindin (a BLOC-1 subunit). In addition, we discovered that BLOC-1 was required for the trafficking of TMEM163 to perinuclear DG and late endosome marker-positive compartments (likely DG precursors) in MEG-01 cells. Our results suggest that TMEM163 is critical for DG biogenesis and that BLOC-1 is required for the trafficking of TMEM163 to putative DG precursors. These new findings suggest that loss of TMEM163 function results in disruption of intracellular zinc homeostasis and provide insights into the pathogenesis of HPS or platelet storage pool deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefeng Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects/Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Genetics and Birth Defects Control Center/National Center for Children's Health, and Beijing Children's Hospital/Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Shunyi Women and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects/Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Genetics and Birth Defects Control Center/National Center for Children's Health, and Beijing Children's Hospital/Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weilin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Ting Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects/Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Genetics and Birth Defects Control Center/National Center for Children's Health, and Beijing Children's Hospital/Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Shunyi Women and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, China
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8
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Velázquez-Díaz P, Nakajima E, Sorkhdini P, Hernandez-Gutierrez A, Eberle A, Yang D, Zhou Y. Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome and Lung Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:644671. [PMID: 33841163 PMCID: PMC8028140 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.644671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) is a rare, genetic, multisystem disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), bleeding diathesis, immunodeficiency, granulomatous colitis, and pulmonary fibrosis. HPS pulmonary fibrosis (HPS-PF) occurs in 100% of patients with subtype HPS-1 and has a similar presentation to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Upon onset, individuals with HPS-PF have approximately 3 years before experiencing signs of respiratory failure and eventual death. This review aims to summarize current research on HPS along with its associated pulmonary fibrosis and its implications for the development of novel treatments. We will discuss the genetic basis of the disease, its epidemiology, and current therapeutic and clinical management strategies. We continue to review the cellular processes leading to the development of HPS-PF in alveolar epithelial cells, lymphocytes, mast cells, and fibrocytes, along with the molecular mechanisms that contribute to its pathogenesis and may be targeted in the treatment of HPS-PF. Finally, we will discuss emerging new cellular and molecular approaches for studying HPS, including lentiviral-mediated gene transfer, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), organoid and 3D-modelling, and CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Parand Sorkhdini
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Adam Eberle
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Dongqin Yang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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9
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Liu D, Yang J, Feng B, Lu W, Zhao C, Li L. Mendelian randomization analysis identified genes pleiotropically associated with the risk and prognosis of COVID-19. J Infect 2021; 82:126-132. [PMID: 33259846 PMCID: PMC7698677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES COVID-19 has caused a large global pandemic. Patients with COVID-19 exhibited considerable variation in disease behavior. Pervious genome-wide association studies have identified potential genetic variants involved in the risk and prognosis of COVID-19, but the underlying biological interpretation remains largely unclear. METHODS We applied the summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) method to identify genes that were pleiotropically associated with the risk and various outcomes of COVID-19, including severe respiratory confirmed COVID-19 and hospitalized COVID-19. RESULTS In blood, we identified 2 probes, ILMN_1765146 and ILMN_1791057 tagging IFNAR2, that showed pleiotropic association with hospitalized COVID-19 (β [SE]=0.42 [0.09], P = 4.75 × 10-06 and β [SE]=-0.48 [0.11], P = 6.76 × 10-06, respectively). Although no other probes were significant after correction for multiple testing in both blood and lung, multiple genes as tagged by the top 5 probes were involved in inflammation or antiviral immunity, and several other tagged genes, such as PON2 and HPS5, were involved in blood coagulation. CONCLUSIONS We identified IFNAR2 and other potential genes that could be involved in the susceptibility or prognosis of COVID-19. These findings provide important leads to a better understanding of the mechanisms of cytokine storm and venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 and potential therapeutic targets for the effective treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bowen Feng
- Odette School of Business, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Wenjin Lu
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chuntao Zhao
- Brain Tumor Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lizhuo Li
- Emergency Department, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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10
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11
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Liu D, Yang J, Feng B, Lu W, Zhao C, Li L. Mendelian randomization analysis identified genes pleiotropically associated with the risk and prognosis of COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 32909000 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.02.20187179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES COVID-19 has caused a large global pandemic. Patients with COVID-19 exhibited considerable variation in disease behavior. Pervious genome-wide association studies have identified potential genetic variants involved in the risk and prognosis of COVID-19, but the underlying biological interpretation remains largely unclear. METHODS We applied the summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) method to identify genes that were pleiotropically associated with the risk and various outcomes of COVID-19, including severe respiratory confirmed COVID-19 and hospitalized COVID-19. RESULTS In blood, we identified 2 probes, ILMN_1765146 and ILMN_1791057 tagging IFNAR2, that showed pleiotropic association with hospitalized COVID-19 (Beta; [SE]=0.42 [0.09], P=4.75E-06 and Beta; [SE]=-0.48 [0.11], P=6.76E-06, respectively). Although no other probes were significant after correction for multiple testing in both blood and lung, multiple genes as tagged by the top 5 probes were involved in inflammation or antiviral immunity, and several other tagged genes, such as PON2 and HPS5, were involved in blood coagulation. CONCLUSIONS We identified IFNAR2 and other potential genes that could be involved in the susceptibility or prognosis of COVID-19. These findings provide important leads to a better understanding of the mechanisms of cytokine storm and venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 and potential therapeutic targets for the effective treatment of COVID-19.
