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Profit J, Cui X, Tawfik D, Adair KC, Sexton JB. "WISER" intervention to reduce healthcare worker burnout - 1 year follow up. J Perinatol 2024:10.1038/s41372-024-01993-5. [PMID: 38734802 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-024-01993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Test sustainability of Web-based Implementation for the Science of Enhancing Resilience (WISER) intervention efficacy in reducing healthcare worker (HCW) emotional exhaustion (EE), a key component of burnout. DESIGN One-year follow-up of WISER RCT using two cohorts (one waitlist control with shortened intervention period) of HCWs of four NICUs each, to improve HCW well-being (primary outcome: EE). RESULTS In Cohorts 1 and 2, 194 and 312 WISER initiators were identified by 1-year, and 99 and 80 completed 1-year follow-up, respectively. Combined cohort results showed that relative to baseline, at 1-year WISER decreased EE (-7.07 (95%CI: -10.22, -3.92), p < 0.001), depression (-4.49 (-6.81, -2.16), p = <0.001), and improved work-life integration (6.08 (4.25, 7.90), p = <0.001). EE continued to decline between 6-month and 1-year follow-up (p = 0.022). The percentage of HCWs reporting concerning outcomes was significantly decreased for EE (-10.9% (95%CI: -17.9%, -4.9%); p < 0.001), and secondary outcomes depression and work-life integration. CONCLUSION WISER improves HCW well-being for at least 1 year. CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBER NCT02603133; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02603133.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Profit
- Perinatal Epidemiology and Health Outcomes Research Unit, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Xin Cui
- Perinatal Epidemiology and Health Outcomes Research Unit, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Tawfik
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn C Adair
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine; Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for the Advancement of Well-being Science, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J Bryan Sexton
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine; Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for the Advancement of Well-being Science, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
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Gladstone JJ, Ruberton PM, Margolis S, Lyubomirsky S. Does variety in hedonic spending improve happiness? Testing alternative causal mechanisms between hedonic variety and subjective well-being. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:98. [PMID: 38409041 PMCID: PMC10897990 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has found only a small, inconsistent association between hedonic consumption and subjective well-being, often attributed to individuals adapting to the happiness gains from their purchases. Given that diverse experiences can reduce or avert hedonic adaptation, we hypothesized that variety in hedonic spending would be associated with greater well-being. This hypothesis was tested in four studies (total N = 2,920), using both self-reported and objective bank-reported spending data. In our correlational analyses, hedonic spending variety was uniquely associated with well-being, even after controlling for total hedonic spending and other financial variables. Our investigation also explored the directional relationship between hedonic spending variety and well-being, yielding mixed results for both causal pathways in two time-lagged panel studies. Additionally, in two parallel experiments, participants reported that varied hedonic spending contributed more to happiness than uniform hedonic spending. These findings have implications for basic well-being science by testing how varied consumption behaviors and well-being are interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe J Gladstone
- Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America.
| | - Peter M Ruberton
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Seth Margolis
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Sonja Lyubomirsky
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
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Yamaguchi S. The relationship between playing video games on mobile devices and well-being in a sample of Japanese adolescents and adults. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121221147842. [PMID: 36643208 PMCID: PMC9834791 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221147842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives In this study, I have tested the following hypothesis: Playing a mobile game for an appropriate length of time results in a stronger sense of happiness (well-being) than not playing at all. Methods I used the questionnaires data from 5000 participants. Well-being was measured using the three following indicators: the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, satisfaction with life scale, and four-dimensional happiness indicator. I constructed a mathematical model for determining individual well-being. The variable of game playtime was split into two parts, and the split points were selected as the most applicable using Akaike Information Criterion to search for the appropriate length of time spent playing the mobile game. Results The results showed that mobile games were significantly and positively correlated with both positive and negative emotions. Playing a mobile game for 2 h or less each day was associated with a significantly higher satisfaction with life than not playing one at all. Further, well-being was significantly higher when there were no time limitations with regard to "relationship and gratitude" and when playing a mobile game for no more than 1.5 h each day with regard to "independence and my own pace" as compared to not playing one at all. Playing a mobile game for more than 2 h each day, however, resulted in lower well-being with regard to "self-realization and growth" and "positive frame of mind and optimism" as compared to not playing one at all. Conclusion These findings indicate that playing a mobile game for no longer than 1.5 h each day results in higher well-being than not playing one at all. Conversely, playing a mobile game for more than 2 h each day significantly lowers some aspects of happiness but does not significantly affect the overall satisfaction with life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Yamaguchi
- Shinichi Yamaguchi, Center for Global
Communications, International University of Japan, 6-5-21 Minato-ku, Roppongi,
Tokyo 106-0032, Japan.
