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Gunnthorsdottir H, Kristofersson GK, Gunnarsdottir ED. Prevalence of Childhood Maltreatment and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Male Inmates in Iceland. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2021; 17:98-106. [PMID: 33958543 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood maltreatment is highly correlated with adult criminal behavior, and the prevalence of childhood maltreatment within prison populations is high. Furthermore, studies have repeatedly shown a higher prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in samples of prisoners compared with the general public. PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY The aims of the current study were to determine the frequency of childhood maltreatment among male inmates in Iceland and the percentage of male inmates meeting screening criteria for PTSD. The Icelandic versions of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form and the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self-Report (PSS-SR) were used in the study. RESULTS Results show a high prevalence of childhood maltreatment among the sample (N = 48), where 87% of participants reported having experienced at least one of the five categories listed (M = 2.33, SD = 1.68). Approximately 52% had experienced emotional abuse, 27% had experienced physical abuse, 48% had experienced sexual abuse, and over half reported experiencing neglect in their childhood. Two thirds of the participants were above the cutoff score for PTSD on the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self-Report, all of whom expressed a reduced quality of life and/or functional impairment because of their symptoms. DISCUSSION The results indicate that most male inmates in Icelandic prisons were maltreated during their childhood and that many of them report severe posttraumatic stress symptoms. CONCLUSION By integrating trauma-focused interventions into Iceland's Prison Service, mental health nurses and other mental health professionals have an opportunity to profoundly affect prisoners' functioning and quality of life, thereby potentially reducing the likelihood of recidivism for a large part of this population in the future.
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Robertson L, Aboaja A, Walker DM, Vostanis P, Witt KG, Chakrabarti I, Perry AE, Townsend E. Interventions for mood, anxiety disorders or self-harm in young offenders. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Robertson
- Cochrane Common Mental Disorders; University of York; York UK
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; University of York; York UK
| | - Anne Aboaja
- Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust; Middlesbrough UK
| | | | - Panos Vostanis
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology and Behaviour; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Katrina G Witt
- Orygen; Parkville, Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | | | - Amanda E Perry
- Department of Health Sciences; University of York; York UK
| | - Ellen Townsend
- Self-Harm Research Group, School of Psychology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
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Lindert J, Jakubauskiene M, Natan M, Wehrwein A, Bain P, Schmahl C, Kamenov K, Carta M, Cabello M. Psychosocial interventions for violence exposed youth - A systematic review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 108:104530. [PMID: 32805619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence exposure (direct, indirect, individual, structural) affects youth mental health. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in addressing the sequelae of violence exposure on youth (15-24 years old) and evaluate whether moderating factors impact intervention effectiveness. METHODS We systematically searched eight databases and reference lists to retrieve any studies of psychosocial interventions addressing mental health among youth aged 15-25 exposed to violence. We assessed study risk of bias using an adapted version of the Downs and Black's Risk of Bias Scale. RESULTS We identified n = 3077 studies. Sixteen articles representing 14 studies met were included. The studies assessed direct and indirect individual violence exposure at least once. We pooled the data from the 14 studies and evaluated the effects. We estimated an average effect of r+ = 0.57 (RCTs: 95 % CI 0.02-1.13; observational studies: 95 % CI 0.27-86) with some heterogeneity (RCTs: I2 = 78.03, longitudinal studies: I2 = 82.93). The most effective interventions are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Exposure Therapy with an exposure focus. However, due to the small number of studies we are uncertain about benefits of interventions. CONCLUSIONS No study assessed structural violence. Therefore, studies are needed to evaluate the effects of psychosocial interventions for youth exposed to direct, indirect, individual and structural violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Lindert
- University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer, Emden, Germany; WRSC, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States.