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12
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McCarthy L, Bentley‐DeSousa A, Denoncourt A, Tseng Y, Gabriel M, Downey M. Proteins required for vacuolar function are targets of lysine polyphosphorylation in yeast. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:21-30. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam McCarthy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology University of Ottawa Canada
| | - Amanda Bentley‐DeSousa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology University of Ottawa Canada
| | - Alix Denoncourt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology University of Ottawa Canada
| | - Yi‐Chieh Tseng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology University of Ottawa Canada
| | - Matthew Gabriel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology University of Ottawa Canada
| | - Michael Downey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology University of Ottawa Canada
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Lambert MW, Maddukuri S, Karanfilian KM, Elias ML, Lambert WC. The physiology of melanin deposition in health and disease. Clin Dermatol 2019; 37:402-417. [PMID: 31896398 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin is the major pigment responsible for human skin color. This black/brown pigment is localized in membrane-bound organelles (melanosomes) found in specialized cells (melanocytes) in the basal layer of the epidermis. This review highlights the steps involved in melanogenesis in the epidermis and the disorders in skin pigmentation that occur when specific steps critical for this process are defective. Melanosomes, which contain tyrosinase, a major enzyme involved in melanin synthesis, develop through a series of steps in the melanocyte. They are donated from the melanocyte dendrites to the surrounding keratinocytes in the epidermis. In the keratinocytes, the melanosomes are found singly or packaged into groups, and as the keratinocytes move upward in the epidermis, the melanosomes start to degrade. This sequence of events is critical for melanin pigmentation in the skin and can be influenced by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors, which all play a role in levels of melanization of the epidermis. The effects these factors have on skin pigmentation can be due to different underlying mechanisms involved in the melanization process leading to either hypo- or hyperpigmentary disorders. These disorders highlight the importance of mechanistic studies on the specific steps involved in the melanization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel W Lambert
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Spandana Maddukuri
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katrice M Karanfilian
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marcus L Elias
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - W Clark Lambert
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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de Wit J, Brada RJK, van Veldhuizen J, Dalm VASH, Pasmans SGMA. Skin disorders are prominent features in primary immunodeficiency diseases: A systematic overview of current data. Allergy 2019; 74:464-482. [PMID: 30480813 DOI: 10.1111/all.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are characterized by an increased risk of infections, autoimmunity, autoinflammation, malignancy, and allergic disorders. Skin disorders are also common clinical features in PIDs and may be among the presenting manifestations. Recognition of specific PID-associated skin conditions in combination with other clinical features as described in the currently used warning signs could raise suspicion of an underlying PID. We aimed to provide a systematically obtained overview of skin disorders and their prevalence in PIDs. Secondary, the prevalence of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus-associated skin disorders and atopy was reviewed, as these are the most prominent skin features in PIDs. A systematic search was performed in EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar (up to May 9, 2018). All original observational and experimental human studies that address the presence of skin disorders in PIDs were selected. We rated study quality using the Institute of Health Economics Quality Appraisal Checklist for Case Series Studies. Sixty-seven articles (5030 patients) were included. Study quality ranged from 18.2% to 88.5%. A broad spectrum of skin disorders was reported in 30 PIDs, mostly in single studies with a low number of included patients. An overview of associated PIDs per skin disorder was generated. Data on S. aureus-associated skin disorders and atopy in PIDs were limited. In conclusion, skin disorders are prominent features in PIDs. Through clustering of PIDs per skin disorder, we provide a support tool to use in clinical practice that should raise awareness of PIDs based on presenting skin manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill de Wit
- Department of Dermatology; Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Romke J. K. Brada
- Department of Dermatology; Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Joyce van Veldhuizen
- Department of Dermatology; Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Virgil A. S. H. Dalm
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology; Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
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Plasma lipidomic profiling in murine mutants of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome reveals differential changes in pro- and anti-atherosclerotic lipids. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182339. [PMID: 30710063 PMCID: PMC6379572 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20182339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipid-rich plaques in the arterial wall. Its pathogenesis is very complicated and has not yet been fully elucidated. It is known that dyslipidemia is a major factor in atherosclerosis. Several different Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) mutant mice have been shown either anti-atherosclerotic or atherogenic phenotypes, which may be mainly attributed to corresponding lipid perturbation. To explore the effects of different HPS proteins on lipid metabolism and plasma lipid composition, we analyzed the plasma lipid profiles of three HPS mutant mice, pa (Hps9 -/-), ru (Hps6 -/-), ep (Hps1 -/-), and wild-type (WT) mice. In pa and ru mice, some pro-atherosclerotic lipids, e.g. ceramide (Cer) and diacylglycerol (DAG), were down-regulated whereas triacylglycerol (TAG) containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6) fatty acyl was up-regulated when compared with WT mice. Several pro-atherosclerotic lipids including phosphatidic acid (PA), lysophosphatidylserine (LPS), sphingomyelin (SM), and cholesterol (Cho) were up-regulated in ep mice compared with WT mice. The lipid droplets in hepatocytes showed corresponding changes in these mutants. Our data suggest that the pa mutant resembles the ru mutant in its anti-atherosclerotic effects, but the ep mutant has an atherogenic effect. Our findings may provide clues to explain why different HPS mutant mice exhibit distinct anti-atherosclerotic or atherogenic effects after being exposed to high-cholesterol diets.
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16
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Paget TL, Parkinson-Lawrence EJ, Orgeig S. Interstitial lung disease and surfactant dysfunction as a secondary manifestation of disease: insights from lysosomal storage disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Congenital neutropenia and primary immunodeficiency diseases. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 133:149-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Osanai K. Rab38 Mutation and the Lung Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2203. [PMID: 30060521 PMCID: PMC6122074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab38 is highly expressed in alveolar type II cells, melanocytes, and platelets. These cells are specifically-differentiated cells and contain characteristic intracellular organelles called lysosome-related organelles, i.e., lamellar bodies in alveolar type II cells, melanosomes in melanocytes, and dense granules in platelets. There are Rab38-mutant rodents, i.e., chocolate mice and Ruby rats. While chocolate mice only show oculocutaneous albinism, Ruby rats show oculocutaneous albinism and prolonged bleeding time and, hence, are a rat model of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS). Most patients with HPS suffer from fatal interstitial pneumonia by middle age. The lungs of both chocolate mice and Ruby rats show remarkably increased amounts of lung surfactant and conspicuously enlarged lysosome-related organelles, i.e., lamellar bodies, which are also characteristic of the lungs in human HPS. There are 16 mutant HPS-mouse strains, of which ten mutant genes have been identified to be causative in patients with HPS thus far. The gene products of eight of the ten genes constitute one of the three protein complexes, i.e., biogenesis of lysosome-related organelle complex-1, -2, -3 (BLOC-1, -2, -3). Patients with HPS of the mutant BLOC-3 genotype develop interstitial pneumonia. Recently, BLOC-3 has been elucidated to be a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab38. Growing evidence suggests that Rab38 is an additional candidate gene of human HPS that displays the lung phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Osanai