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Spence R, Kagan L, Nunn S, Bailey-Rodriguez D, Fisher HL, Hosang GM, Bifulco A. The moderation effect of secure attachment on the relationship between positive events and wellbeing. Psych J 2022; 11:541-549. [PMID: 35582844 PMCID: PMC9546065 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Positive events can reduce depression as well as enhance wellbeing. The role of secure attachment style in moderating the relationship between positive events and wellbeing is examined to further understand wellbeing models. Participants (n = 490) included two midlife groups and a student group from the UK. They completed the online Computerized Life Event Assessment Record (CLEAR), a measure of life events, the Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire (VASQ), and the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS). Age was associated with higher rates of wellbeing and secure attachment style. A significant relationship was found between number of positive events and wellbeing, number of people close, and secure attachment score. Hierarchical multiple regression indicated a significant interaction between secure attachment style, number of positive life events, and wellbeing. Simple slopes analysis demonstrated the association between positive life events and wellbeing was significant for secure attachment (B = 1.27, p = .003) but not insecure attachment (B = 0.04, non‐significant). This suggests securely attached individuals are better able to take advantage of positive life events than insecurely attached individuals and experience a greater increase in wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Spence
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Lisa Kagan
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Stephen Nunn
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | | | - Helen L Fisher
- King's College London, Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Georgina M Hosang
- Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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Profit J, Adair KC, Cui X, Mitchell B, Brandon D, Tawfik DS, Rigdon J, Gould JB, Lee HC, Timpson WL, McCaffrey MJ, Davis AS, Pammi M, Matthews M, Stark AR, Papile LA, Thomas E, Cotten M, Khan A, Sexton JB. Randomized controlled trial of the "WISER" intervention to reduce healthcare worker burnout. J Perinatol 2021; 41:2225-2234. [PMID: 34366432 PMCID: PMC8440181 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-021-01100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Test web-based implementation for the science of enhancing resilience (WISER) intervention efficacy in reducing healthcare worker (HCW) burnout. DESIGN RCT using two cohorts of HCWs of four NICUs each, to improve HCW well-being (primary outcome: burnout). Cohort 1 received WISER while Cohort 2 acted as a waitlist control. RESULTS Cohorts were similar, mostly female (83%) and nurses (62%). In Cohorts 1 and 2 respectively, 182 and 299 initiated WISER, 100 and 176 completed 1-month follow-up, and 78 and 146 completed 6-month follow-up. Relative to control, WISER decreased burnout (-5.27 (95% CI: -10.44, -0.10), p = 0.046). Combined adjusted cohort results at 1-month showed that the percentage of HCWs reporting concerning outcomes was significantly decreased for burnout (-6.3% (95%CI: -11.6%, -1.0%); p = 0.008), and secondary outcomes depression (-5.2% (95%CI: -10.8, -0.4); p = 0.022) and work-life integration (-11.8% (95%CI: -17.9, -6.1); p < 0.001). Improvements endured at 6 months. CONCLUSION WISER appears to durably improve HCW well-being. CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBER NCT02603133; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02603133.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Profit
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn C Adair
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for Healthcare Safety and Quality, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xin Cui
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Briana Mitchell
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Debra Brandon
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Daniel S Tawfik
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Rigdon
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Gould
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Henry C Lee
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Wendy L Timpson
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin J McCaffrey
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine and University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexis S Davis
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mohan Pammi
- Section of Neonatology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa Matthews
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center and Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ann R Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lu-Ann Papile
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Eric Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center and Memorial Hermann Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Cotten
- Division of Pediatrics-Neonatology, Duke University School of Medicine and Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amir Khan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - J Bryan Sexton
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Center for Healthcare Safety and Quality, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA.