| | | | - Marta Natan
- University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer, Emden, Germany
| | | | - Paul Bain
- Countway Library, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaloyan Kamenov
- Instituto de salud Carlos III, Centro de investigación biomédica en salud mental (CIBERSAM), Departamento de psiquiatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
| | - Mauro Carta
- Liaison Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Cabello
- Countway Library, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States
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Amoke CV, Ede MO, Nwokeoma BN, Onah SO, Ikechukwu-Ilomuanya AB, Albi-Oparaocha FC, Nweke ML, Amoke CV, Amadi KC, Aloh HE, Anyaegbunam EN, Nwajiuba CA, Onwuama OP, Ede KR, Ononaiwu AI, Nweze T. Effects of group cognitive-behavioral therapy on psychological distress of awaiting-trial prison inmates. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18034. [PMID: 32332591 PMCID: PMC7220664 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The level of psychological distress among awaiting-trial inmates is rapidly increasing in Nigeria. Studies have recommended increasing attention and additional psychological intervention that could improve the psychological wellbeing of prisoners. This study evaluates the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on psychological distress among awaiting-trial prison inmates in Nigeria. METHODS A total of 34 awaiting-trial prison inmates in Enugu state Nigeria were used as the study participants. Two measures (perceived emotional distress inventory and general health Questionnaire) were used for data collection. Repeated measures with analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the effects of the intervention. Effect sizes were also reported with partial Eta Squared ((Equation is included in full-text article.)). RESULTS The result showed that there was no significant difference in psychological distress between the treatment and no-intervention groups. The results showed that CBT had a significant effect on psychological distress of awaiting-trial prison inmates when compared to their counterparts in the no-intervention group at Time 2. Additionally, the efficacy of CBT on the psychological distress of awaiting-trial prison inmates was significantly sustained at the follow-up measurements (Time 3). CONCLUSION This study suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective intervention for decreasing psychological distress among awaiting-trial prison inmates. Additionally, the impactful benefit of the intervention can persist in overtime. Therefore, cognitive behavioral therapists can further explore the efficacy of CBT using various cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bonaventure N. Nwokeoma
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
| | - Sebastian O. Onah
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
| | | | - Florence C. Albi-Oparaocha
- Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ebonyi State
| | - Maduka L. Nweke
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku Ozalla Enugu Campus
| | | | - Kingsley C. Amadi
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
| | - Henry E. Aloh
- Health Economics and Research Unit, Department of Health Services, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ebonyi State
| | - Emenike N. Anyaegbunam
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Management, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ebonyi State
| | - Chinyere A. Nwajiuba
- Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ebonyi State
| | | | - Kelechi R. Ede
- Department of Agricultural Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
| | | | - Tina Nweze
- Department of Educational Foundations, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki Nigeria
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Villalta L, Smith P, Hickin N, Stringaris A. Emotion regulation difficulties in traumatized youth: a meta-analysis and conceptual review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:527-544. [PMID: 29380069 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a quantitative and conceptual review of emotion regulation difficulties in trauma-exposed young people, and informs future directions in the field. Despite long-standing interest in the influence of emotion regulation difficulties on different internalizing and externalizing psychiatric disorders in childhood, several questions remain unresolved with respect to children and adolescents with PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). Meta-analytic data from adult victims suggest that emotion regulation problems are associated with PTSD, but this has never been studied in children and young people. We therefore provide a conceptual review of features related to the phenomenology, assessment, severity and treatment of emotion regulation difficulties in trauma-exposed children and young people. We combine this with a meta-analysis of published literature. We searched studies in Medline, PsychINFO, and Embase databases based on pre-selected criteria. Eight hundred and eighty-six papers were identified and 41 were included. We found that children and adolescents with a diagnosis of PTSD reported more emotion regulation difficulties than those who did not develop PTSD, and that the overall association between the two symptom dimensions was moderately strong. We identify a number of research priorities: the development of instruments to assess emotion regulation difficulties in children, the design of studies that describe its prevalence in young epidemiological traumatized samples, its predictive role in the onset, severity and persistence of post-traumatic symptoms, and its relevance as a moderator, outcome or treatment target for young survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Villalta
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu, 2, Esplugues de Llobrega, 08950, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - P Smith
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N Hickin
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Stringaris
- Mood Brain & Development Unit, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Young S, Greer B, Church R. Juvenile delinquency, welfare, justice and therapeutic interventions: a global perspective. BJPsych Bull 2017; 41:21-29. [PMID: 28184313 PMCID: PMC5288089 DOI: 10.1192/pb.bp.115.052274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers juvenile delinquency and justice from an international perspective. Youth crime is a growing concern. Many young offenders are also victims with complex needs, leading to a public health approach that requires a balance of welfare and justice models. However, around the world there are variable and inadequate legal frameworks and a lack of a specialist workforce. The UK and other high-income countries worldwide have established forensic child and adolescent psychiatry, a multifaceted discipline incorporating legal, psychiatric and developmental fields. Its adoption of an evidence-based therapeutic intervention philosophy has been associated with greater reductions in recidivism compared with punitive approaches prevalent in some countries worldwide, and it is therefore a superior approach to dealing with the problem of juvenile delinquency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Young