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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Prashar A, Schnettger L, Bernard EM, Gutierrez MG. Rab GTPases in Immunity and Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:435. [PMID: 29034219 PMCID: PMC5627064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Strict spatiotemporal control of trafficking events between organelles is critical for maintaining homeostasis and directing cellular responses. This regulation is particularly important in immune cells for mounting specialized immune defenses. By controlling the formation, transport and fusion of intracellular organelles, Rab GTPases serve as master regulators of membrane trafficking. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Rab GTPases regulate immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maximiliano G. Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Rains A, Bryant Y, Dorsett KA, Culver A, Egbaria J, Williams A, Barnes M, Lamere R, Rossi AR, Waldrep SC, Wilder C, Kliossis E, Styers ML. Ypt4 and lvs1 regulate vacuolar size and function in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2017; 7:e1335270. [PMID: 28944093 PMCID: PMC5602425 DOI: 10.1080/21592799.2017.1335270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The yeast vacuole plays key roles in cellular stress responses. Here, we show that deletion of lvs1, the fission yeast homolog of the Chediak-Higashi Syndrome CHS1/LYST gene, increases vacuolar size, similar to deletion of the Rab4 homolog ypt4. Overexpression of lvs1-YFP rescued vacuolar size in ypt4Δ cells, but ypt4-YFP did not rescue lvs1Δ, suggesting that lvs1 may act downstream of ypt4. Vacuoles were capable of hypotonic shock-induced fusion and recovery in both ypt4Δ and lvs1Δ cells, although recovery may be slightly delayed in ypt4Δ. Endocytic and secretory trafficking were not affected, but ypt4Δ and lvs1Δ strains were sensitive to neutral pH and CaCl2, consistent with vacuolar dysfunction. In addition to changes in vacuolar size, deletion of ypt4 also dramatically increased cell size, similar to tor1 mutants. These results implicate ypt4 and lvs1 in maintenance of vacuolar size and suggest that ypt4 may link vacuolar homeostasis to cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison Rains
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yorisha Bryant
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A Dorsett
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Austin Culver
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jamal Egbaria
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Austin Williams
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Matt Barnes
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Raeann Lamere
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Austin R Rossi
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Caroline Wilder
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Elliot Kliossis
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Melanie L Styers
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL, USA
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21
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Osanai K, Nakase K, Sakuma T, Nishiki K, Nojiri M, Kato R, Saito M, Fujimoto Y, Mizuno S, Toga H. Exogenous gene transfer of Rab 38 small GTPase ameliorates aberrant lung surfactant homeostasis in Ruby rats. Respir Res 2017; 18:70. [PMID: 28438206 PMCID: PMC5402648 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rab38 small GTPase regulates intracellular transport in melanocytes and alveolar type II epithelial cells. Ruby rats carrying Rab38 and other gene mutations exhibit oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding diathesis, and hence, are a rat model of human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS). We previously showed that Long Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats, one strain of the Ruby rats, developed aberrant lung surfactant homeostasis with remarkably enlarged lamellar bodies in alveolar type II cells. Methods A replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus expressing rat Rab38 (Ad-Rab38) was constructed. Alveolar type II cells were isolated from the LEC rats and tested for lung surfactant phosphatidylcholine secretion. The rats were also examined whether exogenous expression of Ad- Rab38 could rescue the altered lung surfactant homeostasis in the lungs. Results Isolated type II cells infected with Ad-Rab38 exhibited improved secretion patterns of [3H]phosphatidylcholine, i.e. increased basal hyposecretion and decreased agonist-induced hypersecretion. Endobronchial administration of Ad-Rab38 improved the morphology of type II cells and lamellar bodies, reducing their sizes close to those of wild-type rats. The increased amounts of phosphatidylcholine and surfactant protein B in the lamellar body fractions were decreased in the Ad-Rab38 infected lungs. Conclusions These results provide strong evidence that the aberrant lung surfactant homeostasis in the LEC rats is caused by Rab38 deficit, and suggest that endobronchial delivery of the responsive transgene could be an effective method to ameliorate the abnormal lung phenotype in the animal model of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Osanai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Nakase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nishiki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nojiri
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Ryo Kato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Shiro Mizuno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Toga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
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Knight AE, Gomez K, Cutler DF. Super-resolution microscopy in the diagnosis of platelet granule disorders. Expert Rev Hematol 2017; 10:375-381. [PMID: 28374619 PMCID: PMC5942152 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2017.1315302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platelet granule deficiencies lead to bleeding disorders, but their specific diagnosis typically requires whole mount transmission electron microscopy, which is often not available and has a number of important limitations. We recently proposed the use of advanced forms of fluorescence microscopy - the so-called 'super-resolution' microscopies - as a possible solution. Areas covered: In this special report, we review the diagnosis of platelet granule deficiencies, and discuss how recent developments in fluorescence microscopy may be useful in improving diagnostic approaches to these and related disorders. In particular, we conclude that super-resolution fluorescence microscopy may have advantages over transmission electron microscopy in this application. Expert commentary: The value of the super-resolution microscopies has been amply demonstrated in research; however, their potential in diagnostic applications is ripe for further exploration. Hematology is a field particularly likely to benefit because of the relative simplicity of sample preparation. We anticipate that the costs of the necessary instrumentation will continue to fall rapidly, making these technologies widely accessible to clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Knight
- a Biotechnology Group , National Physical Laboratory , Middlesex , UK
| | - Keith Gomez
- b Katherine Dormandy Haemophilia Centre and Thrombosis Unit , Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - Daniel F Cutler
- c MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology , University College London , London , UK
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Role of Munc13-4 as a Ca2+-dependent tether during platelet secretion. Biochem J 2015; 473:627-39. [PMID: 26637270 DOI: 10.1042/bj20151150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Munc13 family of exocytosis regulators has multiple Ca(2+)-binding, C2 domains. Here, we probed the mechanism by which Munc13-4 regulates in vitro membrane fusion and platelet exocytosis. We show that Munc13-4 enhances in vitro soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-dependent, proteoliposome fusion in a Ca(2+)- and phosphatidylserine (PS)-dependent manner that was independent of SNARE concentrations. Munc13-4-SNARE interactions, under the conditions used, were minimal in the absence or presence of Ca(2+). However, Munc13-4 was able to bind and cluster liposomes harbouring PS in response to Ca(2+). Interestingly, Ca(2+)-dependent liposome binding/clustering and enhancement of proteoliposome fusion required both Munc13-4 C2 domains, but only the Ca(2+)-liganding aspartate residues of the C2B domain. Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) measurements indicated that, in solution, Munc13-4 was a monomeric prolate ellipsoid with dimensions consistent with a molecule that could bridge two fusing membranes. To address the potential role of Munc13-4 as a tethering protein in platelets, we examined mepacrine-stained, dense granule mobility and secretion in platelets from wild-type and Munc13-4 null (Unc13d(Jinx)) mice. In the absence of Munc13-4, dense granules were highly mobile in both resting and stimulated platelets, and stimulation-dependent granule release was absent. These observations suggest that dense granules are stably docked in resting platelets awaiting stimulation and that Munc13-4 plays a vesicle-stabilizing or tethering role in resting platelets and also in activated platelets in response to Ca(2+). In summary, we show that Munc13-4 conveys Ca(2+) sensitivity to platelet SNARE-mediated membrane fusion and reveal a potential mechanism by which Munc13-4 bridges and stabilizes apposing membranes destined for fusion.