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Symptomatological Variants and Related Clinical Features in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18030922. [PMID: 33494421 PMCID: PMC7908530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A large amount of the current literature has focused on the characteristic symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. In contrast, less attention has been devoted to ADHD clinical subtypes in adult patients. We evaluated 164 consecutive adult ADHD (A-ADHD) outpatients using DSM-5 criteria and many specific rating scales and questionnaires. A principal component factor analysis was performed on clinical and symptomatological variables to describe potential clinical variants. We sought to determine different A-ADHD variants focusing on demographic and clinical features. A four-factor solution was identified, and patients were clustered, according to their z-score, in 4 subgroups. The first was marked out by Emotional Dysregulation (ED), the second by Substance Use (SU), the third by Core-ADHD Symptoms (Co-ADHD) and the fourth by Positive Emotionality (PE). Predominantly ED patients showed worse overall function, early treatment with antidepressants and a greater presence of borderline personality disorder than predominantly Co-ADHD patients. Predominantly SU patients reported high rates of bipolar disorder and severe general psychopathology. The PE factor was related to hyperthymic temperament and hypomania and showed a higher level of functioning. Females with A-ADHD showed a lower risk of being included in SU, and A-ADHD patients with co-occurring delayed sleep phase had less risk of being included in the SU factor than the prevailing Co-ADHD group. Our empirically based description of four clinical A-ADHD variants shows several aspects beyond the definition given by the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.
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Sato W, Kochiyama T, Uono S, Sawada R, Kubota Y, Yoshimura S, Toichi M. Resting-state neural activity and connectivity associated with subjective happiness. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12098. [PMID: 31431639 PMCID: PMC6702218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of people throughout the world rate subjective happiness as the top of the important thing in life. A recent structural neuroimaging study exploring neurocognitive mechanisms underlying subjective happiness has suggested that the gray matter volume of the right precuneus is associated with Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) scores. However, how the neural activity in this region, as well as the neural functional coupling between this and other regions, could be related to SHS scores remains unclear. To investigate these issues, we performed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and analyzed the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) in participants, whose subjective happiness was evaluated using the SHS. Lower fALFF values in the right precuneus were associated with higher SHS scores. Furthermore, functional connectivity and spectral dynamic causal modeling analyses showed that both functional and effective connectivity of the right precuneus with the right amygdala were positively associated with SHS scores. These findings, together with other evidence on the information-processing functions of these brain regions, suggest the possibility that subjective happiness is associated with a reduction in self-referential mental processes, which are well integrated with emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sato
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto University, 46 Shimoadachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Takanori Kochiyama
- Brain Activity Imaging Center, ATR-Promotions, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan
| | - Shota Uono
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Reiko Sawada
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kubota
- Health and Medical Services Center, Shiga University, 1-1-1, Baba, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8522, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yoshimura
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Motomi Toichi
- Faculty of Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,The Organization for Promoting Neurodevelopmental Disorder Research, 40 Shogoin-Sannocho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8392, Japan
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Cornish MA, Woodyatt L, Morris G, Conroy A, Townsdin J. Self-forgiveness, self-exoneration, and self-condemnation: Individual differences associated with three patterns of responding to interpersonal offenses. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Diener E, Lucas RE, Oishi S. Advances and Open Questions in the Science of Subjective Well-Being. COLLABRA. PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 4:15. [PMID: 30637366 PMCID: PMC6329388 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Subjective well-being (SWB) is an extremely active area of research with about 170,000 articles and books published on the topic in the past 15 years. Methodological and theoretical advances have been notable in this period of time, with the increasing use of longitudinal and experimental designs allowing for a greater understanding of the predictors and outcomes that relate to SWB, along with the process that underlie these associations. In addition, theories about these processes have become more intricate, as findings reveal that many associations with SWB depend on people's culture and values and the context in which they live. This review provides an overview of many major areas of research, including the measurement of SWB, the demographic and personality-based predictors of SWB, and process-oriented accounts of individual differences in SWB. In addition, because a major new focus in recent years has been the development of national accounts of subjective well-being, we also review attempts to use SWB measures to guide policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Diener
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA and Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Richard E Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Shigehiro Oishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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Choi J, Choi I. Happiness is medal-color blind: Happy people value silver and bronze medals more than unhappy people. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ward A, Lyubomirsky S, Sousa L, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Can’t Quite Commit: Rumination and Uncertainty. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 29:96-107. [PMID: 15272963 DOI: 10.1177/0146167202238375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Why do some individuals persist in self-destructive rumination? Two studies investigated the relation between a ruminative response style and the reluctance to initiate instrumental behavior. In Study 1, ruminators were compared to nonruminators regarding their evaluation of a self-generated plan to revise their university housing system and, in Study 2, concerning their plan to redesign the undergraduate curriculum. In both studies, on relevant composite measures, ruminators expressed less satisfaction and confidence with regard to their plans than did nonruminators. They were also less likely to commit to the plans they generated. The findings suggest that in addition to its documented detrimental effects on thinking and problem solving, self-focused rumination may inhibit instrumental behavior by increasing uncertainty, resulting in further rumination and behavioral paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ward
- Department of Psychology, Swarthmore College, PA 19081, USA.