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- Broadmoor Hospital, Crowthorne, UK
| | | | - Richard Church
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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The Monsters in My Head: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Child Survivor of Sexual Abuse. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2009.tb00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Khodayarifard M, Shokoohi-Yekta M, Hamot GE. Effects of individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapy for male prisoners in iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2010; 54:743-755. [PMID: 19721059 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x09344840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates individual and group cognitive-behavioral interventions in decreasing psychological symptoms and enhancing the psychological status of Iranian prison inmates. A random sample of 180 males is placed in three equal groups: an individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) group, an individual and group CBT group, and a control group. General Health Questionnaire, Symptom Checklist-90- Revised, and diagnostic interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.) are used before and after intervention. MANOVA indicates that both methods improve the psychological status of the inmates and reduce their symptoms, but the combined treatment is more efficient than the individual therapy. In a 1-year follow-up after inmate release, recidivism in the individual and combined therapy groups is zero. The return rate of participants in the control group is 15%. Results of the study demonstrate that both individual and group CBT are effective in reducing psychological symptoms. However, the impact of combined therapy is stronger than individual CBT.
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Hunter JA. Prolonged Exposure Treatment of Chronic PTSD in Juvenile Sex Offenders: Promising Results from Two Case Studies. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-010-9108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Peltonen K, Punamäki RL. Preventive interventions among children exposed to trauma of armed conflict: a literature review. Aggress Behav 2010; 36:95-116. [PMID: 19998393 DOI: 10.1002/ab.20334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increasing research is available on the preconditions for child mental health and optimal development in traumatic conditions, whereas less is known how to translate the findings into effective interventions to help traumatized children. This literature review analyses the effectiveness of psychosocial preventive interventions and treatments and their theoretical bases among children traumatized in the context of armed conflicts (war, military violence, terrorism and refugee). The first aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive interventions in preventing emotional distress and impairment and promoting optimal emotional-cognitive and social development. The second task is to analyze the nature of the underlying mechanisms for the success of preventive interventions, and the theoretical premises of the choice of intervention techniques, procedures and tools. We found 16 relevant published studies, but an examination of them revealed that only four of them had experimental designs strong enough that they could be included in the meta-analysis. While the subjective reports of the researchers suggested that systematic preventive interventions were effective in decreasing PTSD and depressive symptoms among children traumatized due to armed conflict, the more objective results of the meta-analysis and the weaknesses in designs uncovered during the meta-analysis undermine such a conclusion. Additionally, a majority of the reported preventive interventions focused only on children's biased cognitive processes and negative emotions, while only a few aimed at influencing multiple domains of child development and improving developmental functioning on emotional, social and psychophysiological levels. It is concluded that substantial additional work needs to be done in developing effective preventive interventions and treatments for children traumatized by exposure to war and violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Peltonen
- Department of Psychology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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Raider MC, Steele W, Delillo-Storey M, Jacobs J, Kuban C. Structured Sensory Therapy (SITCAP-ART) for Traumatized Adjudicated Adolescents in Residential Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08865710802310178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melvyn C. Raider
- a Wayne State University, School of Social Work , Detroit, MI, 48202
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Townsend E, Walker DM, Sargeant S, Stocker O, Vostanis P, Sithole J, Hawton KKE. Interventions for mood and anxiety disorders, and self harm in young offenders. Hippokratia 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Townsend
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham; Risk Analysis, Social Processes and Health Group; University Park Nottingham UK NG7 2RD
| | | | - Sally Sargeant
- University of Nottingham; School of Psychology; Nottingham UK
| | - Olivia Stocker
- University of Nottingham; School of Psychology; Nottingham UK
| | - Panos Vostanis
- University of Leicester; Greenwood Institute of Child Health; Leicester UK
| | | | - Keith KE Hawton
- Warneford Hospital; University Department of Psychiatry; Oxford UK OX3 7JX
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Pattison S, Harris B. Counselling children and young people: A review of the evidence for its effectiveness. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/14733140601022659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Child and Adolescent psychiatry. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005; 18:455-66. [PMID: 16639142 DOI: 10.1097/01.yco.0000172068.09144.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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