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Rab proteins: the key regulators of intracellular vesicle transport. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:1-19. [PMID: 25088255 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular/membrane trafficking essentially regulates the compartmentalization and abundance of proteins within the cells and contributes in many signalling pathways. This membrane transport in eukaryotic cells is a complex process regulated by a large and diverse array of proteins. A large group of monomeric small GTPases; the Rabs are essential components of this membrane trafficking route. Most of the Rabs are ubiquitously expressed proteins and have been implicated in vesicle formation, vesicle motility/delivery along cytoskeleton elements and docking/fusion at target membranes through the recruitment of effectors. Functional impairments of Rabs affecting transport pathways manifest different diseases. Rab functions are accompanied by cyclical activation and inactivation of GTP-bound and GDP-bound forms between the cytosol and membranes which is regulated by upstream regulators. Rab proteins are characterized by their distinct sub-cellular localization and regulate a wide variety of endocytic, transcytic and exocytic transport pathways. Mutations of Rabs affect cell growth, motility and other biological processes.
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25
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Ardalan MR. Black kidney in Albinism. J Nephropathol 2014; 3:49-50. [PMID: 24772396 DOI: 10.12860/jnp.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Oculocutaneous albinism may be similar to two related syndromes (Hermansky-Pudlak and Chediak-Higashi) and could lead to more widespread lysosome excretory defects. These defects could lead to accumulation of some intracellular material, leading to the gross discoloration of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Ardalan
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Wei AH, He X, Li W. Hypopigmentation in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. J Dermatol 2014; 40:325-9. [PMID: 23668540 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding tendency, and ceroid deposition which often leads to death in midlife. Currently, nine genes have been identified as causative for HPS in humans. Hypopigmentation is the prominent feature of HPS, attributable to the disrupted biogenesis of melanosome, a member of the lysosome-related organelle (LRO) family. Current understanding of the cargo transporting mechanisms into the melanosomes expands our knowledge of the pathogenesis of hypopigmentation in HPS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Jing R, Dong X, Li K, Zhang J, Yan J, Feng L. Two distinct phenotypes in pigmented cells of different embryonic origins in eyes of pale ear mice. Exp Eye Res 2013; 119:35-43. [PMID: 24361037 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The eye has pigmented cells of two different embryonic origins and therefore it is a good model for studying melanosome biogenesis and melanin production/deposition. Pale ear mice bear a mutation in the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1 (HPS-1) gene and exhibit abnormal eye pigmentation. Here, we reported the delayed and reduced pigmentation in eyes of pale ear mice in early postnatal stages and adulthood. Tyrosinase assay and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) gel staining assay revealed that tyrosinase activity in eyes of pale ear mutants was greatly reduced in early postnatal stages and increased gradually after postnatal day 7 (P7). Further histological examination revealed that hypopigmentation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and pigment epithelium of the iris and ciliary body, which are derived from the optic cup, was more severe than that in neural crest-derived tissues. In addition, macromelanosomes were exclusively present in neural crest-derived melanocytes of pale ear adults, but absent at early postnatal stages. Taken together, the mutation in the HPS-1 gene could cause two distinct phenotypes in pigmented cells of different embryonic origins. Besides, an increased accumulation of lipofuscin in RPE was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwei Jing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Xuan Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Kailin Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Jingye Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Jie Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Lijun Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China.
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Dotta L, Parolini S, Prandini A, Tabellini G, Antolini M, Kingsmore SF, Badolato R. Clinical, laboratory and molecular signs of immunodeficiency in patients with partial oculo-cutaneous albinism. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:168. [PMID: 24134793 PMCID: PMC3856608 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypopigmentation disorders that are associated with immunodeficiency feature both partial albinism of hair, skin and eyes together with leukocyte defects. These disorders include Chediak Higashi (CHS), Griscelli (GS), Hermansky-Pudlak (HPS) and MAPBP-interacting protein deficiency syndromes. These are heterogeneous autosomal recessive conditions in which the causal genes encode proteins with specific roles in the biogenesis, function and trafficking of secretory lysosomes. In certain specialized cells, these organelles serve as a storage compartment. Impaired secretion of specific effector proteins from that intracellular compartment affects biological activities. In particular, these intracellular granules are essential constituents of melanocytes, platelets, granulocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Thus, abnormalities affect pigmentation, primary hemostasis, blood cell counts and lymphocyte cytotoxic activity against microbial pathogens. Among eight genetically distinct types of HPS, only type 2 is characterized by immunodeficiency. Recently, a new subtype, HPS9, was defined in patients presenting with immunodeficiency and oculocutaneous albinism, associated with mutations in the pallidin-encoding gene, PLDN.Hypopigmentation together with recurrent childhood bacterial or viral infections suggests syndromic albinism. T and NK cell cytotoxicity are generally impaired in patients with these disorders. Specific clinical and biochemical phenotypes can allow differential diagnoses among these disorders before molecular testing. Ocular symptoms, including nystagmus, that are usually evident at birth, are common in patients with HPS2 or CHS. Albinism with short stature is unique to MAPBP-interacting protein (MAPBPIP) deficiency, while hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) mainly suggests a diagnosis of CHS or GS type 2 (GS2). Neurological disease is a long-term complication of CHS, but is uncommon in other syndromic albinism. Chronic neutropenia is a feature of HPS2 and MAPBPIP-deficiency syndrome, whereas it is usually transient in CHS and GS2. In every patient, an accurate diagnosis is required for prompt and appropriate treatment, particularly in patients who develop HLH or in whom bone marrow transplant is required. This review describes the molecular and pathogenetic mechanisms of these diseases, focusing on clinical and biochemical aspects that allow early differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine “Angelo Nocivelli”, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Parolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Alberto Prandini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine “Angelo Nocivelli”, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tabellini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Maddalena Antolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine “Angelo Nocivelli”, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stephen F Kingsmore
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine “Angelo Nocivelli”, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Istituto di Medicina Molecolare “Angelo Nocivelli”, Universita' di Brescia, c/o Spedali Civili, Brescia 25123, Italy
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Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that displays genetic heterogeneity; there are 9 known subtypes. HPS is characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, a platelet storage pool deficiency and resultant bleeding diathesis, and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin. Patients with HPS, specifically those with the genotypes HPS-1, HPS-2, or HPS-4, are predisposed to interstitial lung disease. In addition, some patients with HPS develop granulomatous colitis. Optimal health care requires a thorough knowledge of the unique health risks and functional limitations associated with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Seward
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Ringeisen AL, Schimmenti LA, White JG, Schoonveld C, Summers CG. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS5) in a nonagenarian. J AAPOS 2013; 17:334-6. [PMID: 23607980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal-recessive disorder clinically characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding diatheses, and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin, which in some cases may cause granulomatous colitis and pulmonary fibrosis. Any of these complications could result in a shortened life span for patients with HPS. We report a 92-year-old man with HPS 5 who, to our knowledge, is the oldest patient with HPS documented in the literature. This report highlights the importance of typing HPS to counsel patients regarding disease prognosis.