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Kay AC, Jimenez MC, Jost JT. Sour Grapes, Sweet Lemons, and the Anticipatory Rationalization of the Status Quo. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/01461672022812014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Integrating theories of cognitive dissonance, system justification, and dynamic thought systems, the authors hypothesized that people would engage in anticipatory rationalization of sociopolitical outcomes for which they were not responsible. In two studies, the authors found that people adjusted their judgments of the desirability of a future event to make them congruent with its perceived likelihood, but only when the event triggered motivational involvement. In Study 1, a political survey administered to 288 Democrats, Republicans, and nonpartisans prior to the Bush-Gore presidential election manipulated the perceived likelihood that each candidate would win and measured the subjective desirability of each outcome. In Study 2, 203 undergraduate students rated the desirability of a large or small tuition increase or decrease that was low, medium, or high in likelihood. Under conditions evoking high motivational involvement, unfavorable as well as favorable outcomes were judged to be more desirable as their perceived likelihood increased.
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Zyphur MJ, Li WD, Zhang Z, Arvey RD, Barsky AP. Income, personality, and subjective financial well-being: the role of gender in their genetic and environmental relationships. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1493. [PMID: 26483742 PMCID: PMC4587091 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing levels of financial inequality prompt questions about the relationship between income and well-being. Using a twins sample from the Survey of Midlife Development in the U. S. and controlling for personality as core self-evaluations (CSE), we found that men, but not women, had higher subjective financial well-being (SFWB) when they had higher incomes. This relationship was due to ‘unshared environmental’ factors rather than genes, suggesting that the effect of income on SFWB is driven by unique experiences among men. Further, for women and men, we found that CSE influenced income and SFWB, and that both genetic and environmental factors explained this relationship. Given the relatively small and male-specific relationship between income and SFWB, and the determination of both income and SFWB by personality, we propose that policy makers focus on malleable factors beyond merely income in order to increase SFWB, including financial education and building self-regulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zyphur
- Department of Management and Marketing, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wen-Dong Li
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Management, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Richard D Arvey
- Department of Management and Organization, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam P Barsky
- Department of Management and Marketing, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Nelson SK, Fuller JAK, Choi I, Lyubomirsky S. Beyond Self-Protection: Self-Affirmation Benefits Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 40:998-1011. [PMID: 24781897 DOI: 10.1177/0146167214533389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Limited work has examined how self-affirmation might lead to positive outcomes beyond the maintenance of a favorable self-image. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted two studies in two cultures to establish the benefits of self-affirmation for psychological well-being. In Study 1, South Korean participants who affirmed their values for 2 weeks showed increased eudaimonic well-being (need satisfaction, meaning, and flow) relative to control participants. In Study 2, U.S. participants performed a self-affirmation activity for 4 weeks. Extending Study 1, after 2 weeks, self-affirmation led both to increased eudaimonic well-being and hedonic well-being (affect balance). By 4 weeks, however, these effects were non-linear, and the increases in affect balance were only present for vulnerable participants-those initially low in eudaimonic well-being. In sum, the benefits of self-affirmation appear to extend beyond self-protection to include two types of well-being.
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15
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Denison S, Xu F. The origins of probabilistic inference in human infants. Cognition 2014; 130:335-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
This commentary focuses on the bidirectional links between unconscious influences and decision making. In particular, it examines the extent to which awareness is (not) necessary to the impact of decisions on psychological processes such as preferences. This analysis might help researchers to gain an extended perspective of Newell & Shanks' (N&S's) concerns regarding the role of unconscious influences in theories of decision making.