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Seixas E, Barros M, Seabra MC, Barral DC. Rab and Arf proteins in genetic diseases. Traffic 2013; 14:871-85. [PMID: 23565987 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rab and ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) family proteins are master regulators of membrane trafficking and are involved in all steps of vesicular transport. These families of small guanine-nucleotide-binding (G) proteins are well suited to regulate membrane trafficking processes since their nucleotide state determines their conformation and the capacity to bind to a multitude of effectors, which mediate their functions. In recent years, several inherited diseases have been associated with mutations in genes encoding proteins belonging to these two families or in proteins that regulate their GTP-binding cycle. The genetic diseases that are caused by defects in Rabs, Arfs or their regulatory proteins are heterogeneous and display diverse symptoms. However, these diseases mainly affect two types of subcellular compartments, namely lysosome-related organelles and cilia. Also, several of these diseases affect the nervous system. Thus, the study of these diseases represents an opportunity to understand their etiology and the molecular mechanisms involved, as well as to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Seixas
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
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Stalder L, Heusermann W, Sokol L, Trojer D, Wirz J, Hean J, Fritzsche A, Aeschimann F, Pfanzagl V, Basselet P, Weiler J, Hintersteiner M, Morrissey DV, Meisner-Kober NC. The rough endoplasmatic reticulum is a central nucleation site of siRNA-mediated RNA silencing. EMBO J 2013; 32:1115-27. [PMID: 23511973 PMCID: PMC3630355 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in mechanistic understanding of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways, the subcellular sites of RNA silencing remain under debate. Here we show that loading of lipid-transfected siRNAs and endogenous microRNAs (miRNA) into RISC (RNA-induced silencing complexes), encounter of the target mRNA, and Ago2-mediated mRNA slicing in mammalian cells are nucleated at the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). Although the major RNAi pathway proteins are found in most subcellular compartments, the miRNA- and siRNA-loaded Ago2 populations co-sediment almost exclusively with the rER membranes, together with the RISC loading complex (RLC) factors Dicer, TAR RNA binding protein (TRBP) and protein activator of the interferon-induced protein kinase (PACT). Fractionation and membrane co-immune precipitations further confirm that siRNA-loaded Ago2 physically associates with the cytosolic side of the rER membrane. Additionally, RLC-associated double-stranded siRNA, diagnostic of RISC loading, and RISC-mediated mRNA cleavage products exclusively co-sediment with rER. Finally, we identify TRBP and PACT as key factors anchoring RISC to ER membranes in an RNA-independent manner. Together, our findings demonstrate that the outer rER membrane is a central nucleation site of siRNA-mediated RNA silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Stalder
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, NIBR Biologics Center, RNAi Therapeutics, Basel 4000, Switzerland.
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Wei AH, Li W. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: pigmentary and non-pigmentary defects and their pathogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 26:176-92. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology; Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
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Comprehensive candidate gene study highlights UGT1A and BNC2 as new genes determining continuous skin color variation in Europeans. Hum Genet 2012; 132:147-58. [PMID: 23052946 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural variation in human skin pigmentation is primarily due to genetic causes rooted in recent evolutionary history. Genetic variants associated with human skin pigmentation confer risk of skin cancer and may provide useful information in forensic investigations. Almost all previous gene-mapping studies of human skin pigmentation were based on categorical skin color information known to oversimplify the continuous nature of human skin coloration. We digitally quantified skin color into hue and saturation dimensions for 5,860 Dutch Europeans based on high-resolution skin photographs. We then tested an extensive list of 14,185 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 281 candidate genes potentially involved in human skin pigmentation for association with quantitative skin color phenotypes. Confirmatory association was revealed for several known skin color genes including HERC2, MC1R, IRF4, TYR, OCA2, and ASIP. We identified two new skin color genes: genetic variants in UGT1A were significantly associated with hue and variants in BNC2 were significantly associated with saturation. Overall, digital quantification of human skin color allowed detecting new skin color genes. The variants identified in this study may also contribute to the risk of skin cancer. Our findings are also important for predicting skin color in forensic investigations.