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Chetverikov A. Warmth of familiarity and chill of error: Affective consequences of recognition decisions. Cogn Emot 2013; 28:385-415. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.833085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Higgs M, Dulewicz V. Antecedents of well-being: a study to examine the extent to which personality and emotional intelligence contribute to well-being. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2013.815253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Izuma K, Murayama K. Choice-induced preference change in the free-choice paradigm: a critical methodological review. Front Psychol 2013; 4:41. [PMID: 23404185 PMCID: PMC3566335 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Choices not only reflect our preference, but they also affect our behavior. The phenomenon of choice-induced preference change has been of interest to cognitive dissonance researchers in social psychology, and more recently, it has attracted the attention of researchers in economics and neuroscience. Preference modulation after the mere act of making a choice has been repeatedly demonstrated over the last 50 years by an experimental paradigm called the “free-choice paradigm.” However, Chen and Risen (2010) pointed out a serious methodological flaw in this paradigm, arguing that evidence for choice-induced preference change is still insufficient. Despite the flaw, studies using the traditional free-choice paradigm continue to be published without addressing the criticism. Here, aiming to draw more attention to this issue, we briefly explain the methodological problem, and then describe simple simulation studies that illustrate how the free-choice paradigm produces a systematic pattern of preference change consistent with cognitive dissonance, even without any change in true preference. Our stimulation also shows how a different level of noise in each phase of the free-choice paradigm independently contributes to the magnitude of artificial preference change. Furthermore, we review ways of addressing the critique and provide a meta-analysis to show the effect size of choice-induced preference change after addressing the critique. Finally, we review and discuss, based on the results of the stimulation studies, how the criticism affects our interpretation of past findings generated from the free-choice paradigm. We conclude that the use of the conventional free-choice paradigm should be avoided in future research and the validity of past findings from studies using this paradigm should be empirically re-established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keise Izuma
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA ; Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University Tokyo, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinar Holden
- Department of Economics; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
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Abstract
The idea that decisions alter preferences has had a considerable influence on the field of psychology and underpins cognitive dissonance theory. Yet it is unknown whether choice-induced changes in preferences are long lasting or are transient manifestations seen in the immediate aftermath of decisions. In the research reported here, we investigated whether these changes in preferences are fleeting or stable. Participants rated vacation destinations before making hypothetical choices between destinations, immediately afterward, and 2.5 to 3 years later. We found that choices altered preferences both immediately after being made and after the delay. These changes could not be accounted for by participants' preexisting preferences, and they occurred only when participants made the choices themselves. Our findings provide evidence that making a decision can lead to enduring change in preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Sharot
- Department of Cognitive, Perceptual and Brain Sciences, University College London
| | - Stephen M. Fleming
- Centre for Neuroscience, New York University
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London
| | - Raphael Koster
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London
| | - Raymond J. Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London
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김문섭, 최종안. The Effect of Subject Well-being on the Consumer’s Pricing of Alternatives. JOURNAL OF DISTRIBUTION SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.15722/jds.10.4.201204.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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23
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Leotti LA, Iyengar SS, Ochsner KN. Born to choose: the origins and value of the need for control. Trends Cogn Sci 2011; 14:457-63. [PMID: 20817592 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Belief in one's ability to exert control over the environment and to produce desired results is essential for an individual's wellbeing. It has repeatedly been argued that perception of control is not only desirable, but is also probably a psychological and biological necessity. In this article, we review the literature supporting this claim and present evidence of a biological basis for the need for control and for choice-that is, the means by which we exercise control over the environment. Converging evidence from animal research, clinical studies and neuroimaging suggests that the need for control is a biological imperative for survival, and a corticostriatal network is implicated as the neural substrate of this adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Leotti
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University-Newark, Smith Hall, Room 301, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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24
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Life choices well made: How selective control strategies relate to career and partner decision processes. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-010-9157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Egan LC, Bloom P, Santos LR. Choice-induced preferences in the absence of choice: Evidence from a blind two choice paradigm with young children and capuchin monkeys. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Burns R, Machin M. Identifying gender differences in the independent effects of personality and psychological well-being on two broad affect components of subjective well-being. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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From Culture to Priming Conditions: Self-Construal Influences on Life Satisfaction Judgments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Elliott I, Coker S. Independent self-construal, self-reflection, and self-rumination: A path model for predicting happiness. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530701447368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Elliott
- Queensland Police Service, Central Region Office, Rockhampton
| | - Suzanne Coker
- Central Queensland University, School of Psychology and Sociology, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
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29
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Nave CS, Sherman RA, Funder DC. Beyond Self-Report in the Study of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being: Correlations with Acquaintance Reports, Clinician Judgments and Directly Observed Social Behavior. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2008; 42:643-659. [PMID: 19122756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Egan LC, Santos LR, Bloom P. The origins of cognitive dissonance: evidence from children and monkeys. Psychol Sci 2008; 18:978-83. [PMID: 17958712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In a study exploring the origins of cognitive dissonance, preschoolers and capuchins were given a choice between two equally preferred alternatives (two different stickers and two differently colored M&M's, respectively). On the basis of previous research with adults, this choice was thought to cause dissonance because it conflicted with subjects' belief that the two options were equally valuable. We therefore expected subjects to change their attitude toward the unchosen alternative, deeming it less valuable. We then presented subjects with a choice between the unchosen option and an option that was originally as attractive as both options in the first choice. Both groups preferred the novel over the unchosen option in this experimental condition, but not in a control condition in which they did not take part in the first decision. These results provide the first evidence of decision rationalization in children and nonhuman primates. They suggest that the mechanisms underlying cognitive-dissonance reduction in human adults may have originated both developmentally and evolutionarily earlier than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa C Egan
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Existing cross-cultural research often assumes that the independent versus interdependent self-construal process leads to different cultural behaviors, although few studies directly test this link. Extending from prior cross-cultural findings, two studies were conducted to explicitly test whether self-construal is linked with the differential use of emotions versus social information in judgments of life satisfaction. Study 1 confirmed the prediction that even among Americans, those who view themselves in interdependent terms (allocentrics) evaluate their life satisfaction in a more collectivistic manner (strong reliance on social appraisal) than those who view themselves in independent terms (idiocentrics). Study 2 replicated these findings in two cultural settings (United States and Korea) by using experimental primes of independent versus relational self-construal. Results strongly suggest that differences in self-construal processes underlie cross-cultural differences in life satisfaction judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - ED Diener
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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32
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Tucker KL. Getting the Most Out of Life: An Examination of Appreciation, Targets of Appreciation, and Sensitivity to Reward in Happier and Less Happy Individuals. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2007.26.7.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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34
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35
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Oishi S, Schimmack U, Colcombe SJ. The contextual and systematic nature of life satisfaction judgments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Gilbert DT, Ebert JEJ. Decisions and revisions: The affective forecasting of changeable outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Ryan RM, Deci EL. On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annu Rev Psychol 2001; 52:141-66. [PMID: 11148302 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2627] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Well-being is a complex construct that concerns optimal experience and functioning. Current research on well-being has been derived from two general perspectives: the hedonic approach, which focuses on happiness and defines well-being in terms of pleasure attainment and pain avoidance; and the eudaimonic approach, which focuses on meaning and self-realization and defines well-being in terms of the degree to which a person is fully functioning. These two views have given rise to different research foci and a body of knowledge that is in some areas divergent and in others complementary. New methodological developments concerning multilevel modeling and construct comparisons are also allowing researchers to formulate new questions for the field. This review considers research from both perspectives concerning the nature of well-being, its antecedents, and its stability across time and culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ryan
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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38
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Lyubomirsky S, Tucker KL, Kasri F. Responses to hedonically conflicting social comparisons: comparing happy and unhappy people. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Lyubomirsky S. Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2001. [DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Abstract
This study reveals that when remembering past decisions, people engage in choice-supportive memory distortion. When asked to make memory attributions of options' features, participants made source-monitoring errors that supported their decisions. They tended to attribute, both correctly and incorrectly, more positive features to the option they had selected than to its competitor. In addition, they sometimes attributed, both correctly and incorrectly, more negative features to the nonselected option. This pattern of distortion may be beneficial to people's general well-being, reducing regret for options not taken. At the same time, it is problematic for memory accuracy, for accountability, and for learning from past experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mather
- Psychology Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1010, USA.
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