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Aydin IT, Hummler E, Smit NPM, Beermann F. Coat color dilution in mice because of inactivation of the melanoma antigen MART-1. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 25:37-46. [PMID: 21943097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (MART-1) is a melanoma-specific antigen, which has been thoroughly studied in the context of immunotherapy against malignant melanoma and which is found only in the pigment cell lineage. However, its exact function and involvement in pigmentation is not clearly understood. Melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 has been shown to interact with the melanosomal proteins Pmel17 and OA1. To understand the function of MART-1 in pigmentation, we developed a new knockout mouse model. Mice deficient in MART-1 are viable, but loss of MART-1 leads to a coat color phenotype, with a reduction in total melanin content of the skin and hair. Lack of MART-1 did not affect localization of melanocyte-specific proteins nor maturation of Pmel17. Melanosomes of hair follicle melanocytes in MART-1 knockout mice displayed morphological abnormalities, which were exclusive to stage III and IV melanosomes. In conclusion, our results suggest that MART-1 is a pigmentation gene that is required for melanosome biogenesis and/or maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraz T Aydin
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Ge S, Woo E, White JG, Haynes CL. Electrochemical measurement of endogenous serotonin release from human blood platelets. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2598-604. [PMID: 21384903 DOI: 10.1021/ac102929y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelet aggregation in the bloodstream is tightly associated with the secretory function of platelets based on several types of cytoplasmic secretory granules, each sequestering distinct chemical messenger species. Dense-body granules are one prominent type of secretory granule responsible for storing small molecule chemical messengers. Upon platelet activation, the timely and rapid release of these small molecules is critical in facilitating platelet aggregation. Therefore, techniques capable of measuring real-time granule content release are needed to understand the fundamental properties of platelet secretion and aggregation. Existing techniques lack adequate time resolution or require potentially toxic exogenous reagents for real-time measurement of granule content release. Herein, we demonstrate a label-free electrochemical method based on the endogenous electroactive chemical messenger serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) for the real-time measurement of dense-body granule secretion from platelet suspensions; fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) using carbon-fiber microelectrodes was chosen on the basis of its excellent temporal resolution, high sensitivity, and the ability to provide the electrochemical signature cyclic voltammograms for molecular identification. Real-time serotonin release from thrombin-stimulated human platelet suspensions was successfully measured, and the amount and time course of the bulk serotonin release were found to agree well with data obtained from single platelet measurements, thus confirming accurate characterization of granular secretion. Furthermore, this electrochemical method was applied to study the stimulation-secretion coupling in platelets, serotonin storage and release dynamics with applied pharmacological agents, and chemical messenger storage deficiency in Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) platelets, and the potential of this method to reveal secretion behavior in both normal and diseased platelets has clearly been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shencheng Ge
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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37
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Renna M, Schaffner C, Winslow AR, Menzies FM, Peden AA, Floto RA, Rubinsztein DC. Autophagic substrate clearance requires activity of the syntaxin-5 SNARE complex. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:469-82. [PMID: 21242315 PMCID: PMC3022001 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.076489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent cellular catabolic mechanism that mediates the turnover of intracellular organelles and long-lived proteins. Reduced autophagic activity has been shown to lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in neurons and might be involved in chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we uncover an essential role for the syntaxin-5 SNARE complex in autophagy. Using genetic knockdown, we show that the syntaxin-5 SNARE complex regulates the later stages of autophagy after the initial formation of autophagosomes. This SNARE complex acts on autophagy by regulating ER-to-Golgi transport through the secretory pathway, which is essential for the activity of lysosomal proteases such as cathepsins. Depletion of syntaxin-5 complex components results in the accumulation of autophagosomes as a result of lysosomal dysfunction, leading to decreased degradation of autophagic substrates. Our findings provide a novel link between a fundamental process such as intracellular trafficking and human diseases that might be affected by defective biogenesis and/or homeostasis of the autophagosome-lysosome degradation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Renna
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Catherine Schaffner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ashley R. Winslow
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Fiona M. Menzies
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Andrew A. Peden
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - R. Andres Floto
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - David C. Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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Vázquez-Martínez R, Malagón MM. Rab proteins and the secretory pathway: the case of rab18 in neuroendocrine cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:1. [PMID: 22649356 PMCID: PMC3355916 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretory pathway is a process characteristic of cells specialized in secretion such as endocrine cells and neurons. It consists of different stages that are dependent on specific transport of proteins in vesicular-tubular carriers. Biochemical analyses have unveiled a number of protein families that confer identity to carrier vesicles and specificity to their transport. Among them is the family of Rab proteins, Ras-like small GTPases that anchor to the surface of transport vesicles and participate in vesicle formation from the donor compartment, transport along cytoskeletal tracks, and docking and fusion with the acceptor compartment. All of these functions are accomplished through the recruitment of effector proteins, such as sorting adaptors, tethering factors, kinases, phosphatases, and motors. The numerous Rab proteins have distinct subcellular distributions throughout the endomembrane system, which ensures efficient cargo transfer. Rab proteins act as molecular switches that alternate between a cytosolic GDP-bound, inactive form and a membrane-associated GTP-bound, active conformation. Cycling between inactive and active states is a highly regulated process that enables Rabs to confer spatio-temporal precision to the different stages through which a vesicle passes during its lifespan. This review focuses on our current knowledge on Rab functioning, from their structural features to the multiple regulatory proteins and effectors that control Rab activity and translate Rab function. Furthermore, we also summarize the information available on a particular Rab protein, Rab18, which has been linked to the control of secretory granule traffic in neuroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vázquez-Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of CordobaCordoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Biomedical Research Center in Red Physiopathology of Obesity and NutritionCordoba, Spain
| | - Maria M. Malagón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of CordobaCordoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica, Biomedical Research Center in Red Physiopathology of Obesity and NutritionCordoba, Spain
- *Correspondence: Maria M. Malagón, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo-Ochoa, Planta 3, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain. e-mail:
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de Saint Basile G, Ménasché G, Fischer A. Molecular mechanisms of biogenesis and exocytosis of cytotoxic granules. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:568-79. [PMID: 20634814 DOI: 10.1038/nri2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells are crucial for immune surveillance against virus-infected cells and tumour cells. Molecular studies of individuals with inherited defects that impair lymphocyte cytotoxic function have also highlighted the importance of cytotoxicity in the regulation and termination of immune responses. As discussed in this Review, characterization of these defects has contributed to our understanding of the key steps that are required for the maturation of cytotoxic granules and the secretion of their contents at the immunological synapse during target cell killing. This has revealed a marked similarity between cytotoxic granule exocytosis at the immunological synapse and synaptic vesicle exocytosis at the neurological synapse. We explore the possibility that comparison of these two kinetically and spatially regulated secretory pathways will provide clues to uncover additional effectors that regulate the cytotoxic function of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève de Saint Basile
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U768, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
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40
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Gibbings D, Voinnet O. Control of RNA silencing and localization by endolysosomes. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:491-501. [PMID: 20630759 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the cell biology of RNA silencing have unraveled an intriguing association of post-transcriptionally regulated RNA with endolysosomal membranes in several circumstances of mRNA localization, microRNA activity and viral RNA transport and packaging. Endolysosomal membranes are a nexus of communication and transport between cells and their exterior environment for signaling receptors, pathogens and nutrients. Here, we discuss recent data that support a view that endolysosomal positioning of RNA might facilitate intercellular transmission of RNA and host defence against viruses and retrotransposons. Positioning of RNA regulatory mechanisms on endolysosomal membranes might permit rapid and localized control of microRNA (miRNA) gene regulatory programs and mRNA translation in response to environmental signals, such as activated plasma membrane receptors transported on endosomes. Finally, we suggest that the pathology of several conditions, including Huntington's disease, might be a consequence of the disruption of the control of RNA via endolysosomal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Gibbings
- UPR2357, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moleculaire des Plantes, 12 rue du General Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg France.
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41
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Osanai K, Higuchi J, Oikawa R, Kobayashi M, Tsuchihara K, Iguchi M, Huang J, Voelker DR, Toga H. Altered lung surfactant system in a Rab38-deficient rat model of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L243-51. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00242.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Long-Evans rat substrains carrying the phenotype of oculocutaneous albinism and bleeding diathesis are a rat model of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS). The mutation responsible for the phenotype ( Ruby) was identified as a point mutation in the initiation codon of Rab38 small GTPase that regulates intracellular vesicle transport. As patients with HPS often develop life-limiting interstitial pneumonia accompanied by abnormal morphology of alveolar type II cells, we investigated lung surfactant system in Long-Evans Cinnamon rats, one strain of the Ruby rats. The lungs showed conspicuous morphology of type II cells containing markedly enlarged lamellar bodies. Surfactant phosphatidylcholine and surfactant protein B were increased in lung tissues and lamellar bodies but not in alveolar lumen. Expression levels of mRNA for surfactant proteins A, B, C, and D were not altered. Isolated type II cells showed aberrant secretory pattern of newly synthesized [3H]phosphatidylcholine, i.e., decreased basal secretion and remarkably amplified agonist-induced secretion. [3H]phosphatidylcholine synthesis and uptake by type II cells were not altered. Thus Rab38-deficient type II cells appear to carry abnormality in lung surfactant secretion but not in synthesis or uptake. These results suggest that aberrant lung surfactant secretion may be involved in the pathogenesis of interstitial pneumonia in HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Osanai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahokugun, Ishikawa; and
| | - Junko Higuchi
- Department of Human Pathology, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamagata, Yamagata, Japan; and
| | - Rieko Oikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahokugun, Ishikawa; and
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahokugun, Ishikawa; and
| | - Katsuma Tsuchihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahokugun, Ishikawa; and
| | - Masaharu Iguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahokugun, Ishikawa; and
| | - Jyongsu Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahokugun, Ishikawa; and
| | | | - Hirohisa Toga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahokugun, Ishikawa; and
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Guo X, Tu L, Gumper I, Plesken H, Novak EK, Chintala S, Swank RT, Pastores G, Torres P, Izumi T, Sun TT, Sabatini DD, Kreibich G. Involvement of vps33a in the fusion of uroplakin-degrading multivesicular bodies with lysosomes. Traffic 2009; 10:1350-61. [PMID: 19566896 PMCID: PMC4494113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The apical surface of the terminally differentiated mouse bladder urothelium is largely covered by urothelial plaques, consisting of hexagonally packed 16-nm uroplakin particles. These plaques are delivered to the cell surface by fusiform vesicles (FVs) that are the most abundant cytoplasmic organelles. We have analyzed the functional involvement of several proteins in the apical delivery and endocytic degradation of uroplakin proteins. Although FVs have an acidified lumen and Rab27b, which localizes to these organelles, is known to be involved in the targeting of lysosome-related organelles (LROs), FVs are CD63 negative and are therefore not typical LROs. Vps33a is a Sec1-related protein that plays a role in vesicular transport to the lysosomal compartment. A point mutation in mouse Vps33a (Buff mouse) causes albinism and bleeding (Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome) because of abnormalities in the trafficking of melanosomes and platelets. These Buff mice showed a novel phenotype observed in urothelial umbrella cells, where the uroplakin-delivering FVs were almost completely replaced by Rab27b-negative multivesicular bodies (MVBs) involved in uroplakin degradation. MVB accumulation leads to an increase in the amounts of uroplakins, Lysosomal-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-1/2, and the activities of beta-hexosaminidase and beta-glucocerebrosidase. These results suggest that FVs can be regarded as specialized secretory granules that deliver crystalline arrays of uroplakins to the cell surface, and that the Vps33a mutation interferes with the fusion of MVBs with mature lysosomes thus blocking uroplakin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Liyu Tu
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Iwona Gumper
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Heide Plesken
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Edward K. Novak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sreenivasulu Chintala
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Richard T. Swank
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Gregory Pastores
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paola Torres
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tetsuro Izumi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tung-Tien Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Epithelial Biology Unit, The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David D. Sabatini
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gert Kreibich
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Oyama S, Yamakawa H, Sasagawa N, Hosoi Y, Futai E, Ishiura S. Dysbindin-1, a schizophrenia-related protein, functionally interacts with the DNA- dependent protein kinase complex in an isoform-dependent manner. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4199. [PMID: 19142223 PMCID: PMC2614472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DTNBP1 has been recognized as a schizophrenia susceptible gene, and its protein product, dysbindin-1, is down-regulated in the brains of schizophrenic patients. However, little is known about the physiological role of dysbindin-1 in the central nervous system. We hypothesized that disruption of dysbindin-1 with unidentified proteins could contribute to pathogenesis and the symptoms of schizophrenia. GST pull-down from human neuroblastoma lysates showed an association of dysbindin-1 with the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex. The DNA-PK complex interacts only with splice isoforms A and B, but not with C. We found that isoforms A and B localized in nucleus, where the kinase complex exist, whereas the isoform C was found exclusively in cytosol. Furthermore, results of phosphorylation assay suggest that the DNA-PK complex phosphorylated dysbindin-1 isoforms A and B in cells. These observations suggest that DNA-PK regulates the dysbindin-1 isoforms A and B by phosphorylation in nucleus. Isoform C does not contain exons from 1 to 6. Since schizophrenia-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) occur in these introns between exon 1 and exon 6, we suggest that these SNPs might affect splicing of DTNBP1, which leads to impairment of the functional interaction between dysbindin-1 and DNA-PK in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Oyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekuni Yamakawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasagawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hosoi
- Department of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata-shi, Niigata, Japan
| | - Eugene Futai
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Ishiura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In response to agonists produced at vascular lesions, platelets release a host of components from their three granules: dense core, alpha, and lysosome. This releasate activates other platelets, promotes wound repair, and initiates inflammatory responses. Although widely accepted, the specific mechanisms underlying platelet secretion are only now coming to light. This review focuses on the core machinery required for platelet secretion. RECENT FINDINGS Proteomic analyses have provided a catalog of the components released from activated platelets. Experiments using a combination of in-vitro secretion assays and knockout mice have led to assignments of both vesicle-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (v-SNARE) and target membrane SNARE to each of the three secretion events. SNARE knockout mice are also proving to be useful models for probing the role of platelet exocytosis in vivo. Other studies are beginning to identify SNARE regulators, which control when and where SNAREs interact during platelet activation. SUMMARY A complex set of protein-protein interactions control the membrane fusion events required for the platelet release reaction. SNARE proteins are the core elements but the proteins that control SNARE interactions represent key points at which platelet signaling cascades could affect secretion and thrombosis.
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Osanai K, Oikawa R, Higuchi J, Kobayashi M, Tsuchihara K, Iguchi M, Jongsu H, Toga H, Voelker DR. A mutation in Rab38 small GTPase causes abnormal lung surfactant homeostasis and aberrant alveolar structure in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1265-74. [PMID: 18832574 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The chocolate mutation, which is associated with oculocutaneous albinism in mice, has been attributed to a G146T transversion in the conserved GTP/GDP-interacting domain of Rab38, a small GTPase that regulates intracellular vesicular trafficking. Rab38 displays a unique tissue-specific expression pattern with highest levels present in the lung. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of Rab38-G146T on lung phenotype and to investigate the molecular basis of the mutant gene product (Rab38(cht) protein). Chocolate lungs exhibited a uniform enlargement of the distal airspaces with mild alveolar destruction as well as a slight increase in lung compliance. Alveolar type II cells were engorged with lamellar bodies of increased size and number. Hydrophobic surfactant constituents (ie, phosphatidylcholine and surfactant protein B) were increased in lung tissues but decreased in alveolar spaces, consistent with a malfunction in lamellar body secretion and the subsequent cellular accumulation of these organelles. In contrast to wild-type Rab38, native Rab38(cht) proteins were found to be hydrophilic and not bound to intracellular membranes. Unexpectedly, recombinant Rab38(cht) proteins retained GTP-binding activity but failed to undergo prenyl modification that is required for membrane-binding activity. These results suggest that the genetic abnormality of Rab38 affects multiple lysosome-related organelles, resulting in lung disease in addition to oculocutaneous albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Osanai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahokugun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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Abstract
Rab38 is a low-molecular-weight G-protein highly expressed in melanocytes of the skin and alveolar type II cells in the lung. A point mutation in the postulated GTP/GDP-interacting domain of Rab38 has been identified as the genetic lesion responsible for oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) in chocolate (cht) mice. Another point mutation that prevents translation of Rab38 mRNA is the molecular basis of the Ruby gene mutation causing the phenotype of OCA and prolonged bleeding time in Fawn-Hooded and Tester-Moriyama rats. Cht mice show conspicuously enlarged lamellar bodies in alveolar type II cells and abnormal lung structure. Triton X-114 phase partitioning of cht mouse lung showed that Rab38cht-protein was recovered in the aqueous phase. We produced recombinant Rab38cht-protein using a baculovirus/insect cell-protein expression system. The results demonstrate that Rab38cht-protein is inactive due to reduced membrane binding and enhanced intracellular degradation. Rab38 is a new strong candidate gene for human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) that is characterized by OCA, bleeding diathesis, and lung disease.
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47
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Ge S, Wittenberg NJ, Haynes CL. Quantitative and real-time detection of secretion of chemical messengers from individual platelets. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7020-4. [PMID: 18557631 DOI: 10.1021/bi800792m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber microelectrochemical methods were utilized in this study to measure individual exocytotic events of secretion of serotonin and histamine from washed rabbit platelets. The quantal release of serotonin was quantitatively characterized with a delta-granule serotonin concentration of 0.6 M and secretion time course of 7 ms. Additionally, extracellular osmolarity influences quantal size, causing quantal size increases under hypotonic conditions, presumably due to the influx of cytosolic serotonin into the halo region of the delta-granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shencheng Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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48
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Korswagen LA, Huizing M, Simsek S, Janssen JJWM, Zweegman S. A novel mutation in a Turkish patient with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 5. Eur J Haematol 2007; 80:356-60. [PMID: 18182080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2007.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism, platelet dysfunction and lysosomal ceroid lipofuscin storage. This is caused by defects in lysosome-related organelles. In humans eight different types of the syndrome are known, of which a short overview is given. The clinical features and a novel mutation of a patient with HPS type 5 are described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy-Anne Korswagen
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kouloumenta A, Mavroidis M, Capetanaki Y. Proper perinuclear localization of the TRIM-like protein myospryn requires its binding partner desmin. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:35211-21. [PMID: 17872945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704733200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmin, the muscle-specific intermediate filament protein, surrounds the Z disks and links the entire contractile apparatus to the sarcolemmal cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic organelles, and the nucleus. In an attempt to explore the molecular mechanisms of these associations, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening of a cardiac cDNA library. We showed that the desmin amino-terminal domain (N-(1-103)) binds to a 413-kDa TRIM-like protein, myospryn, originally identified as the muscle-specific partner of dysbindin, a component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC-1). Binding of desmin with myospryn was confirmed with glutathione S-transferase pulldown assays and coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Western blot analysis revealed that the complex immunoprecipitated by desmin antibodies, in addition to myospryn, contained the BLOC-1 components dysbindin and pallidin. Deletion analysis revealed that only the (N-(1-103)) fragment of desmin binds to myospryn carboxyl terminus and that this association takes place through the 24-amino acid-long carboxyl-terminal end of the SPRY domain of myospryn. Using an antibody against the COOH terminus of myospryn, we demonstrated that myospryn colocalizes with desmin at the periphery of the nucleus, in close proximity to the endoplasmic reticulum, of mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes. In adult heart muscle, the two proteins colocalize, predominantly at intercalated disks and costameres. We also showed that myospryn colocalizes with lysosomes. Using desmin null hearts, we determined that desmin is required for both the proper perinuclear localization of myospryn, as well as the proper positioning of lysosomes, thus suggesting a potential role of desmin intermediate filaments in lysosomes and lysosome-related organelle biogenesis and/or positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Kouloumenta
- Cell Biology Division, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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50
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Maynard DM, Heijnen HFG, Horne MK, White JG, Gahl WA. Proteomic analysis of platelet alpha-granules using mass spectrometry. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:1945-55. [PMID: 17723134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets have three major types of secretory organelles: lysosomes, dense granules, and alpha-granules. alpha-Granules contain several adhesive proteins involved in hemostasis, as well as glycoproteins involved in inflammation, wound healing, and cell-matrix interactions. This article represents the first effort to define the platelet alpha-granule proteome using mass spectrometry (MS). METHODS We prepared a subcellular fraction enriched in intact alpha-granules from human platelets using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. alpha-Granule proteins were separated and identified using sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem MS. RESULTS In the sucrose fraction enriched in alpha-granules, we identified 284 non-redundant proteins, 44 of which appear to be new alpha-granule proteins, on the basis of a literature review. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the presence of Scamp2, APLP2, ESAM and LAMA5 in platelet alpha-granules for the first time. We identified 65% of the same proteins that were detected in the platelet releasate (J. A. Coppinger et al. [Blood 2004;103: 2096-104]) as well as additional soluble and membrane proteins. Our method provides a suitable tool for analyzing the granule proteome of patients with storage pool deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Maynard
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1851, USA.
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